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Sunteți cu drag invitați să participați la ediția cu numărul 22, cu articole scrise sau dezvoltate considerabil între 1 aprilie și 30 noiembrie 2024. 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Disponibil în 96 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikmasjien" title="Tikmasjien – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tikmasjien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="آلة كاتبة – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة كاتبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87" title="الالة الكاتبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الالة الكاتبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_d%27escribir" title="Máquina d'escribir – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Máquina d'escribir" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_makinas%C4%B1" title="Yazı makinası – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yazı makinası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Яҙыу машинкаһы – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҙыу машинкаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makinilya" title="Makinilya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Makinilya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Друкарская машынка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Друкарская машынка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пишеща машина – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пишеща машина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="टाइपराइटर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टाइपराइटर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="টাইপরাইটার – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টাইপরাইটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0quina_d%27escriure" title="Màquina d'escriure – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màquina d'escriure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psac%C3%AD_stroj" title="Psací stroj – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psací stroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Çырав машшынĕ – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çырав машшынĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teipiadur" title="Teipiadur – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teipiadur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivemaskine" title="Skrivemaskine – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrivemaskine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreibmaschine" title="Schreibmaschine – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schreibmaschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktilo" title="Daktilo – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Daktilo" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Γραφομηχανή – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραφομηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Typewriter" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajpilo" title="Tajpilo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tajpilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_escribir" title="Máquina de escribir – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máquina de escribir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjutusmasin" title="Kirjutusmasin – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjutusmasin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazmakina" title="Idazmakina – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idazmakina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ماشین تحریر – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماشین تحریر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjoituskone" title="Kirjoituskone – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjoituskone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire" title="Machine à écrire – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machine à écrire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typmasine" title="Typmasine – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Typmasine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3scr%C3%ADobh%C3%A1n" title="Clóscríobhán – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóscríobhán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%AD%97%E6%A9%9F" title="打字機 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="打字機" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_escribir" title="Máquina de escribir – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máquina de escribir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachuweera_ashajiaa" title="Kachuweera ashajiaa – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kachuweera ashajiaa" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="מכונת כתיבה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונת כתיבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="टाइपराइटर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टाइपराइटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa%C4%87i_stroj" title="Pisaći stroj – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pisaći stroj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%B3g%C3%A9p" title="Írógép – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Írógép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Գրամեքենա – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրամեքենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_tik" title="Mesin tik – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin tik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglautitaun" title="Aglautitaun – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aglautitaun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skribomashino" title="Skribomashino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skribomashino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritv%C3%A9l" title="Ritvél – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ritvél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchina_per_scrivere" title="Macchina per scrivere – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macchina per scrivere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="タイプライター – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイプライター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipraita" title="Taipraita – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Taipraita" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_tik" title="Mesin tik – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesin tik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="საბეჭდი მანქანა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბეჭდი მანქანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keke_mbwak" title="Keke mbwak – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Keke mbwak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жазу машинасы – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазу машинасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಬೆರಳಚ್ಚು ಯಂತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆರಳಚ್ಚು ಯಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0" title="타자기 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타자기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylographium" title="Dactylographium – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dactylographium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreifmaschinn" title="Schreifmaschinn – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schreifmaschinn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchina_de_scriv" title="Macchina de scriv – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Macchina de scriv" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakst%C4%81mma%C5%A1%C4%ABna" title="Rakstāmmašīna – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstāmmašīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milina_fanoratana" title="Milina fanoratana – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Milina fanoratana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="ടൈപ്റൈറ്റർ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൈപ്റൈറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="टंकलेखनयंत्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टंकलेखनयंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_taip" title="Mesin taip – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesin taip" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="လက်နှိပ်စက် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်နှိပ်စက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="टाइपराइटर – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टाइपराइटर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrijfmachine" title="Schrijfmachine – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrijfmachine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivemaskin" title="Skrivemaskin – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skrivemaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivemaskin" title="Skrivemaskin – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skrivemaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0" title="ଟାଇପରାଇଟର – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟାଇପରାଇଟର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਟਾਈਪਰਾਈਟਰ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਾਈਪਰਾਈਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maszyna_do_pisania" title="Maszyna do pisania – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maszyna do pisania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="ٹائپ رائٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹائپ رائٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_escrever" title="Máquina de escrever – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máquina de escrever" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пишущая машинка – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пишущая машинка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="टङ्कनयन्त्रम् – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टङ्कनयन्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D8%B1" title="ٽائپ رائٽر – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽائپ رائٽر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa%C4%87a_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Pisaća mašina – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pisaća mašina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="යතුරු ලියනය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යතුරු ලියනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Typewriter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsac%C3%AD_stroj" title="Písací stroj – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Písací stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisalni_stroj" title="Pisalni stroj – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisalni stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina_e_shkrimit" title="Makina e shkrimit – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Makina e shkrimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Писаћа машина – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писаћа машина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_ketik" title="Mesin ketik – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mesin ketik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivmaskin" title="Skrivmaskin – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skrivmaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipureta" title="Taipureta – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Taipureta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="தட்டச்சுக் கருவி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தட்டச்சுக் கருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="టైపురైటర్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టైపురైటర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94" title="เครื่องพิมพ์ดีด – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องพิมพ์ดีด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktilo" title="Daktilo – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Daktilo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Друкарська машинка – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друкарська машинка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="ٹائپ رائٹر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹائپ رائٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozuv_mashinkasi" title="Yozuv mashinkasi – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yozuv mashinkasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0china_par_scr%C3%ACvar" title="Màchina par scrìvar – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Màchina par scrìvar" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_%C4%91%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BB%AF" title="Máy đánh chữ – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy đánh chữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makinilya" title="Makinilya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makinilya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%AD%97%E6%9C%BA" title="打字机 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="打字机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שרייבמאשין – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שרייבמאשין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%AD%97%E6%9C%BA" title="打字机 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="打字机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phah-j%C4%AB-ki" title="Phah-jī-ki – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phah-jī-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%AD%97%E6%A9%9F" title="打字機 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="打字機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46335#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&id=15786835&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMa%25C8%2599in%25C4%2583_de_scris"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMa%25C8%2599in%25C4%2583_de_scris"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83+de+scris"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Typewriter" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46335" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Underwoodfive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Underwoodfive.jpg/220px-Underwoodfive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Underwoodfive.jpg/330px-Underwoodfive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Underwoodfive.jpg/440px-Underwoodfive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Mașină de scris</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mașina de scris</b> este una dintre cele mai importante invenții ale lumii moderne, stând la baza procesului de comunicare încă din <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XVIII-lea" title="Secolul al XVIII-lea">secolul al XVIII-lea</a>. Mașina de scris, dispozitiv mecanic folosit pentru dactilografierea textelor, a fost reinventată de aproximativ 52 de ori, sub diferite forme și dimensiuni – rotundă, dreptunghiulară, trapezoidală, mai lată sau mai înaltă. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/6_ianuarie" title="6 ianuarie">6 ianuarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1714</a>, inginerul englez <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Mill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Mill — pagină inexistentă">Henry Mill</a> a brevetat pentru prima oară o mașinărie ce putea să imprime literele una după alta. Prima mașină de scris funcțională a fost inventată de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellegrino_Turri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pellegrino Turri — pagină inexistentă">Pellegrino Turri</a>, în <a href="/wiki/1808" title="1808">1808</a>, pentru a veni în ajutorul persoanelor oarbe. Pastorul danez <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasmus_Malling_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasmus Malling Hansen — pagină inexistentă">Rasmus Malling Hansen</a>, în 1870, a prezentat publicului "globul de scris", ce semăna mai degrabă cu o pernă mare de ace. Mașina a fost ulterior transformată într-un produs comercial. Hansen a testat mai multe poziții ale literelor pe o tastatură din porțelan, pentru a determina aranjamentul ce să faciliteze scrisul și să îl facă mai rapid decât cel de mână. </p><p>Prima mașină de scris comercială a fost brevetată în <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a>, din dorința inginerului mecanic american <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Latham_Sholes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Latham Sholes — pagină inexistentă">Christopher Latham Sholes</a> de a produce invenții pentru a îmbunătăți soarta omenirii. Sholes meșterea la o mașină ce să imprime automat numărul paginilor din cărți, când i s-a sugerat că ar putea încerca o construcție mai complexă, ce să poată imprima toate literele alfabetului. El și-a extins creația folosind la bază un vechi telegraf, căruia i-a adăugat taste pentru tot alfabetul. Patentul <i>Sholes & Glidden</i> a fost vândut pentru 12.000 dolari, deoarece Sholes a refuzat să o mai folosească sau să o recomande pentru utilizare. </p><p>Momentul de vârf al mașinii de scris a fost în anii 1950, când media de vânzări a atins în SUA 12 milioane de unități<sup id="cite_ref-f2011-05-06_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f2011-05-06-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Din 1980, <a href="/wiki/Procesor_de_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Procesor de text">procesoarele de text</a> și <a href="/wiki/Computer_personal" title="Computer personal">computerele</a> au înlocuit majoritatea mașinilor de scris din Occident, ultimele mai fiind folosite la scară largă de populațiile sărace din fostul spațiu sovietic, Africa și din America Latină. Cele mai importante ori cunoscute mărci de mașini de scris sunt următoarele: E. Remington and Sons, IBM, Imperial Typewriters, Oliver Typewriter Company, Olivetti, Royal Typewriter Company, Smith Corona, Underwood Typewriter Company, Adler Typewriter Company și Olympia Werke. </p><p><b>Standardizarea proiectării mașinii de scris mecanice:</b> Prima mașină de scris electrică a fost construită în <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a>. Abia în anul <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a> mașina de scris a devenit un obiect cu design standard, fără ca firmele producătoare să propună diferențe foarte mari de aspect. Mai demult, scriitorii profesioniști, atât la firme, cât și acasă (pentru corespondența în interes de afaceri) au recunoscut potențialul acestei invenții. </p> <ul><li>frontstriking -</li> <li>mărimea simbolurilor -</li> <li>culoare -</li> <li>modele "nezgomotoase" -</li></ul> <p><b>Tehnologia corectării:</b> </p> <ul><li>radiere ale mașinii -</li> <li>eraser shield -</li> <li>erasable bond -</li> <li>pastă de corectare -</li> <li>dry correction -</li></ul> <p>În aprilie 2011, <i>Godrej and Boyce</i>, ultima companie care mai producea mașini de scris și-a închis fabrica din Mumbai, India<sup id="cite_ref-r2011-05-06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2011-05-06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e2011-05-06_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e2011-05-06-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, desigur, știrea fiind repede catalogată ca mincinoasă. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Jargon de computer:</b> </p> <ul><li>backspace (BS) – tastă pentru ștergerea caracterului din stânga, pas cu pas. Ea ar putea fi utilizată în combinația cu alte taste-caractere (ex.: “apostrof”, “<i>backspace</i> ” și “punct” formează împreună semnul exclamării) sau pentru a corecta, cum ar fi banda corectoare [în funcție de sistem]</li> <li>carriage return (CR) – retur de car ori de caretă, început de rând ori întoarcere la prima coloană [în funcție de sistem]</li> <li>cursor – reper ce indică poziția următorului caracter în gestinea de texte. Cursorul se referă la glisorul de pe rigla de calcul a mașinii de scris.</li> <li>cut & paste – decupare/ tăiere și lipire. Preluarea unui text, a unui tabel ori a unei imagini și atașarea ei de un document.</li> <li>dead key – “tastă moartă”. Această comandă se referă la o tastă ce, când e apăsată, nu permite avansarea cursorului, lăsându-i astfel altui caracter să fie scris peste cel tipărit inițial. Această comandă a fost folosită în mod curent pentru a îmbina elemente diacritice cu litere, dând astfel naștere la litere noi, special modificate (ex.: “ <i>è</i> “ poate fi tiparită, întâi tastând și ținând apăsat “ ` “ (apostroful), apoi “e”, creându-se astfel o literă/ silabă accentuată într-un text ori una dintr-o limbă străină).</li> <li>line feed (LF) – saltul cursorului la linia nouă a textului.</li> <li>shift key – această tastă e pentru modificare. Apăsată (și ținută astfel) împreună cu o alta, are loc operația de selectare. Inițial, tasta <i>shift</i> e folosită pentru a scrie litere de tipar și alte tipuri de majuscule. Ex.: “D” se obține în loc de “d”.</li> <li>tab (HT) key – această tastă făcea ca cursorul să avanseze orizontal la următorul "tab stop" prestabilit. Tasta a fost utilizată pentru a scrie liste și tabele cu coloane verticale, formate din numere sau cuvinte. "Tab stop" e punct de oprire pentru tasta <i>Tab</i>, e marcaj de tabulare.</li> <li>tty – folosită pentru a desemna un "terminal" dat. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-f2011-05-06-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f2011-05-06_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financiarul.ro/2011/04/27/ultima-fabrica-din-lume-de-produs-masini-de-scris-s-a-inchis-in-india/">Ultima fabrică din lume de produs mașini de scris s-a închis în India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205531/http://www.financiarul.ro/2011/04/27/ultima-fabrica-din-lume-de-produs-masini-de-scris-s-a-inchis-in-india/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2016-03-04">4 martie 2016</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 27 aprilie 2011, financiarul.ro, accesat la 6 mai 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r2011-05-06-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r2011-05-06_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/mapamond/sfarsitul-unei-epoci-calculatorul-a-ingropat-definitiv-masina-de-scris-223500.html">Sfârșitul unei epoci: Calculatorul a îngropat definitiv mașina de scris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110502041438/http://www.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/mapamond/sfarsitul-unei-epoci-calculatorul-a-ingropat-definitiv-masina-de-scris-223500.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-05-02">2 mai 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 26 aprilie 2011, romanialibera.ro, accesat la 6 mai 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e2011-05-06-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e2011-05-06_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/necrolog-pentru-masina-de-scris-928480.html">Necrolog pentru mașina de scris</a>, 1 mai 2011, evz.ro, accesat la 6 mai 2011</span> </li> <li 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/04/26/135740246/has-the-last-typewriter-factory-closed-not-really">„Has The Last Typewriter Factory Closed? Not Really”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+The+Last+Typewriter+Factory+Closed%3F+Not+Really&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2011%2F04%2F26%2F135740246%2Fhas-the-last-typewriter-factory-closed-not-really&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMa%C8%99in%C4%83+de+scris" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224204135/http://www.minyanville.com/mvpremium/2011/04/25/contrary-to-reports-typewriter-industry/">„Contrary to Reports, Typewriter Industry "Far From Dead<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minyanville.com/mvpremium/2011/04/25/contrary-to-reports-typewriter-industry">original</a> la <time datetime="2016-02-24">24 februarie 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contrary+to+Reports%2C+Typewriter+Industry+%22Far+From+Dead%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minyanville.com%2Fmvpremium%2F2011%2F04%2F25%2Fcontrary-to-reports-typewriter-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMa%C8%99in%C4%83+de+scris" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ionescu-Cruțan, Nicolae (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <i>Dicționar de calculatoare englez – român</i>. ed. 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Niculescu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionar+de+informatic%C4%83%2C+de+P.+Morvan&rft.pub=ed.+Niculescu&rft.date=2000&rft.au=C.+Chiculescu%2C+L.+Nicolae+%C8%99i+E.+Bi%C8%9Bu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMa%C8%99in%C4%83+de+scris" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_scris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9); color:var(--color-base, #000); width: 230px; padding: 2px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 35px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Typewriter" class="extiw" title="commons:Typewriter">Mașină de scris</a></b></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jurnalul.ro/jurnalul-national/masina-de-scris-313793.htm">Mașina de scris</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup>, 31 ianuarie 2008, Adela Cristina Teodorescu, <i>Jurnalul Național</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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