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id="toc-Absolutism_and_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glorious_Revolution_and_First_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glorious_Revolution_and_First_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Glorious Revolution and First Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glorious_Revolution_and_First_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Second Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constituent_Cortes_and_left-wing_government_(1931–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituent_Cortes_and_left-wing_government_(1931–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Constituent Cortes and left-wing government (1931–1933) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituent_Cortes_and_left-wing_government_(1931–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right-wing_government_(1933–1936)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-wing_government_(1933–1936)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Right-wing government (1933–1936) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-wing_government_(1933–1936)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_Front's_victory_and_escalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_Front's_victory_and_escalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Popular Front's victory and escalation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_Front's_victory_and_escalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Military coup </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_coup-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military coup subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Beginning of the coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Outcome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combatants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combatants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Combatants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Combatants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Combatants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Republicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nationalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other factions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Foreign involvement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign involvement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_Nationalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_Nationalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Support for the Nationalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_Nationalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_Republicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_Republicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Support for the Republicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_Republicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Brigades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Brigades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 International Brigades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Brigades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Course of the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Course of the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1936 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1937" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 1937 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1938" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1938"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 1938 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1938-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Evacuation of children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friction_between_Republican_leadership_and_Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friction_between_Republican_leadership_and_Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Friction between Republican leadership and Catalonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friction_between_Republican_leadership_and_Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Atrocities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Atrocities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalists_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalists_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Nationalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalists_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republicans_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republicans_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Republicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republicans_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Social revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Art and propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Consequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Economic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francoist_repression_after_the_war_and_Republican_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francoist_repression_after_the_war_and_Republican_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Francoist repression after the war and Republican exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francoist_repression_after_the_war_and_Republican_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations;_civil_war_in_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations;_civil_war_in_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Interpretations; civil war in perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations;_civil_war_in_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_listening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_listening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Suggested listening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_listening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films,_images_and_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films,_images_and_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Films, images and sounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films,_images_and_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1.1 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1.2 Images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1.3 Sounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Miscellaneous documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diverse_references_and_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diverse_references_and_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.3 Diverse references and citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diverse_references_and_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics_and_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics_and_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.4 Academics and governments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics_and_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.5 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Spanish Civil War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Spaanse Burgeroorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spaanse Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanischer_B%C3%BCrgerkrieg" title="Spanischer Bürgerkrieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spanischer Bürgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="स्पेनी गृहयुद्ध – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्पेनी गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%93onisc_Ingewinn" title="Spēonisc Ingewinn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Spēonisc Ingewinn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Espanyola" title="Guerra Civil Espanyola – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra Civil Espanyola" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Guerra Civil Española – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra Civil Española" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spaniyada_v%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İspaniyada vətəndaş müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İspaniyada vətəndaş müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایسپانیا ایچ ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپانیا ایچ ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="স্পেনের গৃহযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পেনের গৃহযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-pan-g%C3%A2_L%C5%8De-chi%C3%A0n" title="Se-pan-gâ Lōe-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-pan-gâ Lōe-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Іспаніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Іспаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%93%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Гішпаніі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Гішпаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гражданска война в Испания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гражданска война в Испания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panski_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Španski građanski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Španski građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Spagn" title="Brezel Spagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Spagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_espanyola" title="Guerra Civil espanyola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Civil espanyola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Španělská občanská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělská občanská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Cartref_Sbaen" title="Rhyfel Cartref Sbaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Cartref Sbaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanske_borgerkrig" title="Spanske borgerkrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spanske borgerkrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanischer_B%C3%BCrgerkrieg" title="Spanischer Bürgerkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanischer Bürgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania_kodus%C3%B5da" title="Hispaania kodusõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania kodusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ισπανικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Guerra civil española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_Enlanda_Milito" title="Hispana Enlanda Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana Enlanda Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Cevil_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Guerra Cevil Española – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Guerra Cevil Española" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنگ داخلی اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ داخلی اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Spanish Civil War" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27Espagne" title="Guerre d'Espagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre d'Espagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanske_Boargeroarloch" title="Spaanske Boargeroarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spaanske Boargeroarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuere_di_Spagne" title="Vuere di Spagne – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vuere di Spagne" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Cathartha_na_Sp%C3%A1inne" title="Cogadh Cathartha na Spáinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Cathartha na Spáinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_S%C3%ACobhalta_na_Sp%C3%A0inne" title="Cogadh Sìobhalta na Spàinne – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cogadh Sìobhalta na Spàinne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Guerra civil española – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra civil española" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%9A_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%A8%D8%A4_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ايسپانيا ٚ دؤرين‌دؤبؤ جنگ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايسپانيا ٚ دؤرين‌دؤبؤ جنگ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="스페인 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Իսպանիայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանիայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="स्पेनी गृहयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेनी गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolski_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Španjolski građanski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolski građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interna_milito_di_Hispania" title="Interna milito di Hispania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Interna milito di Hispania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Spanyol" title="Perang Saudara Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Saudara Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Espaniol" title="Guerra Civil Espaniol – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra Civil Espaniol" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_intern_hispan" title="Guerre intern hispan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Guerre intern hispan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6nska_borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Spænska borgarastyrjöldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spænska borgarastyrjöldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile_spagnola" title="Guerra civile spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="מלחמת האזרחים בספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האזרחים בספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ესპანეთის სამოქალაქო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპანეთის სამოქალაქო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Испан азамат соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Испан азамат соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresel_Vredereth_Spayn" title="Bresel Vredereth Spayn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bresel Vredereth Spayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_wenyewe_kwa_wenyewe_ya_Hispania" title="Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Hispania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Hispania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_navxwey%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_Spanyay%C3%AA" title="Şerê navxweyî yê Spanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê navxweyî yê Spanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_civile_Hispanicum" title="Bellum civile Hispanicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum civile Hispanicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%81nijas_pilso%C5%86u_kar%C5%A1" title="Spānijas pilsoņu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spānijas pilsoņu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuenesche_Biergerkrich" title="Spuenesche Biergerkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spuenesche Biergerkrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanijos_pilietinis_karas" title="Ispanijos pilietinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ispanijos pilietinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol_polg%C3%A1rh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Spanyol polgárháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyol polgárháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шпанска граѓанска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шпанска граѓанска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="സ്പാനിഷ് ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പാനിഷ് ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="स्पॅनिश यादवी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पॅनिश यादवी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حرب اهليه اسبانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب اهليه اسبانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ایسپانیای دله‌یی جنگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایسپانیای دله‌یی جنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Sepanyol" title="Perang Saudara Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Saudara Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Cebil_Spanhola" title="Guerra Cebil Spanhola – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerra Cebil Spanhola" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Испанийн иргэний дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Испанийн иргэний дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="စပိန်ပြည်တွင်းစစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စပိန်ပြည်တွင်းစစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Spaanse Burgeroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaanse Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="स्पेनी गृहयुद्ध – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्पेनी गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="スペイン内戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans_B%C3%BCrgerkrich" title="Spaans Bürgerkrich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Spaans Bürgerkrich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_spanske_borgerkrig" title="Den spanske borgerkrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den spanske borgerkrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_spanske_borgarkrigen" title="Den spanske borgarkrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den spanske borgarkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Civiu_Espanh%C3%B2la" title="Guèrra Civiu Espanhòla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Civiu Espanhòla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہسپانوی خانہ جنگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DB%90_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د هسپانيې کورنۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هسپانيې کورنۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_sivil_spagneula" title="Guèra sivil spagneula – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra sivil spagneula" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaansche_B%C3%B6rgerkrieg" title="Spaansche Börgerkrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Spaansche Börgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_wojna_domowa" title="Hiszpańska wojna domowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hiszpańska wojna domowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Espanhola" title="Guerra Civil Espanhola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Civil Espanhola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Civil_Spaniol" title="Războiul Civil Spaniol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Civil Spaniol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civila_spagnola" title="Guerra civila spagnola – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Guerra civila spagnola" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Гражданская война в Испании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война в Испании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_tzivile_ispagnola" title="Gherra tzivile ispagnola – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra tzivile ispagnola" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainish_Ceevil_War" title="Spainish Ceevil War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spainish Ceevil War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_Civile_Spanjolle" title="Lufta Civile Spanjolle – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta Civile Spanjolle" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civili_spagnola" title="Guerra civili spagnola – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra civili spagnola" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish Civil War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panielska_ob%C4%8Dianska_vojna_(1936)" title="Španielska občianska vojna (1936) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Španielska občianska vojna (1936)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panska_dr%C5%BEavljanska_vojna" title="Španska državljanska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Španska državljanska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شەڕی ناوخۆییی ئیسپانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ناوخۆییی ئیسپانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 18,000 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Talk:Spanish Civil War">talk page</a>. 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class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Spanish Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">prelude to World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerra_Civil._Tomo_II_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Guerra_Civil._Tomo_II_%282%29.jpg/155px-Guerra_Civil._Tomo_II_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Guerra_Civil._Tomo_II_%282%29.jpg/233px-Guerra_Civil._Tomo_II_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Guerra_Civil._Tomo_II_%282%29.jpg/310px-Guerra_Civil._Tomo_II_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="679" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldrepteruel1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Soldrepteruel1937.jpg/139px-Soldrepteruel1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Soldrepteruel1937.jpg/209px-Soldrepteruel1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Soldrepteruel1937.jpg/278px-Soldrepteruel1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2664" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Clockwise from top-left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/XI_International_Brigade" title="XI International Brigade">XI International Brigade</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">Battle of Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granollers" title="Granollers">Granollers</a> after being <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers" title="Bombing of Granollers">bombed</a> by the Aviazione Legionaria in 1938</li> <li>Bombing of an airfield in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a></li> <li>Republican soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">siege of the Alcázar</a></li> <li>Nationalist soldiers operating an <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft gun</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a> victory <ul><li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish State">Spanish State</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></li> <li>Post-war Francoist <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)#Postwar" title="White Terror (Spain)">mass killings and repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> continue irregular warfare sporadically until 1965</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic_%28military%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic_%28military%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic_%28military%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic_%28military%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic_%28military%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic_%28military%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Republican Armed Forces">People's Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UGT_flag.svg/21px-UGT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UGT_flag.svg/32px-UGT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UGT_flag.svg/42px-UGT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="625" /> <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/23px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/35px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/45px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a>-<a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">FAI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Partido_Obrero_de_Unificaci%C3%B3n_Marxista_flag.svg/23px-Partido_Obrero_de_Unificaci%C3%B3n_Marxista_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Partido_Obrero_de_Unificaci%C3%B3n_Marxista_flag.svg/35px-Partido_Obrero_de_Unificaci%C3%B3n_Marxista_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Partido_Obrero_de_Unificaci%C3%B3n_Marxista_flag.svg/46px-Partido_Obrero_de_Unificaci%C3%B3n_Marxista_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat de Catalunya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Euzko_Gudarostea" title="Euzko Gudarostea">Euzko Gudarostea</a><a href="#cite_note-Basque-2">[b]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_International_Brigades.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_International_Brigades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_International_Brigades.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_International_Brigades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_International_Brigades.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_International_Brigades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Spanish_Civil_War#International_volunteers" title="International response to the Spanish Civil War">Foreign volunteers</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/23px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/35px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/45px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a><a href="#cite_note-FetJons-3">[c]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/23px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/35px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/45px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a><a href="#cite_note-Natmerge-4">[d]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Requet%C3%A9" title="Requeté">Requetés</a>/<a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Communion" title="Traditionalist Communion">CT</a><a href="#cite_note-Natmerge-4">[d]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CEDA_flag.svg/23px-CEDA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CEDA_flag.svg/35px-CEDA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/CEDA_flag.svg/45px-CEDA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a><a href="#cite_note-Natmerge-4">[d]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renovation" title="Spanish Renovation">Spanish Renovation</a><a href="#cite_note-Natmerge-4">[d]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/23px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/35px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/45px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Spanish_Civil_War#Nationalist_foreign_volunteers" title="International response to the Spanish Civil War">Foreign volunteers</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UGT_flag.svg/21px-UGT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UGT_flag.svg/32px-UGT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UGT_flag.svg/42px-UGT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="625" /> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Rojo_Lluch" title="Vicente Rojo Lluch">Vicente Rojo Lluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miaja" title="José Miaja">José Miaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Toribio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Cabrera" title="Toribio Martínez Cabrera">Toribio Martínez Cabrera</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado">Segismundo Casado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Modesto" title="Juan Modesto">Juan Modesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Saravia" title="Juan Hernández Saravia">Juan Hernández Saravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/23px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/35px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/45px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/23px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/35px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/45px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ascaso" title="Joaquín Ascaso">Joaquín Ascaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic"><img alt="Second Spanish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)"><img alt="Basque Country (autonomous community)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Aguirre_(politician)" title="José Antonio Aguirre (politician)">José Antonio Aguirre</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano" title="Gonzalo Queipo de Llano">Gonzalo Queipo de Llano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/23px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/35px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/45px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Yag%C3%BCe" title="Juan Yagüe">Juan Yagüe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabanellas" title="Miguel Cabanellas">Miguel Cabanellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Enrique_Varela" title="José Enrique Varela">José Enrique Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_D%C3%A1vila_Arrondo" title="Fidel Dávila Arrondo">Fidel Dávila Arrondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Goded_Llopis" title="Manuel Goded Llopis">Manuel Goded Llopis</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/23px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/35px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/45px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Hedilla" title="Manuel Hedilla">Manuel Hedilla</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/23px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/35px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/45px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/23px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/35px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/45px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/On%C3%A9simo_Redondo" title="Onésimo Redondo">Onésimo Redondo</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/23px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/35px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg/45px-Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fal_Conde" title="Manuel Fal Conde">Manuel Fal Conde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Roatta" title="Mario Roatta">Mario Roatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Bastico" title="Ettore Bastico">Ettore Bastico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle">Hugo Sperrle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1936 strength:<a href="#cite_note-5">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>446,800 combatants<a href="#cite_note-6">[2]</a></li> <li>31 ships</li> <li>12 submarines</li> <li>13,000 sailors</li></ul> </div> <hr /> 1938 strength:<a href="#cite_note-7">[3]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>450,000 infantry</li> <li>350 aircraft</li> <li>200 tanks</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>59,380 international volunteers</li> <li>3,015 Soviet technicians</li> <li>772 Soviet pilots</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1936 strength:<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>58,000 soldiers</li> <li>68,500 gendarmes</li> <li>16 operational ships</li> <li>7,000 sailors<a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> 1938 strength:<a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>600,000 infantry</li> <li>600 aircraft</li> <li>290 tanks</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>70,000–75,000 <a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Italian volunteers</a></li> <li>16,000 <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">German volunteers</a></li> <li>~10,000 <a href="/wiki/Viriatos" title="Viriatos">Portuguese volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>110,000 killed in action (including executions)<a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_Hugh_1977_(and_later_editions).-11">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017339-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simkin_2012-13">[9]</a></li></ul> 100,000–200,000 civilians killed inside the Nationalist zone<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010181-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>90,000 killed in action<a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_Hugh_1977_(and_later_editions).-11">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017339-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simkin_2012-13">[9]</a></li></ul> 50,000–72,000 civilians killed inside the Republican zone </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Estimates differ widely<a href="#cite_note-17">[note 1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of battles in the Spanish Civil War">List of battles</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">July 1936 uprising</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Revolution</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Melilla" title="July 1936 military uprising in Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Seville" title="July 1936 military uprising in Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Barcelona" title="July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona">1st Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Monta%C3%B1a_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Montaña barracks">Cuartel de la Montaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gij%C3%B3n" title="Siege of Gijón">Gijón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oviedo" title="Siege of Oviedo">Oviedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Loyola_barracks" title="Siege of the Loyola barracks">Cuartel de Loyola</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1936 in the Spanish Civil War">1936</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadarrama" title="Battle of Guadarrama">Guadarrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusia_campaign" title="Andalusia campaign">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremadura_campaign" title="Extremadura campaign">Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_de_la_Victoria" title="Convoy de la Victoria">Convoy de la Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almendralejo" title="Battle of Almendralejo">Almendralejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sig%C3%BCenza" title="Battle of Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Battle of Mérida">1st Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badajoz_(1936)" title="Battle of Badajoz (1936)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majorca" title="Battle of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sierra_Guadalupe" title="Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe">Sierra Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_offensive" title="Córdoba offensive">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Gipuzkoa" title="Campaign of Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Irún">Irún</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Pelado" title="Battle of Monte Pelado">Monte Pelado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera_de_la_Reina_(1936)" title="Battle of Talavera de la Reina (1936)">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santuario_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Cabeza" title="Siege of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza">Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_uprising_in_Spanish_Guinea" title="1936 uprising in Spanish Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Muriano" title="Battle of Cerro Muriano">Cerro Muriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel_(1936)" title="Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sese%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Seseña">Seseña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">Madrid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Universitaria" title="Battle of Ciudad Universitaria">Ciudad Universitaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="First Battle of the Corunna Road">1st Corunna Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villarreal_Offensive" title="Villarreal Offensive">Villarreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ursula" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ursula">Ursula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceituna_Campaign" title="Aceituna Campaign">Aceituna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopera" title="Battle of Lopera">Lopera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Second Battle of the Corunna Road">2nd Corunna Road</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1937_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1937 in the Spanish Civil War">1937</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Third Battle of the Corunna Road">3rd Corunna Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)" title="Battle of Málaga (1937)">Málaga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga%E2%80%93Almer%C3%ADa_road_massacre" title="Málaga–Almería road massacre">Road massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama" title="Battle of Jarama">Jarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Machichaco" title="Battle of Cape Machichaco">Cape Machichaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozoblanco" title="Battle of Pozoblanco">Pozoblanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_North" title="War in the North">War in the North</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantabrian campaign (page does not exist)">Cantabrian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscay_Campaign" title="Biscay Campaign">Biscay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango" title="Bombing of Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Guernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilbao" title="Battle of Bilbao">Bilbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santander" title="Battle of Santander">Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturias_Offensive" title="Asturias Offensive">Asturias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Mazuco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of El Mazuco">El Mazuco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Bombing of Jaén">Jaén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">2nd Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)" title="Deutschland incident (1937)">Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Bombardment of Almería">Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovia_Offensive" title="Segovia Offensive">Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huesca_Offensive" title="Huesca Offensive">Huesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Albarracín">Albarracín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete" title="Battle of Brunete">Brunete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza_Offensive" title="Zaragoza Offensive">Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">1st Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Cherchell" title="Battle of Cape Cherchell">Cape Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo" title="Battle of Sabiñánigo">Sabiñánigo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_L%C3%A9rida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Lérida (page does not exist)">1st Lérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Teruel</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1938</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Valladolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Valladolid (page does not exist)">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alfambra" title="Battle of Alfambra">Alfambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1938)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1938)">Cape Palos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragon_Offensive" title="Aragon Offensive">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Belchite_(1938)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Belchite (1938) (page does not exist)">2nd Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">3rd Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caspe" title="Battle of Caspe">Caspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9rida_(1938)" title="Battle of Lérida (1938)">2nd Lérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gandesa_(1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gandesa (1938)">1st Gandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Segre" title="Battle of the Segre">Segre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levante_Offensive" title="Levante Offensive">Levante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaguer_Offensive" title="Balaguer Offensive">Balaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Bl%C3%A1zquez_Offensive" title="Los Blázquez Offensive">Los Blázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Alicante" title="Bombing of Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers" title="Bombing of Granollers">Granollers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bielsa_pocket" title="Battle of Bielsa pocket">Bielsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Merida_pocket" title="Battle of the Merida pocket">2nd Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Ebro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gandesa_(1938)" title="Siege of Gandesa (1938)">2nd Gandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cantabria_(1919)" title="SS Cantabria (1919)">Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cabra" title="Bombing of Cabra">Cabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_de_Calders" title="Bombing of Sant Vicenç de Calders">Sant Vicenç de Calders</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1939</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_Offensive" title="Catalonia Offensive">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valsequillo" title="Battle of Valsequillo">Valsequillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_X%C3%A0tiva" title="Bombing of Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_La_Garriga" title="Bombing of La Garriga">La Garriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1939)" title="Battle of Minorca (1939)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_uprising" title="Cartagena uprising">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Spain" title="Category:History of Spain">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/250px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/375px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/500px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2313" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Prehistory" title="History of Spain">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="History of Spain">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Spain</a> (575–206 BCE)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman Conquest</a> (206–27 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (218 BCE–472 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hispania" title="Diocese of Hispania">Diocese of Hispania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Early_medieval_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> (409–585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Kingdom of the Visigoths</a> (418–721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Byzantine Spania</a> (552–624)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a> (711–716)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (711–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> (711–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Medieval_Christian_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Christian kingdoms</a> (718–1479)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_Modern_Spain" title="History of Spain">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> (1479–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a> (1482–1492)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a> (1492–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a> (1516–1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a> (1556–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1580–1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Bourbons</a> (1700–1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta Decrees</a> (1707–1716)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne" title="Abdications of Bayonne">Abdications of Bayonne</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Napoleonic Spain</a> (1808–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> (1810–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of Cádiz</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Treaty of Valençay">Treaty of Valençay</a> (1813)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII#Restoration" title="Ferdinand VII">Absolutist restoration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)#Reaction_(1814–1820)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">Sexenio Absolutista</a> (1814–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a> (1820–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a> (1823–1833)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Isabella II of Spain">Reign of Isabella II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Maria_Christina" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of María Cristina</a> (1833–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> (1833–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Espartero" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of Espartero</a> (1840–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_moderada" title="Década moderada">Década moderada</a> (1844–1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">Second Carlist War</a> (1846–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienio_progresista" title="Bienio progresista">Bienio progresista</a> (1854–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> (1868)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico" title="Sexenio Democrático">Sexenio Democrático</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_(1868%E2%80%931871)" title="Provisional Government (1868–1871)">Provisional Government</a> (1868–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain#King_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Reign of Amadeo I</a> (1870–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> (1872–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a> (1873–1874)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Reign of Alfonso XII">Reign of Alfonso XII</a> (1874–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Regency of Maria Christina of Austria">Regency of María Cristina</a> (1885–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII">Reign of Alfonso XIII</a> (1886–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain during World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> (–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer">Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer</a> (1930–1931)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">Provisional Government</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">First Biennium</a> (1931–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#The_"black_biennium"" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Second Biennium</a> (1933–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution and Asturian miners' strike</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 general election</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">1936 coup d'état</a> (1936)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil War</a> (1936–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Nationalist victory</a> (1939)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> (1939–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">Republican exile</a> (1939–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a> (1959–2011)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">Contemporary history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a> (1975–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Current constitution</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">1981 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombings</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">2017 Barcelona attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–2022)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain#History" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Spain">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain#History" title="Religion in Spain">Religious history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Spain" title="Template talk:History of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to World War II</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1910s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> 1919–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> 1919–1920</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1920s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_Alliance_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)">Franco-Polish alliance</a> 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a> 1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">Occupation of the Ruhr</a> 1923–1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a> 1923–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a> 1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> 1929</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1930s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a> 1931–1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a> 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_for_the_Reduction_and_Limitation_of_Armaments" title="Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments">Geneva Conference</a> 1932–1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Defense of the Great Wall</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe" title="Battle of Rehe">Battle of Rehe</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazis' rise to power in Germany</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Soviet_Pact" title="Italo-Soviet Pact">Italo-Soviet Pact</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)">Inner Mongolian Campaign</a> 1933–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression" title="German–Polish declaration of non-aggression">German–Polish declaration of non-aggression</a> 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Background" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%E2%80%93Umezu_Agreement" title="He–Umezu Agreement">He–Umezu Agreement</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9th_Movement" title="December 9th Movement">December 9th Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> 1935–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">Remilitarization of the Rhineland</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> 1936–1939</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Civil War</a> 1936–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-German_protocol_of_23_October_1936" title="Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936">Italo-German "Axis" protocol</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan_campaign" title="Suiyuan campaign">Suiyuan campaign</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> 1937–1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a> 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> Mar. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Polish_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania">Polish ultimatum to Lithuania</a> Mar. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Crisis" title="May Crisis">May Crisis</a> May 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a> July–Aug. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1938)" title="Bled agreement (1938)">Bled Agreement</a> Aug. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps#Undeclared_German–Czechoslovak_War" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War</a> Sep. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> Sep. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> Nov. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine#Hungarian_invasion" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">German ultimatum to Lithuania</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">Slovak–Hungarian War</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War</a> Mar.–Apr. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis" title="Danzig crisis">Danzig Crisis</a> Mar.–Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#British_assurance_to_Poland" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">British guarantee to Poland</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a> Apr. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#Failed_Soviet-Franco-British_alliance" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations</a> Apr.–Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> May 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> May–Sep. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> Sep. 1939</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Template:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Spanish Civil War (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: guerra civil española)<a href="#cite_note-18">[note 2]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Military_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conflict">military conflict</a> fought from 1936 to 1939 between the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a>. Republicans were loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>-leaning <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> government of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>, and consisted of various <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">separatist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">republican</a> parties, some of which had opposed the government in the pre-war period.<a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchists">monarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">traditionalists</a> led by a <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Junta" title="National Defense Junta">military junta</a> among whom General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> quickly achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period#Great_Depression" title="Interwar period">political climate</a> at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/War_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="War of religion">religious struggle</a>, a struggle between <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican democracy</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">counterrevolution</a>, and between <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Claude Bowers</a>, U.S. ambassador to Spain during the war, it was the "<a href="/wiki/Dress_rehearsal" title="Dress rehearsal">dress rehearsal</a>" for <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers1954272-21">[15]</a> The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975. The war began after the partial failure of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">coup d'état of July 1936</a> against the Republican government by a group of generals of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Republican Armed Forces">Spanish Republican Armed Forces</a>, with General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a> as the primary planner and leader and General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a> as a figurehead. The government at the time was a coalition of Republicans, supported in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> by communist and socialist parties, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> president <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200643-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200684-23">[17]</a> The Nationalist faction was supported by several conservative groups, including <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a>, monarchists, including both the opposing <a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsists</a> and the religious conservative <a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a>, a fascist political party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973200–203-24">[18]</a> The coup was supported by military units in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. However, rebelling units in almost all important cities—such as <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>—did not gain control. Those cities remained in the hands of the government, leaving Spain militarily and politically divided. The Nationalists and the Republican government fought for control of the country. The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> while the Republican side received support from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Mexico. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, and the United States, continued to recognise the Republican government but followed an official policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">non-intervention</a>. Despite this policy, tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict. They fought mostly in the pro-Republican <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, which also included several thousand exiles from pro-Nationalist regimes. Smaller numbers of pro-Republican international volunteer fighters fought in the <a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a>. After the deaths of José Sanjurjo on July 20, 1936, Manuel Goded Llopis on August 12, 1936, and Emilio Mola on June 3, 1937, Franco gradually emerged as the primary leader of the Nationalist side. The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturing most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937. They also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war. After much of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> was captured in 1938 and 1939, and Madrid cut off from Barcelona, the Republican military position became hopeless. Following the fall without resistance of Barcelona in January 1939, the Francoist regime was recognised by France and the United Kingdom in February 1939. On 5 March 1939, in response to an alleged increasing communist dominance of the Republican government and the deteriorating military situation, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado">Segismundo Casado</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939" title="Spanish coup of March 1939">military coup against the Republican government</a>, intending to seek peace with the Nationalists. These peace overtures, however, were rejected by Franco. Following internal conflict between Republican factions in Madrid in the same month, Franco entered the capital and declared victory on 1 April 1939. Hundreds of thousands of Spaniards fled to refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historytoday.com-25">[19]</a> Those associated with the losing Republicans who stayed were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. Franco established a dictatorship in which all right-wing parties were fused into the structure of his regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973200–203-24">[18]</a> The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired worldwide and for the many atrocities that occurred. <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Organised purges</a> occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces so they could consolidate their future regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200688-26">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Mass executions</a> on a lesser scale also took place in areas controlled by the Republicans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200686–87-27">[21]</a> with the participation of local authorities varying from location to location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006260–271-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background of the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolutism_and_liberalism">Absolutism and liberalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Absolutism and liberalism">edit</a>]</div> The 19th century was a turbulent time for Spain. Those in favour of reforming the Spanish government vied for political power with <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a> who intended to prevent such reforms from being implemented. In a tradition that started with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Spanish Constitution of 1812</a>, many liberals sought to curtail the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish monarchy">Spanish monarchy</a> as well as to establish a nation-state under <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">the ideology and philosophy</a> that they believed in. The reforms of 1812 were short-lived as they were almost immediately overturned by <a href="/wiki/King_Ferdinand_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ferdinand VII">King Ferdinand VII</a> when he dissolved the aforementioned constitution. This ended the <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20067-30">[24]</a> Twelve successful coups were carried out between 1814 and 1874.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20067-30">[24]</a> There were several attempts to realign the political system to match social reality. Until the 1850s, the economy of Spain was primarily based on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. There was little development of a bourgeois industrial or commercial class. The land-based oligarchy remained powerful; a small number of people held large estates called <a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a> as well as all of the important positions in government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200619-31">[25]</a> The mid-century <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a>, fought by the <a href="/wiki/Carlist" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist">Carlist</a> movement to establish an alternative branch of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon dynasty">Bourbon dynasty</a>, further destabilized the Spanish monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glorious_Revolution_and_First_Republic">Glorious Revolution and First Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Glorious Revolution and First Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution (Spain)</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a></div> In 1868, <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">popular uprisings</a> led to the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Isabella_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Isabella II">Queen Isabella II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>. Two distinct factors led to the uprisings: a series of urban riots and a liberal movement within the middle classes and the military (led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Prim" title="Juan Prim">General Joan Prim</a>), which was concerned about the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy. In 1873, Isabella's replacement, King <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeo I">Amadeo I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, abdicated due to increasing political pressure, and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> was proclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196113-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200621-34">[28]</a> The Republic was marred with political instability and conflicts and was quickly overthrown by a coup d'état by General <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos" title="Arsenio Martínez Campos">Arsenio Martínez Campos</a> in December 1874, after which <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">the Bourbons were restored to the throne</a> in the figure of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a>, Isabella's son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200622-35">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration">Restoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Restoration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration (Spain)</a></div> After the restoration, Carlists and <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> emerged in opposition to the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200624-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a>, Spanish politician and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>, helped to bring <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> to the fore in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>—a region of Spain with its own <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Societal" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal">societal</a> identity in which <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> was particularly acute at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200624–26-38">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> was a controversial policy that was eventually implemented by the government of Spain. As evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a> in 1909, resentment and resistance were factors that continued well into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196115-39">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_XIIIdeEspa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Alfonso_XIIIdeEspa%C3%B1a.jpg/170px-Alfonso_XIIIdeEspa%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Alfonso_XIIIdeEspa%C3%B1a.jpg/255px-Alfonso_XIIIdeEspa%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Alfonso_XIIIdeEspa%C3%B1a.jpg/340px-Alfonso_XIIIdeEspa%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>On 12 April 1931, the Republicans won the elections and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> was proclaimed two days later. King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a> went into exile.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain was neutral in World War I</a>. Following the war, wide swathes of Spanish society, including the armed forces, united in hopes of removing the <a href="/wiki/Corrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt">corrupt</a> central government of the country in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, but these circles were ultimately unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200632–33-40">[34]</a> Popular perception of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> as a major threat significantly increased during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200615-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a></div> In 1923, a <a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">military coup</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a> to power. As a result, Spain transitioned to government by military dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196116-42">[36]</a> Support for the Rivera regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. He was replaced by General <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a>, who was in turn himself replaced by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aznar-Caba%C3%B1as" title="Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas">Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas</a>; both men continued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>. There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/King_Alfonso_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfonso XIII">King Alfonso XIII</a> of Spain relented to popular pressure and called municipal elections for 12 April 1931. <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">Left-wing</a> entities such as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialist</a> and Liberal Republicans won almost all the provincial capitals and, following the resignation of Aznar's government, Alfonso XIII fled the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200620–22-43">[37]</a> At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> was formed. This republic remained in power until the beginning of the civil war five years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200620-44">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Republic">Second Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></div> The revolutionary committee headed by <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a> became the provisional government, with Alcalá-Zamora himself as <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200623-45">[39]</a> The republic had broad support from all segments of society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200638–39-46">[40]</a> In May 1931, an incident in which a taxi driver was attacked outside a monarchist club sparked anti-clerical violence throughout <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and south-west portion of the country. The slow response on the part of the government disillusioned the right and reinforced their view that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republic</a> was determined to persecute the church. In June and July, the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (CNT) called several <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a>, which led to a violent incident between CNT members and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Civil Guard</a> and a brutal crackdown by the Civil Guard and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">army</a> against the CNT in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. This led many workers to believe the Second Spanish Republic was just as oppressive as the monarchy, and the CNT announced its intention of overthrowing it via <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200626-47">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constituent_Cortes_and_left-wing_government_(1931–1933)">Constituent Cortes and left-wing government (1931–1933)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constituent Cortes and left-wing government (1931–1933)">edit</a>]</div> Elections in June 1931 returned a large majority of Republicans and Socialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200622-35">[29]</a> With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the government tried to assist rural Spain by instituting an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a> and redistributing <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a> to farm workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200642-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200622-49">[43]</a> The rural workers lived in some of the worst poverty in Europe at the time and the government tried to increase their wages and improve working conditions. This estranged small and medium landholders who used hired labour. The Law of Municipal Boundaries forbade owners from hiring workers outside their locality. When some localities had labour shortages, the law shut out workers seeking extra income as pickers. Newly established labour arbitration boards regulated salaries, contracts, and working hours, but were more favourable to workers than employers. A decree in July 1931 increased overtime pay and several laws in late 1931 restricted whom landowners could hire. Other efforts included decrees limiting: the use of machinery; efforts to create a monopoly on hiring; strikes; and efforts by unions to limit women's employment, all done to preserve a labour monopoly for their members. Class struggle intensified as landowners turned to counterrevolutionary organisations and local oligarchs. Strikes, workplace theft, arson, robbery and assaults on shops, strikebreakers, employers and machines became increasingly common. Ultimately, the reforms of the Republican-Socialist government alienated as many people as they pleased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjSO-dC5ac_ECpgPA16_16–17]-50">[44]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_altarpiece_of_the_Church_del_Salvador_(Elche)_before_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Main_altarpiece_of_the_Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_before_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg/120px-Main_altarpiece_of_the_Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_before_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Main_altarpiece_of_the_Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_before_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg/180px-Main_altarpiece_of_the_Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_before_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Main_altarpiece_of_the_Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_before_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg/240px-Main_altarpiece_of_the_Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_before_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="1053" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_del_Salvador_(Elche)_after_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_after_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg/120px-Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_after_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_after_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg/180px-Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_after_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_after_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg/240px-Church_del_Salvador_%28Elche%29_after_it_was_burned_by_Republicans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="944" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Church was a frequent target of the revolutionary left in the republic and in the war. During the Civil War, revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Convents_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Convents burning">destroyed or burned</a> some 20,000 churches, along with church artwork and tombs, books, archives, and palaces.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> A vast number of affected buildings are today defunct.</div></div></div></div> Republican <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> became prime minister of a minority government in October 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196147-53">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200661-54">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> remained a reactive threat and it was facilitated by controversial reforms to the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200645–48-55">[49]</a> In December, a new reformist, liberal and democratic <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">constitution</a> was declared. It included strong provisions enforcing a broad <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> of the Catholic country, which included the abolition of Catholic schools and charities, a move which was met with opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200653-56">[50]</a> At this point, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, but fearing an increasing popular opposition, the Radical and Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, prolonging their time in power for two more years. Diaz's Republican government initiated numerous reforms to, in their view, modernize the country. In 1932, the Jesuits were banned and their property was confiscated, the army was reduced, landowners were expropriated. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195191-57">[51]</a> In June 1933, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a>, "On Oppression of the Church of Spain", raising his voice against the persecution of the Catholic Church in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes195193-58">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right-wing_government_(1933–1936)">Right-wing government (1933–1936)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Right-wing government (1933–1936)">edit</a>]</div> In November 1933, the right-wing parties won the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1933">general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova201090-59">[53]</a> The causal factors were increased resentment of the incumbent government caused by a controversial decree implementing land reform,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200654–55-60">[54]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Casas_Viejas_incident" title="Casas Viejas incident">Casas Viejas incident</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> and the formation of a right-wing alliance, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_Autonomous_Right-wing_Groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups">Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups</a> (CEDA). Another factor was the recent enfranchisement of women, most of whom voted for centre-right parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200627-62">[56]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Palacios_Tapias" title="Jesús Palacios Tapias">Jesús Palacios Tapias</a>, left Republicans attempted to have <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1_Zamora" class="mw-redirect" title="Niceto Alcalá Zamora">Niceto Alcalá Zamora</a> cancel the electoral results but did not succeed. Despite CEDA's electoral victory, President <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a> declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government, fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies and proposed changes to the constitution. Instead, he invited the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> to do so. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200641–47-63">[57]</a> Events in the period after November 1933, called the "<a href="/wiki/Black_biennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Black biennium">black biennium</a>", seemed to make a civil war more likely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200666–67-64">[58]</a> Alejandro Lerroux of the Radical Republican Party (RRP) formed a government, reversing changes made by the previous administration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200667–68-65">[59]</a> and granting amnesty to the collaborators of the unsuccessful uprising by General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a> in August 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200663–65-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196162-67">[61]</a> Some monarchists joined with the then fascist-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Española y de las JONS">Falange Española y de las JONS</a> ("Falange") to help achieve their aims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200669–70-68">[62]</a> Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities, and militancy continued to increase,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200670-69">[63]</a> reflecting a movement towards radical upheaval, rather than peaceful democratic means as solutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200683-70">[64]</a> A small insurrection by anarchists occurred in December 1933 in response to CEDA's victory, in which around 100 people died.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> After a year of intense pressure, CEDA, the party with the most seats in parliament, finally succeeded in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. The Socialists (PSOE) and Communists reacted with an insurrection for which they had been preparing for nine months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios201888-72">[66]</a> The rebellion developed into a bloody uprising known as the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution of 1934</a>. Fairly well armed revolutionaries managed to take the whole province of Asturias, murdering numerous policemen, clergymen and civilians, destroying religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at Oviedo.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> Rebels in the occupied areas proclaimed revolution for the workers and abolished the existing currency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200690-74">[68]</a> The rebellion was crushed in two weeks by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Spanish Republican Army</a>, the latter using mainly <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_troops" title="Colonial troops">colonial troops</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> Azaña was in Barcelona that day, and the Lerroux-CEDA government tried to implicate him. He was arrested and charged with complicity. In fact, Azaña had no connection with the rebellion and was released from prison in January 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200627–30-76">[70]</a> In sparking an uprising, the non-anarchist socialists, like the anarchists, manifested their conviction that the existing political order was illegitimate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010138-77">[71]</a> The Spanish historian <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a>, an Azaña supporter and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco, wrote a sharp criticism of the left's participation in the revolt: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. The argument that Mr Gil Robles tried to destroy the Constitution to establish fascism was, at once, hypocritical and false. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936."<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> Reversals of land reform resulted in expulsions, firings and arbitrary changes to working conditions in the central and southern countryside in 1935, with landowners' behaviour at times reaching "genuine cruelty", which included violence against farmworkers and socialists, causing several deaths. One historian argued that the behaviour of the right in the southern countryside was one of the main causes of hatred during the Civil War and possibly even the Civil War itself.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> Landowners taunted workers by saying that if they went hungry, they should "Go eat the Republic!"<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Bosses fired leftist workers and imprisoned trade union and socialist militants; wages were reduced to "salaries of hunger".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201118–19-82">[76]</a> In 1935, the government, led by the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>, had now endured a series of crises. After a number of corruption scandals, President <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a>, who was hostile to this government, called another election. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_Front's_victory_and_escalation">Popular Front's victory and escalation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Popular Front's victory and escalation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> narrowly won the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1936">1936 general election</a>. The revolutionary left-wing masses took to the streets and freed prisoners. In the thirty-six hours following the election, sixteen people were killed (mostly by police officers attempting to maintain order or to intervene in violent clashes) and thirty-nine were seriously injured. Additionally, fifty churches and seventy conservative political centres were attacked or set ablaze.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> was called to form a government before the electoral process had ended. He shortly replaced Zamora as president, taking advantage of a constitutional loophole. Convinced that the left was no longer willing to follow the rule of law and that its vision of Spain was under threat, the right abandoned the parliamentary option and began planning to overthrow the republic, rather than to control it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-84">[78]</a> PSOE's left wing socialists started to take action. <a href="/wiki/Julio_%C3%81lvarez_del_Vayo" title="Julio Álvarez del Vayo">Julio Álvarez del Vayo</a> talked about "Spain being converted into a socialist Republic in association with the Soviet Union". <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a> declared that "the organized proletariat will carry everything before it and destroy everything until we reach our goal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951100-85">[79]</a> The country had rapidly become anarchic. Even the staunch socialist <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a>, at a party rally in Cuenca in May 1936, complained: "we have never seen so tragic a panorama or so great a collapse as in Spain at this moment. Abroad, Spain is classified as insolvent. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951100-85">[79]</a> The disenchantment with Azaña's ruling was also voiced by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>, a republican and one of Spain's most respected intellectuals who, in June 1936, told a reporter who published his statement in El Adelanto that President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> should commit suicide "as a patriotic act".<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> Laia Balcells observes that polarisation in Spain just before the coup was so intense that physical confrontations between leftists and rightists were a routine occurrence in most localities; six days before the coup occurred, there was a riot between the two in the province of Teruel. Balcells notes that Spanish society was so divided along Left-Right lines that the monk Hilari Raguer stated that in his parish, instead of playing "cops and robbers", children would sometimes play "leftists and rightists".<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Within the first month of the Popular Front's government, nearly a quarter of the provincial governors had been removed due to their failure to prevent or control strikes, illegal land occupation, political violence and arson. The Popular Front government was more likely to prosecute rightists for violence than leftists who committed similar acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201715-88">[82]</a> Between February and July, approximately 300 to 400 deaths occurred from political violence, while hundreds of churches, religious buildings and monuments were destroyed, damaged, or vandalised.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Azaña was hesitant to use the army to shoot or stop rioters or protestors as many of them supported his coalition. On the other hand, he was reluctant to disarm the military as he believed he needed them to stop insurrections from the extreme left. Illegal land occupation became widespread—poor tenant farmers knew the government was disinclined to stop them. By April 1936, nearly 100,000 peasants had appropriated 400,000 hectares of land and perhaps as many as 1 million hectares by the start of the civil war; for comparison, the 1931–33 land reform had granted only 6,000 peasants 45,000 hectares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201715–16-91">[85]</a> As many strikes occurred between April and July as had occurred in the entirety of 1931. Workers increasingly demanded less work and more pay. "Social crimes"—refusing to pay for goods and rent—became increasingly common by workers, particularly in Madrid. In some cases, this was done in the company of armed militants. Conservatives, the middle classes, businessmen and landowners became convinced that revolution had already begun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201716-92">[86]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Casares_Quiroga" title="Santiago Casares Quiroga">Santiago Casares Quiroga</a> ignored warnings of a military conspiracy involving several generals, who decided that the government had to be replaced to prevent the dissolution of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200693-93">[87]</a> Both sides had become convinced that, if the other side gained power, it would discriminate against their members and attempt to suppress their political organisations.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_coup">Military coup</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military coup">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">Spanish coup of July 1936</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_2">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1936 in the Spanish Civil War">1936 in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilio_Mola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emilio_Mola.jpg/180px-Emilio_Mola.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emilio_Mola.jpg/270px-Emilio_Mola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emilio_Mola.jpg/360px-Emilio_Mola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a> was the chief planner of the coup.</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the Popular Front's victory in the 1936 election, groups of officers, both active and retired, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_conspiracy_of_1936" title="Spanish military conspiracy of 1936">got together to discuss a coup</a>. By the end of April General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a> emerged as the leader of a national conspiracy network.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> The Republican government reacted by reshuffling suspect generals from influential posts, Azana however acutely aware that as he did so, the Army still served as a possible buffer to leftist power brokers threatening his government.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> Franco was sacked as chief of staff and transferred to command of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694–95-97">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Goded_Llopis" title="Manuel Goded Llopis">Manuel Goded Llopis</a> was removed as <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general" title="Inspector general">inspector general</a> and made general of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. Mola was moved from head of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a> to commander of <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694-98">[92]</a> This latter reassignment, however, allowed Mola to direct the mainland uprising; General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a> became the figurehead of the operation and helped reach an agreement with the Carlists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694-98">[92]</a> Mola was chief planner and second in command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-84">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a> was put in prison in mid-March to restrict the Falange.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694-98">[92]</a> However, government actions were not as thorough as they might have been, and warnings by the Director of Security and other figures were not acted upon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694–95-97">[91]</a> The revolt was devoid of ideology. The goal was to put an end to anarchical disorder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951103-99">[93]</a> Mola's plan for the new regime was a "republican dictatorship", modelled after <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar's</a> Portugal and along the lines of being semi-pluralist authoritarian, rather than fascist totalitarian. The initial government would be an all-military "Directory", which would create a "strong and disciplined state". Sanjurjo would be the head of this new regime, due to being liked and respected within the military, though his position would be symbolic due to his lack of political talent. The 1931 Constitution would be suspended, replaced by a new "constituent parliament" which would be chosen by a new politically purged electorate, who would vote on the issue of republic versus monarchy. Liberal elements would remain, such as separation of church and state as well as freedom of religion. Agrarian issues would be solved by regional commissioners on the basis of smallholdings, but collective cultivation would be permitted in some circumstances. Legislation prior to February 1936 would be respected. Violence would be required to destroy opposition to the coup, though it seems Mola did not envision the mass atrocities and repression that would manifest during the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201267–68-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018113-101">[95]</a> Of particular importance to Mola was ensuring the revolt was an Army affair, not subject to special interests, ensuring the position of the armed forces as the basis for the new state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2011b89–90-102">[96]</a> However, the separation of church and state was forgotten once the conflict assumed the dimension of a war of religion, and military authorities increasingly deferred to the Church and to the expression of Catholic sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012115–125-103">[97]</a> Mola's program was vague and only a rough sketch, and there were disagreements among coupists about their vision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2011b90-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Santiago_Casares_Quiroga,_Ministro_de.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D._Santiago_Casares_Quiroga%2C_Ministro_de.jpg/180px-D._Santiago_Casares_Quiroga%2C_Ministro_de.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D._Santiago_Casares_Quiroga%2C_Ministro_de.jpg/270px-D._Santiago_Casares_Quiroga%2C_Ministro_de.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/D._Santiago_Casares_Quiroga%2C_Ministro_de.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Casares_Quiroga" title="Santiago Casares Quiroga">Casares Quiroga</a> was the prime minister in the two months leading up to the coup.</figcaption></figure> On 12 June, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Spain">Prime Minister</a> Casares Quiroga met General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Yag%C3%BCe" title="Juan Yagüe">Juan Yagüe</a>, who falsely convinced Casares of his loyalty to the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200695-106">[100]</a> Mola began planning in the spring. Franco was a key player because of his prestige as a former director of the military academy and as the man who suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturian miners' strike of 1934</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-84">[78]</a> He was respected in the Army of Africa, the Army's toughest troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200696-107">[101]</a> He wrote a cryptic letter to Casares on 23 June, suggesting the military was disloyal, but could be restrained if he were put in charge. Casares did nothing, failing to arrest or buy off Franco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200696-107">[101]</a> With the help of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">British intelligence</a> agents, the rebels chartered a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">Dragon Rapide</a> aircraft<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> to transport Franco from the Canary Islands to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Franco arrived in Morocco on 19 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200698-110">[104]</a> Franco was offered this position as Mola's planning for the coup had become increasingly complex and it did not look like it would be as swift as he hoped, instead likely turning into a miniature civil war that would last weeks. Mola had concluded troops in Spain were insufficient and it would be necessary to use elite units from North Africa, something Franco had always believed would be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115–116-111">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo,_retrato_en_Vida_Gallega_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo%2C_retrato_en_Vida_Gallega_1936.jpg/180px-Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo%2C_retrato_en_Vida_Gallega_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo%2C_retrato_en_Vida_Gallega_1936.jpg/270px-Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo%2C_retrato_en_Vida_Gallega_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo%2C_retrato_en_Vida_Gallega_1936.jpg/360px-Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo%2C_retrato_en_Vida_Gallega_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">assassination of José Calvo Sotelo</a>, prominent parliamentary conservative, was a major catalyst for the coup.</figcaption></figure> On 12 July 1936, Falangists in Madrid killed police officer <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castillo_(police_officer)" title="José Castillo (police officer)">Lieutenant José Castillo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia de Asalto">Guardia de Asalto</a> (Assault Guard). Castillo was a Socialist party member who was giving military training to the UGT youth. Castillo had led the Assault Guards that violently suppressed the riots after the funeral of Guardia Civil lieutenant Anastasio de los Reyes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200698-110">[104]</a> Assault Guard Captain Fernando Condés was a friend of Castillo. The next day, after getting the approval of the minister of interior to illegally arrest members of parliament, he led his squad to arrest <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones</a>, founder of CEDA, as a reprisal for Castillo's murder. But he was not at home, so they went to the house of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="José Calvo Sotelo">José Calvo Sotelo</a>, a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a> and prominent parliamentary conservative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-112">[106]</a> Luis Cuenca, a member of the arresting group and a Socialist who was known as the bodyguard of <a href="/wiki/PSOE" class="mw-redirect" title="PSOE">PSOE</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summarily_executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Summarily executed">summarily executed</a> Sotelo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198-113">[107]</a> Reprisals followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-112">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">killing of Calvo Sotelo</a> with police involvement aroused suspicions and reactions among the government's opponents on the right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198-113">[107]</a> Although the nationalist generals were planning an uprising, the event was a catalyst and a public justification for a coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-112">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Payne">Stanley Payne</a> claims that before these events, the idea of rebellion by army officers against the government had weakened; Mola had estimated only 12% of officers reliably supported the coup and Mola considered fleeing for fear he was compromised. He had to be convinced to remain by his co-conspirators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115-114">[108]</a> However, the kidnapping and murder of Sotelo transformed the "limping conspiracy" into a revolt that could trigger a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Esdaile,_Charles_J_2018-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006-116">[110]</a> The arbitrary use of lethal force by the state and lack of action against the attackers led to public disapproval of the government. No effective punitive, judicial or even investigative action was taken; Payne points to a possible veto by socialists within the government who shielded the killers drawn from their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201269–70-117">[111]</a> The murder of a parliamentary leader by state police was unprecedented, and the belief the state had ceased to be neutral and effective encouraged important sectors of the right to join the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201117-118">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> changed his mind on rebellion and dispatched a message to <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Mola</a> to display his firm commitment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012-119">[113]</a> The Socialists and Communists, led by <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a>, demanded that arms be distributed to the people before the military took over. The prime minister was hesitant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-112">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_the_coup">Beginning of the coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beginning of the coup">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_(1936%E2%80%9339).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg/310px-General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg/465px-General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg/620px-General_map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_%281936%E2%80%9339%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>General map of the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). Key <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Initial Nationalist zone – July 1936</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nationalist advance until September 1936</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nationalist advance until October 1937</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nationalist advance until November 1938</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nationalist advance until February 1939</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Last area under Republican control</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Solid_blue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/10px-Solid_blue.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/15px-Solid_blue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/20px-Solid_blue.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a>   Main Nationalist centres  <a href="/wiki/File:Red-square.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Red-square.gif/10px-Red-square.gif" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Red-square.gif/15px-Red-square.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Red-square.gif/20px-Red-square.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a>   Main Republican centres </td> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/File:Panzer_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1049-12.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Panzer_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1049-12.svg/25px-Panzer_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1049-12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Panzer_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1049-12.svg/38px-Panzer_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1049-12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Panzer_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1049-12.svg/50px-Panzer_aus_Zusatzzeichen_1049-12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="360" /></a> Land battles <a href="/wiki/File:Vattenfall.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vattenfall.svg/25px-Vattenfall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vattenfall.svg/38px-Vattenfall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vattenfall.svg/50px-Vattenfall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="100" /></a> Naval battles <a href="/wiki/File:Air-dropped_bomb.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Air-dropped_bomb.svg/10px-Air-dropped_bomb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Air-dropped_bomb.svg/15px-Air-dropped_bomb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Air-dropped_bomb.svg/20px-Air-dropped_bomb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="687" /></a> Bombed cities <a href="/wiki/File:Gatunek_truj%C4%85cy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gatunek_truj%C4%85cy.svg/25px-Gatunek_truj%C4%85cy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gatunek_truj%C4%85cy.svg/38px-Gatunek_truj%C4%85cy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gatunek_truj%C4%85cy.svg/50px-Gatunek_truj%C4%85cy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30" /></a> Massacres <a href="/wiki/File:City_locator_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/City_locator_4.svg/25px-City_locator_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/City_locator_4.svg/38px-City_locator_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/City_locator_4.svg/50px-City_locator_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Concentration camps    <a href="/wiki/File:Red_dot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/10px-Red_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/15px-Red_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/20px-Red_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a>   Refugee camps </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </figcaption></figure> The uprising's timing was fixed at 17 July, at 17:01, agreed to by the leader of the Carlists, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fal_Conde" title="Manuel Fal Conde">Manuel Fal Conde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> However, the timing was changed—the men in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Morocco protectorate</a> were to rise up at 05:00 on 18 July and those in Spain proper a day later so that control of Spanish Morocco could be achieved and forces sent back to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to coincide with the risings there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–56-121">[115]</a> The rising was intended to be a swift coup d'état, but the government retained control of most of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102-122">[116]</a> Control over Spanish Morocco was all but certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656-123">[117]</a> The plan was discovered in Morocco on 17 July, which prompted the conspirators to enact it immediately. Little resistance was encountered. The rebels shot 189 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656–57-124">[118]</a> Goded and Franco immediately took control of the islands to which they were assigned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-84">[78]</a> On 18 July, Casares Quiroga refused an offer of help from the CNT and <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">Unión General de Trabajadores</a> (UGT), leading the groups to proclaim a general strike—in effect, mobilising. They opened weapons caches, some buried since the 1934 risings, and formed militias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200656-125">[119]</a> The paramilitary security forces often waited for the outcome of militia action before either joining or suppressing the rebellion. Quick action by either the rebels or <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist militias">anarchist militias</a> was often enough to decide the fate of a town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–59-126">[120]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano" title="Gonzalo Queipo de Llano">Gonzalo Queipo de Llano</a> secured Seville for the rebels, arresting a number of other officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200659-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outcome">Outcome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outcome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></div> The rebels failed to take any major cities with the critical exception of the <a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Seville" title="July 1936 military uprising in Seville">July 1936 military uprising in Seville</a>, which provided a landing point for Franco's African troops, and the primarily conservative and Catholic areas of <a href="/wiki/Old_Castile" title="Old Castile">Old Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (historical region)">León</a>, which fell quickly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102-122">[116]</a> They took <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> with help from the first troops from Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200660–61-128">[122]</a> The government retained control of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>. In Madrid, the rebels were hemmed into the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cuartel_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Cuartel de la Montaña">Cuartel de la Montaña siege</a>, which fell with considerable bloodshed. Republican leader Casares Quiroga was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral</a>, who ordered the distribution of weapons among the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200662-129">[123]</a> This facilitated the defeat of the army insurrection in the main industrial centres, including Madrid, <a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Barcelona" title="July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, but it allowed anarchists to take control of Barcelona along with large swathes of <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragón">Aragón</a> and Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> General Goded surrendered in Barcelona and was later condemned to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200669-131">[125]</a> The Republican government ended up controlling almost all the east coast and central area around Madrid, as well as most of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–61-132">[126]</a> Hugh Thomas suggested that the civil war could have ended in the favour of either side almost immediately if certain decisions had been taken during the initial coup. Thomas argues that if the government had taken steps to arm the workers, they could probably have crushed the coup very quickly. Conversely, if the coup had risen everywhere in Spain on the 18th rather than be delayed, it could have triumphed by the 22nd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001-133">[127]</a> While the militias that rose to meet the rebels were often untrained and poorly armed (possessing only a small number of pistols, shotguns and dynamite), this was offset by the fact that the rebellion was not universal. In addition, the Falangists and Carlists were themselves often not particularly powerful fighters either. However, enough officers and soldiers had joined the coup to prevent it from being crushed swiftly.<a href="#cite_note-Esdaile,_Charles_J_2018-115">[109]</a> The rebels termed themselves Nacionales, normally translated "Nationalists", although the former implies "true Spaniards" rather than a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic cause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102–103-134">[128]</a> The result of the coup was a nationalist area of control containing 11 million of Spain's population of 25 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell20049-135">[129]</a> The Nationalists had secured the support of around half of Spain's territorial army, some 60,000 men, joined by the Army of Africa, made up of 35,000 men,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199828-136">[130]</a> and just under half of Spain's militaristic police forces, the Assault Guards, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Civil Guards</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carabinier#Spanish_Carabineros_under_the_Monarchy_and_Republic" title="Carabinier">Carabineers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410-137">[131]</a> Republicans controlled under half of the rifles and about a third of both machine guns and artillery pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199820-138">[132]</a> The Spanish Republican Army had just 18 tanks of a sufficiently modern design, and the Nationalists took control of 10.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-139">[133]</a> Naval capacity was uneven, with the Republicans retaining a numerical advantage, but with the Navy's top commanders and two of the most modern ships, heavy cruisers <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Canarias" title="Spanish cruiser Canarias">Canarias</a>—captured at the <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrol, Galicia">Ferrol</a> shipyard—and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Baleares" title="Spanish cruiser Baleares">Baleares</a>, in Nationalist control.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy" title="Spanish Republican Navy">Spanish Republican Navy</a> suffered from the same problems as the army—many officers had defected or been killed after trying to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-139">[133]</a> Two-thirds of air capability was retained by the government—however, the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Air Force">Republican Air Force</a> was very outdated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821–22-141">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combatants">Combatants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Combatants">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Civil_War_conscription_age_limits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/Spanish_Civil_War_conscription_age_limits.jpg/220px-Spanish_Civil_War_conscription_age_limits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/Spanish_Civil_War_conscription_age_limits.jpg/330px-Spanish_Civil_War_conscription_age_limits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/Spanish_Civil_War_conscription_age_limits.jpg/440px-Spanish_Civil_War_conscription_age_limits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Republican and Nationalist conscription age limits</figcaption></figure> The war was cast by Republican sympathisers as a struggle between tyranny and freedom, and by Nationalist supporters as <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> red hordes versus Christian civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006-116">[110]</a> Nationalists also claimed they were bringing security and direction to an ungoverned and lawless country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006-116">[110]</a> Spanish politics, especially on the left, was quite fragmented: on the one hand socialists and communists supported the republic but on the other, during the republic, anarchists had mixed opinions, though both major groups opposed the Nationalists during the Civil War; the latter, in contrast, were united by their fervent opposition to the Republican government and presented a more unified front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200642–42-142">[136]</a> The coup divided regular forces fairly evenly. Out of some 66,000 military actually under arms in July 1936 (including the Army of Africa and the navy, excluding soldiers in service but on leave during the coup) some 52% (34,000) were in the Republican zone and 48% (32,000) in the Nationalist one.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> Out of some 66,000 men in other armed services (Guardia Civil, Guardia de Asalto, Carabineros)<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> some 59% (39,000) joined the loyalists and some 41% (27,000) joined the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> In total, out of some 132,000 armed and uniformed men actually in service, some 55% (73,000) seemed available to the loyalists and some 45% (59,000) to the rebels. However, one popular work claims that the loyalists controlled 90,000 men and the rebels controlled some 130,000.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> During the first few months, both armies were joined in high numbers by volunteers, Nationalists by some 100,000 men and Republicans by some 120,000.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> From August, both sides launched their own, similarly scaled conscription schemes, resulting in further massive growth of their armies. Finally, the final months of 1936 saw the arrival of foreign troops, International Brigades joining the Republicans and Italian <a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a> (CTV), German <a href="/wiki/Legion_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion Condor">Legion Condor</a> and Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Viriatos" title="Viriatos">Viriatos</a> joining the Nationalists. The result was that in April 1937 there were some 360,000 soldiers in the Republican ranks and some 290,000 in the Nationalist ones.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_forces_during_the_Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Republican_forces_during_the_Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn.jpg/220px-Republican_forces_during_the_Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Republican_forces_during_the_Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn.jpg/330px-Republican_forces_during_the_Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Republican_forces_during_the_Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn.jpg/440px-Republican_forces_during_the_Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2210" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>Republican forces during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Irún">battle of Irún</a> in 1936</figcaption></figure> The armies kept growing. The principal source of manpower was conscription; both sides continued and expanded their schemes, the Nationalists drafting more aggressively, and there was little room left for volunteering. Foreigners contributed little to further growth; on the Nationalist side the Italians scaled down their engagement, while on the Republican side the influx of new interbrigadistas did not cover losses on the front. At the turn of 1937–1938, each army numbered about 700,000.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> Throughout 1938, the principal if not exclusive source of new men was a draft; at this stage it was the Republicans who conscripted more aggressively, and only 47% of their combatants were in age corresponding to the Nationalist conscription age limits.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> Just prior to the Battle of Ebro, Republicans achieved their all-time high, slightly above 800,000; yet Nationalists numbered 880,000.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> The Battle of Ebro, fall of Catalonia and collapsing discipline caused a great shrinking of Republican troops. In late February 1939, their army was 400,000<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> compared to more than double that number of Nationalists. In the moment of their final victory, Nationalists commanded over 900,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> The total number of Spaniards serving in the Republican forces was officially stated as 917,000; later scholarly work estimated the number as "well over 1 million men",<a href="#cite_note-Payne_1970,_p._343-154">[148]</a> though other studies claim the Republican total of 1.75 million (including non-Spaniards)<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> and "27 age groups, ranging from 18 to 44 years old".<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> The total number of Spaniards serving in the Nationalist units is estimated between "nearly 1 million men",<a href="#cite_note-Payne_1970,_p._343-154">[148]</a> and 1.26 million (including non-Spaniards),<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> which comprised "15 age groups, ranging from 18 to 32 years old".<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republicans">Republicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Republicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:355px;max-width:355px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_(Spain).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/167px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/251px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg/334px-Flag_of_the_Popular_Front_%28Spain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_CNT-AIT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bandera_CNT-AIT.svg/180px-Bandera_CNT-AIT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bandera_CNT-AIT.svg/270px-Bandera_CNT-AIT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bandera_CNT-AIT.svg/360px-Bandera_CNT-AIT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Flags of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a>/FAI (right). The slogan of the CNT/FAI anarchists was "Ni dios, ni estado, ni patrón" ("Neither god, Nor state, Nor boss"), widespread by the Spanish anarchists since 1910.</div></div></div></div> Only two countries openly and fully supported the Republic: the Mexican government and the USSR. From them, especially the USSR, the Republic received diplomatic support, volunteers, weapons and vehicles. Other countries remained neutral; this neutrality faced serious opposition from sympathizers in the United States and United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent in other European countries and from <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> worldwide. This led to formation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, thousands of foreigners of all nationalities who voluntarily went to Spain to aid the Republic in the fight; they meant a great deal to <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> but militarily were not very significant. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a,_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a%2C_1933.jpg/170px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a%2C_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a%2C_1933.jpg/255px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a%2C_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a%2C_1933.jpg/340px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a%2C_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> was the intellectual leader of the Second Republic and headman of the Republican side during most of the Civil War.</figcaption></figure> The Republic's supporters within Spain ranged from centrists who supported a moderately capitalist <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">revolutionary anarchists</a> who opposed the Republic but sided with it against the coup forces. Their base was primarily secular and urban but also included landless peasants and was particularly strong in industrial regions like <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, the Basque country, and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200630–33-159">[153]</a> This faction was called variously leales "Loyalists" by supporters, "Republicans", the "Popular Front", or "the government" by all parties; or los rojos "the Reds" by their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson1998-160">[154]</a> Republicans were supported by urban workers, agricultural labourers, and parts of the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2012164–165-161">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reemplazo_republicano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Reemplazo_republicano.jpg/220px-Reemplazo_republicano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Reemplazo_republicano.jpg/330px-Reemplazo_republicano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Reemplazo_republicano.jpg/440px-Reemplazo_republicano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Republican volunteers at <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambulancia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ambulancia.jpg/220px-Ambulancia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ambulancia.jpg/330px-Ambulancia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ambulancia.jpg/440px-Ambulancia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>A mobile blood-transfusion service for front-line operations in Catalonia.</figcaption></figure> The conservative, strongly Catholic Basque country, along with Catholic <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and the more left-leaning Catalonia, sought autonomy or independence from the central government of Madrid. The Republican government allowed for the possibility of self-government for the two regions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196186–90-162">[156]</a> whose forces were gathered under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republican_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republican Army">People's Republican Army</a> (Ejército Popular Republicano, or EPR), which was reorganised into <a href="/wiki/Mixed_brigade" title="Mixed brigade">mixed brigades</a> after October 1936.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> Historian Stanley Payne argues that the Republicans' diverse combination of movements produced an unusual regime that lacked any exact counterpart elsewhere as it combined libertarian collectivism and regional autonomy with centralisation, state control and economic nationalisation. Payne argues that Republican Spain was not a democracy but also not a strict dictatorship, with the four different major left-wing factions remaining relatively autonomous from one another and operating within a semi-pluralist political framework and limited rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> A few well-known people fought on the Republican side, such as English writer <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> (who wrote <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938), an account of his experiences in the war)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201385-165">[159]</a> and Canadian thoracic surgeon <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bethune" title="Norman Bethune">Norman Bethune</a>, who developed a mobile blood-transfusion service for front-line operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2013167-166">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a> briefly fought with the anarchist columns of Buenaventura Durruti.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> At the beginning of the war, the Republicans outnumbered the Nationalists ten to one on the front in Aragon, but by January 1937, that advantage had dropped to four to one.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalists">Nationalists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nationalists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_FE_JONS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/180px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/270px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/360px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Flags of the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Tradicionalista_y_de_las_Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional_Sindicalista" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista">Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Carlist" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist">Carlist</a> <a href="/wiki/Requet%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Requetés">Requetés</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> The Nacionales or Nationalists, also called "insurgents", "rebels" or, by opponents, Franquistas or "fascists" —feared national fragmentation and opposed the separatist movements. They were chiefly defined by their <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, which galvanised diverse or opposed movements like <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangists</a> and monarchists. Their leaders had a generally wealthier, more conservative, monarchist, landowning background.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson19981–2-169">[163]</a> The Nationalist side included the <a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsists</a>, Spanish nationalists, the fascist Falange, and most conservatives and monarchist liberals. Virtually all Nationalist groups had strong Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson1998-160">[154]</a> The Nationals included the majority of the Catholic clergy and practitioners (outside of the Basque region), important elements of the army, most large landowners, and many businessmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006-116">[110]</a> The Nationalist base largely consisted of the middle classes, conservative peasant smallholders in the North and Catholics in general. Catholic support became particularly pronounced as a consequence of the burning of churches and killing of priests in most leftists zones during the first six months of the war. By mid-1937, the Catholic Church gave its official blessing to the Franco regime; religious fervor was a major source of emotional support for the Nationalists during the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973-170">[164]</a> Michael Seidmann reports that devout Catholics, such as seminary students, often volunteered to fight and would die in disproportionate numbers in the war. Catholic confession cleared the soldiers of moral doubt and increased fighting ability; Republican newspapers described Nationalist priests as ferocious in battle and <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a> remarked that the enemy he feared most was "the <a href="/wiki/Requet%C3%A9" title="Requeté">requeté</a> who has just received communion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2011168-171">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falange_Members_in_Saragossa_1936_(Retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Falange_Members_in_Saragossa_1936_%28Retouched%29.jpg/220px-Falange_Members_in_Saragossa_1936_%28Retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Falange_Members_in_Saragossa_1936_%28Retouched%29.jpg/330px-Falange_Members_in_Saragossa_1936_%28Retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Falange_Members_in_Saragossa_1936_%28Retouched%29.jpg/440px-Falange_Members_in_Saragossa_1936_%28Retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Militias of the Falange in <a href="/wiki/Saragossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saragossa">Saragossa</a>, October 1936</figcaption></figure> One of the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">rightists'</a> principal motives was to confront the <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> of the Republican regime and to defend the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson19981–2-169">[163]</a> which had been targeted by opponents, including Republicans, who blamed the institution for the country's ills. The Church opposed many of the Republicans' reforms, which were fortified by the Spanish Constitution of 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerstein196944-172">[166]</a> Articles 24 and 26 of the 1931 constitution had banned the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscription</a> deeply offended many within the conservative fold. The revolution in the Republican zone at the outset of the war, in which 7,000 clergy and thousands of lay people were killed, deepened Catholic support for the Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200813-173">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> Prior to the war, during the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturian miners' strike of 1934</a>, religious buildings were burnt and at least 100 clergy, religious civilians, and pro-Catholic police were killed by revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973-170">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoverdale2002148-175">[169]</a> Franco had brought in Spain's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">colonial Army of Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Ejército de África or Cuerpo de Ejército Marroquí) and reduced the miners to submission by heavy artillery attacks and bombing raids. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Spanish Legion</a> committed atrocities and the army carried out summary executions of leftists. The repression in the aftermath was brutal and prisoners were tortured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200679-176">[170]</a> The Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas</a> joined the rebellion and played a significant role in the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> While the Nationalists are often assumed to have drawn in the majority of military officers, this is a somewhat simplistic analysis. The Spanish army had its own internal divisions and long-standing rifts. Officers supporting the coup tended to be africanistas (men who fought in North Africa between 1909 and 1923) while those who stayed loyal tended to be peninsulares (men who stayed back in Spain during this period). This was because during Spain's North African campaigns, the traditional promotion by seniority was suspended in favour of promotion by merit through battlefield heroism. This tended to benefit younger officers starting their careers as they could, while older officers had familial commitments that made it harder for them to be deployed in North Africa. Officers in front line combat corps (primarily infantry and cavalry) benefited over those in technical corps (those in artillery, engineering etc.) because they had more chances to demonstrate the requisite battlefield heroism and had also traditionally enjoyed promotion by seniority. The peninsulares resented seeing the africanistas rapidly leapfrog through the ranks, while the africanistas themselves were seen as swaggering and arrogant, further fueling resentment. Thus, when the coup occurred, officers who joined the rebellion, particularly from Franco's rank downwards, were often africanistas, while senior officers and those in non-front line positions tended to oppose it (though a small number of senior africanistas opposed the coup as well).<a href="#cite_note-Esdaile,_Charles_J_2018-115">[109]</a> It has also been argued that officers who stayed loyal to the Republic were more likely to have been promoted and to have been favoured by the Republican regime (such as those in the Aviation and Assault Guard units).<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> Thus, while often thought of as a "rebellion of the generals", this is not correct. Of the eighteen division generals, only four rebelled (of the four division generals without postings, two rebelled and two remained loyal). Fourteen of the fifty-six brigade generals rebelled. The rebels tended to draw from less senior officers. Of the approximately 15,301 officers, just over half rebelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova20109157-179">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_factions">Other factions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other factions">edit</a>]</div> Catalan and Basque nationalists were divided. Left-wing <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan nationalists">Catalan nationalists</a> sided with the Republicans, while Conservative Catalan nationalists were far less vocal in supporting the government, due to anti-<a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">clericalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confiscation" title="Confiscation">confiscations</a> occurring in areas within its control. <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque nationalists">Basque nationalists</a>, heralded by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a>, were mildly supportive of the Republican government, although some in Navarre sided with the uprising for the same reasons influencing conservative Catalans. Not withstanding religious matters, Basque nationalists, who were for the most part Catholic, generally sided with the Republicans, although the PNV, Basque nationalist party, was reported passing the plans of Bilbao defences to the Nationalists, in an attempt to reduce the duration and casualties of siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeersHogan1936529–544-180">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War">Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> The Spanish Civil War exposed political divisions across Europe. The right and the Catholics supported the Nationalists to stop the spread of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>. On the left, including labour unions, students and intellectuals, the war represented a necessary battle to stop the spread of fascism. Anti-war and pacifist sentiment was strong in many countries, leading to warnings that the Civil War could escalate into a second world war.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> In this respect, the war was an indicator of the growing instability across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> The Spanish Civil War involved large numbers of non-Spanish citizens who participated in combat and advisory positions. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">France</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">political alliance</a> of 27 nations that pledged <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">non-intervention</a>, including an embargo on all arms exports to Spain. The United States unofficially adopted a position of non-intervention as well, despite abstaining from joining the alliance (due in part to its policy of <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">political isolation</a>). The group from the United States called themselves the "Abraham Lincoln Brigade". Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union signed on officially, but ignored the embargo. The attempted suppression of imported material was largely ineffective, and France was especially accused of allowing large shipments to Republican troops.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> The clandestine actions of the various European powers were, at the time, considered to be risking another world war, alarming antiwar elements across the world.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>' reaction to the war was influenced by a fear of communism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974194-185">[179]</a> and was insufficient to contain the massive importation of arms and other war resources by the fighting factions. Although a Non-Intervention Committee was formed, its policies accomplished very little and its directives were ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoff2004194-186">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_the_Nationalists">Support for the Nationalists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Support for the Nationalists">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_military_intervention_in_Spain" title="Italian military intervention in Spain">Italian military intervention in Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria" title="Aviazione Legionaria">Aviazione Legionaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510,_Spanien,_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Italian troops</a> manning a <a href="/wiki/10_cm_M._14_Feldhaubitze" title="10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze">10 cm howitzer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Castile-La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha">Guadalajara</a>, 1937</figcaption></figure> As the conquest of Ethiopia in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> made the Italian government confident in its military power, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> joined the war to secure Fascist control of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006135–136-187">[181]</a> supporting the Nationalists to a greater extent than Nazi Germany did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeulen200025-188">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Italian Navy">Royal Italian Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Regia Marina) played a substantial role in the Mediterranean blockade, and ultimately Italy supplied machine guns, artillery, aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">tankettes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria" title="Aviazione Legionaria">Aviazione Legionaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a> (CTV) to the Nationalist cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006199-189">[183]</a> The Italian CTV would, at its peak, supply the Nationalists with 50,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006199-189">[183]</a> Italian warships took part in breaking the Republican navy's <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of Nationalist-held Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Málaga, Valencia, and Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> In addition, the Italian air force made air raids of some note, targeting mainly cities and civilian targets.<a href="#cite_note-:1-191">[185]</a> These Italian commitments were heavily propagandised in Italy proper, and became a point of fascist pride.<a href="#cite_note-:1-191">[185]</a> In total, Italy provided the Nationalists with 660 planes, 150 tanks, 800 artillery pieces, 10,000 machine guns, and 240,747 rifles.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War">German involvement in the Spanish Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E20569-21,_Spanien,_Ausbildung_durch_%22Legion_Condor%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E20569-21%2C_Spanien%2C_Ausbildung_durch_%22Legion_Condor%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E20569-21%2C_Spanien%2C_Ausbildung_durch_%22Legion_Condor%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E20569-21%2C_Spanien%2C_Ausbildung_durch_%22Legion_Condor%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E20569-21%2C_Spanien%2C_Ausbildung_durch_%22Legion_Condor%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E20569-21%2C_Spanien%2C_Ausbildung_durch_%22Legion_Condor%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E20569-21%2C_Spanien%2C_Ausbildung_durch_%22Legion_Condor%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>German officer from the Condor Legion instructing Nationalist infantry soldiers, Ávila</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junkers_Ju_87A_with_Spanish_rebel_markings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Junkers_Ju_87A_with_Spanish_rebel_markings.jpg/220px-Junkers_Ju_87A_with_Spanish_rebel_markings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Junkers_Ju_87A_with_Spanish_rebel_markings.jpg/330px-Junkers_Ju_87A_with_Spanish_rebel_markings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Junkers_Ju_87A_with_Spanish_rebel_markings.jpg/440px-Junkers_Ju_87A_with_Spanish_rebel_markings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Condor Legion <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a></figcaption></figure> German involvement began days after fighting broke out in July 1936. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> quickly sent in powerful air units that fought in combat. On the ground, whilst not deploying formed ground combat forces like those of Italy, Germany did supply several hundred armoured vehicles, as well as a number of combat instructors, these efforts ensuring that the Nationalists acquired armoured capabilities to counter those of the republican side. The manner of engagement ensured that the war provided combat experience with the latest technology for the German military. However, the intervention also posed the risk of escalating into a world war for which Hitler was not ready. Therefore, he limited his aid, and instead encouraged <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> to send in large Italian ground units, which did engage in land battles.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> A crucial element of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s actions was the formation of the multitasking <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>, a unit composed of volunteers from the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> and the German Army (<a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Heer</a>) from July 1936 to March 1939. The Condor Legion proved to be especially useful in that first year of conflict in operations that included: the 1936 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">battle of the Toledo</a>; movement of the Army of Africa to mainland Spain in the war's early stages; and later the detachment of the republican gnobernito's from support by the central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200487-194">[188]</a> German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets, most notably—and controversially—the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a> which, on 26 April 1937, killed 200 to 300 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Germany also used the war to test new weapons, such as Luftwaffe <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> Stukas and <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> transport Trimotors (the JU52's used both as transport platforms and as Bombers), efforts that showed themselves to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> German involvement was further manifested through undertakings such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ursula" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ursula">Operation Ursula</a>, a <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> undertaking; and contributions from the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>. The Legion spearheaded many Nationalist victories, particularly in aerial combat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200487-194">[188]</a> while Spain further provided a proving ground for German tank tactics. The training which German units provided to the Nationalist forces would prove valuable. By the War's end, perhaps 56,000 Nationalist soldiers, encompassing infantry, artillery, aerial and naval forces, had been trained by German detachments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200487-194">[188]</a> Hitler's policy for Spain was shrewd and pragmatic. The minutes of a conference at the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> in Berlin on 10 November 1937 summarised his views on foreign policy regarding the Spanish Civil War: "On the other hand, a one-hundred percent victory for Franco was not desirable either, from the German point of view; rather were we interested in a continuance of the war and in the keeping up of the tension in the Mediterranean."<a href="#cite_note-USGovPrintingOffice1949-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2016-198">[192]</a> Hitler wanted to help Franco just enough to gain his gratitude and to prevent the side supported by the Soviet Union from winning, but not large enough to give the Caudillo a quick victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951127-199">[193]</a> A total of approximately 16,000 German citizens fought in the war, with approximately 300 killed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961634-200">[194]</a> though no more than 10,000 participated at any one time. German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($215,000,000) in 1939 prices,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961634-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[note 3]</a> 15.5% of which was used for salaries and expenses and 21.9% for direct delivery of supplies to Spain, while 62.6% was expended on the Condor Legion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961634-200">[194]</a> In total, Germany provided the Nationalists with 600 planes and 200 tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001937-202">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Viriatos" title="Viriatos">Viriatos</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo regime</a> of Portuguese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> played an important role in supplying <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s forces with ammunition and logistical help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006116,_133,_143,_148,_174,_427-203">[196]</a> Manuel Azaña, president of the embattled Spanish Republic, had financed and armed those seeking to topple Salazar's conservative regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202074-204">[197]</a> Radicals in Spain and Portugal had long advocated for peninsular unity. Salazar was concerned that the Spanish left's internationalist views and support for Iberian federalism posed a threat to Portugal's independence, fearing that a leftist Spain might seek to dominate Portugal. Many middle-class radicals in Portugal supported this idea, believing that their country needed to integrate with Spain to achieve agricultural modernization and industrialization. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202074-204">[197]</a> While the Nationalists lacked access to seaports early on, they secured control of the entire border with Portugal by the end of August 1936, thus giving Salazar and his regime a free hand to render whatever assistance to Franco they saw fit without fear of Republican interference or retaliation. Salazar's Portugal helped the Nationalist side receive armaments shipments from abroad, including <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">ordnance</a> when certain Nationalist forces virtually ran out of ammunition. Consequently, the Nationalists called Lisbon "the port of Castile".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200697-205">[198]</a> However, despite the border being secured, on 8 September 1936, a <a href="/wiki/1936_Naval_Revolt" title="1936 Naval Revolt">naval revolt took place in Lisbon</a>. The crews of two naval Portuguese vessels, the <a href="/wiki/NRP_Afonso_de_Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="NRP Afonso de Albuquerque">NRP Afonso de Albuquerque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NRP_D%C3%A3o" title="NRP Dão">NRP Dão</a>, mutinied. The sailors, who were affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a>, confined their officers and attempted to sail the ships out of Lisbon to join the Spanish Republican forces fighting in Spain. Salazar ordered the ships to be destroyed by gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202075-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> Both Afonso de Albuquerque and Dão received direct hits and were grounded.<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> Salazar supported Franco primarily to ensure the survival of his own regime. He feared the Republican side would threaten the stability and independence of Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202074-204">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPena-Rodríguez20159-209">[202]</a> Salazar's strategy was the support Franco in its struggle against the Republic, the preservation of the two Iberian states as independent but in association with the Atlanticist foreign policy of England, and the survival of the Portuguese regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202077-210">[203]</a> Despite its discreet direct military involvement—restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime—a "Viriatos Legion" volunteer force was organised, but disbanded, due to political unrest.<a href="#cite_note-Othen-211">[204]</a> Between 8,000<a href="#cite_note-Othen-211">[204]</a> and 12,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006-116">[110]</a> Salazar's desire to maintain a prudent distance from initiatives that could threaten the image of neutrality that the government sought to maintain at all costs in the eyes of the international community meant that the idea of an exclusively Portuguese volunteer corps was never put into practice. Salazar and the military leadership did not look favorably upon misplaced adventurism and, in general, any plans for direct intervention from which it would be difficult, if not impossible, to clearly distance themselves in front of the International Non-Intervention Committee.<a href="#cite_note-Missões_Militares_Portuguesas_em_Espanha-212">[205]</a> The Viriatos were integrated into various units and battle fronts (The Spanish Legion, Falange militias or requetés, rebel aviation, or regular army brigades), without forming any specific unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPena-Rodríguez201513-213">[206]</a> There were also Portuguese militiamen fighting in the defense of the Spanish Republic, although their participation was much smaller.<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> Some were anti-Salazarist exiles belonging to the Portuguese Popular Front in Spain, the Iberian Anarchist Federation, or the Portuguese Communist Party; they were workers, intellectuals, and politicians allied against the dictatorship in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPena-Rodríguez201515-215">[208]</a> While fully supporting Franco's side in many ways, the Portuguese regime spared no efforts at dissociating itself from their own citizens enlisted in the Spanish in order to maintain the non-intervention façade.<a href="#cite_note-Missões_Militares_Portuguesas_em_Espanha-212">[205]</a> In February 1937, under pressure from the London Committee, the Salazar government was forced to publish a decree prohibiting the enlistment of volunteers on either side of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPena-Rodríguez201516-216">[209]</a> In March 1937, the Portuguese Military Observation Mission in Spain (MMPOE) was created with three essential objectives: to gain knowledge of new weapons and military techniques, to ensure a privileged position for Portugal in the new European scenario, and to assist Portuguese combatants.<a href="#cite_note-Missões_Militares_Portuguesas_em_Espanha-212">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPena-Rodríguez201513-213">[206]</a> In January 1938, Salazar appointed <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teot%C3%B3nio_Pereira" title="Pedro Teotónio Pereira">Pedro Teotónio Pereira</a> as special liaison of the Portuguese government to Franco's government, where he achieved great prestige and influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare1946117-217">[210]</a> In April 1938, Pereira officially became a full-rank Portuguese ambassador to Spain, remaining in this post throughout World War II.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> Propaganda about the military achievements of the 'viriatos' spread throughout the Portuguese press after peace was signed in April 1939 but the government did not take responsibility for the fate of the Portuguese soldiers in the Spanish Civil War because, officially, Portugal did not participate in the conflict. Although encouraged by the anti-communist and pro-Franco propaganda of the Estado Novo, the Portuguese combatants went to Spain of their own free will and, therefore, all responsibilities arising from their participation in the battle were theirs alone, according to the regime's political position. The government considered that ex-combatants in Spain should accept their precarious condition as volunteer soldiers and, therefore, had no right to any official assistance upon returning to Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPena-Rodríguez201515-215">[208]</a> The Francoist authorities were ungrateful for the help provided by the 'viriatos.' Many of those who returned to Portugal after the war were forced to deposit all their savings at the Spanish customs, accused of currency evasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPena-Rodríguez201523-219">[212]</a> Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with organizational skills and reassurance from the Iberian neighbour to Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalist cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006116-220">[213]</a> Just a few days before the end of the Spanish Civil War, on 17 March 1939, Portugal and Spain signed the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Pact" title="Iberian Pact">Iberian Pact</a>, a non-aggression treaty that marked the beginning of a new phase in Iberian relations. Meetings between Franco and Salazar played a fundamental role in this new political arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> The pact proved to be a decisive instrument in keeping the Iberian Peninsula out of Hitler's continental system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare1946124–125-222">[215]</a> In May 1939, in a speech delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">National Assembly</a>, Salazar emphasized that Portugal had acted as 'a factor of peace' amidst the growing chaos in Europe. He asserted that the country had taken all necessary steps to prevent its neighbor from falling under 'communist enslavement'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202081-223">[216]</a> Later, Franco spoke of Salazar in glowing terms in an interview in the Le Figaro newspaper: "The most complete statesman, the one most worthy of respect, that I have known is Salazar. I regard him as an extraordinary personality for his intelligence, his political sense and his humility. His only defect is probably his modesty."<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Romanian volunteers were led by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Ion Moța</a>, deputy-leader of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> ("Legion of the Archangel Michael"), whose group of Seven Legionaries visited Spain in December 1936 to ally their movement with the Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOthen2008102-225">[218]</a> Despite the Irish government's prohibition against participating in the war, about 600 Irishmen, followers of the Irish political activist and co-founder of the recently created political party of <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> (unofficially called "The Blue Shirts"), Eoin O'Duffy, known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War)">"Irish Brigade"</a>, went to Spain to fight alongside Franco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961635-226">[219]</a> The majority of the volunteers were Catholics, and according to O'Duffy had volunteered to help the Nationalists fight against communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010225-227">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittermaier2010195-228">[221]</a> According to Spanish statistics, 1,052 Yugoslavs were recorded as volunteers of which 48% were Croats, 23% Slovenes, 18% Serbs, 2.3% Montenegrins and 1.5% Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a> Around 150 to 170 <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russians</a> fought for Franco, of whom 19 perished and many more were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a> Their attempts at creating a separate unit were turned down by the Francoist government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_the_Republicans">Support for the Republicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Support for the Republicans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_Brigades">International Brigades</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: International Brigades">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28510,_Spanien,_Gefechtsstand_des_Etkar_Andr%C3%A9_Bataillons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28510%2C_Spanien%2C_Gefechtsstand_des_Etkar_Andr%C3%A9_Bataillons.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28510%2C_Spanien%2C_Gefechtsstand_des_Etkar_Andr%C3%A9_Bataillons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28510%2C_Spanien%2C_Gefechtsstand_des_Etkar_Andr%C3%A9_Bataillons.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28510%2C_Spanien%2C_Gefechtsstand_des_Etkar_Andr%C3%A9_Bataillons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28510%2C_Spanien%2C_Gefechtsstand_des_Etkar_Andr%C3%A9_Bataillons.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28510%2C_Spanien%2C_Gefechtsstand_des_Etkar_Andr%C3%A9_Bataillons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>The Etkar André battalion of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></figcaption></figure> On 26 July, just eight days after the revolt had started, an international communist conference was held at Prague to arrange plans to help the Republican Government. It decided to raise an international brigade of 5,000 men and a fund of 1 billion francs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951115-231">[224]</a> At the same time communist parties throughout the world quickly launched a full-scale propaganda campaign in support of the Popular Front. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> immediately reinforced its activity sending to Spain its leader <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Communist Party of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117-232">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198212-233">[226]</a> From August onward aid started to be sent from Russia, over one ship per day arrived at Spain's Mediterranean ports carrying munitions, rifles, machine guns, hand grenades, artillery and trucks. With the cargo came Soviet agents, technicians, instructors and propagandists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117-232">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> immediately started to organize the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> with great care to conceal or minimize the communist character of the enterprise and to make it appear as a campaign on behalf of progressive democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117-232">[225]</a> Attractive names were deliberately chosen, such as <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Battalion" title="Garibaldi Battalion">Garibaldi Battalion</a> in Italy, the Canadian "Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion" or <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Battalion">Abraham Lincoln Battalion</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117-232">[225]</a> Many non-Spaniards, often affiliated with radical communist or socialist entities, joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, believing that the Spanish Republic was a front line in the war against fascism. The units represented the largest foreign contingent of those fighting for the Republicans. Roughly 40,000 foreign nationals fought with the Brigades, though no more than 18,000 were in the conflict at any given time. They claimed to represent 53 nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961637-234">[227]</a> Significant numbers of volunteers came from <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> (10,000), Nazi Germany and <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a> (5,000), and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> (3,350). More than 1,000 each came from the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a> and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961637-234">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a>, a group of Germans, and the <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Battalion" title="Garibaldi Battalion">Garibaldi Battalion</a>, a group of Italians, distinguished their units during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">siege of Madrid</a>. Americans fought in units such as the <a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade">XV International Brigade</a> ("Abraham Lincoln Brigade"), while Canadians joined the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961638–639-235">[228]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dabrowszczacy_przysiegaja_wiernosc_sprawie_Republiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dabrowszczacy_przysiegaja_wiernosc_sprawie_Republiki.jpg/220px-Dabrowszczacy_przysiegaja_wiernosc_sprawie_Republiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dabrowszczacy_przysiegaja_wiernosc_sprawie_Republiki.jpg/330px-Dabrowszczacy_przysiegaja_wiernosc_sprawie_Republiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dabrowszczacy_przysiegaja_wiernosc_sprawie_Republiki.jpg/440px-Dabrowszczacy_przysiegaja_wiernosc_sprawie_Republiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Polish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War">Polish volunteers</a> in the International Brigades</figcaption></figure> More than 500 Romanians fought on the Republican side, including <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> members <a href="/wiki/Petre_Boril%C4%83" title="Petre Borilă">Petre Borilă</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valter_Roman" title="Valter Roman">Valter Roman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a> About 145 men<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Connolly_Column" title="Connolly Column">Connolly Column</a>, which was immortalized by Irish folk musician <a href="/wiki/Christy_Moore" title="Christy Moore">Christy Moore</a> in the song "<a href="/wiki/Viva_la_Quinta_Brigada" title="Viva la Quinta Brigada">Viva la Quinta Brigada</a>". Some Chinese joined the Brigades;<a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> the majority of them eventually returned to China, but some went to prison or to French refugee camps, and a handful remained in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentonPieke1998215-239">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_armor_in_the_spanish_civil_war.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Soviet_armor_in_the_spanish_civil_war.png/220px-Soviet_armor_in_the_spanish_civil_war.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Soviet_armor_in_the_spanish_civil_war.png/330px-Soviet_armor_in_the_spanish_civil_war.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Soviet_armor_in_the_spanish_civil_war.png/440px-Soviet_armor_in_the_spanish_civil_war.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Review of Soviet armoured fighting vehicles used to equip the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican People's Army">Republican People's Army</a> during the Spanish Civil War</figcaption></figure> Although <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> had signed the <a href="/wiki/Non-Intervention_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Intervention Agreement">Non-Intervention Agreement</a>, the Soviet Union contravened the League of Nations embargo by providing material assistance to the Republican forces, becoming their only source of major weapons. Unlike Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin tried to do this covertly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson1998125-240">[233]</a> Estimates of material provided by the USSR to the Republicans vary between 634 and 806 aircraft, 331 and 362 tanks and 1,034 to 1,895 artillery pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2004156-241">[234]</a> Stalin also created Section X of the Soviet Union military to head the weapons shipment operation, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_X_(Spanish_Civil_War)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation X (Spanish Civil War) (page does not exist)">Operation X</a>. Despite Stalin's interest in aiding the Republicans, the quality of arms was inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2004156–157-242">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006152–153-243">[236]</a> Many rifles and field guns provided were old, obsolete or otherwise of limited use (some dated back to the 1860s) but the <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a> and <a href="/wiki/BT-5" title="BT-5">BT-5</a> tanks were modern and effective in combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2004156–157-242">[235]</a> The Soviet Union supplied aircraft that were in current service with their own forces but the aircraft provided by Germany to the Nationalists proved superior by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006152-244">[237]</a> The movement of arms from Russia to Spain was extremely slow. Many shipments were lost or arrived only partially matching what had been authorised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson1998126–129-245">[238]</a> Stalin ordered shipbuilders to include false decks in the design of ships and, while at sea, Soviet captains used <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">deceptive flags and paint schemes</a> to evade detection by the Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson1998134-246">[239]</a> The USSR sent 2,000–3,000 military advisers to Spain; while the Soviet commitment of troops was fewer than 500 men at a time, Soviet volunteers often operated Soviet-made tanks and aircraft, particularly at the beginning of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006163-247">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200592-248">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961944-249">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961637-234">[227]</a> The Spanish commander of every military unit on the Republican side was attended by a "Comissar Politico" of equal rank, who represented Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951121-250">[243]</a> The Republic paid for Soviet arms with official <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a> gold reserves, 176 tonnes of which was transferred through France and 510 directly to Russia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006153–154-251">[244]</a> which was called <a href="/wiki/Moscow_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow gold">Moscow gold</a>. Also, the Soviet Union directed Communist parties around the world to organise and recruit the International Brigades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198231–40-252">[245]</a> Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (<a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>) inside the Republican rearguard. Communist figures including <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Vidali" title="Vittorio Vidali">Vittorio Vidali</a> ("Comandante Contreras"), <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Grigulevich" title="Iosif Grigulevich">Iosif Grigulevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Koltsov" title="Mikhail Koltsov">Mikhail Koltsov</a> and, most prominently, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Orlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov">Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov</a> led operations that included the murders of Catalan <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist">anti-Stalinist</a> Communist politician <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Nin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Nin">Andrés Nin</a>, the socialist journalist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rein_(journalist)" title="Mark Rein (journalist)">Mark Rein</a>, and the independent left-wing activist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Robles" title="José Robles">José Robles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006246,_273-253">[246]</a> Other NKVD-led operations were the murder of the Austrian member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Left_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="International Left Opposition">International Left Opposition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Landau" title="Kurt Landau">Kurt Landau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> and the shooting down (in December 1936) of the French aircraft in which the delegate of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC), <a href="/wiki/Paracuellos_massacres#Henny's_Attempted_Murder" title="Paracuellos massacres">Georges Henny</a>, carried extensive documentation on the <a href="/wiki/Paracuellos_massacres" title="Paracuellos massacres">Paracuellos massacres</a> to France.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish_arms_sales_to_Republican_Spain" title="Polish arms sales to Republican Spain">Polish arms sales to Republican Spain</a></div> Polish arms sales to Republican Spain took place between September 1936 and February 1939. Politically <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> did not support any of the Spanish Civil War sides, though over time the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> government increasingly tended to favour the Nationalists; sales to the Republicans were motivated exclusively by economic interest. Since Poland was bound by <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">non-intervention obligations</a>, Polish governmental officials and the military disguised sales as commercial transactions mediated by international brokers and targeting customers in various countries, principally in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>; there are 54 shipments from <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> identified. Most hardware were obsolete and worn-out second-rate weapons, though there were also some modern arms delivered; all were 20–30% overpriced. Polish sales amounted to $40m and constituted some 5–7% of overall Republican military spendings, though in terms of quantity certain categories of weaponry, like <a href="/wiki/Machine-guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-guns">machine-guns</a>, might have accounted for 50% of all arms delivered. After the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> Poland was the second largest arms supplier for the Republic. After the USSR, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, Poland was the 4th largest arms supplier to war-engulfed Spain.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> Greece was officially neutral during the war. It maintained formal diplomatic relations with the Republic, though the <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a> dictatorship sympathized with the Nationalists. The country joined the non-intervention policy in August 1936, yet from the onset the Athens government connived at arms sales to both sides. The official vendor was <a href="/wiki/Pyrkal" title="Pyrkal">Pyrkal or Greek Powder and Cartridge Company</a> (GPCC), and the key personality behind the deal was the GPCC head, <a href="/wiki/Prodromos_Bodosakis-Athanasiadis" title="Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis">Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis</a>. The company partially took advantage of the earlier Schacht Plan, a German-Greek credit agreement which enabled Greek purchases from <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall-Borsig" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinmetall-Borsig">Rheinmetall-Borsig</a>; some of German products were later re-exported to Republican Spain. However, GPCC was selling its own arms, as the company operated a number of factories, and partially thanks to Spanish sales it became the largest company in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-:2-257">[250]</a> Most of Greek sales went to the Republic; on part of the Spaniards the deals were negotiated by Grigori Rosenberg, son of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Rosenberg" title="Marcel Rosenberg">well-known Soviet diplomat</a>, and Máximo José Kahn Mussabaun, the Spanish representative in the <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> consulate. Shipments set off usually from <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, were camouflaged at a deserted island, and with changed flags they proceeded officially to ports in Mexico. It is known that sales continued from August 1936 at least until November 1938. Exact number of shipments is unknown, but it remained significant: by November 1937 34 Greek ships were declared non-compliant with the non-intervention agreement, and the Nationalist navy seized 21 vessels in 1938 alone. Details of sales to the Nationalists are unclear, but it is known they were by far smaller.<a href="#cite_note-:2-257">[250]</a> Total worth of Greek sales is unknown. One author claims that in 1937 alone, GPCC shipments amounted to $10.9m for the Republicans and $2.7m for the Nationalists, and that in late 1937 Bodosakis signed another contract with the Republicans for £2.1m (around $10m), though it is not clear whether the ammunition contracted was delivered. The arms sold included artillery (e.g., 30 pieces of 155mm guns), machine guns (at least 400), cartridges (at least 11m), bombs (at least 1,500) and explosives (at least 38 tons of TNT).<a href="#cite_note-:2-257">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/AEKKEA-RAAB" title="AEKKEA-RAAB">AEKKEA-RAAB</a>, a Greek aviation company, also sold at least 60 aircraft to the Republican Air Force, consisting of <a href="/wiki/AEKKEA-RAAB_R-29" title="AEKKEA-RAAB R-29">R-29</a> fighters and R-33 trainers.<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> Unlike the United States and major Latin American governments, such as the <a href="/wiki/ABC_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC nations">ABC nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, the Mexican government supported the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006139–140-259">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006291-260">[253]</a> Mexico abstained from following the French-British non-intervention proposals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006139–140-259">[252]</a> and provided $2,000,000 in aid and material assistance, which included 20,000 rifles and 20 million cartridges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006139–140-259">[252]</a> Mexico's most important contributions to the Spanish Republic was its diplomatic help, as well as the sanctuary the nation arranged for Republican refugees, including Spanish intellectuals and orphaned children from Republican families. Some 50,000 took refuge, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a>, accompanied by $300 million in various treasures still owned by the Left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006412–413-261">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> Fearing it might spark a civil war inside France, the leftist "Popular Front" government in France did not send direct support to the Republicans. French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> was sympathetic to the republic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199414-262">[255]</a> fearing that the success of Nationalist forces in Spain would result in the creation of an ally state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, an alliance that would nearly encircle France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199414-262">[255]</a> Right-wing politicians opposed any aid and attacked the Blum government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199414–15-263">[256]</a> In July 1936, British officials convinced Blum not to send arms to the Republicans and, on 27 July, the French government declared that it would not send military aid, technology or forces to assist the Republican forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199420–23-264">[257]</a> However, Blum made clear that France reserved the right to provide aid should it wish to the Republic: "We could have delivered arms to the Spanish Government [Republicans], a legitimate government... We have not done so, in order not to give an excuse to those who would be tempted to send arms to the rebels [Nationalists]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199441-265">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loire_46-Spanish_Republican_AF-Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Loire_46-Spanish_Republican_AF-Madrid.jpg/220px-Loire_46-Spanish_Republican_AF-Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Loire_46-Spanish_Republican_AF-Madrid.jpg/330px-Loire_46-Spanish_Republican_AF-Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Loire_46-Spanish_Republican_AF-Madrid.jpg/440px-Loire_46-Spanish_Republican_AF-Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loire_46" title="Loire 46">Loire 46</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force" title="Spanish Republican Air Force">Spanish Republican Air Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 1 August 1936, a pro-Republican rally of 20,000 people confronted Blum, demanding that he send aircraft to the Republicans, at the same time as right-wing politicians attacked Blum for supporting the Republic and being responsible for provoking Italian intervention on the side of Franco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199441-265">[258]</a> Germany informed the French ambassador in Berlin that Germany would hold France responsible if it supported "the manoeuvres of Moscow" by supporting the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199443-266">[259]</a> On 21 August 1936, France signed the Non-Intervention Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199443-266">[259]</a> However, the Blum government provided aircraft to the Republicans covertly with <a href="/wiki/Potez_540" title="Potez 540">Potez 540</a> bomber aircraft (nicknamed the "Flying Coffin" by Spanish Republican pilots),<a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dewoitine" title="Dewoitine">Dewoitine</a> aircraft, and <a href="/wiki/Loire_46" title="Loire 46">Loire 46</a> fighter aircraft being sent from 7 August 1936 to December of that year to Republican forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199446–47-268">[261]</a> France, through the favour of pro-communist air minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cot" title="Pierre Cot">Pierre Cot</a> also sent a group of trained fighter pilots and engineers to help the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951115-231">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerstein1969139-269">[262]</a> Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they were bought in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199447-270">[263]</a> Even after covert support by France to the Republicans ended in December 1936, the possibility of French intervention against the Nationalists remained a serious possibility throughout the war. German intelligence reported to Franco and the Nationalists that the French military was engaging in open discussions about intervention in the war through French military intervention in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200828-271">[264]</a> In 1938, Franco feared an immediate French intervention against a potential Nationalist victory in Spain through French occupation of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Spanish Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Course of the war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of battles in the Spanish Civil War">List of battles in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936">1936</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 1936">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1936 in the Spanish Civil War">1936 in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png/330px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png/495px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png/660px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_September_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Spain in September 1936:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Area under Nationalist control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Area under Republican control</div></figcaption></figure> A large <a href="/wiki/Spanish_airlift_of_1936" title="Spanish airlift of 1936">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sealift" title="Sealift">sealift</a> of Nationalist troops in Spanish Morocco was organised to the southwest of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200671-273">[266]</a> Coup leader Sanjurjo was killed in a plane crash on 20 July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200696-274">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961162-275">[268]</a> leaving an effective command split between Mola in the North and Franco in the South.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-84">[78]</a> This period also saw the worst actions of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terrors</a>" in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200681–94-276">[269]</a> On 21 July, the fifth day of the rebellion, the Nationalists captured the central <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish naval base</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrol, Galicia">Ferrol, Galicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200673–74-277">[270]</a> A rebel force under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Beorlegui_Canet" title="Alfonso Beorlegui Canet">Alfonso Beorlegui Canet</a>, sent by General Mola and Colonel Esteban García, undertook the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Gipuzkoa" title="Campaign of Gipuzkoa">Campaign of Gipuzkoa</a> from July to September. The capture of <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> isolated the Republican provinces in the north. On 5 September, the Nationalists closed the French border to the Republicans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Irún">battle of Irún</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006116–117-278">[271]</a> On 15 September <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, home to a divided Republican force of anarchists and Basque nationalists, was taken by Nationalist soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006116-220">[213]</a> The Republic proved ineffective militarily, relying on disorganised revolutionary militias. The Republican government under Giral resigned on 4 September, unable to cope with the situation, and was replaced by a mostly Socialist organisation under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006144-279">[272]</a> The new leadership began to unify central command in the republican zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006146–147-280">[273]</a> The civilian militias were often simply just civilians armed with whatever was available. Thus, they fared poorly in combat, particularly against the professional Army of Africa armed with modern weapons, ultimately contributing to Franco's rapid advance.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Red_Soldiers,_Somosierra,_Madrid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Surrender_of_Red_Soldiers%2C_Somosierra%2C_Madrid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Red_Soldiers%2C_Somosierra%2C_Madrid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Surrender_of_Red_Soldiers%2C_Somosierra%2C_Madrid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_Red_Soldiers%2C_Somosierra%2C_Madrid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Surrender_of_Red_Soldiers%2C_Somosierra%2C_Madrid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_Red_Soldiers%2C_Somosierra%2C_Madrid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Surrender of Republican soldiers in the Somosierra area, 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Leonese_anarquist_Buenaventura_Durruti_in_Barcelona,_there_was_Llu%C3%ADs_Companys_and_Joan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Funeral_of_Leonese_anarquist_Buenaventura_Durruti_in_Barcelona%2C_there_was_Llu%C3%ADs_Companys_and_Joan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_Leonese_anarquist_Buenaventura_Durruti_in_Barcelona%2C_there_was_Llu%C3%ADs_Companys_and_Joan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Funeral_of_Leonese_anarquist_Buenaventura_Durruti_in_Barcelona%2C_there_was_Llu%C3%ADs_Companys_and_Joan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Leonese anarchist <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a> died after he arrived in Madrid to reinforce the morale of the Republicans during an unsuccessful Francoist siege in Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a> His funeral, headed (in the image) by <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Companys" title="Lluís Companys">Lluís Companys</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalitat of Catalonia">Generalitat of Catalonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver" title="Juan García Oliver">Joan García i Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>, was in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A0brica_d%27armes_d%27Alginet_(Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/F%C3%A0brica_d%27armes_d%27Alginet_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/220px-F%C3%A0brica_d%27armes_d%27Alginet_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/F%C3%A0brica_d%27armes_d%27Alginet_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/330px-F%C3%A0brica_d%27armes_d%27Alginet_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/F%C3%A0brica_d%27armes_d%27Alginet_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/440px-F%C3%A0brica_d%27armes_d%27Alginet_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6281" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption>Alginet weapons factory</figcaption></figure> On the Nationalist side, Franco was chosen as chief military commander at a meeting of ranking generals at <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> on 21 September, now called by the title <a href="/wiki/General%C3%ADsimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalísimo">Generalísimo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006143-284">[277]</a> Franco won another victory on 27 September when his troops relieved the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">siege of the Alcázar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006143-284">[277]</a> which had been held by a Nationalist garrison under <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Moscard%C3%B3_Ituarte" title="José Moscardó Ituarte">Colonel José Moscardó Ituarte</a> since the beginning of the rebellion, resisting thousands of Republican troops, who completely surrounded the isolated building. Moroccans and elements of the Spanish Legion came to the rescue.<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> Two days after relieving the siege, Franco proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a> ("chieftain", the Spanish equivalent of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a>—meaning: 'director') while forcibly unifying the various and diverse Falangist, Royalist and other elements within the Nationalist cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006144-279">[272]</a> The diversion to Toledo gave Madrid time to prepare a defense but was hailed as a major propaganda victory and personal success for Franco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006121-286">[279]</a> On 1 October 1936, General Franco was confirmed head of state and armies in Burgos. A similar dramatic success for the Nationalists occurred on 17 October, when troops coming from Galicia relieved the besieged town of <a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, in Northern Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010109-287">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleugh196290-288">[281]</a> In October, the Francoist troops launched a major offensive toward Madrid,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006150-289">[282]</a> reaching it in early November and launching a major assault on the city on 8 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006177-290">[283]</a> The Republican government was forced to shift from Madrid to Valencia, outside the combat zone, on 6 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006171-291">[284]</a> However, the Nationalists' attack on the capital was repulsed in fierce fighting between 8 and 23 November. A contributory factor in the successful Republican defense was the effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Regiment" title="Fifth Regiment">Fifth Regiment</a><a href="#cite_note-5º_Regimiento-292">[285]</a> and later the arrival of the International Brigades, though only an approximate 3,000 foreign volunteers participated in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006177–183-293">[286]</a> Having failed to take the capital, Franco bombarded it from the air and, in the following two years, mounted several offensives to try to encircle Madrid, beginning the three-year <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">siege of Madrid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Second Battle of the Corunna Road">Second Battle of the Corunna Road</a>, a Nationalist offensive to the northwest, pushed Republican forces back, but failed to isolate Madrid. The battle lasted into January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006191–192-294">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937">1937</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 1937">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1937_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1937 in the Spanish Civil War">1937 in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_October_1937.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_October_1937.png/330px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_October_1937.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_October_1937.png/495px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_October_1937.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_October_1937.png/660px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_October_1937.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Spain in October 1937:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Area under Nationalist control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Area under Republican control</div></figcaption></figure> With his ranks swelled by Italian troops and Spanish colonial soldiers from Morocco, Franco made another attempt to capture Madrid in January and February 1937, but was again unsuccessful. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)" title="Battle of Málaga (1937)">Battle of Málaga</a> started in mid-January, and this Nationalist offensive in Spain's southeast would turn into a disaster for the Republicans, who were poorly organised and armed. The city was taken by Franco on 8 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006200–201-295">[288]</a> The consolidation of various militias into the Republican Army had started in December 1936.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006202-296">[289]</a> The main Nationalist advance to cross the <a href="/wiki/Jarama" title="Jarama">Jarama</a> and cut the supply to Madrid by the Valencia road, termed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama" title="Battle of Jarama">Battle of Jarama</a>, led to heavy casualties (6,000–20,000) on both sides. The operation's main objective was not met, though Nationalists gained a modest amount of territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006208–215-297">[290]</a> A similar Nationalist offensive, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">Battle of Guadalajara</a>, was a more significant defeat for Franco and his armies. This was the only publicised Republican victory of the war. Franco used Italian troops and <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> tactics; while many strategists blamed Franco for the rightists' defeat, the Germans believed it was the former at fault for the Nationalists' 5,000 casualties and loss of valuable equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006216–221-298">[291]</a> The German strategists successfully argued that the Nationalists needed to concentrate on vulnerable areas first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006222-299">[292]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Guernica" title="Guernica">Guernica</a></figcaption></figure> The "War in the North" began in mid-March, with the <a href="/wiki/Biscay_Campaign" title="Biscay Campaign">Biscay Campaign</a>. The Basques suffered most from the lack of a suitable air force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006223–229-300">[293]</a> On 26 April, the Condor Legion bombed the town of <a href="/wiki/Guernica" title="Guernica">Guernica</a>, killing 200–300 and causing significant damage. The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a> had a significant effect on international opinion. The Basques retreated from the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006231–233-301">[294]</a> April and May saw the <a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">May Days</a>, infighting among Republican groups in Catalonia. The dispute was between an ultimately victorious government—Communist forces and the anarchist CNT. The disturbance pleased Nationalist command, but little was done to exploit Republican divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006263–273-302">[295]</a> After the fall of Guernica, the Republican government began to fight back with increasing effectiveness. In July, it made a <a href="/wiki/Segovia_Offensive" title="Segovia Offensive">move to recapture</a> <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, forcing Franco to delay his advance on the Bilbao front, but for only two weeks. The <a href="/wiki/Huesca_Offensive" title="Huesca Offensive">Huesca Offensive</a> failed similarly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006277-303">[296]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bro%C5%84_pancerna_armii_republika%C5%84skiej_(1-E-6728).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bro%C5%84_pancerna_armii_republika%C5%84skiej_%281-E-6728%29.jpg/220px-Bro%C5%84_pancerna_armii_republika%C5%84skiej_%281-E-6728%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bro%C5%84_pancerna_armii_republika%C5%84skiej_%281-E-6728%29.jpg/330px-Bro%C5%84_pancerna_armii_republika%C5%84skiej_%281-E-6728%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bro%C5%84_pancerna_armii_republika%C5%84skiej_%281-E-6728%29.jpg/440px-Bro%C5%84_pancerna_armii_republika%C5%84skiej_%281-E-6728%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2698" /></a><figcaption>Republican T-26 tank on the Aragon front, November 1937.</figcaption></figure> Mola, Franco's second-in-command, was killed on 3 June, in an airplane accident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006235-304">[297]</a> In early July, despite the earlier loss at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilbao" title="Battle of Bilbao">Battle of Bilbao</a>, the government launched a strong counter-offensive to the west of Madrid, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Brunete" title="Brunete">Brunete</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete" title="Battle of Brunete">Battle of Brunete</a>, however, was a significant defeat for the Republic, which lost many of its most accomplished troops. The offensive led to an advance of 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi), and left 25,000 Republican casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006277–284-305">[298]</a> A Republican offensive against <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> was also a failure. Despite having land and aerial advantages, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">Battle of Belchite</a>, a place lacking any military interest, resulted in an advance of only 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and the loss of much equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006296–299-306">[299]</a> Franco invaded <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragón">Aragón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santander" title="Battle of Santander">took the city of Santander</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006237-307">[300]</a> With the surrender of the Republican army in the Basque territory came the <a href="/wiki/Santo%C3%B1a_Agreement" title="Santoña Agreement">Santoña Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006237–238-308">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n" title="Gijón">Gijón</a> finally fell in late October in the <a href="/wiki/Asturias_Offensive" title="Asturias Offensive">Asturias Offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006302-309">[302]</a> Franco had effectively won in the north. At November's end, with Franco's troops closing in on Valencia, the government had to move again, this time to Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973-170">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1938">1938</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 1938">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1938.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1938.png/330px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1938.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1938.png/495px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1938.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1938.png/660px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1938.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Spain in July 1938:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Area under Nationalist control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Area under Republican control</div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Battle of Teruel</a> was an important confrontation in 1938, its outcome heralding future progress of the war. The city, which had formerly belonged to the Nationalists, was conquered by Republicans in January. Francoist troops launched a counter-offensive and recovered the city by 22 February, the Nationalists relying heavily on German and Italian air support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006315–322-310">[303]</a> Teruel secured, on 7 March the Nationalists launched the <a href="/wiki/Aragon_Offensive" title="Aragon Offensive">Aragon Offensive</a>; by 14 April they had pushed east through to the Mediterranean, cutting the Republican-held portion of Spain in two. The Republican government attempted to sue for peace in May,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961820–821-311">[304]</a> but Franco demanded unconditional surrender, and the war raged on. In July, the Nationalist army <a href="/wiki/Levante_Offensive" title="Levante Offensive">pressed southward</a> from Teruel, pushing south along the coast toward the capital of the Republic at Valencia, but was halted in heavy fighting along the <a href="/wiki/XYZ_Line" title="XYZ Line">XYZ Line</a>, a system of fortifications defending Valencia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006346–347-312">[305]</a> The Republican government then launched an all-out campaign to reconnect their territory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Battle of the Ebro</a>, from 24 July until 26 November; the scale of the Republican offensive forced Franco to personally take command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006349–359-313">[306]</a> The Republican Ebro campaign was unsuccessful, undermined by the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">agreement signed in Munich, Germany, between Hitler and Chamberlain</a>. The Munich Agreement effectively caused a collapse in Republican morale by ending hope of an anti-fascist alliance with Western powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006362-314">[307]</a> The subsequent Republican retreat from the Ebro all but determined the outcome of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006349–359-313">[306]</a> Eight days before the new year, Franco threw massive forces into an <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_Offensive" title="Catalonia Offensive">invasion of Catalonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006374-315">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939">1939</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 1939">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_February_1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_February_1939.png/330px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_February_1939.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_February_1939.png/495px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_February_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_February_1939.png/660px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_February_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Spain in February 1939:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Area under Nationalist control</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Area under Republican control</div></figcaption></figure> Franco's troops conquered Catalonia in a whirlwind campaign during the first two months of 1939. <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> fell on 15 January,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006376-316">[309]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Barcelona_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Barcelona (1939)">Barcelona on 26 January</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006378-317">[310]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a> on 2 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006380-318">[311]</a> On 27 February, the United Kingdom and France recognized the Franco regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200686-319">[312]</a> Only Madrid and a few other strongholds remained for the Republican forces. On 5 March 1939 the Republican army, led by the Colonel <a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado">Segismundo Casado</a> and the politician <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro" title="Julián Besteiro">Julián Besteiro</a>, rose against the prime minister Juan Negrín and formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Council_(Spain)" title="National Defence Council (Spain)">National Defence Council</a> (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) to negotiate a peace deal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006391–392-320">[313]</a> Negrín fled to France on 6 March,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961879–882-321">[314]</a> but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a brief civil war within the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006256-322">[315]</a> Casado defeated them, and began peace negotiations with the Nationalists, but Franco refused to accept anything less than unconditional surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006394–395-323">[316]</a> On 26 March, the Nationalists started a general offensive, on 28 March the Nationalists occupied Madrid and, by 31 March, they controlled all Spanish territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006396–397-324">[317]</a> Franco <a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">proclaimed victory</a> in a radio speech aired on 1 April, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerby200928-325">[318]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_(8_de_8)_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/330px-Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/440px-Francisco_Franco_escoltado_por_la_Guardia_Mora_visita_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_una_vez_finalizada_la_guerra_%288_de_8%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Franco arriving in San Sebastian in 1939</figcaption></figure> After the end of the war, there were harsh reprisals against Franco's former enemies.<a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a> Thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and at least 30,000 executed.<a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a> Other estimates of these deaths range from 50,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006405-328">[321]</a> to 200,000, depending on which deaths are included. Many others were put to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, building railways, draining swamps, and digging canals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006405-328">[321]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_final-guerra-civil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Spain_final-guerra-civil.jpg/170px-Spain_final-guerra-civil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Spain_final-guerra-civil.jpg/255px-Spain_final-guerra-civil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Spain_final-guerra-civil.jpg/340px-Spain_final-guerra-civil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Franco declares the end of the war, though small pockets of Republicans fought on.</figcaption></figure> At the end of the war, in what was called <a href="/wiki/La_Retirada" title="La Retirada">La Retirada</a> (withdrawal) Hundreds of thousands of Republicans fled abroad, with some 500,000 fleeing to France.<a href="#cite_note-329">[322]</a> Refugees were confined in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps in France">internment camps</a> of the French Third Republic, such as <a href="/wiki/Camp_Gurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Gurs">Camp Gurs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Camp Vernet</a>, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions. In his capacity as consul in Paris, Chilean poet and politician <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> organised the immigration to <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> of 2,200 Republican exiles in France using the ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Winnipeg" title="SS Winnipeg">SS Winnipeg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a> Of the 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs, farmers and others who could not find relations in France were encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Irún">Irún</a>.<a href="#cite_note-documentary-331">[324]</a> From there, they were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Miranda_de_Ebro" title="Miranda de Ebro">Miranda de Ebro</a> camp for "purification" according to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Political_Responsibilities" title="Law of Political Responsibilities">Law of Political Responsibilities</a>. After the proclamation by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a>, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round up those who had been liberated from the camp. Along with other "undesirable" people, the Spaniards were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy internment camp</a> before being deported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. About 5,000 Spaniards died in the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-documentary-331">[324]</a> After the official end of the war, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> was waged on an irregular basis by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> well into the 1950s, gradually reduced by military defeats and scant support from the exhausted population. In 1944, a group of republican veterans, who also fought in the <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> against the Nazis, invaded the <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a> in northwest Catalonia, but were defeated after 10 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006421–422-332">[325]</a> According to some scholars, the Spanish Civil War lasted until 1952; until 1939 it was "conventional civil war", but afterwards it turned into an "irregular civil war".<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evacuation_of_children">Evacuation of children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Evacuation of children">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_children_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Evacuation of children in the Spanish Civil War">Evacuation of children in the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_War_Children_(restored).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Spanish_War_Children_%28restored%29.png/220px-Spanish_War_Children_%28restored%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Spanish_War_Children_%28restored%29.png/330px-Spanish_War_Children_%28restored%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Spanish_War_Children_%28restored%29.png/440px-Spanish_War_Children_%28restored%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Children preparing for evacuation, some giving the Republican salute. The Republicans showed a <a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">raised fist</a> whereas the Nationalists gave the <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[note 4]</a></figcaption></figure> The Republicans oversaw the evacuation of 30,000–35,000 children from their zone,<a href="#cite_note-kowalsky-335">[327]</a> starting with Basque areas, from which 20,000 were evacuated. Their destinations included the United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-336">[328]</a> and the USSR, and many other countries in Europe, along with <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The policy of evacuating children to foreign countries was initially opposed to by elements in the government as well as private charities, who saw the policy as unnecessary and harmful to the well-being of the evacuated children.<a href="#cite_note-kowalsky-335">[327]</a> On 21 May 1937, around 4,000 Basque children were evacuated to the UK on the aging steamship SS Habana from the Spanish port of <a href="/wiki/Santurtzi" title="Santurtzi">Santurtzi</a>. Upon their arrival two days later in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, the children were sent to families all over England, with over 200 children accommodated in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> The upper age limit was initially set at 12 but raised to 15.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> By mid-September, all of los niños vascos, as they became known,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010194-339">[331]</a> had found homes with families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010121-340">[332]</a> Most were repatriated to Spain after the war, but some 250 were still in Britain by the end of the Second World War in 1945 and some chose to settle there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010125–126-341">[333]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing">Financing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Financing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1937_BandoNacional_billete1peseta_Burgos_escudomonarquia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1937_BandoNacional_billete1peseta_Burgos_escudomonarquia.jpg/220px-1937_BandoNacional_billete1peseta_Burgos_escudomonarquia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1937_BandoNacional_billete1peseta_Burgos_escudomonarquia.jpg/330px-1937_BandoNacional_billete1peseta_Burgos_escudomonarquia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1937_BandoNacional_billete1peseta_Burgos_escudomonarquia.jpg/440px-1937_BandoNacional_billete1peseta_Burgos_escudomonarquia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>one-peseta Nationalist note, 1937</figcaption></figure> During the Civil War the Nationalist and Republican military expenditures combined totalled some $3.89bn, on average $1.44bn annually.<a href="#cite_note-342">[note 5]</a> The overall Nationalist expenditures are calculated at $2.04bn, while the Republican ones reached ca. $1,85bn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165-343">[334]</a> In comparison, in 1936–1938 the French military expenditure totalled $0.87bn, the Italian ones reached $2.64bn, and the British ones stood at $4.13bn.<a href="#cite_note-344">[335]</a> As in the mid-1930s the Spanish GDP was much smaller than the Italian, French or British ones,<a href="#cite_note-345">[336]</a> and as in the Second Republic the annual defence and security budget was usually around $0,13bn (total annual governmental spendings were close to $0.65bn),<a href="#cite_note-346">[note 6]</a> wartime military expenditures put huge strain on the Spanish economy. Financing the war posed enormous challenge for both the Nationalists and the Republicans. The two combatant parties followed similar financial strategies; in both cases money creation, rather than new taxes or issue of debt, was key to financing the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165-343">[334]</a> Both sides relied mostly on domestic resources; in the case of the Nationalists, they amounted to 63% of the overall spendings ($1.28bn) and in the case of the Republicans they stood at 59% ($1.09bn). In the Nationalist zone money creation was responsible for some 69% of domestic resources, while in the Republican one the corresponding figure stood at 60%; it was accomplished mostly by means of advances, credits, loans and debit balances from respective central banks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165-343">[334]</a> However, while in the Nationalist zone the rising stock of money was only marginally above the production growth rate, in the Republican zone it by far exceeded dwindling production figures. The result was that while by the end of the war the Nationalist inflation was 41% compared to 1936, the Republican one was in triple digits. The second component of domestic resource was fiscal revenue. In the Nationalist zone it grew steadily and in the 2nd half of 1938 it was 214% of the figure from the 2nd half of 1936.<a href="#cite_note-347">[337]</a> In the Republican zone fiscal revenues in 1937 dropped to some 25% of revenues recorded in the proportional area in 1935 but recovered slightly in 1938. Neither side re-engineered the pre-war tax system; differences resulted from dramatic problems with tax collection in the Republican zone and from the course of the war, as more and more of the population were governed by the Nationalists. A smaller percentage of domestic resources came from expropriations, donations or internal borrowing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165-343">[334]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Peseta_-_Ministerio_de_Hacienda_(1937)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1_Peseta_-_Ministerio_de_Hacienda_%281937%29_01.jpg/220px-1_Peseta_-_Ministerio_de_Hacienda_%281937%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1_Peseta_-_Ministerio_de_Hacienda_%281937%29_01.jpg/330px-1_Peseta_-_Ministerio_de_Hacienda_%281937%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1_Peseta_-_Ministerio_de_Hacienda_%281937%29_01.jpg/440px-1_Peseta_-_Ministerio_de_Hacienda_%281937%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>one-peseta Republican note, 1937</figcaption></figure> Foreign resources amounted to 37% in case of the Nationalists ($0,76bn) and 41% in case of the Republicans ($0,77bn).<a href="#cite_note-349">[note 7]</a> For the Nationalists it was mostly the Italian and German credit;<a href="#cite_note-350">[note 8]</a> in case of the Republicans, it was sales of gold reserves, mostly to the USSR and in much smaller amount to France. None of the sides resolved to public borrowing and none floated debt on foreign exchange markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165-343">[334]</a> Authors of recent studies suggest that given Nationalist and Republican spendings were comparable, earlier theory pointing to Republican mismanagement of resources is no longer tenable.<a href="#cite_note-351">[note 9]</a> Instead, they claim that the Republicans failed to translate their resources into military victory largely because of constraints of the international non-intervention agreement; they were forced to spend in excess of market prices and accept goods of lower quality. Initial turmoil in the Republican zone contributed to problems, while at later stages the course of the war meant that population, territory and resources kept shrinking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165-343">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Friction_between_Republican_leadership_and_Catalonia">Friction between Republican leadership and Catalonia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Friction between Republican leadership and Catalonia">edit</a>]</div> Given the lack of operativeness of the republican army after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">fascist coup d'état</a>, the columns of militiamen temporarily played their role. There was also an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majorca" title="Battle of Majorca">expedition supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya to recover Mallorca</a>. The lack of support from the Spanish government for the underlying cause of the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat</a> being involved into the operation and the Catalanist propaganda that promoted the enlistment of volunteers forced the withdrawal. President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> would describe the initiative as "That crazy operation was born from the tyrannical vanity, petulance and deviant ambition of some Barcelona politicians".<a href="#cite_note-352">[339]</a> Not recapturing Mallorca would be of great importance in the future course of the war. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republic</a>, prevented from buying weapons abroad by the international agreement of neutrality, which both <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> ignored, urgently required war material. In this context, the Generalitat built a network of <a href="/wiki/War_Industries_Commission" title="War Industries Commission">war industries</a> converting civilian industries. When the republican government moved to Barcelona in 1937, it took control of the war industries from the Generalitat. But under his control, production dropped dramatically, with the consequent impact on supplies to the war fronts.<a href="#cite_note-:02-353">[340]</a> While this was happening, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Negr%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrín">Negrín</a> treated President <a href="/wiki/Companys" class="mw-redirect" title="Companys">Companys</a> with notable disloyalty, to the final point of abandoning him at the French border, after appropriating the Generalitat's reserve funds for exile.<a href="#cite_note-:02-353">[340]</a> All of above can be illustrated with Negrín's statement collected by <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Zugazagoitia" title="Julián Zugazagoitia">Julián Zugazagoitia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-354">[341]</a><blockquote>I am not waging war against Franco so that a stupid and sleazy separatism will return to us in Barcelona. I am waging war for Spain and for Spain! For greatness and for greatness! Those who assume otherwise are mistaken. There is only one nation: Spain! Before consenting to nationalist campaigns that lead us to dismemberment that I in no way admit, I would give way to Franco without any other condition than to get aside the Germans and Italians.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Death toll">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:13px; float:left; margin:5px"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: small;"> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;">Civil War death toll </td></tr> <tr> <th>range</th> <th>estimate </th></tr> <tr> <td>+2m</td> <td>2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-355">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1m</td> <td>1,500,000,<a href="#cite_note-356">[note 11]</a> 1,124,257,<a href="#cite_note-357">[note 12]</a> 1,200,000,<a href="#cite_note-358">[note 13]</a> 1,000,000,<a href="#cite_note-359">[note 14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 900,000</td> <td>909,000,<a href="#cite_note-360">[note 15]</a> 900,000<a href="#cite_note-361">[342]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 800,000</td> <td>800,000<a href="#cite_note-362">[note 16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 700,000</td> <td>750,000,<a href="#cite_note-363">[note 17]</a> 745,000,<a href="#cite_note-364">[note 18]</a> 700,000<a href="#cite_note-365">[note 19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 600,000</td> <td>665,300,<a href="#cite_note-366">[343]</a> 650,000,<a href="#cite_note-367">[344]</a> 640,000,<a href="#cite_note-368">[note 20]</a> 625,000,<a href="#cite_note-369">[note 21]</a> 623,000,<a href="#cite_note-370">[345]</a> 613,000,<a href="#cite_note-371">[note 22]</a> 611,000,<a href="#cite_note-372">[346]</a> 610,000,<a href="#cite_note-373">[note 23]</a> 600,000<a href="#cite_note-374">[347]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 500,000</td> <td>580,000,<a href="#cite_note-375">[note 24]</a> 560,000,<a href="#cite_note-376">[348]</a> 540,000,<a href="#cite_note-377">[note 25]</a> 530,000,<a href="#cite_note-378">[note 26]</a> 500,000<a href="#cite_note-379">[note 27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 400,000</td> <td>496,000,<a href="#cite_note-380">[note 28]</a> 465,000,<a href="#cite_note-381">[note 29]</a> 450,000,<a href="#cite_note-382">[note 30]</a> 443,000,<a href="#cite_note-383">[349]</a> 436,000,<a href="#cite_note-384">[350]</a> 420,000,<a href="#cite_note-385">[note 31]</a> 410,000,<a href="#cite_note-386">[note 32]</a> 407,000,<a href="#cite_note-387">[note 33]</a> 405,000,<a href="#cite_note-388">[note 34]</a> 400,000<a href="#cite_note-389">[note 35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 300,000</td> <td>380,000,<a href="#cite_note-390">[note 36]</a> 365,000,<a href="#cite_note-391">[351]</a> 350,000,<a href="#cite_note-392">[note 37]</a> 346,000,<a href="#cite_note-393">[note 38]</a> 344,000,<a href="#cite_note-394">[note 39]</a> 340,000,<a href="#cite_note-395">[note 40]</a> 335,000,<a href="#cite_note-396">[note 41]</a> 330,000,<a href="#cite_note-397">[note 42]</a> 328,929,<a href="#cite_note-398">[note 43]</a> 310,000,<a href="#cite_note-399">[352]</a> 300,000<a href="#cite_note-400">[note 44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 200,000</td> <td>290,000,<a href="#cite_note-401">[note 45]</a> 270,000,<a href="#cite_note-402">[note 46]</a> 265,000,<a href="#cite_note-403">[note 47]</a> 256,825,<a href="#cite_note-404">[note 48]</a> 255,000,<a href="#cite_note-405">[note 49]</a> 250,000,<a href="#cite_note-406">[note 50]</a> 231,000<a href="#cite_note-407">[note 51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ 100,000</td> <td>170,489,<a href="#cite_note-408">[note 52]</a> 149,213<a href="#cite_note-409">[note 53]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The death toll of the Spanish Civil War is far from clear and remains—especially in part related to war and postwar repression—a very controversial issue. Many general historiographic works—notably in Spain—refrain from advancing any figures; massive historical series,<a href="#cite_note-410">[353]</a> encyclopedias<a href="#cite_note-411">[354]</a> or dictionaries<a href="#cite_note-412">[355]</a> provide no numbers or at best propose vague general descriptions;<a href="#cite_note-413">[note 54]</a> more detailed general history accounts produced by expert Spanish scholars often remain silent on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-414">[note 55]</a> Foreign scholars, especially English-speaking historians, are more willing to offer some general estimates, though some have revised their projections, usually downward,<a href="#cite_note-415">[note 56]</a> and the figures vary from 1 million to 250,000. Apart from bias/ill will, incompetence or changing access to sources, the differences result chiefly from categorisation and methodology issues. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_pleading_with_Rebels_for_Lives_of_Prisioners,_Constantina,_Seville_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Women_pleading_with_Rebels_for_Lives_of_Prisioners%2C_Constantina%2C_Seville_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Women_pleading_with_Rebels_for_Lives_of_Prisioners%2C_Constantina%2C_Seville_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Women_pleading_with_Rebels_for_Lives_of_Prisioners%2C_Constantina%2C_Seville_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Women_pleading_with_Rebels_for_Lives_of_Prisioners%2C_Constantina%2C_Seville_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Women_pleading_with_Rebels_for_Lives_of_Prisioners%2C_Constantina%2C_Seville_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Women_pleading_with_Rebels_for_Lives_of_Prisioners%2C_Constantina%2C_Seville_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Women pleading with Nationalists for the lives of prisoners, <a href="/wiki/Constantina,_Seville" title="Constantina, Seville">Constantina</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> The totals advanced usually include or exclude various categories. Scholars who focus on killings or "violent deaths" most typically list (1) combat and combat-related deaths; figures in this rubric range from 100,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974412-416">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuñoz2009412-417">[357]</a> to 700,000;<a href="#cite_note-418">[358]</a> (2) rearguard terror, both judicial and extrajudicial, recorded until the end of the Civil War: 103,000<a href="#cite_note-419">[359]</a> to 235,000;<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1965,_p._412-420">[360]</a> (3) civilian deaths from military action, typically air raids: 10,000<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1965,_p._412-420">[360]</a> to 15,000.<a href="#cite_note-421">[361]</a> These categories combined point to totals from 235,000<a href="#cite_note-422">[362]</a> to 715,000.<a href="#cite_note-423">[363]</a> Many authors opt for a broader view and calculate "death toll" by adding also (4) above-the-norm deaths caused by malnutrition,<a href="#cite_note-424">[364]</a> hygiene shortcomings, cold, illness, etc. recorded until the end of the Civil War: 30,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuñoz2009375-425">[365]</a> to 630,000.<a href="#cite_note-426">[366]</a> It is not unusual to encounter war statistics which include (5) postwar terror related to Civil War, at times up to the year of 1961: 23,000<a href="#cite_note-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429-427">[367]</a> to 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1965,_p._412-420">[360]</a> Some authors also add (6) foreign combat and combat-related deaths: 3,000<a href="#cite_note-428">[368]</a> to 25,000,<a href="#cite_note-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429-427">[367]</a> (7) Spaniards killed in World War II: 6,000,<a href="#cite_note-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429-427">[367]</a> (8) deaths related to postwar guerilla, typically the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Val_d%27Aran" title="Invasion of Val d'Aran">Invasion of Val d'Aran</a>: 4,000,<a href="#cite_note-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429-427">[367]</a> (9) above-the-norm deaths caused by malnutrition, etc., recorded after the Civil War but related to it: 160,000<a href="#cite_note-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429-427">[367]</a> to 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-429">[369]</a> Demographers take an entirely different approach; instead of adding up deaths from different categories, they try to gauge the difference between the total number of deaths recorded during the war and the total that would result from applying annual death averages from the 1926–1935 period; this difference is considered excess death resulting from the war. The figure they arrive at for the 1936–1939 period is 346,000; the figure for 1936–1942, including the years of postwar deaths resulting from terror and war sufferings, is 540,000.<a href="#cite_note-430">[note 57]</a> Some scholars go even further and calculate the war's "population loss" or "demographic impact"; in this case they might include also (10) migration abroad: 160,000<a href="#cite_note-431">[note 58]</a> to 730,000<a href="#cite_note-432">[note 59]</a> and (11) decrease in birth rate: 500,000<a href="#cite_note-433">[note 60]</a> to 570,000.<a href="#cite_note-434">[note 61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Atrocities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par,_Burgos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/220px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/330px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg/440px-Spanish_Civil_War_-_Mass_grave_-_Est%C3%A9par%2C_Burgos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4852" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Twenty-six republicans were assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s Nationalists at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, between August and September 1936. This mass grave is located at the small town of <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9par" title="Estépar">Estépar</a>, in Burgos Province. The excavation occurred in July–August 2014.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG/220px-Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG/330px-Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG/440px-Paracuellos_Lapidas_en_Fosa_II_Ruiz_Casaux.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> Victims of the <a href="/wiki/Paracuellos_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracuellos massacre">Paracuellos massacre</a> committed by the Republicans. The Republicans committed many acts of torture, murder, and war crimes throughout the war known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror (Spain)</a>.</figcaption></figure> Death totals remain debated. British historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> wrote in his history of the Civil War that Franco's ensuing "<a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">white terror</a>" resulted in the deaths of 200,000 people and that the "<a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">red terror</a>" killed 38,000.<a href="#cite_note-435">[370]</a> Julius Ruiz contends that, "Although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone, with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Spain">Nationalist Spain</a>".<a href="#cite_note-436">[371]</a> Historian Michael Seidman stated that the Nationalists killed approximately 130,000 people and the Republicans approximately 50,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201718-437">[372]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapadefosas-mjusticia-es.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mapadefosas-mjusticia-es.jpg/220px-Mapadefosas-mjusticia-es.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mapadefosas-mjusticia-es.jpg/330px-Mapadefosas-mjusticia-es.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mapadefosas-mjusticia-es.jpg/440px-Mapadefosas-mjusticia-es.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Spanish Civil War grave sites. Location of known burial places. Colours refer to the type of intervention that has been carried out. Green: No Interventions Undertaken so far. White: Missing grave. Yellow: Transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle de los Caídos">Valle de los Caídos</a>. Red: Fully or Partially Exhumed. Blue star: Valle de los Caídos. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapadefosas.mjusticia.es/">Ministry of Justice of Spain</a> </figcaption></figure> In 2008 a Spanish judge, <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Garz%C3%B3n" title="Baltasar Garzón">Baltasar Garzón</a>, opened an investigation into the executions and disappearances of 114,266 people between 17 July 1936 and December 1951. Among the executions investigated was that of the poet and dramatist <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>, whose body has never been found.<a href="#cite_note-spanjudge-438">[373]</a> Mention of García Lorca's death was forbidden during Franco's regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200692-439">[374]</a> Research since 2016 has started to locate <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a>, using a combination of witness testimony, remote sensing and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_geophysics" title="Forensic geophysics">forensic geophysics</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-440">[375]</a> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Helen_Graham_(historian)" title="Helen Graham (historian)">Helen Graham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200530-441">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006307-442">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200686–87-27">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jackson_(hispanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Jackson (hispanist)">Gabriel Jackson</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1965305-443">[378]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (historian)">Hugh Thomas</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001268-444">[379]</a> argue that the mass executions behind the Nationalist lines were organised and approved by the Nationalist rebel authorities, while the executions behind the Republican lines were the result of the breakdown of the Republican state and chaos: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Though there was much wanton killing in rebel Spain, the idea of the limpieza, the "cleaning up", of the country from the evils which had overtaken it, was a disciplined policy of the new authorities and a part of their programme of regeneration. In republican Spain, most of the killing was the consequence of anarchy, the outcome of a national breakdown, and not the work of the state, although some political parties in some cities abetted the enormities, and some of those responsible ultimately rose to positions of authority.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hugh Thomas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961268-445">[380]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Conversely, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Payne">Stanley Payne</a>, Julius Ruiz<a href="#cite_note-446">[381]</a> and José Sánchez<a href="#cite_note-447">[382]</a> argue that the political violence in the Republican zone was in fact organized by the left: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In general, this was not an irrepressible outpouring of hatred, by the man in the street for his "oppressors", as it has sometimes been painted, but a semi-organized activity carried out by sections of nearly all the leftist groups. In the entire leftist zone the only organized political party that eschewed involvement in such activity were the Basque Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973650-448">[383]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalists_2">Nationalists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Nationalists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81.jpg/220px-Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81.jpg/330px-Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81.jpg/440px-Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81">SM.81</a> aircraft bomb Madrid in late November 1936.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_during_the_Madrid_bombing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Children_during_the_Madrid_bombing.jpg/220px-Children_during_the_Madrid_bombing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Children_during_the_Madrid_bombing.jpg/330px-Children_during_the_Madrid_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Children_during_the_Madrid_bombing.jpg/440px-Children_during_the_Madrid_bombing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Children take refuge during the Francoist bombing over <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> (1936–1937). In spite of that, Republicans managed to repel this <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">siege</a>.</figcaption></figure> Nationalist atrocities, which authorities frequently ordered so as to eradicate any trace of "leftism" in Spain, were common. The notion of a limpieza (cleansing) formed an essential part of the rebel strategy, and the process began immediately after an area had been captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200698-449">[384]</a> Estimates of the death toll vary; historian Paul Preston estimates the minimum number of those executed by the rebels as 130,000,<a href="#cite_note-450">[385]</a> while Antony Beevor places the figure much higher at an estimated 200,000 dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200694-451">[386]</a> The violence was carried out in the rebel zone by the military, the Civil Guard and the Falange in the name of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200688–89-452">[387]</a> Julius Ruiz reports that the Nationalists killed 100,000 people during the war and executed at least 28,000 immediately after. The first three months of the war were the bloodiest, with 50 to 70 percent of all executions carried out by Franco's regime, from 1936 to 1975, occurring during this period.<a href="#cite_note-453">[388]</a> The first few months of killings lacked much in the way of centralisation, being largely in the hands of local commanders. According to Stanely Payne and Jesús Palacios, General Mola was taken aback by them, despite his own planning emphasising the need for violence; early in the conflict he had ordered a group of leftist militiamen to be immediately executed, only to change his mind and rescind the order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018202-454">[389]</a> Many such acts were committed by reactionary groups during the first weeks of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200688–89-452">[387]</a> This included the execution of schoolteachers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200689-455">[390]</a> because the efforts of the Second Spanish Republic to promote <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laicism</a> and displace the Church from schools by closing religious educational institutions were considered by the Nationalists as an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Extensive killings of civilians were carried out in the cities captured by the Nationalists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006121-456">[391]</a> along with the execution of unwanted individuals. These included <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Trade-unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade-unionists">trade-unionists</a>, Popular Front politicians, suspected <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>, Basque, Catalan, <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galicianism_(Galicia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicianism (Galicia)">Galician</a> Nationalists, Republican intellectuals, relatives of known Republicans, and those suspected of voting for the Popular Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200688–89-452">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1965377-457">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001253–255-458">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006120–123-460">[395]</a> The Nationalists also frequently killed military officers who refused to support them in the early days of the coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200523–24-461">[396]</a> Many killings in the first few months were often done by vigilantes and civilian death squads, with the Nationalist leadership often condoning their actions or even assisting them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200530–31-462">[397]</a> Post-war executions were conducted by military tribunal, though the accused had limited ways to defend themselves. A large number of the executed were done so for their political activities or positions they held under the Republic during the war, though those who committed their own killings under the Republic were also amongst executed as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012110-463">[398]</a> A 2010 analysis of Catalonia argued that Nationalist executions were more likely to occur when they occupied an area that experienced greater prior violence, likely due to pro-Nationalist civilians seeking revenge for earlier actions by denouncing others to the Nationalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcells2010291–313-464">[399]</a> Michael Seidman argues that the Nationalists' greater death toll may be partially attributable to their military success resulting in territorial gains and thus more opportunities to enact violence against their enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2011172-465">[400]</a> However, during the war, executions declined as the Francoist state began to establish itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz2005171–191-466">[401]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Barcelona_bombing_%281938%29.jpg/220px-Barcelona_bombing_%281938%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Barcelona_bombing_%281938%29.jpg/330px-Barcelona_bombing_%281938%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Barcelona_bombing_%281938%29.jpg/440px-Barcelona_bombing_%281938%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Bombing in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> Nationalist forces massacred civilians in Seville, where some 8,000 people were shot; 10,000 were killed in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a>; 6,000–12,000 were killed in <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200691-467">[402]</a> after more than 1,000 landowners and conservatives were killed by the revolutionaries. In Granada, where working-class neighbourhoods were hit with artillery and right-wing squads were given free rein to kill government sympathizers,<a href="#cite_note-468">[403]</a> at least 2,000 people were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200689-455">[390]</a> In February 1937, over 7,000 were killed after the capture of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200693-469">[404]</a> When Bilbao was conquered, thousands of people were sent to prison. There were fewer executions than usual, however, because of the effect Guernica left on Nationalists' reputations internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006236–237-470">[405]</a> The numbers killed as the columns of the Army of Africa devastated and pillaged their way between Seville and Madrid are particularly difficult to calculate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006302-471">[406]</a> Landowners who owned the large estates of Southern Spain rode alongside the Army of Africa to reclaim via force of arms the land given to the landless peasants by the Republican government. Rural workers were executed, and it was mockingly joked that they had received their "land reform" in the form of a burial plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200532-472">[407]</a> Nationalists also murdered Catholic clerics. In one particular incident, following the capture of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, they took hundreds of people, including 16 priests who had served as chaplains for the Republican forces, to the countryside or graveyards and murdered them.<a href="#cite_note-473">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200682–83-474">[409]</a> Franco's forces also persecuted Protestants, including murdering 20 Protestant ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20068-475">[410]</a> Franco's forces were determined to remove the "Protestant heresy" from Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2011205-476">[411]</a> The Nationalists also persecuted Basques, as they strove to eradicate Basque culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006237-307">[300]</a> According to Basque sources, some 22,000 Basques were murdered by Nationalists immediately after the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-477">[412]</a> The Nationalist side conducted <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities" title="Aerial bombing of cities">aerial bombing of cities</a> in Republican territory, carried out mainly by the Luftwaffe volunteers of the Condor Legion and the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Italian air force</a> volunteers of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie: Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Valencia, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Guernica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango" title="Bombing of Durango">Durango</a>, and other cities were attacked. The Bombing of Guernica was the most controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200431-478">[413]</a> The Italian air force conducted a particularly heavy bombing raid on Barcelona in early 1938. While some Nationalist leaders did oppose the bombing of the city—for example, Generals Yagüe and Moscardó, who were noted for being nonconformists, protested against the indiscriminate destruction—other Nationalist leaders, often those of a fascist persuasion, approved of the bombings which they saw as necessary to "cleanse" Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2002156-479">[414]</a> Michael Seidman observes that the Nationalist terror was a key part of the Nationalist victory as it allowed them to secure their rear; the Russian Whites, in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">their civil war</a>, had struggled to suppress peasant rebellions, bandits and warlordism behind their lines; British observers argued that if the Russian Whites had been able to secure law and order behind their lines, they would have won over the Russian peasantry, while the inability of the Chinese Nationalists to stop banditry during the Chinese Civil War did severe damage to the regime's legitimacy. The Spanish Nationalists, in contrast, imposed a puritanically terrorist order on the populace in their territory. They never suffered from serious partisan activity behind their lines and the fact that banditry did not develop into a serious problem in Spain, despite how easy it would have been in such mountainous terrain, demands explanation. Seidman argues that severe terror, combined with control of the food supply, explains the general lack of guerilla warfare in the Nationalist rear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201130–31-480">[415]</a> A 2009 analysis of Nationalist violence argues that evidence supports the view that killings were used strategically by the Nationalists to pre-emptively counter potential opposition by targeting individuals and groups deemed most likely to cultivate future rebellions, thus helping the Nationalists win the war.<a href="#cite_note-481">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republicans_2">Republicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Republicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror (Spain)</a></div> Scholars have estimated that between 38,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200681-482">[417]</a> and 70,000<a href="#cite_note-Dela-483">[418]</a> civilians were killed in Republican-held territories, with the most common estimate being around 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001900-484">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006233-485">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012244–245-486">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[422]</a> Whatever the exact number, the death toll was far exaggerated by both sides, for propaganda reasons, giving birth to the legend of the millón de muertos.<a href="#cite_note-488">[note 62]</a> Franco's government would later give names of 61,000 victims of the red terrors, but which are not considered objectively verifiable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973-170">[164]</a> The deaths would form the prevailing outside opinion of the republic up until the bombing of Guernica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200681-482">[417]</a> The leftist <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1936">Revolution of 1936</a> that preceded the war was accompanied since the first months by an escalation of leftist anticlerical terror that, between 18 and 31 July alone, killed 839 religious, continuing during the month of August with 2055 other victims, including 10 bishops killed, that was 42% of the total number of registered victims in that year.<a href="#cite_note-489">[423]</a> Particularly noteworthy repression was conducted <a href="/wiki/Republican_repression_in_Madrid_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Republican repression in Madrid (1936–1939)">in Madrid</a> during the war. The Republican government was anticlerical, and, when the war began, supporters attacked and murdered Roman Catholic clergy in reaction to the news of military revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200682–83-474">[409]</a> In his 1961 book, Spanish archbishop Antonio Montero Moreno, who at the time was director of the journal Ecclesia, wrote that 6,832 were killed during the war, including 4,184 priests, 2,365 monks and friars, and 283 nuns (many were first raped before they died),<a href="#cite_note-490">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[425]</a> in addition to 13 bishops, a figure accepted by historians, including Beevor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200682-492">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973649-494">[428]</a> Some of the killings were carried out with extreme cruelty, some were burned to death, there are reports of castration and disembowelment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200682-492">[426]</a> Some sources claim that by the conflict's end, 20 percent of the nation's clergy had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200622-495">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[note 63]</a> The "Execution" of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> by Communist militiamen at <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Cerro de los Ángeles">Cerro de los Ángeles</a> near Madrid, on 7 August 1936, was the most infamous of widespread desecration of religious property.<a href="#cite_note-497">[430]</a> In dioceses where the Republicans had general control, a large proportion—often a majority—of <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> priests were killed.<a href="#cite_note-498">[431]</a> Michael Seidman argues that the hatred of the Republicans for the clergy was in excess of anything else; while local revolutionaries might spare the lives of the rich and right-wingers, they seldom offered the same to priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201118–19-82">[76]</a> Like clergy, civilians were executed in Republican territories. Some civilians were executed as suspected Falangists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200684-499">[432]</a> Others died in acts of revenge after Republicans heard of massacres carried out in the Nationalist zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200685-500">[433]</a> Even families who simply attended Catholic Mass were hunted down; including children.<a href="#cite_note-501">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[435]</a> Air raids committed against Republican cities were another driving factor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006-503">[436]</a> Shopkeepers and industrialists were shot if they did not sympathise with the Republicans and were usually spared if they did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200683-504">[437]</a> Fake justice was sought through <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">commissions</a>, named checas after the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Soviet secret police organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200684-499">[432]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_at_Ronda,_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bridge_at_Ronda%2C_Spain.jpg/220px-Bridge_at_Ronda%2C_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bridge_at_Ronda%2C_Spain.jpg/330px-Bridge_at_Ronda%2C_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bridge_at_Ronda%2C_Spain.jpg/440px-Bridge_at_Ronda%2C_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Puente_Nuevo" title="Puente Nuevo">Puente Nuevo</a> bridge, Ronda. Both Nationalists and Republicans are claimed to have thrown prisoners from the bridge to their deaths in the canyon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961176-505">[438]</a></figcaption></figure> Many killings were done by paseos, impromptu death squads that emerged as a spontaneous practice amongst revolutionary activists in Republican areas. According to Seidman, the Republican government only made efforts to stop the actions of the paseos late in the war; during the first few months, the government either tolerated it or made no efforts to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2017-506">[439]</a> The killings often contained a symbolic element, as those killed were seen as embodying an oppressive source of power and authority. This was also why the Republicans would kill priests or employers who were not considered to personally have done anything wrong but were nonetheless seen as representing the old oppressive order that needed to be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200527-507">[440]</a> There was infighting between the Republican factions, and the Communists following <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">Workers' Party of Marxist Unification</a> (POUM), an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist">anti-Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> party, to be an illegal organization, along with the Anarchists. The Stalinists betrayed and committed mass atrocities on the other Republican factions, such as torture and mass executions. <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> would record this in his <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> as well as write <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> to criticize Stalinism.<a href="#cite_note-508">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[442]</a> As pressure mounted with the increasing success of the Nationalists, many civilians were executed by councils and tribunals controlled by competing Communist and anarchist groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200684-499">[432]</a> Some members of the latter were executed by Soviet-advised communist functionaries in Catalonia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961176-505">[438]</a> as recounted by George Orwell's description of the purges in Barcelona in 1937 in which followed a period of increasing tension between competing elements of the Catalan political scene. Some individuals fled to friendly embassies, which would house up to 8,500 people during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200685-500">[433]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpanishLeftistsShootStatueOfChrist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SpanishLeftistsShootStatueOfChrist.jpg/220px-SpanishLeftistsShootStatueOfChrist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SpanishLeftistsShootStatueOfChrist.jpg/330px-SpanishLeftistsShootStatueOfChrist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SpanishLeftistsShootStatueOfChrist.jpg/440px-SpanishLeftistsShootStatueOfChrist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>"Execution" of the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Cerro de los Ángeles">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> by Communist militiamen. The photograph in the London <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> had the caption "Spanish Reds' war on religion".<a href="#cite_note-510">[443]</a></figcaption></figure> In the Andalusian town of <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a>, 512 suspected Nationalists were executed in the first month of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961176-505">[438]</a> Communist <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Carrillo_Solares" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Carrillo Solares">Santiago Carrillo Solares</a> was accused of the killing of Nationalists in the <a href="/wiki/Paracuellos_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracuellos massacre">Paracuellos massacre</a> near <a href="/wiki/Paracuellos_de_Jarama" title="Paracuellos de Jarama">Paracuellos de Jarama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006172–173-511">[444]</a> Pro-Soviet Communists committed numerous atrocities against fellow Republicans, including other Marxists: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marty" title="André Marty">André Marty</a>, known as the Butcher of <a href="/wiki/Albacete" title="Albacete">Albacete</a>, was responsible for the deaths of some 500 members of the International Brigades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006161-512">[445]</a> Andrés Nin, leader of the POUM (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), and many other prominent POUM members, were murdered by the Communists, with the help of the USSR's NKVD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006272–273-513">[446]</a> The Republicans also conducted their own bombing attacks on cities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cabra" title="Bombing of Cabra">bombing of Cabra</a>. According to Stanley Payne and Jesús Palacios, the Republicans conducted more indiscriminate air raids on cities and civilian targets than the Nationalists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018194-514">[447]</a> although their attacks were often weak and ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2011b219–220-515">[448]</a> Michael Seidman argues that the better trained Nationalist air force was more effective at inflicting casualties, killing an estimated 11,000 civilians compared to approximately 4,000 for the Republican air force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2011173-516">[449]</a> 38,000 people were killed in the Republican zone during the war, 17,000 of whom were killed in Madrid or Catalonia within a month of the coup. Whilst the Communists were forthright in their support of extrajudicial killings, much of the Republican side was appalled by the murders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200687-517">[450]</a> Azaña came close to resigning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200685-500">[433]</a> He, alongside other members of Parliament and a great number of other local officials, attempted to prevent Nationalist supporters from being lynched. Some of those in positions of power intervened personally to stop the killings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200687-517">[450]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_revolution">Social revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Social revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_at_the_Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_in_Toledo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_at_the_Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_in_Toledo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Women_at_the_Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_in_Toledo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_at_the_Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_in_Toledo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Women_at_the_Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_in_Toledo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_at_the_Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_in_Toledo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Women_at_the_Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_in_Toledo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Two women and a man posing at the siege of the Alcázar in Toledo, 1936</figcaption></figure> In the anarchist-controlled areas, Aragon and Catalonia, in addition to the temporary military success, there was a vast <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a> in which the workers and peasants <a href="/wiki/Collectivised" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivised">collectivised</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Land rights">land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a> and set up councils parallel to the paralyzed Republican government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006102–122-518">[451]</a> This revolution was opposed by the Soviet-supported communists who campaigned against the loss of civil property rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006102–122-518">[451]</a> As the war progressed, the government and the communists were able to exploit their access to Soviet arms to restore government control over the war effort, through diplomacy and force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006272–273-513">[446]</a> Anarchists and the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">Workers' Party of Marxist Unification</a> (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista, POUM) were integrated into the regular army, albeit with resistance. The POUM Trotskyists were outlawed and denounced by the Soviet-aligned Communists as an instrument of the fascists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006272–273-513">[446]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">May Days</a> of 1937, many thousands of anarchist and communist Republican soldiers fought for control of strategic points in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006263–273-302">[295]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png/200px-Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png/300px-Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png/400px-Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Women from <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">FAI</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Social Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> The pre-war Falange was a small party of some 30,000–40,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200640-519">[452]</a> It also called for a social revolution that would have seen Spanish society transformed by <a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Syndicalism">National Syndicalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999151-520">[453]</a> Following the execution of its leader, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, by the Republicans, the party swelled in size to several hundred thousand members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006253-521">[454]</a> The leadership of the Falange suffered 60 percent casualties in the early days of the civil war, and the party was transformed by new members and rising new leaders, called camisas nuevas ("new shirts"), who were less interested in the revolutionary aspects of National Syndicalism.<a href="#cite_note-522">[455]</a> Subsequently, Franco united all fighting groups into the Traditionalist Spanish Falange and the National Syndicalist Offensive Juntas (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, FET y de las JONS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006255-523">[456]</a> The 1930s also saw Spain become a focus for <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_League" title="War Resisters League">War Resisters League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters%27_International" title="War Resisters' International">War Resisters' International</a>. Many people including, as they are now called, the insumisos ("defiant ones", <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>) argued and worked for non-violent strategies. Prominent Spanish pacifists, such as <a href="/wiki/Amparo_Poch_y_Gasc%C3%B3n" title="Amparo Poch y Gascón">Amparo Poch y Gascón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Brocca" title="José Brocca">José Brocca</a>, supported the Republicans. Brocca argued that Spanish pacifists had no alternative but to make a stand against fascism. He put this stand into practice by various means, including organizing agricultural workers to maintain food supplies, and through humanitarian work with war refugees.<a href="#cite_note-524">[note 64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_propaganda">Art and propaganda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Art and propaganda">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placegeorgeorwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Placegeorgeorwell.jpg/220px-Placegeorgeorwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Placegeorgeorwell.jpg/330px-Placegeorgeorwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Placegeorgeorwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>In Catalonia, a square near the Barcelona waterfront named Plaça de George Orwell.</figcaption></figure> Throughout the course of the Spanish Civil War, people all over the world were exposed to the goings-on and effects of it on its people not only through standard art, but also through <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. Motion pictures, posters, books, radio programs, and leaflets are a few examples of this media art that was so influential during the war. Produced by both nationalists and republicans, propaganda allowed Spaniards a way to spread awareness about their war all over the world. A film co-produced by famous early-twentieth century authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hellman" title="Lillian Hellman">Lillian Hellman</a> was used as a way to advertise Spain's need for military and monetary aid. This film, <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Earth" title="The Spanish Earth">The Spanish Earth</a>, premiered in America in July 1937. In 1938, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a>, a personal account of his experiences and observations in the war, was published in the United Kingdom. In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> published in France a short story, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_(Sartre_short_story_collection)" title="The Wall (Sartre short story collection)">"The Wall"</a> in which he describes the last night of prisoners of war sentenced to death by shooting. Leading works of sculpture include Alberto Sánchez Pérez's El pueblo español tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella ("The Spanish People Have a Path that Leads to a Star"), a 12.5 m monolith constructed out of plaster representing the struggle for a socialist utopia;<a href="#cite_note-museonacional-525">[457]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(sculptor)" title="Julio González (sculptor)">Julio González's</a> La Montserrat, an anti-war work which shares its title with a mountain near Barcelona, is created from a sheet of iron which has been hammered and welded to create a peasant mother carrying a small child in one arm and a sickle in the other. and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a>'s Fuente de mercurio (Mercury Fountain) a protest work by the American against the Nationalist forced control of Almadén and the mercury mines there.<a href="#cite_note-montserrat-526">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> responded to the conflict in his homeland with two powerful oil paintings in 1936: <a href="/wiki/Soft_Construction_with_Boiled_Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Construction with Boiled Beans">Soft Construction with Boiled Beans</a>: A Premonition of Civil War (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>) and Autumnal Cannibalism (<a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a>, London). Of the former, the art historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a> stated, "Salvador Dalí appropriated the horizontal thigh of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a>'s crouching Saturn for the hybrid monster in the painting Soft Construction with Boiled Beans, Premonition of Civil War, which rather than Picasso's Guernica – is the finest single work of visual art inspired by the Spanish Civil War."<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_(2003)-527">[459]</a>: 383 p.  On the later, Dalí commented "These Iberian beings mutually devouring each other correspond to the pathos of civil war considered as a pure phenomenon of natural history as opposed to Picasso who considered it a political phenomenon."<a href="#cite_note-Descharnes_(1984)-528">[460]</a>: 223 p.  <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> painted <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (painting)">Guernica</a> in 1937, inspired by the bombing of Guernica and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Anghiari_(Leonardo)" title="The Battle of Anghiari (Leonardo)">Battle of Anghiari</a>. Guernica, like many important Republican masterpieces, was featured at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris. The work's size (11 ft by 25.6 ft) grabbed much attention and cast the horrors of the mounting Spanish civil unrest into a global spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-picasso-529">[461]</a> The painting has since been heralded as an antiwar work and a symbol of peace in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-test-530">[462]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a> created El Segador (The Reaper) in 1937, formally titled El campesino catalán en rebeldía (Catalan peasant in revolt), which spans some 18 by 12 feet (5.5 by 3.7 m)<a href="#cite_note-joan-531">[463]</a> and depicted a peasant brandishing a sickle in the air, to which Miró commented that "The sickle is not a communist symbol. It is the reaper's symbol, the tool of his work, and, when his freedom is threatened, his weapon."<a href="#cite_note-532">[464]</a> This work, also featured at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris, was shipped back to the Spanish Republic's capital in Valencia following the Exhibition, but has since gone missing or has been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-joan-531">[463]</a> The Army of Africa would feature a place in propaganda on both sides, due to the complex history of the Army and Spanish colonialism in North Africa. Both sides would invent different characters of the Moorish troops, drawing on a wide range of historical symbols, cultural prejudices and racial stereotypes. The Army of Africa would be used as part of a propaganda campaign by both sides to portray the other side as foreign invaders attacking from outside the national community, while portraying their own as representing "true Spain".<a href="#cite_note-533">[465]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nafarroako_irakasleak_1936_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nafarroako_irakasleak_1936_1.jpg/190px-Nafarroako_irakasleak_1936_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nafarroako_irakasleak_1936_1.jpg/285px-Nafarroako_irakasleak_1936_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nafarroako_irakasleak_1936_1.jpg/380px-Nafarroako_irakasleak_1936_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Tribute and plaque in memory of murdered or persecuted teachers, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, 1936 and later</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Economic effects">edit</a>]</div> Costs for the war on both sides were very high. Monetary resources on the Republican side were completely drained from weapons acquisition. On the Nationalist side, the biggest losses came after the conflict, when they had to let Germany exploit the country's mining resources, so until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> they barely had the chance to make any profit.<a href="#cite_note-534">[466]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victims">Victims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Victims">edit</a>]</div> The number of civilian victims is still being discussed, with some estimating approximately 500,000 victims, while others go as high as 1,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001xviii,_899–901-535">[467]</a> These deaths were not only due to combat, but also executions, which were especially well-organised and systematic on the Nationalist side, being more disorganised on the Republican side (mainly caused by loss of control of the armed masses by the government).<a href="#cite_note-thomas-536">[468]</a> However, the 500,000 death toll does not include deaths by malnutrition, hunger or diseases brought about by the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francoist_repression_after_the_war_and_Republican_exile">Francoist repression after the war and Republican exile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Francoist repression after the war and Republican exile">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Exiles_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War">Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_ni%C3%B1os_de_Morelia._Ni%C3%B1os_espa%C3%B1oles_que_encontraron_en_M%C3%A9xico_un_hogar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Los_ni%C3%B1os_de_Morelia._Ni%C3%B1os_espa%C3%B1oles_que_encontraron_en_M%C3%A9xico_un_hogar.JPG/220px-Los_ni%C3%B1os_de_Morelia._Ni%C3%B1os_espa%C3%B1oles_que_encontraron_en_M%C3%A9xico_un_hogar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Los_ni%C3%B1os_de_Morelia._Ni%C3%B1os_espa%C3%B1oles_que_encontraron_en_M%C3%A9xico_un_hogar.JPG/330px-Los_ni%C3%B1os_de_Morelia._Ni%C3%B1os_espa%C3%B1oles_que_encontraron_en_M%C3%A9xico_un_hogar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Los_ni%C3%B1os_de_Morelia._Ni%C3%B1os_espa%C3%B1oles_que_encontraron_en_M%C3%A9xico_un_hogar.JPG/440px-Los_ni%C3%B1os_de_Morelia._Ni%C3%B1os_espa%C3%B1oles_que_encontraron_en_M%C3%A9xico_un_hogar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption>Spanish children in exile in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> After the War, the Francoist regime initiated a repressive process against the losing side, a "cleansing" of sorts against anything or anyone associated with the Republic. This process led many to exile or death. Exile happened in three waves. The first one was during the Northern Campaign (March–November 1937), followed by a second wave, called <a href="/wiki/La_Retirada" title="La Retirada">La Retirada</a>, after the fall of Catalonia (January–February 1939), in which about 500,000 people fled to France. The French authorities had to improvise <a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#Spanish_Civil_War" title="Internment camps in France">concentration camps</a>, with such hard conditions that almost half of the exiled Spaniards returned. The third wave occurred after the War, at the end of March 1939, when thousands of Republicans tried to board ships to exile, although few succeeded.<a href="#cite_note-537">[469]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> The political and emotional repercussions of the War transcended the national scale, becoming a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008336-538">[470]</a> The war has frequently been described by historians as the "prelude to" or the "opening round of" the Second World War, as part of an international battle against fascism. Historian Stanley Payne suggests that this view is an incorrect summary of the geopolitic position of the interwar period, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">international alliance</a> that was created in December 1941, once the United States entered the Second World War, was politically much broader than the Spanish Popular Front. The Spanish Civil War, Payne argues, was thus a far more clear-cut revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> struggle between the left and right wings, while the Second World War initially had fascists and communist powers on the same side with the combined Nazi-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>. Payne suggests that instead the civil war was the last of the revolutionary crises that emerged from the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, observing it had parallels such as the complete revolutionary breakdown of domestic institutions, the development of full-scale revolutionary and counter-revolutionary struggles, the development of a typical post-WW1 communist force in the form of the People's Army, an extreme exacerbation of nationalism, the frequent use of WW1-style military weapons and tactics and the fact that it was not the product of the plan of any of the major powers, making it more similar to the post-WW1 crises which arose after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2011a194-539">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2004313–314-540">[472]</a> After the War, Spanish policy leaned heavily towards Germany, Portugal and Italy, since they had been the greatest Nationalist supporters and aligned with Spain ideologically. However, the end of the Civil War and later the Second World War saw the isolation of the country from most other nations until the 1950s, in which the American anti-Communist international policy favoured having a far-right and extremely anti-communist ally in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-541">[473]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations;_civil_war_in_perspective">Interpretations; civil war in perspective</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Interpretations; civil war in perspective">edit</a>]</div> There have been numerous attempts to define the Spanish Civil War in terms of its key mechanism, prevailing logic and dominant conflict line; many of these interpretations strove also to identify the conflict in terms of major threads of continental or even global history. These attempts might not differ much from propaganda, advanced by both warring parties or their sympathizers; they might form part of broad public discourse, either in Spain or abroad; they might also belong to professional academic historiographic debate. Major theories are listed in the below table. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 150px;">Spanish Civil War as: </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 240px;">Related concepts or variants </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 160px;">Proponents (examples) </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 550px;">Related quotation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Clash of European nationalisms</td> <td>Basque-Spanish war, Catalan struggle for independence, climax of imperialist nationalisms</td> <td>Basque propaganda,<a href="#cite_note-542">[474]</a> Julen Madariaga, Xosé M. Núñez Seixas</td> <td>"[gudaris] de la guerra 36–37, víctimas de la última y más incivilizada agresión extranjera perpetrada contra Euskal Herria",<a href="#cite_note-543">[475]</a> "la guerra ha sido y es un factor intrínsicamente unido, y a menudo deseñado, en el desarollo histórico de las identidades nacionales y los nacionalismos europeos"<a href="#cite_note-544">[476]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clash of totalitarian systems</td> <td>Violent conflict of radicalised and polarised masses, communism vs fascism/Nazism, totalitarian regimes fighting by proxies</td> <td>Antony Beevor, George Orwell</td> <td>"I remember saying once to Arthur Koestler, 'History stopped in 1936', at which he nodded in immediate understanding. We were both thinking of totalitarianism in general, but more particularly of the Spanish Civil War"<a href="#cite_note-545">[477]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Democracy vs dictatorship</td> <td>Liberty vs fascist oppression, freedom vs communist tyranny, peoples against tyrants</td> <td>Komintern propaganda, Francoist propaganda</td> <td>[Republican] "defeat by the forces of International Fascism would be a major disaster for Europe",<a href="#cite_note-546">[478]</a> "the fight in Spain is between the forces of freedom, democracy, justice, and the forces of reaction, tyranny, obscurantism, admits no doubt",<a href="#cite_note-547">[479]</a> "el pueblo con su propio esfuerzo en la lucha contra la tiranía comunista"<a href="#cite_note-548">[480]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Episode of European civil war</td> <td>Melting pot of universal battles, Spaniards vs Spaniards, Irish vs Irish, Italians vs Italians, Russians vs Russians, "European cockpit"</td> <td>Julian Casanova</td> <td>"[P]rologue to the European civil war of a few years later",<a href="#cite_note-549">[481]</a> "it evolved into an episode of a European civil war that ended in 1945",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010213-550">[482]</a> "melting pot of universal battles between bosses and workers, Church and State, obscurantism and modernism"<a href="#cite_note-551">[483]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Episode of long internal Spanish conflict</td> <td>Fourth Carlist War, modernity vs traditionalism, typically Spanish fanatic sectarian violence</td> <td>Mark Lawrence, Carlist propaganda, Spanish Black Legend propagandists</td> <td>"[C]ivil war dominates modern Spain more than any other Western European country",<a href="#cite_note-552">[484]</a> "the rebellion that began in 1936 was the climax to a long and tortuous period of political experiment"<a href="#cite_note-553">[485]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Epilogue to World War I</td> <td>Breakdown of old-style society, rapid mobilisation of the masses, convulsive post-monarchic period</td> <td>Stanley G. Payne</td> <td>Resembled more "a post-World War I crisis than a crisis of the era of World War II", "the Spanish crisis of the spring and summer of 1936 was in key respects the Spanish version of the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary crises that affected various central and eastern European countries between 1917 and 1923"<a href="#cite_note-554">[486]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Left vs right</td> <td>Local and exceptionally violent outbreak of long-standing universal political conflict, whites vs reds</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a>, Sandra Halperin</td> <td>"A military struggle between left- and right-wing elements in Spain",<a href="#cite_note-555">[487]</a> "traditional explanation of the Civil War in terms of the left vs right political confrontation",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalvadó19991161–1167-556">[488]</a> "polarization between left and right in Western Europe escalated into armed conflict with the outbreak of the civil war in Spain"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin2004211-557">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson1966211-558">[490]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paradigm of a civil war</td> <td>Benchmark for civil war categorizations, laboratory of civil war, the most typical case of civil war, point of reference</td> <td>Laia Balcells</td> <td>"The Spanish, along with the American Civil War, is a paradigmatic case of conventional civil war"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcells201712-559">[491]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prologue to Cold War</td> <td>Confronting and containing communism, free world vs Soviet imperialism, civilized West vs barbaric East</td> <td>Luis de Galinsoga, Francoist propaganda</td> <td>Franco as "Centinela de Occidente"<a href="#cite_note-560">[492]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prologue to World War II</td> <td>Fight against fascism, democratic Europe against the Axis, pre-configuration of WWII alliances</td> <td>Patricia van der Esch, many others</td> <td>"prelude to war",<a href="#cite_note-561">[493]</a> "I think in many ways it was the first battle of World War II",<a href="#cite_note-562">[494]</a> "in this context, the Spanish civil war can be regarded as the prologue and preface to the Second World War",<a href="#cite_note-563">[495]</a> "microcosmic prologue to the battle between fascism and democracy that was the Second World War"<a href="#cite_note-564">[496]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revolution vs counter-revolution</td> <td>Class struggle, proletariat vs bourgeoisie, Spanish peoples in national-revolutionary struggle</td> <td>Eric Hobsbawm, Stanley G. Payne, later (not wartime) Soviet propaganda</td> <td>"[O]nly occasionally has the war been analyzed in terms of its most accurate definition, as a revolutionary/counterrevolutionary struggle",<a href="#cite_note-565">[497]</a> "национально-революционная война испанского народа"<a href="#cite_note-566">[498]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Religious war</td> <td>Crusade, Catholicism vs barbaric atheism, war of cultures, civic society vs Catholic fanaticism</td> <td>Francoist propaganda (e.g. Juan Tusquets), José Sánchez, Mary Vincent</td> <td>"To many, religion became the most divisive issue of the war, the single problem that distinguished one fraction from another",<a href="#cite_note-567">[499]</a> "consideraté soldado de una cruzada que pone Dios como fin y en El confía el triunfo"<a href="#cite_note-568">[500]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spanish war of independence</td> <td>Spaniards vs foreign Judeo-Bolshevik aggression, Spaniards vs foreign fascist invasion, guerra de liberación, Spain vs anti-Spain</td> <td>Communist propaganda, Francoist propaganda</td> <td>"nuestra guerra de independencia nacional contra el invasor y el fascismo tiene muchos puntos semejantes con la lucha heroica y victoriosa del pueblo soviético",<a href="#cite_note-569">[501]</a> "Está en litigio la existencia misma de España como entidad y como unidad",<a href="#cite_note-570">[502]</a> "guerra de liberación que se vivía en España"<a href="#cite_note-571">[503]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/21px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/42px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nationalist_military_equipment_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War">List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="List of weapons of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie">List of weapons of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria" title="Aviazione Legionaria">Aviazione Legionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Republican_military_equipment_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War">List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_culture_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Art and culture in Francoist Spain">Art and culture in Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic">Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Falling_Soldier" title="The Falling Soldier">The Falling Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War">Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War">Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_correspondents_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War">List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_ships_wrecked_or_lost_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War">List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_films_and_TV_specials_set_between_1914_and_1945#Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)" title="List of war films and TV specials set between 1914 and 1945">List of war films and TV specials set between 1914 and 1945#Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Pacifism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_parties_and_organizations_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template:Political parties and organizations in the Spanish Civil War">Political parties and organizations in the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionism (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in World War II">Spain in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Val_d%27Aran" title="Invasion of Val d'Aran">Invasion of Val d'Aran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Republican Armed Forces">Spanish Republican Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cantabria_(1919)" title="SS Cantabria (1919)">SS Cantabria (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Timeline of the Spanish Civil War">Timeline of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exiles_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War">Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_exiles" title="Spanish Republican exiles">Spanish Republican exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Robert Capa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Jaeger" title="Hugo Jaeger">Hugo Jaeger</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a>, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Basque-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Basque_2-0">^</a> The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian <a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Santo%C3%B1a_Agreement" title="Santoña Agreement">Santoña Agreement</a> on 24 August 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-FetJons-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FetJons_3-0">^</a> The only party under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> from 1937 onward, a <a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Natmerge-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Natmerge_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natmerge_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natmerge_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natmerge_4-3">d</a> 1936–1937, then merged into <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> See <a href="#Death_toll">Death toll section</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Also known as The Crusade (Spanish: La Cruzada) or The Revolution (Spanish: La Revolución) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Spanish: Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among <a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a>, and The Rebellion (Spanish: La Rebelión) or The Uprising (Spanish: La Sublevación) among Republicans. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Westwell (2004) gives a figure of 500 million Reichsmarks. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> "The Roman salute characteristic of Italian fascism was first adopted by the PNE and the JONS, later spreading to the Falange and other extreme right groups, before it became the official salute in Franco's Spain. The JAP salute, which consisted of stretching the right arm horizontally to touch the left shoulder enjoyed only relatively little acceptance. The gesture of the raised fist, so widespread among left-wing workers' groups, gave rise to more regimented variations, such as the salute with the fist on one's temple, characteristic of the German <a href="/wiki/Rotfrontk%C3%A4mpferbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotfrontkämpferbund">Rotfront</a>, which was adopted by the republican Popular Army". The Splintering of Spain, pp. 36–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> the war lasted 986 days; dollars are quoted at their nominal value of the late 1930s </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> in 1934 the Spanish military spendings as reported by the statistical office were 958m ptas; in 1935 they were 1.065m ptas, Huerta Barajas Justo Alberto (2016), Gobierno u administración militar en la II República Española, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8434023031" title="Special:BookSources/978-8434023031">978-8434023031</a>, p. 805. The peseta to dolar exchange rate for 1935 varied from 7.32 in August to 7.38 in January, Martínez Méndez P. (1990), Nuevos datos sobre la evolución de la peseta entre 1900 y 1936, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8477930724" title="Special:BookSources/8477930724">8477930724</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> when assessing financial cost of waging the war, some scholars limit their analysis to foreign resources only and set expenditures of both sides at some $0,7bn each, compare e.g. Romero Salvado, Francisco J. (2013), Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810857841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810857841">978-0810857841</a>, p. 20. Similarly, another author claims that "the republican authorities obtained 714 million dollars, and this was the financial cost of the civil war for the Republicans", while "the financial cost of the war on the Francoist side was very similar, between 694 and 716 million dollars".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova201091-348">[338]</a> The same author claims in the same work that "losing the war cost the Republic almost as much as Franco spent on winning it, some six hundred million dollars on each side" (p. 185) </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> exact figures differ; one source claims $0,45bn for Italy and $0,23bn for Germany, Romero Salvado 2013, p. 20; the rest was mostly private credit from British (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a>) or US (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a>) companies </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> earlier studies suggested that the Republican military expenditures were 4 times larger than the Nationalist ones (40bn ptas v. 12bn ptas); the conclusion drawn was that the Republicans have grossly mismanaged their resources. Recent studies claim that the above figures are calculated in nominal terms, and that entirely different picture emerges when inflation and exchange rates are taken into account,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165-343">[334]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> highest considered estimate; "la guerra civil fue una espantosa calamidad en la que todas las clases y todos los partidos perdieron. Además del millión o dos milliones de muertos, la salud del pueblo se ha visto minada por su secuela de hambre y enfermedades", Brennan, Gerald (1978), El laberinto español. Antecedentes sociales y políticos de la guerra civil, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8485361038" title="Special:BookSources/978-8485361038">978-8485361038</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> some press estimates from the era, see e.g. "one and a half million Spaniards have already been killed in the war", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000728/19390328/105/0010">Spain's War Goes On</a>, [in:] Daily Record [Britain] 28 March 1939 </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> initial estimate of Ramón Salas Larrazábal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalisimofranco.com/mitos/001.htm">El mito del millón de muertos</a>, includes victims of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, cold etc, includes birth deficit assumed to be caused by the war </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> "esta cruenta lucha le costó a España 1 200 000 muertos entre combatientes y civiles", Pazos Beceiro, Carlos (2004), La globalización económica neoliberal y la guerra, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9597071266" title="Special:BookSources/978-9597071266">978-9597071266</a>, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> Lee, Stephen J. (2000), European Dictatorships, 1918–1945, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415230452" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415230452">978-0415230452</a>, p. 248; "a reasonable estimate, and a rather conservative one", Howard Griffin, John, Simon, Yves René (1974), Jacques Maritain: Homage in Words and Pictures, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873430463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873430463">978-0873430463</a>, p. 11; military casualties only, Ash, Russell (2003), The Top 10 of Everything 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789496591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0789496591">978-0789496591</a>, p. 68; lowest considered estimate, Brennan (1978), p. 20. The phrase of "one million dead" became a cliche since the 1960s, and many older Spaniards might repeat that "yo siempre había escuchado lo del millon de muertos", compare burbuja service, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burbuja.info/inmobiliaria/politica/175403-muertos-guerra-civil-ii.html">here</a>. This is so due to extreme popularity of a 1961 novel Un millón de muertos by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gironella" title="José María Gironella">José María Gironella</a>, even though the author many times declared that he had in mind those "muerto espiritualmente", referred after Diez Nicolas, Juan (1985), La mortalidad en la Guerra Civil Española, [in:] Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica III/1, p. 42. Scholars claim also that the figure of "one million deaths" was continuously repeated by Francoist authorities "to drive home the point of having saved the country form ruin", Encarnación, Omar G. (2008), Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745639925" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745639925">978-0745639925</a>, p. 24, and became one of the "mitos principales del franquismo", referred as "myth no. 9" in Reig Tapia, Alberto (2017), La crítica de la crítica: Inconsecuentes, insustanciales, impotentes, prepotentes y equidistantes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8432318658" title="Special:BookSources/978-8432318658">978-8432318658</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> 145,000 KIA, 134,000 executed, 630,000 due to sickness, cold etc., Guerre civile d'Espagne, [in:] Encyclopedie Larousse online, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/guerre_civile_d_Espagne/118441">here</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> maximum considered estimate, Griffin, Julia Ortiz, Griffin, William D. (2007), Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816074761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816074761">978-0816074761</a>, p. 49, "[war] generated around 800,000 deaths", Laia Balcells (2011), Death is in the Air: Bombings in Catalonia, 1936–1939, [in:] Reis 136, p. 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> "the war cost about 750,000 Spanish lives", A Dictionary of World History (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192807007" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192807007">978-0192807007</a>, p. 602; also "la poblacion de Espana en 1939 contaba 750,000 personas menos que las esperables si no hubiera habido guerra", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/politica/2019/02/11/sepa_usted/1549896518_673788.html">¿Cuántas víctimas se cobró la Guerra Civil? ¿Dónde hubo más?</a>, [in:] El Pais 27.02.2019 [accessed 7 December 2019] </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> Coatsworth, John, Cole, Juan, Hanagan, Michael P., Perdue, Peter C., Tilly, Charles, Tilly, Louise (2015), Global Connections, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521761062" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521761062">978-0521761062</a>, p. 379; divided into 700,000 died "in battle", 30,000 executed and 15,000 of air raids, Dupuy, R. Ernest, Dupuy, Trevor N. (1977), The Encyclopedia of Military History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060111399" title="Special:BookSources/0060111399">0060111399</a>, p. 1032, the same breakdown in The Encyclopedia of World History (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395652374" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395652374">978-0395652374</a>, p. 692, and in Teed, Peter (1992),A Dictionary of Twentieth-Century History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192852078" title="Special:BookSources/0192852078">0192852078</a>, p. 439 </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> 600,000 killed during the war + 100,000 executed afterwards, Tucker, Spencer C. (2016), World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099696" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099696">978-1851099696</a>, p. 1563; Georges Soria, Guerra y Revolucion en Espana (1936–1939), vol. 5, Barcelona 1978, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> when referring reported calculations of Hugh Thomas and divided into 320,000 KIA, 100,000 executed and 220,000 of malnutrition etc., Crow, John Armstrong (1985), Spain: The Root and the Flower : an Interpretation of Spain and the Spanish People, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520051331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520051331">978-0520051331</a>, p. 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> highest considered estimate, Tusell, Javier (1998), Historia de España en el siglo XX. Tomo III. La Dictadura de Franco, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8430603328" title="Special:BookSources/8430603328">8430603328</a>, p. 625 </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> including 285,000 KIA, 125,000 civilians "due to war directed causes", 200,000 malnutrition., Sandler, Stanley (2002), Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, vol. 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576073445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576073445">978-1576073445</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> 285,000 in combat, 125,000 executed, 200,000 of malnutrition, Thomas, Hugh (1961), The Spanish Civil War (and other initial editions), referred after Clodfelter, Micheal (2017), Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707">978-0786474707</a>, p. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> 100,000 in combat, 220,000 rearguard terror, 10,000 in air raids, 200,000 after-war terror, 50,000 malnutrition etc.; Jackson, Gabriel (1965), The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691007571" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691007571">978-0691007571</a>, referred after Clodfelter (2017), p. 338 </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936–1942 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, José Antonio, Silvestre, Javier (2006), Las consecuencias demográficas, [in:] Aceńa, Pablo Martín (ed.), La economía de la guerra civil, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8496467330" title="Special:BookSources/978-8496467330">978-8496467330</a>, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> excluding "50,000 more fatalities in Franco's prison camps during the immediate postwar period", Smele, Jonathan D. (2015), Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442252813" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442252813">978-1442252813</a>, p. 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> approximate, excluding post-war terror; Hepworth, Andrea (2017), Site of memory and dismemory: the Valley of the Fallen in Spain, [in:] Gigliotti, Simone, The Memorialization of Genocide, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317394167" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317394167">978-1317394167</a>, p. 77; highest considered estimate, Seidman, Michael (2011), The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299249632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299249632">978-0299249632</a>, p. 172; Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593394929" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593394929">978-1593394929</a>, p. 1795; 200,000 in combat, 125,000 executed, 175,000 of malnutrition, Thomas, Hugh (1977), The Spanish Civil War (and later editions), referred after Clodfelter (2017), p. 339; Nowa encyklopedia powszechna PWN (1995), vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/830111097X" title="Special:BookSources/830111097X">830111097X</a>, p. 778; "probably over.." and including 300,000 KIA, Palmer, Alan (1990), Penguin Dictionary of Twentieth-Century History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140511881" title="Special:BookSources/0140511881">0140511881</a>, p. 371; KIA + victims of terror only, Lowe, Norman (2013), Mastering modern history, London 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137276940" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137276940">978-1137276940</a>, p. 345; at least, "lost their lives", Palmowski, Jan (2008), The Dictionary of Contemporary World History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199295678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199295678">978-0199295678</a>, p. 643 </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> 215,000 in combat, 200,000 killed in rearguard, 70,000 due to wartime hardships, 11,000 civilian victims of military operations; the author later rounds up the total to 0,5m, Alonso Millán, Jesús (2015), La guerra total en España (1936–1939), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1512174137" title="Special:BookSources/978-1512174137">978-1512174137</a>, pp. 403–404 </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> at most 300,000 "violent deaths" + 165,000 above average deaths, Payne, Stanley G. (1987), The Franco Regime, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299110741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299110741">978-0299110741</a>, pp. 219–220 </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> highest considered estimate, Du Souich, Felipe (2011), Apuntes de Historia de Espana Para Los Amigos, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1447527336" title="Special:BookSources/978-1447527336">978-1447527336</a>, p. 62; "at least", "killed", Quigley, Caroll (2004), Tragedy and Hope. A History of the World in our Time, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/094500110X" title="Special:BookSources/094500110X">094500110X</a>, p. 604. </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> 200,000 KIA, 200,000 executed, 20,000 executed after the war, excluding "unknown numbers" of civilians killed in military action and "many more" died of malnutrition etc., Preston, Paul (2012), The Spanish holocaust, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393239669" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393239669">978-0393239669</a>, p. xi </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> Batchelor, Dawho hn (2011), The Mystery on Highway 599, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1456734756" title="Special:BookSources/978-1456734756">978-1456734756</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> broken down into 120,000 KIA, 15,000 civilians, 107,000 in repression and 165,000 above-the-norm deaths as extracted from calculations of Salas Larrazábal, whose total includes also post-war victims, quoted after Payne 1987, p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> highest considered estimate, Jackson, Gabriel (2005), La Republica Espanola y la Guerra Civil, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8447336336" title="Special:BookSources/8447336336">8447336336</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> Chislett, William (2013), Spain: What Everyone Needs to Know?, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199936458" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199936458">978-0199936458</a>, p. 42; "probably", Spielvogel, Jackon J. (2013), Western Civilization: A Brief History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133606765" title="Special:BookSources/978-1133606765">978-1133606765</a>, p. 603; Mourre, Michel (1978), Dictionaire Encyclopedique d'Histoire, vol. 3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/204006513X" title="Special:BookSources/204006513X">204006513X</a>, p. 1636; broken down into 200,000 KIA and 200,000 executed, Bradford, James. C (2006), International Encyclopedia of Military History, vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415936616" title="Special:BookSources/0415936616">0415936616</a>, p. 1209; lowest considered estimate, Tusell, Javier (1998), Historia de España en el siglo XX. Tomo III. La Dictadura de Franco, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8430603328" title="Special:BookSources/8430603328">8430603328</a>, p. 625 </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> highest considered estimate, Bowen, Wayne H. (2006), Spain During World War II, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826265159" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826265159">978-0826265159</a>, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> Julia, Santos, (1999), Victimas de la guerra, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8478809837" title="Special:BookSources/978-8478809837">978-8478809837</a>, referred after Richards, Michael (2006), El régimen de Franco y la política de memoria de la guerra civil española, [in:] <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%B3stegui,_Julio" class="mw-redirect" title="Aróstegui, Julio">Aróstegui, Julio</a>, Godicheau, François (eds.), Guerra Civil: mito y memoria, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8496467125" title="Special:BookSources/978-8496467125">978-8496467125</a>, p. 173; Richards, Michael (2013), After the Civil War: Making Memory and Re-Making Spain Since 1936, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521899345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521899345">978-0521899345</a>, p. 6; Renshaw, Layla (2016), Exhuming Loss: Memory, Materiality and Mass Graves of the Spanish Civil War, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315428680" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315428680">978-1315428680</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936–1939 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> does not include post-war losses, Payne, Stanley G. (2012), The Spanish Civil War, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521174701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521174701">978-0521174701</a>, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> "not counting the many thousand who died in the post-war repression or were lost to the ravages of disease and malnutrition, some 340,000 people had been killed: 200,000 on the battlefield, 75,000 in the Nationalist limpieza, 55,000 in the Terror and subsequent acts of judicial murder in the Republican zone, and 10,000 in air raids and the like”, Esdaile, Charles J. (2018), The Spanish Civil War: A Military History, ISBN 9780429859298, p. 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> lowest considered estimate, includes 150,000 KIA and 185,000 victims of rearguard repression, Bernecker, Walter L. (ed., 2008), Spanien heute: Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3865274182" title="Special:BookSources/978-3865274182">978-3865274182</a>, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> lowest considered estimate, Du Souich (2011), p. 62; lowest considered estimate, Jackson (2005), p. 14; 1943 estimate of the Spanish Direccion General de Estadistica, referred after Puche, Javier (2017), Economia, mercado y bienestar humano durante la Guerra Civil Espanola, [in:] Contenciosa V/7, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> 137,000 KIA, the rest victims of repression, Lauge Hansen, Hans (2013), Auto-Reflection on the Processes of Cultural Re-Memoriation in the Contemporary Spanish Memory Novel, [in:] Nathan R. White (ed.), War, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626181991" title="Special:BookSources/978-1626181991">978-1626181991</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> "at least", Hart, Stephen M. (1998), "!No Pasarán!": Art, Literature and the Spanish Civil War, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0729302869" title="Special:BookSources/978-0729302869">978-0729302869</a>, p. 16, Preston, Paul (2003), The Politics of Revenge: Fascism and the Military in 20th-century Spain, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134811137" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134811137">978-1134811137</a>, p. 40; lowest considered estimate, Seidman, Michael (2011), The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299249632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299249632">978-0299249632</a>, p. 172; <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Montoli%C3%BA" title="Pedro Montoliú">Camps, Pedro Montoliú</a> (2005), Madrid en la Posguerra, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8477371595" title="Special:BookSources/978-8477371595">978-8477371595</a>, p. 375, "at most", excluding deaths from malnutrition etc., The New Encyclopædia Britannica (2017), vol. 11, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593392925" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593392925">978-1593392925</a>, p. 69; of which 140,000 in combat, Большая Российская энциклопедия, (2008), vol. 12, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5852703439" title="Special:BookSources/978-5852703439">978-5852703439</a>, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> highest considered estimate, 150,000 in combat and 140,000 executed, Moa, Pio (2015), Los mitos del franquismo, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8490603741" title="Special:BookSources/978-8490603741">978-8490603741</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> "at least", Hitchcock, William L. (2008), The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945 to the Present, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307491404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307491404">978-0307491404</a>, p. 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> 100,000 in combat, 135,000 executed, 30,000 other causes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muñoz, Miguel A. (2009). Reflexiones en torno a nuestro pasado (in Spanish). Cultivalibros. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8499231464" title="Special:BookSources/978-8499231464"><bdi>978-8499231464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflexiones+en+torno+a+nuestro+pasado&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Cultivalibros&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8499231464&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz&rft.aufirst=Miguel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> "muertos a causa de la Guerra", includes victims of post-war terror. The figure is based on totals reported as "violent deaths" in the official statistics for 1936–1942 and calculated by Ramón Tamames, Breve historia de la Guerra Civil espanola, Barcelona 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8466650359" title="Special:BookSources/978-8466650359">978-8466650359</a>, chapter "Impactos demograficos" (page unavailable). Tamames suggests that the actual number of victims is probably much higher than this given by official statistics </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> lowest considered estimate, 145,000 in combat and 110,000 executed, Moa (2015), p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> lowest considered estimate, Bowen (2006), p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> 103,000 executed during the war, 28,000 executed afterwards, around 100,000 KIA, Martínez de Baños Carrillo, Fernando, Szafran, Agnieszka (2011), El general Walter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8492888061" title="Special:BookSources/978-8492888061">978-8492888061</a>, p. 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> the total reported as "muerte violenta o casual" for 1936–1939 in official statistics released by Instituto Nacional de Estadistica in 1943, might include accidental deaths (car accidents etc.) and covers all months of 1936 and 1939, excludes "homicidio" category (39,028 for 1936–1939), referred after Diez Nicolas (1985), p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> the number which emerges from the official statistics as provided during the early Francoist era and calculated later by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Tamames" class="extiw" title="es:Ramón Tamames">Ramón Tamames</a>, who analyses the figures released in 1951 by Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. Tamames added figures reported in the "violent deaths" rubric for 1936, 1937 and 1938 and 25% of the same category for 1939; then he deducted annual averages for "violent deaths" reported by INE in the mid-1930s to arrive at 149,213. Tamames suggests that the actual figure is probably "mucho mayor", Tamames (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> "provocó un número de caidós en combate sin precedentes, casi tantos como los muertos y desaparecidos en la retaguardia", Diccionario de historia y política del siglo XX (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/843093703X" title="Special:BookSources/843093703X">843093703X</a>, p. 316, "habia comportado centenares de miles de muertos", Marín, José María, Ysàs, Carme Molinero (2001), Historia política de España, 1939–2000, vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8470903199" title="Special:BookSources/978-8470903199">978-8470903199</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> Tusell, Javier, Martín, José Luis, Shaw, Carlos (2001), Historia de España: La edad contemporánea, vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8430604357" title="Special:BookSources/978-8430604357">978-8430604357</a>, Pérez, Joseph (1999), Historia de España, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8474238655" title="Special:BookSources/978-8474238655">978-8474238655</a>, Tusell, Javier (2007), Historia de España en el siglo XX, vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8430606306" title="Special:BookSources/978-8430606306">978-8430606306</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> e.g. Stanley G. Payne reduced his earlier estimate of 465,000 (at most 300,000 "violent deaths" with 165,000 deaths from malnutrition which "must be added", Payne (1987), p. 220) to 344,000 (also "violent deaths" and malnutrition victims, Payne (2012), p. 245); Hugh Thomas in The Spanish Civil War editions from the 1960s opted for 600,000 (285,000 KIA, 125,000 executed, 200,000 malnutrition), in editions from the 1970s he reduced the figure to 500,000 (200,000 KIA, 125,000 executed, 175,000 malnutrition), referred after Clodfeler (2017), p. 383 and with slight revisions kept reproducing the figure also in last editions published before his death, compare Thomas, Hugh (2003), La Guerra Civil Española, vol. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8497598229" title="Special:BookSources/8497598229">8497598229</a>, p. 993; Gabriel Jackson went down from 580,000 (including 420,000 victims of war and post-war terror), see Jackson (1965) to a range of 405,000–330,000 (including 220,000 to 170,000 victims of war and post-war terror), Jackson (2005), p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 76; slightly different figures, 344,000 and 558,000, in earlier study completed using the same method, see Diez Nicolas (1985), p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> only those who did not return to Spain, Payne (1987), p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 80; the number of migrants usually quoted is 450,000, which refers only to these who crossed to France in the first months of 1939, López, Fernando Martínez (2010), París, ciudad de acogida: el exilio español durante los siglos XIX y XX, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8492820122" title="Special:BookSources/978-8492820122">978-8492820122</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> "a deficit of approximately a half million births resulted", Payne (1987), p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> delta between actual birth totals for 1936–1942 and birth totals which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual birth totals from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> Lee, Stephen J. (2000), European Dictatorships, 1918–1945, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415230452" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415230452">978-0415230452</a>, p. 248; "a reasonable estimate, and a rather conservative one", Howard Griffin, John, Simon, Yves René (1974), Jacques Maritain: Homage in Words and Pictures, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873430463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873430463">978-0873430463</a>, p. 11; military casualties only, Ash, Russell (2003), The Top 10 of Everything 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789496591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0789496591">978-0789496591</a>, p. 68; lowest considered estimate, Brennan (1978), p. 20. The phrase of "one million dead" became a cliche since the 1960s, and many older Spaniards might repeat that "yo siempre había escuchado lo del millon de muertos", compare burbuja service, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burbuja.info/inmobiliaria/politica/175403-muertos-guerra-civil-ii.html">here</a>. This is so due to extreme popularity of a 1961 novel Un millón de muertos by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gironella" title="José María Gironella">José María Gironella</a>, even though the author many times declared that he had in mind those "muerto espiritualmente", referred after Diez Nicolas, Juan (1985), La mortalidad en la Guerra Civil Española, [in:] Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica III/1, p. 42. Scholars claim also that the figure of "one million deaths" was continuously repeated by Francoist authorities "to drive home the point of having saved the country form ruin", Encarnación, Omar G. (2008), Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745639925" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745639925">978-0745639925</a>, p. 24, and became one of the "mitos principales del franquismo", referred as "myth no. 9" in Reig Tapia, Alberto (2017), La crítica de la crítica: Inconsecuentes, insustanciales, impotentes, prepotentes y equidistantes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8432318658" title="Special:BookSources/978-8432318658">978-8432318658</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> Since <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200682-492">[426]</a> suggests 7,000 members of some 115,000 clergy were killed, the proportion could well be lower. </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> See variously: Bennett, Scott, Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963, Syracuse NY, Syracuse University Press, 2003; Prasad, Devi, War Is a Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters' International, London, WRI, 2005. Also see Hunter, Allan, White Corpsucles in Europe, Chicago, Willett, Clark & Co., 1939; and Brown, H. Runham, Spain: A Challenge to Pacifism, London, The Finsbury Press, 1937. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/SParmyP.htm">"Republican Army in Spain"</a>. Spartacus Educational. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525195926/https://spartacus-educational.com/SParmyP.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Republican+Army+in+Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FSParmyP.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrazáhal" class="citation web cs1">Larrazáhal, R. Salas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319204618/https://revistas-um-es.translate.goog/analeshc/article/view/108462/143041?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">"Aspectos militares de la Guerra Civil española"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com.hk/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://revistas.um.es/analeshc/article/view/108462/143041&prev=search">the original</a> on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aspectos+militares+de+la+Guerra+Civil+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.aulast=Larraz%C3%A1hal&rft.aufirst=R.+Salas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com.hk%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Des%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Frevistas.um.es%2Fanaleshc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F108462%2F143041%26prev%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Thomas (1961), p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/SPnationalistA.htm">"The Nationalist Army"</a>. Spartacus Educational. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403190418/https://spartacus-educational.com/SPnationalistA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=The+Nationalist+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FSPnationalistA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kbismarck.com/mgl/spanishcivwar.htm">"Warships of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)"</a>. kbismarck.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624185314/http://www.kbismarck.com/mgl/spanishcivwar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kbismarck.com&rft.atitle=Warships+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War+%281936%E2%80%931939%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kbismarck.com%2Fmgl%2Fspanishcivwar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Thomas (1961), p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas,_Hugh_1977_(and_later_editions).-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_Hugh_1977_(and_later_editions)._11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_Hugh_1977_(and_later_editions)._11-1">b</a> Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. London. 1977 (and later editions). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017339-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017339_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017339_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simkin_2012-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_2012_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_2012_13-1">b</a> Simkin, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/SPcasualties.htm#:~:text=Available%20information%20suggests%20that%20there,and%2090%2C000%20for%20the%20Nationalists">"Spanish Civil War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406022549/https://spartacus-educational.com/SPcasualties.htm#:~:text=Available%20information%20suggests%20that%20there,and%2090%2C000%20for%20the%20Nationalists">Archived</a> 6 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Spanish Civil War Encyclopedia (Ser. Spanish Civil War). University of Sussex, Spartacus Educational E-Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010181-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova2010181_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Maestre, Francisco; Casanova, Julián; Mir, Conxita; Gómez, Francisco (2004). Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco. Grupo Planeta. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484325062" title="Special:BookSources/978-8484325062">978-8484325062</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Jackson, Gabriel (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691007578" title="Special:BookSources/0691007578">0691007578</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamPreston1987" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Helen; Preston, Paul (1987). "The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War". The Popular Front in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 106–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349106189" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349106189"><bdi>978-1349106189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Popular+Front+and+the+Civil+War&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Front+in+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106-130&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1349106189&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Preston%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliá1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Santos_Juli%C3%A1" title="Santos Juliá">Juliá, Santos</a> (1999). Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad. Madrid: Marcial Pons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8495379031" title="Special:BookSources/8495379031"><bdi>8495379031</bdi></a>. <q>Fue desde luego lucha de clases por las armas, en la que alguien podía morir por cubrirse la cabeza con un sombrero o calzarse con alpargatas los pies, pero no fue en menor medida guerra de religión, de nacionalismos enfrentados, guerra entre dictadura militar y democracia republicana, entre revolución y contrarrevolución, entre fascismo y comunismo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+siglo+de+Espa%C3%B1a.+Pol%C3%ADtica+y+sociedad&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8495379031&rft.aulast=Juli%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Santos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers1954272-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowers1954272_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowers1954">Bowers 1954</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200643-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200643_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200684-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200684_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973200–203-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973200–203_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973200–203_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1973">Payne 1973</a>, pp. 200–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-historytoday.com-25"><a href="#cite_ref-historytoday.com_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/refugees-and-spanish-civil-war">"Refugees and the Spanish Civil War"</a>. History Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824222031/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/refugees-and-spanish-civil-war">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Refugees+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Frefugees-and-spanish-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200688-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200688_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200686–87-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200686–87_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200686–87_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006260–271-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006260–271_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 260–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Julius Ruiz. El Terror Rojo (2011). pp. 200–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20067-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor20067_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor20067_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200619-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200619_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Kiste2011" class="citation book cs1">Van der Kiste, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDc7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6">Divided Kingdom: The Spanish Monarchy from Isabel to Juan Carlos</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. pp. 6–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752470832" title="Special:BookSources/9780752470832"><bdi>9780752470832</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123083726/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDc7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2024. 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Revista de Estudios Políticos (177): 147–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18042%2Fcepc%2Frep.177.05">10.18042/cepc/rep.177.05</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Estudios+Pol%C3%ADticos&rft.atitle=El+%C2%ABdesordenado+empuje+del+Frente+Popular%C2%BB.+Movilizaci%C3%B3n+y+violencia+pol%C3%ADtica+tras+las+elecciones+de+1936&rft.issue=177&rft.pages=147-179&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18042%2Fcepc%2Frep.177.05&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez+Tard%C3%ADo&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18042%252Fcepc%252Frep.177.05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_84-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston1983">Preston 1983</a>, pp. 4–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951100-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951100_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951100_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabatéRabaté2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabaté, Jean-Claude; Rabaté, Colette (2009). 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Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 36–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzzo1969" class="citation book cs1">Puzzo, Dante A. (1969). The Spanish Civil War. 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Potomac Books. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574886443" title="Special:BookSources/978-1574886443"><bdi>978-1574886443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+%3A+soldier%2C+commander%2C+dictator&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1574886443&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200695-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200695_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200696-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Casanova, Julián. 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Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Alpert, Michael BBC History Magazine April 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200698-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200698_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200698_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115–116-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115–116_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2018">Payne & Palacios 2018</a>, pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_112-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001196–198_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, pp. 196–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018115_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2018">Payne & Palacios 2018</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Esdaile,_Charles_J_2018-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esdaile,_Charles_J_2018_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esdaile,_Charles_J_2018_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esdaile,_Charles_J_2018_115-2">c</a> Esdaile, Charles J. The Spanish Civil War: A Military History. Routledge, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006_116-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006_116-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201269–70-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201269–70_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201117-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidman201117_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidman2011">Seidman 2011</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2012-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2012_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2012">Payne 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Thomas (1961), p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–56-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–56_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102_122-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656–57-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656–57_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200656-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200656_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–59-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–59_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200659-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200659_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200660–61-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200660–61_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200662-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200662_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1969" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/americanpowernew00chom">American Power and the New Mandarins</a>. Pantheon Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Power+and+the+New+Mandarins&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpowernew00chom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200669-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200669_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–61-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–61_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 55–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102–103-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102–103_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell20049-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell20049_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestwell2004">Westwell 2004</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199828-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199828_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestwell2004">Westwell 2004</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199820-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199820_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert2008" class="citation book cs1">Alpert, Michael (2008). La guerra civil española en el mar. Barcelona: Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484329756" title="Special:BookSources/978-8484329756"><bdi>978-8484329756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerra+civil+espa%C3%B1ola+en+el+mar&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8484329756&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821–22-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821–22_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200642–42-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200642–42_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 42–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Alpert, Michael (2013), The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939, Cambridge, ISBN 9781107028739, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> 32.000 Guardia Civil, 17.000 Guardia de Asalto, 16.000 Carabineros, Molina Franco Lucas, Sagarra Renedo Pedro, González López Óscar (2021), El factor humano. Organización y liderazgo para ganar una guerra. La Jefatura de Movilización, Instrucción y Recuperación en la Guerra Civil española, Madrid, ISBN 9788490916100, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> detailed percentage split by formation (loyalist share: 51% of Guardia Civil, 65% of Carabineros and 70% of Guardia de Asalto) is provided in Tusell, Javier (1998), Historia de España en el siglo XX. Tomo III, ISBN 8430603328, p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Beevor 2006. p. 126. The author maintains that "They [Nationalists] had also secured 50,000 men from the badly trained and poorly equipped metropolitan army", an unsourced claim which is chiefly responsible for difference versus scientific studies </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> James Matthews, Our Red Soldiers': The Nationalist Army's Management of its Left-Wing Conscripts in the Spanish Civil War 1936–9, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 45/2 (2010), p. 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Payne (1970), pp. 329–330 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Payne (2012), p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> following the Battle of Ebro the Nationalists have established that only 47% of Republican POWs taken were in age corresponding to the Nationalist conscription age; 43% were older and 10% were younger, Payne, Stanley G., The Spanish civil War, the Soviet Union, and communism, Yale University Press, 2008, p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Payne (2012), p. 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Payne (1970), p. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Payne (1987), p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne_1970,_p._343-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_1970,_p._343_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_1970,_p._343_154-1">b</a> Payne (1970), p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Salas Larrazábal, Ramón (1980), Datos exactos de la Guerra civil, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8430026944" title="Special:BookSources/978-8430026944">978-8430026944</a>, pp. 288–289, also Matthews 2010, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Michael Seidman, Quiet Fronts in the Spanish Civil War, [in:] The Historian 61/4 (1999), p. 823 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Larrazábal (1980), pp. 288–289; also Matthews 2010, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Seidman 1999, p. 823 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200630–33-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200630–33_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 30–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson1998-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson1998_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson1998_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2012164–165-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2012164–165_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2012">Cohen 2012</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas196186–90-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas196186–90_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1961">Thomas 1961</a>, pp. 86–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1936/290/B00355-00355.pdf">Orden, circular, creando un Comisariado general de Guerra con la misión que se indica</a> [Order, circular, creating a general comisariat of war with the indicated mission] (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Gaceta de Madrid: diario oficial de la República. 16 October 1936. p. 355. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119132649/https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1936/290/B00355-00355.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orden%2C+circular%2C+creando+un+Comisariado+general+de+Guerra+con+la+misi%C3%B3n+que+se+indica&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Gaceta+de+Madrid%3A+diario+oficial+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.date=1936-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdatos%2Fpdfs%2FBOE%2F1936%2F290%2FB00355-00355.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Payne, S. G. (2008). the Spanish civil War, the Soviet Union, and communism. Yale University Press, page 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201385-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201385_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawson2013">Dawson 2013</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2013167-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert2013167_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlpert2013">Alpert 2013</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPétrement,_Simone1988" class="citation book cs1">Pétrement, Simone (1988). Simone Weil: A Life. Schocken Books. pp. 271–278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805208627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805208627"><bdi>978-0805208627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simone+Weil%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=271-278&rft.pub=Schocken+Books.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0805208627&rft.au=P%C3%A9trement%2C+Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Seidman" class="citation web cs1">Michael Seidman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/article/quiet-fronts-spanish-civil-war-michael-seidman">"Quiet fronts in the Spanish civil war"</a>. libcom.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcom.org&rft.atitle=Quiet+fronts+in+the+Spanish+civil+war&rft.au=Michael+Seidman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Farticle%2Fquiet-fronts-spanish-civil-war-michael-seidman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson19981–2-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson19981–2_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson19981–2_169-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1973-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1973_170-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1973">Payne 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2011168-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidman2011168_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidman2011">Seidman 2011</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerstein196944-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerstein196944_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerstein1969">Werstein 1969</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne200813-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne200813_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2008">Payne 2008</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney" class="citation web cs1">Rooney, Nicola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404141204/http://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/QUEST/FileStore/Issue4PerspectiviesonPowerPapers/Filetoupload,71752,en.pdf">"The role of the Catholic hierarchy in the rise to power of General Franco"</a> (PDF). Queen's University, Belfast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/QUEST/FileStore/Issue4PerspectiviesonPowerPapers/Filetoupload,71752,en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+role+of+the+Catholic+hierarchy+in+the+rise+to+power+of+General+Franco&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University%2C+Belfast&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fsites%2FQUEST%2FFileStore%2FIssue4PerspectiviesonPowerPapers%2FFiletoupload%2C71752%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoverdale2002148-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoverdale2002148_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoverdale2002">Coverdale 2002</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200679-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200679_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-spain-war-idUSTRE50E0NT20090115">Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817235436/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-spain-war-idUSTRE50E0NT20090115">Archived</a> 17 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Reuters 14 January 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> La Parra-Pérez, Alvaro. "Fighting Against Democracy: Military Factions in the Second Spanish Republic and Civil War (1931–1939)." Job Market Paper, University of Maryland (2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova20109157-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova20109157_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 9157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeersHogan1936529–544-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeersHogan1936529–544_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeersHogan1936">Peers & Hogan 1936</a>, pp. 529–544. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Zara Steiner, The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (2013), pp. 181–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerPouliot2011" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Emanuel; Pouliot, Vincent (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTUX9n1hAZ4C&pg=PA184">International Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511862373">10.1017/CBO9780511862373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139501583" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139501583"><bdi>978-1139501583</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243338228">243338228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Practices&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243338228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511862373&rft.isbn=978-1139501583&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft.au=Pouliot%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTUX9n1hAZ4C%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Stone (1997), p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116105544/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757619-1,00.html">"Spain:Business & Blood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 19 April 1937. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757619-1,00.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spain%3ABusiness+%26+Blood&rft.date=1937-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C757619-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974194-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1974194_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1974">Jackson 1974</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoff2004194-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoff2004194_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoff2004">Stoff 2004</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006135–136-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006135–136_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeulen200025-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeulen200025_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeulen2000">Neulen 2000</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006199-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006199_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006199_189-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfourPreston2009" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spaingreatpowers00balf">Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century</a>. London; New York: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spaingreatpowers00balf/page/n180">172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415180788" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415180788"><bdi>978-0415180788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+the+great+powers+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415180788&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Preston%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspaingreatpowers00balf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rodrigo, Javier (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ddd.uab.cat/record/276037">"A fascist warfare? Italian fascism and war experience in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39)"</a>. 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Núñez Seixas and Oleg Beyda (27 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/defeat-victory-repeat-russian-emigres-between-the-spanish-civil-war-and-operation-barbarossa-19361944/03934CBB661853E8ED1BF1F039A95719">"'Defeat, Victory, Repeat': Russian Émigrés between the Spanish Civil War and Operation Barbarossa, 1936–1944"</a>. Contemporary European History: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777323000085">10.1017/S0960777323000085</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10347%2F30957">10347/30957</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257783342">257783342</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528021444/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/defeat-victory-repeat-russian-emigres-between-the-spanish-civil-war-and-operation-barbarossa-19361944/03934CBB661853E8ED1BF1F039A95719">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=%27Defeat%2C+Victory%2C+Repeat%27%3A+Russian+%C3%89migr%C3%A9s+between+the+Spanish+Civil+War+and+Operation+Barbarossa%2C+1936%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10347%2F30957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257783342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777323000085&rft.au=Xos%C3%A9+M.+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+Seixas+and+Oleg+Beyda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcontemporary-european-history%2Farticle%2Fdefeat-victory-repeat-russian-emigres-between-the-spanish-civil-war-and-operation-barbarossa-19361944%2F03934CBB661853E8ED1BF1F039A95719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951115-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951115_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951115_231-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117_232-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1951117_232-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes1951">Hayes 1951</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198212-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson198212_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardson1982">Richardson 1982</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961637-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961637_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961637_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961637_234-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1961">Thomas 1961</a>, p. 637. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961638–639-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961638–639_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1961">Thomas 1961</a>, pp. 638–639. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Deletant (1999). p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604124039/http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume13/issue3/reviews/?id=113849%2F">"Review of O'Riordan's memoir"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+O%27Riordan%27s+memoir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fvolumes%2Fvolume13%2Fissue3%2Freviews%2F%3Fid%3D113849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsouTsou2001" class="citation book cs1">Tsou, Nancy; Tsou, Len (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.douban.com/subject/2248821/">橄欖桂冠的召喚</a>. 人間出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9578660663" title="Special:BookSources/978-9578660663"><bdi>978-9578660663</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422123950/https://book.douban.com/subject/2248821/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022. 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Konkret Literatur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3922144322" title="Special:BookSources/3922144322"><bdi>3922144322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raab+fliegt%3A+Erinnerungen+eines+Flugpioniers&rft.pub=Konkret+Literatur&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3922144322&rft.aulast=Raab&rft.aufirst=Antonius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006139–140-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006139–140_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006139–140_259-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006139–140_259-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006291-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006291_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006412–413-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006412–413_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 412–413. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199414-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert199414_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert199414_262-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlpert1994">Alpert 1994</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199414–15-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert199414–15_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlpert1994">Alpert 1994</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199420–23-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert199420–23_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlpert1994">Alpert 1994</a>, pp. 20–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199441-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert199441_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert199441_265-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlpert1994">Alpert 1994</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert199443-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert199443_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlpert199443_266-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlpert1994">Alpert 1994</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034430/http://adar.es/index/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=89">"Potez 540/542"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Wales&rft.atitle=Wales+and+the+refugee+children+of+the+Basque+country&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fwales%2Fentries%2Fbfa63764-7bdf-38da-a26d-364365528772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> Buchanan (1997), pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010194-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010194_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabín-Fernández2010">Sabín-Fernández 2010</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010121-340"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010121_340-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabín-Fernández2010">Sabín-Fernández 2010</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010125–126-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabín-Fernández2010125–126_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabín-Fernández2010">Sabín-Fernández 2010</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165_343-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165_343-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165_343-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165_343-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165_343-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012144–165_343-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012">Martín-Aceña, Martínez Ruiz & Pons 2012</a>, pp. 144–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> Maier Charles S. (1987), In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521346986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521346986">978-0521346986</a>, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> in the mid-1930s the Spanish GDP was 23% of the British one, 37% of the French one and 48% of the Italian one, see e.g. Maddison Angus, Historical Statistics of the World Economy, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813020000/https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/">Archived</a> 13 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> in nominal terms, in terms of purchasing power the growth was smaller; nominal figures were 396m ptas in the 2nd half of 1936 and 847m ptas in the 2nd half of 1938, <a href="#CITEREFMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012">Martín-Aceña, Martínez Ruiz & Pons 2012</a>, pp. 144–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova201091-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova201091_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassot_i_Muntaner1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Massot i Muntaner, Josep (1987). El desembarcament de Bayo a Mallorca: agost-setembre de 1936 (in Catalan). Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788472028357" title="Special:BookSources/9788472028357"><bdi>9788472028357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+desembarcament+de+Bayo+a+Mallorca%3A+agost-setembre+de+1936&rft.pub=Publicacions+de+l%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788472028357&rft.aulast=Massot+i+Muntaner&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_353-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlaudó_Avila2021" class="citation book cs1">Llaudó Avila, Eduard (2021). Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània (7a ed.). Manresa: Parcir. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788418849107" title="Special:BookSources/9788418849107"><bdi>9788418849107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racisme+i+supremacisme+pol%C3%ADtics+a+l%27Espanya+contempor%C3%A0nia&rft.place=Manresa&rft.edition=7a&rft.pub=Parcir&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9788418849107&rft.aulast=Llaud%C3%B3+Avila&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZugazagoitia2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zugazagoitia, Julián (2001). Guerra y vicisitudes de los españoles (in Spanish). Tusquets Editores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788483107607" title="Special:BookSources/9788483107607"><bdi>9788483107607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerra+y+vicisitudes+de+los+espa%C3%B1oles&rft.pub=Tusquets+Editores&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788483107607&rft.aulast=Zugazagoitia&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> Nadeau, Jean-Benoit, Barlow, Julie (2013), <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Spanish" title="The Story of Spanish">The Story of Spanish</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250023162" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250023162">978-1250023162</a>, p. 283 </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> Jeanes, Ike (1996), Forecast and Solution: Grappling with the Nuclear, a Trilogy for Everyone, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0936015620" title="Special:BookSources/978-0936015620">978-0936015620</a>, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Del Amo, Maria (2006), Cuando La Higuera Este Brotando..., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597541657" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597541657">978-1597541657</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> including war-related executions until 1961, death above average due to illness etc., Salas Larrazabal, Ramón (1977), Pérdidas de la guerra, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8432002852" title="Special:BookSources/8432002852">8432002852</a>, pp. 428–429 </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> Nash, Jay Robert (1976), Darkest Hours, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590775264" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590775264">978-1590775264</a>, p. 775 </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> "at least" and "between 1936 and 1945", includes 300,000 "combatants", Salvadó, Francisco Romero (2013), Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810880092" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810880092">978-0810880092</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> Gallo, Max (1974), Spain under Franco: a history, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525207504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525207504">978-0525207504</a>, p. 70; divided into 345,000 during the war and 215,000 in 1939–1942, Diez Nicolas (1985), pp. 52–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> De Miguel, Amando (1987), Significación demográfica de la guerra civil, [in:] Santos Juliá Díaz (ed.), Socialismo y guerra civil, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8485691350" title="Special:BookSources/8485691350">8485691350</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> Kirsch, Hans-Christian (1967), Der spanische Bürgerkrieg in Augenzeugenberichten, p. 446 </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> White, Matthew (2011), Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857861252" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857861252">978-0857861252</a>, p. LXIX; broken down into 200,000 KIA, 130,000 executed, 25,000 of malnutrition and 10,000 of air raids, Johnson, Paul (1984), A History of the Modern World, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297784757" title="Special:BookSources/0297784757">0297784757</a>, p. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Montoli%C3%BA_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Montoliú Camps">Pedro Montoliú Camps</a> (1998), Madrid en la guerra civil: La historia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8477370727" title="Special:BookSources/978-8477370727">978-8477370727</a>, p. 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> see e.g. the monumental Historia de España Menéndez Pidal, (2005), vol. XL, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8467013060" title="Special:BookSources/8467013060">8467013060</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> Encyclopedia de Historia de España (1991), vol. 5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8420652415" title="Special:BookSources/8420652415">8420652415</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> Diccionario Espasa Historia de España y América (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8467003162" title="Special:BookSources/8467003162">8467003162</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1974412-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1974412_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1974">Jackson 1974</a>, p. 412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuñoz2009412-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuñoz2009412_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuñoz2009">Muñoz 2009</a>, p. 412. </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> Dupuy, Dupuy (1977), p. 1032, Teed (1992), 439 </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> Martínez de Baños, Szafran (2011), p. 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_1965,_p._412-420">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1965,_p._412_420-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1965,_p._412_420-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1965,_p._412_420-2">c</a> Jackson (1965), p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> Dupuy, Dupuy (1977), p. 1032 </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> Moa (2015), p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> Tucker (2016), p. 1563. </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> hunger and hunger-triggered health problems are supposed to be responsible for 246,000 deaths (Villar Salinas), 343,500 (Salas Larrazábal), 345,000 (Díez Nicolás) or 346,000 (Ortega y Silvestre), referred after Miguel Ángel del Arco Blanco, Famine in Spain During Franco's Dictatorship (1939–52), [in: ] Journal of Contemporary History 56/1 (2021), p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuñoz2009375-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuñoz2009375_425-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuñoz2009">Muñoz 2009</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> Guerre civile d'Espagne, [in:] Encyclopedie Larousse online, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/guerre_civile_d_Espagne/118441">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517090224/https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/guerre_civile_d_Espagne/118441">Archived</a> 17 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429-427">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429_427-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429_427-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429_427-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429_427-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larrazabal_1977,_pp._428–429_427-4">e</a> Larrazabal (1977), pp. 428–429 </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> Sandler (2002), p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> highest considered estimate, Payne (2012), p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7081116">"Men of La Mancha"</a>. The Economist. 22 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071112193351/http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7081116">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Men+of+La+Mancha&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D7081116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ruiz, Julius (2007). "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936". Journal of Contemporary History. 42 (1): 97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009407071625">10.1177/0022009407071625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159559553">159559553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Defending+the+Republic%3A+The+Garc%C3%ADa+Atadell+Brigade+in+Madrid%2C+1936&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009407071625&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159559553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman201718-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidman201718_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidman2017">Seidman 2017</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-spanjudge-438"><a href="#cite_ref-spanjudge_438-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/16/europe/spain.php">"Spanish judge opens case into Franco's atrocities"</a>. The New York Times. 16 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210130939/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/16/europe/spain.php">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spanish+judge+opens+case+into+Franco%27s+atrocities&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F10%2F16%2Feurope%2Fspain.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200692-439"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200692_439-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-ÁlvarezRubio-MelendiMartínez-VelascoPringle2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Álvarez, José-Paulino; Rubio-Melendi, David; Martínez-Velasco, Antxoka; Pringle, Jamie K.; Aguilera, Hector-David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/1791/1/FSI_JPFA_manuscript_v2.docx">"Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology"</a>. 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Continuum. p. 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860120926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0860120926"><bdi>978-0860120926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0860120926&rft.au=Hubert+Jedin&rft.au=John+Dolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjLQwToInS4C%26pg%3DPA607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200684-499">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200684_499-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200684_499-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200684_499-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200685-500">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200685_500-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200685_500-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200685_500-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> Ruiz, Julius. "2 Fighting the Fifth Column: The Terror in Republican Madrid during the Spanish Civil War.", pp. 56–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Beevor,_Antony" class="mw-redirect" title="Beevor, Antony">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, p. 81 Weidenfeld & Nicolson </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006-503"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006_503-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200683-504"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200683_504-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961176-505">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961176_505-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961176_505-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1961176_505-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1961">Thomas 1961</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2017-506"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidman2017_506-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidman2017">Seidman 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200527-507"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham200527_507-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2005">Graham 2005</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21337504">"1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia"</a>. BBC News. 8 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824153538/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21337504">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1984%3A+George+Orwell%27s+road+to+dystopia&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21337504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Orwell in Spain. Penguin Books. 2001. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell+in+Spain&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309103302/http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/swphotojournalism/m629-f02-19.html">"Shots of War: Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War"</a>. Orpheus.ucsd.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/swphotojournalism/m629-f02-19.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orpheus.ucsd.edu&rft.atitle=Shots+of+War%3A+Photojournalism+During+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forpheus.ucsd.edu%2Fspeccoll%2Fswphotojournalism%2Fm629-f02-19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006172–173-511"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006172–173_511-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006161-512"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006161_512-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006272–273-513">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006272–273_513-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006272–273_513-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006272–273_513-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018194-514"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaynePalacios2018194_514-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaynePalacios2018">Payne & Palacios 2018</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2011b219–220-515"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2011b219–220_515-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2011b">Payne 2011b</a>, pp. 219–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidman2011173-516"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidman2011173_516-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeidman2011">Seidman 2011</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200687-517">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200687_517-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200687_517-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006102–122-518">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006102–122_518-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006102–122_518-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 102–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200640-519"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200640_519-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1999151-520"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1999151_520-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1999">Payne 1999</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006253-521"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006253_521-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> Arnaud Imatz, "La vraie mort de Garcia Lorca" 2009 40 NRH, 31–34, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006255-523"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006255_523-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-museonacional-525"><a href="#cite_ref-museonacional_525-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/collection/artwork/pueblo-espanol-tiene-camino-que-conduce-estrella-maqueta-there-way-spanish-people">Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia</a>, El pueblo español tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella (maqueta) (There Is a Way for the Spanish People That Leads to a Star [Maquette]). </li> <li id="cite_note-montserrat-526"><a href="#cite_ref-montserrat_526-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=2231">Museum of Modern Art</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_(2003)-527"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_(2003)_527-0">^</a> Hughes, Robert (2003) Goya. Alfred A. Knopf. New York. p. 429 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394580281" title="Special:BookSources/0394580281">0394580281</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Descharnes_(1984)-528"><a href="#cite_ref-Descharnes_(1984)_528-0">^</a> Descharnes, Robert (1984) Salvador Dali: The Work, The Man. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. p. 455 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810908255" title="Special:BookSources/0810908255">0810908255</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-picasso-529"><a href="#cite_ref-picasso_529-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pablopicasso.org/guernica.jsp">Pablo Picasso</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404035711/http://www.pablopicasso.org/guernica.jsp">Archived</a> 4 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-test-530"><a href="#cite_ref-test_530-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/arth200/guernica.html">SUNY Oneota</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824152529/http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth200/guernica.html">Archived</a> 24 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Picasso's Guernica. </li> <li id="cite_note-joan-531">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joan_531-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-joan_531-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phs.poteau.k12.ok.us/williame/APAH/readings/Joan%20Miro,%20Smithsonian,%20Nov93.pdf">Stanley Meisler</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120014/http://www.phs.poteau.k12.ok.us/williame/APAH/readings/Joan%20Miro,%20Smithsonian,%20Nov93.pdf">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, For Joan Miró, Painting and Poetry Were the Same. </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/blogs/reaper-miros-civil-war-protest">TATE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616154150/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/blogs/reaper-miros-civil-war-protest">Archived</a> 16 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 'The Reaper': Miró's Civil War protest. </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolorinos_Allard2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14753820.2015.1082811">"The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War"</a>. Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 93 (6): 965–988. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14753820.2015.1082811">10.1080/14753820.2015.1082811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218588108">218588108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Spanish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Crescent+and+the+Dagger%3A+Representations+of+the+Moorish+Other+during+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=965-988&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14753820.2015.1082811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218588108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bolorinos+Allard&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14753820.2015.1082811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhealey1989" class="citation book cs1">Whealey, Robert H. (1989). Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (1st ed.). University Press of Kentucky. pp. 72–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813148632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813148632"><bdi>978-0813148632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Spain%3A+The+Nazi+Role+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=72-94&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0813148632&rft.aulast=Whealey&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001xviii,_899–901-535"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001xviii,_899–901_535-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, pp. xviii, 899–901. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas-536"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas_536-0">^</a> Thomas, Hugh, Op.Cit. </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahamondeCervera_Gil1999" class="citation book cs1">Bahamonde, Ángel; Cervera Gil, Javier (1999). Así terminó la Guerra civil. Madrid: Marcial Pons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8495379007" title="Special:BookSources/8495379007"><bdi>8495379007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As%C3%AD+termin%C3%B3+la+Guerra+civil&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8495379007&rft.aulast=Bahamonde&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngel&rft.au=Cervera+Gil%2C+Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008336-538"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2008336_538-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2008">Payne 2008</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2011a194-539"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2011a194_539-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2011a">Payne 2011a</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2004313–314-540"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2004313–314_540-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2004">Payne 2004</a>, pp. 313–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2008" class="citation book cs1">Cooley, Alexander (2008). Base Politics : Democratic Change and the U.S. Military Overseas. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 57–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801446054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801446054"><bdi>978-0801446054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Base+Politics+%3A+Democratic+Change+and+the+U.S.+Military+Overseas&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=57-64&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0801446054&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> see e.g. theories of Mario Onaindía and Juan Mari Bandrés, discussed in Gaizka Fernández, Héroes, heterodoxos y traidores, Madrid 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8430958092" title="Special:BookSources/978-8430958092">978-8430958092</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> Gaizka Fernández Soldevilla, Mitos que matan. La narrativa del «conflicto vasco», [in:] Ayer 98 (2015), pp. 228–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> Núñez Seixas 2006, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/looking-back-on-the-spanish-war/">George Orwell's notes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901233205/https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/looking-back-on-the-spanish-war/">Archived</a> 1 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, [in:] Orwell Foundation </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> W. H. Auden in Authors take sides, London 1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> Hamilton Fyfe in Authors take sides, London 1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a> Daniel Arasa, Historias curiosas del franquismo, Barcelona 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8479279790" title="Special:BookSources/978-8479279790">978-8479279790</a>, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> Luisa Passerini, The Last Identification: Why Some of Us Would Like to Call Ourselves Europeans and What We Mean by This, [in:] Bo Strath (ed.), Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other, Brussels 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9052016504" title="Special:BookSources/978-9052016504">978-9052016504</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova2010213-550"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova2010213_550-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasanova2010">Casanova 2010</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> Julian Casanova, A Short History of the Spanish Civil War, Cambridge 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350152588" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350152588">978-1350152588</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> Mark Lawrence, The Spanish Civil Wars: A Comparative History of the First Carlist War and the Conflict of the 1930s, London 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474229425" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474229425">978-1474229425</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> Alastair Hennessy, Traditionalism in Spain: the Second Carlist War 1872–76, [in:] History Today 5/1 (1955) </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> Stanley G. Payne, The Franco Regime, Madison 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299110741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299110741">978-0299110741</a>, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-555"><a href="#cite_ref-555">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100521235">"Spanish Civil War"</a>. Oxford Reference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030043832/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100521235">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Spanish+Civil+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100521235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalvadó19991161–1167-556"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalvadó19991161–1167_556-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalvadó1999">Salvadó 1999</a>, pp. 1161–1167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalperin2004211-557"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalperin2004211_557-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalperin2004">Halperin 2004</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson1966211-558"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolson1966211_558-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolson1966">Nicolson 1966</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcells201712-559"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalcells201712_559-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalcells2017">Balcells 2017</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> Luis de Galinsoga, Centinela de Occidente. Semblanza biográfica de Francisco Franco, Barcelona 1958 </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> Patricia A.M. Van Der Esch, Prelude to War; The International Repercussions of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939, London 1951 </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild2016" class="citation web cs1">Hochschild, Adam (28 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/03/28/472135541/in-many-ways-author-says-spanish-civil-war-was-the-first-battle-of-wwii?t=1633705950456">"In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII'"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172746/https://www.npr.org/2016/03/28/472135541/in-many-ways-author-says-spanish-civil-war-was-the-first-battle-of-wwii%3Ft%3D1633705950456">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=In+Many+Ways%2C+Author+Says%2C+Spanish+Civil+War+Was+%27The+First+Battle+Of+WWII%27&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F03%2F28%2F472135541%2Fin-many-ways-author-says-spanish-civil-war-was-the-first-battle-of-wwii%3Ft%3D1633705950456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> Frank McDonough (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War: An International Perspective, London 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441159182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441159182">978-1441159182</a>, p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-564"><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a> Melveena McKendrick, Spain: A History, s.l. 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612309439" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612309439">978-1612309439</a>, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a> Stanley G. Payne, The Spanish Civil War, Cambridge 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521174701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521174701">978-0521174701</a>, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a> Voennyi entsiklopedicheskiy slavar, Maskva 1984, p. 482 </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a> José Mariano Sánchez, The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy, New York 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268017262" title="Special:BookSources/978-0268017262">978-0268017262</a>, p. xiii </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71528256.pdf">Devocionario del Requete</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172956/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71528256.pdf">Archived</a> 24 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, s.l. 1936 </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> Jose Diaz, quoted after Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas, Fuera el invasor!: nacionalismos y movilización bélica durante la guerra civil española (1936–1939), Madrid 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8496467378" title="Special:BookSources/978-8496467378">978-8496467378</a>, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, quoted after Henar Herrero Suárez, Un yugo para los flechas, Madrid 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8497433679" title="Special:BookSources/978-8497433679">978-8497433679</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> José Martín Brocos referred after Carlos Prieto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.es/culturas/guerra-civil-cruzada-y-guerra.html">La Guerra Civil fue una "cruzada" y una "guerra de liberación"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173808/https://www.publico.es/culturas/guerra-civil-cruzada-y-guerra.html">Archived</a> 29 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, [in:] Publico 02.06.2011 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert1994" class="citation book cs1">Alpert, Michael (1994). A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403911711" title="Special:BookSources/1403911711"><bdi>1403911711</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/155897766">155897766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+International+History+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F155897766&rft.isbn=1403911711&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert2013" class="citation book cs1">Alpert, Michael (2013). The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107028739" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107028739"><bdi>978-1107028739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Army+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107028739&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcells2010" class="citation journal cs1">Balcells, Laia (7 June 2010). "Rivalry and Revenge: Violence against Civilians in Conventional Civil Wars1: Rivalry and Revenge". International Studies Quarterly. 54 (2): 291–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2478.2010.00588.x">10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00588.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Rivalry+and+Revenge%3A+Violence+against+Civilians+in+Conventional+Civil+Wars1%3A+Rivalry+and+Revenge&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-313&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2478.2010.00588.x&rft.aulast=Balcells&rft.aufirst=Laia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcells2017" class="citation book cs1">Balcells, Laia (2017). Rivalry and revenge: the politics of violence during civil war. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge : New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107118690" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107118690"><bdi>978-1107118690</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990183614">990183614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivalry+and+revenge%3A+the+politics+of+violence+during+civil+war&rft.place=Cambridge+%3A+New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+comparative+politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990183614&rft.isbn=978-1107118690&rft.aulast=Balcells&rft.aufirst=Laia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006) [1982]. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297848321" title="Special:BookSources/0297848321"><bdi>0297848321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0297848321&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentonPieke1998" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_aqcIT11ShsC">The Chinese in Europe</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333669134" title="Special:BookSources/0333669134"><bdi>0333669134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+Europe&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0333669134&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft.au=Pieke%2C+Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_aqcIT11ShsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieterBieter2003" class="citation book cs1">Bieter, John; Bieter, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_L-VDwAAQBAJ">An Enduring Legacy: The Story of Basques in Idaho</a>. University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874175684" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874175684"><bdi>978-0874175684</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112417/https://books.google.com/books?id=_L-VDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Enduring+Legacy%3A+The+Story+of+Basques+in+Idaho&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0874175684&rft.aulast=Bieter&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bieter%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_L-VDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolloten1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burnett_Bolloten" title="Burnett Bolloten">Bolloten, Burnett</a> (1979). The Spanish Revolution. The Left and the Struggle for Power during the Civil War. University of North Carolina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842122037" title="Special:BookSources/1842122037"><bdi>1842122037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Revolution.+The+Left+and+the+Struggle+for+Power+during+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=1842122037&rft.aulast=Bolloten&rft.aufirst=Burnett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorkenau1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau">Borkenau, Franz</a> (1937). The Spanish Cockpit: An Eye-Witness Account of the Political and Social Conflicts of the Spanish Civil War. London: Faber and Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Cockpit%3A+An+Eye-Witness+Account+of+the+Political+and+Social+Conflicts+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Borkenau&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2006" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVx2rFJIyQQC">Spain During World War II</a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826216588" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826216588"><bdi>978-0826216588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0826216588&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Wayne+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVx2rFJIyQQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1954" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Claude G. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008540950&view=2up&seq=10&skin=mobile">My Mission to Spain: Watching the Rehearsal for World War II</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/582203758">582203758</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403151720/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008540950&view=2up&seq=10&skin=mobile">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Mission+to+Spain%3A+Watching+the+Rehearsal+for+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F582203758&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Claude+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015008540950%26view%3D2up%26seq%3D10%26skin%3Dmobile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenan1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Brenan" title="Gerald Brenan">Brenan, Gerald</a> (1993) [1943]. The Spanish Labyrinth: an account of the social and political background of the Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521398275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521398275"><bdi>978-0521398275</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38930004">38930004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Labyrinth%3A+an+account+of+the+social+and+political+background+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38930004&rft.isbn=978-0521398275&rft.aulast=Brenan&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1997" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Tom (1997). Britain and the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521455693" title="Special:BookSources/0521455693"><bdi>0521455693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0521455693&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanova2010" class="citation book cs1">Casanova, Julián (2010). The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511787027" title="Special:BookSources/9780511787027"><bdi>9780511787027</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/659843319">659843319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+and+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F659843319&rft.isbn=9780511787027&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleugh1962" class="citation book cs1">Cleugh, James (1962). Spanish Fury: The Story of a Civil War. London: Harrap. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2613142">2613142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Fury%3A+The+Story+of+a+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harrap&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2613142&rft.aulast=Cleugh&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2012" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Yehuda (2012). The Spanish: Shadows of Embarrassment. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845193928" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845193928"><bdi>978-1845193928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish%3A+Shadows+of+Embarrassment&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1845193928&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoverdale2002" class="citation book cs1">Coverdale, John F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPhSpqRI4kQC">Uncommon faith: the early years of Opus Dei, 1928–1943</a>. New York: Scepter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1889334745" title="Special:BookSources/978-1889334745"><bdi>978-1889334745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncommon+faith%3A+the+early+years+of+Opus+Dei%2C+1928%E2%80%931943&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scepter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1889334745&rft.aulast=Coverdale&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbPhSpqRI4kQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cox_(journalist)" title="Geoffrey Cox (journalist)">Cox, Geoffrey</a> (1937). The Defence of Madrid. London: Victor Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4059942">4059942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+Madrid&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4059942&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2013" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Ashley (2013). The Routledge Concise History of Twentieth-century British Literature. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415572453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415572453"><bdi>978-0415572453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Concise+History+of+Twentieth-century+British+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415572453&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerby2009" class="citation book cs1">Derby, Mark (2009). Kiwi Companeros: New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1877257711" title="Special:BookSources/978-1877257711"><bdi>978-1877257711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiwi+Companeros%3A+New+Zealand+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Christchurch%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1877257711&rft.aulast=Derby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEalhamRichards2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Ealham" title="Chris Ealham">Ealham, Chris</a>; Richards, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ypBS6N0aFJgC">The Splintering of Spain</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511497025">10.1017/CBO9780511497025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521821780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521821780"><bdi>978-0521821780</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824152410/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypBS6N0aFJgC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splintering+of+Spain&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511497025&rft.isbn=978-0521821780&rft.aulast=Ealham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Richards%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DypBS6N0aFJgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2005" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Helen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwarv00grah_0">The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780192803771.001.0001">10.1093/actrade/9780192803771.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192803771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192803771"><bdi>978-0192803771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+A+very+short+introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780192803771.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0192803771&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishcivilwarv00grah_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerard_Gallagher" title="Thomas Gerard Gallagher">Gallagher, Tom</a> (2020). Salazar: The Dictator Who Refused To Die. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-388-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-388-3"><bdi>978-1-78738-388-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar%3A+The+Dictator+Who+Refused+To+Die&rft.pub=C+Hurst+%26+Co+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-388-3&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemingway1938" class="citation book cs1">Hemingway, Ernest (1938). The Fifth Column. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684102382" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684102382"><bdi>978-0684102382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Column&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-0684102382&rft.aulast=Hemingway&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2004" class="citation book cs1">Halperin, Sandra (2004). War and Social Change in Modern Europe: The Great Transformation Revisisted. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521540155" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521540155"><bdi>978-0521540155</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69337496">69337496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Social+Change+in+Modern+Europe%3A+The+Great+Transformation+Revisisted&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69337496&rft.isbn=978-0521540155&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes, Carlton J.H.</a> (1951). The United States and Spain. An Interpretation (1st ed.). Sheed & Ward.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Spain.+An+Interpretation&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Sheed+%26+Ward&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemingway1940" class="citation book cs1">Hemingway, Ernest (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forwhombelltoll000hemi">For Whom The Bell Tolls</a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684803357" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684803357"><bdi>978-0684803357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Whom+The+Bell+Tolls&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-0684803357&rft.aulast=Hemingway&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforwhombelltoll000hemi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare, Samuel</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0vPAAAAMAAJ">Ambassador on Special Mission</a>. Collins; 1st ed. p. 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824152529/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0vPAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambassador+on+Special+Mission&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Collins%3B+1st+ed.&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0vPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson1998" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Gerald (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armsforspainunto00hows">Arms for Spain</a>. 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Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691007578" title="Special:BookSources/0691007578"><bdi>0691007578</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185862219">185862219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+and+the+Civil+War%2C+1931%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185862219&rft.isbn=0691007578&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1974" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Gabriel (1974). The Cruel Years: The Story of the Spanish Civil War. New York: John Day.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cruel+Years%3A+The+Story+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Day&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisch1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Erwin_Kisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Egon Erwin Kisch">Kisch, Egon Erwin</a> (1939). The three cows (translated from the German). Translated by Farrar, Stewart. 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London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333347765" title="Special:BookSources/0333347765"><bdi>0333347765</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16604744">16604744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogue+with+death&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16604744&rft.isbn=0333347765&rft.aulast=Koestler&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalsky2008" class="citation book cs1">Kowalsky, Daniel (2008). Stalin and the Spanish Civil War. 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London; Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714680569" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714680569"><bdi>978-0714680569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Munich+Crisis%2C+1938%3A+Prelude+to+World+War+II&rft.place=London%3B+Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0714680569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmunichcrisis193800igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Ian Ona (2021). Faustian bargain: Soviet-German military cooperation in the interwar period. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–50. 80–160, 170ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190675172" title="Special:BookSources/9780190675172"><bdi>9780190675172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faustian+bargain%3A+Soviet-German+military+cooperation+in+the+interwar+period&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=15-50.+80-160%2C+170ff&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780190675172&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ian+Ona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajfud2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Majfud" title="Jorge Majfud">Majfud, Jorge</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehumanist.com/magazine/july-august-2016/features/rescuing-memory">"Rescuing Memory: the Humanist Interview with Noam Chomsky"</a>. 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European Review of Economic History. 16 (2): 144–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fereh%2Fher011">10.1093/ereh/her011</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708654">41708654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=War+and+Economics%3A+Spanish+Civil+War+Finances+Revisited&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-165&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fereh%2Fher011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41708654%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADn-Ace%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+Ruiz%2C+Elena&rft.au=Pons%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mairin_Mitchell" title="Mairin Mitchell">Mitchell, Mairin</a> (1937). <a href="/wiki/Storm_over_Spain" title="Storm over Spain">Storm over Spain</a>. 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Oleiros (La Coruña): Netbiblo. pp. 191–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521737807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521737807"><bdi>978-0521737807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+Donnelly%2C+%27Dark+Star%27+of+Irish+Poetry+and+Reluctant+Hero+of+the+Irish+Left&rft.btitle=%27To+Banish+Ghost+and+Goblin%27%3A+New+Essays+on+Irish+Culture&rft.place=Oleiros+%28La+Coru%C3%B1a%29&rft.pages=191-200&rft.pub=Netbiblo&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521737807&rft.aulast=Mittermaier&rft.aufirst=Ute+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeulen2000" class="citation book cs1">Neulen, Hans Werner (2000). In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945. Ramsbury, Marlborough, England: The Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861267991" title="Special:BookSources/1861267991"><bdi>1861267991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+skies+of+Europe+%E2%80%93+Air+Forces+allied+to+the+Luftwaffe+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+Marlborough%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1861267991&rft.aulast=Neulen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1966" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Harold (1966). Nicolson, Nigel (ed.). Nicolson diaries and letters 1907-1964 Harold. 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London: Penguin, Martin Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141183055" title="Special:BookSources/0141183055"><bdi>0141183055</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42954349">42954349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homage+to+Catalonia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin%2C+Martin+Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42954349&rft.isbn=0141183055&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOthen2008" class="citation book cs1">Othen, Christopher (2008). Franco's International Brigades: Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War. London: Reportage Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%27s+International+Brigades%3A+Foreign+Volunteers+and+Fascist+Dictators+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reportage+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Othen&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne26.htm">"The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939"</a>. A History of Spain and Portugal. Vol. 2. University of Wisconsin Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108082455/http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne26.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2007 – via Library of Iberian resources online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War+of+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne2%2Fpayne26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1999" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NiD3UeOCSGsC&pg=PA200">Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299165647" title="Special:BookSources/0299165647"><bdi>0299165647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Spain%2C+1923%E2%80%931977&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0299165647&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNiD3UeOCSGsC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2004). The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/030010068X" title="Special:BookSources/030010068X"><bdi>030010068X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186010979">186010979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+the+Soviet+Union%2C+and+Communism&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186010979&rft.isbn=030010068X&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G</a> (2006). The collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933–1936 : origins of the Civil War. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300110654" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300110654"><bdi>978-0300110654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+collapse+of+the+Spanish+Republic%2C+1933%E2%80%931936+%3A+origins+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0300110654&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPgPFqXub14C">Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a>: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300122824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300122824"><bdi>978-0300122824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+Hitler%3A+Spain%2C+Germany%2C+and+World+War+II&rft.place=Connecticut%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300122824&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPgPFqXub14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2011a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2011a). Spain: A Unique History. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299250249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299250249"><bdi>978-0299250249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+A+Unique+History&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0299250249&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2011b" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (2011b). The Franco regime, 1936–1975. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299110741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299110741"><bdi>978-0299110741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+regime%2C+1936%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0299110741&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2012). The Spanish Civil War. Cambridge essential histories. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521174701" title="Special:BookSources/9780521174701"><bdi>9780521174701</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804664837">804664837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.series=Cambridge+essential+histories&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804664837&rft.isbn=9780521174701&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaynePalacios2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. 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Franco: A Personal and Political Biography (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299302146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299302146"><bdi>978-0299302146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+A+Personal+and+Political+Biography&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0299302146&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft.au=Palacios%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeersHogan1936" class="citation journal cs1">Peers, E. Allison; Hogan, James (December 1936). "The Basques and the Spanish Civil War". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 25 (100). Irish Province of the Society of Jesus: 540–542. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3495">0039-3495</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30097608">30097608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies%3A+An+Irish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Basques+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=540-542&rft.date=1936-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30097608%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0039-3495&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=E.+Allison&rft.au=Hogan%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPena-Rodríguez2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pena-Rodríguez, Alberto (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10316/46323">"Salazar y los viriatos. Los combatientes portugueses en la Guerra Civil española: prensa y propaganda"</a>. Spagna Contemporanea (47): 7–24. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10316%2F46323">10316/46323</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824152946/https://estudogeral.uc.pt/handle/10316/46323">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spagna+Contemporanea&rft.atitle=Salazar+y+los+viriatos.+Los+combatientes+portugueses+en+la+Guerra+Civil+espa%C3%B1ola%3A+prensa+y+propaganda&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=7-24&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10316%2F46323&rft.aulast=Pena-Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10316%2F46323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (1978). The Coming of the Spanish Civil War. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333237242" title="Special:BookSources/0333237242"><bdi>0333237242</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185713276">185713276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185713276&rft.isbn=0333237242&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (November 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/rebel-caudillo-francos-path-power">"From Rebel to Caudillo: Franco's path to power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. 33 (11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824152916/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/rebel-caudillo-francos-path-power">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=From+Rebel+to+Caudillo%3A+Franco%27s+path+to+power&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=11&rft.date=1983-11&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Frebel-caudillo-francos-path-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1996" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (1996) [1986]. A Concise history of the Spanish Civil War. London: Fontana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0006863731" title="Special:BookSources/978-0006863731"><bdi>978-0006863731</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231702516">231702516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+history+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231702516&rft.isbn=978-0006863731&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2006" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwarr00pres">The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge</a>. New York: WW Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393329879" title="Special:BookSources/0393329879"><bdi>0393329879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Reaction%2C+Revolution%2C+and+Revenge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0393329879&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishcivilwarr00pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadoshHabeckSevostianov2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Radosh" title="Ronald Radosh">Radosh, Ronald</a>; Habeck, Mary; Sevostianov, Grigory (2001). Spain betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300089813" title="Special:BookSources/0300089813"><bdi>0300089813</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186413320">186413320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+betrayed%3A+the+Soviet+Union+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186413320&rft.isbn=0300089813&rft.aulast=Radosh&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Habeck%2C+Mary&rft.au=Sevostianov%2C+Grigory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1982" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, R. Dan (1982) [first published as an academic thesis in 1969]. Comintern Army: The International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War. Lexington, Kentucky: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813154466" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813154466"><bdi>978-0813154466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comintern+Army%3A+The+International+Brigades+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0813154466&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=R.+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ruiz, Julius (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11871063/A_Spanish_Genocide_Reflections_on_the_post_war_Francoist_repression.pdf">"A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War"</a> (PDF). Contemporary European History. 14 (2): 171–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777305002304">10.1017/S0960777305002304</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F4b775690-4b3d-46de-a7fd-673fbd33a844">20.500.11820/4b775690-4b3d-46de-a7fd-673fbd33a844</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20081255">20081255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240803115104/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11871063/A_Spanish_Genocide_Reflections_on_the_post_war_Francoist_repression.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=A+Spanish+Genocide%3F+Reflections+on+the+Francoist+Repression+after+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-191&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F4b775690-4b3d-46de-a7fd-673fbd33a844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20081255%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777305002304&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F11871063%2FA_Spanish_Genocide_Reflections_on_the_post_war_Francoist_repression.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRust2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Rust_(journalist)" title="William Rust (journalist)">Rust, William</a> (2003) [1939]. Britons in Spain: A History of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade (reprint). <a href="/wiki/Pontypool,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontypool, Wales">Pontypool, Wales</a>: Warren & Pell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britons+in+Spain%3A+A+History+of+the+British+Battalion+of+the+XV+International+Brigade&rft.place=Pontypool%2C+Wales&rft.pub=Warren+%26+Pell&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rust&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabín-Fernández2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Sabín-Fernández, Susana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/343357/">The Basque refugee children of the Spanish Civil War in the UK: memory and memorialisation</a> (Ph.D.). University of Southampton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602204203/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/343357/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Basque+refugee+children+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War+in+the+UK%3A+memory+and+memorialisation&rft.inst=University+of+Southampton&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sab%C3%ADn-Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Susana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F343357%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvadó1999" class="citation journal cs1">Salvadó, Francisco J. Romero (December 1999). "The Road to the Civil War: Social Conflict and Mass Politics in Spain, 1898–1936". The Historical Journal. 42 (4): 1161–1167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X99008821">10.1017/S0018246X99008821</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15952641">15952641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+the+Civil+War%3A+Social+Conflict+and+Mass+Politics+in+Spain%2C+1898%E2%80%931936&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1161-1167&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X99008821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15952641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salvad%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Francisco+J.+Romero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosCasanovaSolé_I_SabatéVillarroya1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santos, Juliá; <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Casanova_Ruiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Julián Casanova Ruiz">Casanova, Julián</a>; Solé I Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; Moreno, Francisco (1999). Victimas de la guerra civil (in Spanish). Madrid: Temas de Hoy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victimas+de+la+guerra+civil&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Temas+de+Hoy&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1&rft.au=Casanova%2C+Juli%C3%A1n&rft.au=Sol%C3%A9+I+Sabat%C3%A9%2C+Josep+Maria&rft.au=Villarroya%2C+Joan&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2002" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, Michael (2002). Republic of egos : a social history of the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299178635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299178635"><bdi>978-0299178635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+egos+%3A+a+social+history+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0299178635&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2011" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSO-dC5ac_EC&pg=PA205">The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299249649" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299249649"><bdi>978-0299249649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorious+Counter-revolution%3A+The+Nationalist+Effort+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0299249649&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSO-dC5ac_EC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman2017" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, Michael (2017). Transatlantic antifascisms : from the Spanish Civil War to the end of World War II. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108417785" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108417785"><bdi>978-1108417785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transatlantic+antifascisms+%3A+from+the+Spanish+Civil+War+to+the+end+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1108417785&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin2012" class="citation book cs1">Simkin, John (2012) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/SPcasualties.htm#:~:text=Available%20information%20suggests%20that%20there,and%2090%2C000%20for%20the%20Nationalists.">Spanish Civil War: Casualties</a>. Brighton, England: University of Sussex & Spartacus Educational. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406022549/https://spartacus-educational.com/SPcasualties.htm#:~:text=Available%20information%20suggests%20that%20there,and%2090%2C000%20for%20the%20Nationalists.">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Casualties&rft.place=Brighton%2C+England&rft.pub=University+of+Sussex+%26+Spartacus+Educational&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FSPcasualties.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAvailable%2520information%2520suggests%2520that%2520there%2Cand%252090%252C000%2520for%2520the%2520Nationalists.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoff2004" class="citation book cs1">Stoff, Laurie (2004). Spain. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Stoff&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1971" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, F. Jay (1971) [1956]. The United States and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. New York: Bookman Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374978495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374978495"><bdi>978-0374978495</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248799351">248799351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bookman+Associates&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248799351&rft.isbn=978-0374978495&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=F.+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (historian)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (1961) [1961, 1987, 2001]. The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-101161-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-101161-0"><bdi>0-14-101161-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248799351">248799351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248799351&rft.isbn=0-14-101161-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (historian)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (2001) [1961, 1987 (Penguin)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar00thom_0">The Spanish Civil War</a>. London: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141011610" title="Special:BookSources/0141011610"><bdi>0141011610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0141011610&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishcivilwar00thom_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerstein1969" class="citation book cs1">Werstein, Irving (1969). The Cruel Years: The Story of the Spanish Civil War. New York: Julian Messner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cruel+Years%3A+The+Story+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Julian+Messner&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Werstein&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Westwell, Ian (2004). Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground. Ian Allan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Condor+Legion%3A+The+Wehrmacht%27s+Training+Ground&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Westwell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2001) [1982]. The Spanish Civil War. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100148-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100148-7"><bdi>978-0-14-100148-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100148-7&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrouéTémine2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brou%C3%A9" title="Pierre Broué">Broué, Pierre</a>; Témine, Emile (2008). The revolution and the Civil War in Spain. Chicago, Ill: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket Publications">Haymarket</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-51-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-51-6"><bdi>978-1-931859-51-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1063936788">1063936788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+revolution+and+the+Civil+War+in+Spain&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill&rft.pub=Haymarket&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1063936788&rft.isbn=978-1-931859-51-6&rft.aulast=Brou%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=T%C3%A9mine%2C+Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr, Raymond</a> (2000) [1977]. The Spanish tragedy: the civil war in perspective. A Phoenix Press paperback. London: <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Books">Phoenix</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-203-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-203-7"><bdi>978-1-84212-203-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+tragedy%3A+the+civil+war+in+perspective&rft.place=London&rft.series=A+Phoenix+Press+paperback&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-203-7&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Meneses2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Ribeiro_de_Meneses" title="Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses">de Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r6La2ttR7jEC">Franco and the Spanish Civil War</a>. Introductions to history. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23925-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23925-7"><bdi>978-0-415-23925-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.series=Introductions+to+history&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23925-7&rft.aulast=de+Meneses&rft.aufirst=Filipe+Ribeiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr6La2ttR7jEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyleOwens2006" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Bob; Owens, Harry (2006). Brigadista: an Irishman's fight against fascism. Blackrock, Co. ; Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Currach_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Currach Press">Currach Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85607-939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85607-939-6"><bdi>978-1-85607-939-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71752897">71752897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brigadista%3A+an+Irishman%27s+fight+against+fascism&rft.place=Blackrock%2C+Co.+%3B+Dublin&rft.pub=Currach+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71752897&rft.isbn=978-1-85607-939-6&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Owens%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hywel_Francis" title="Hywel Francis">Francis, Hywel</a> (2012). Miners Against Fascism: Wales and the Spanish Civil War. Pontypool, Wales: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_%26_Wishart" title="Lawrence & Wishart">Lawrence & Wishart</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907103-51-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907103-51-3"><bdi>978-1-907103-51-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miners+Against+Fascism%3A+Wales+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Pontypool%2C+Wales&rft.pub=Lawrence+%26+Wishart&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-907103-51-3&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Graham_(historian)" title="Helen Graham (historian)">Graham, Helen</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fie9l5rhJ7IC">The Spanish Republic at war 1936-1939</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45314-1"><bdi>978-0-521-45314-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231983673">231983673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+at+war+1936-1939&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231983673&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45314-1&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfie9l5rhJ7IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Graham_(historian)" title="Helen Graham (historian)">Graham, Helen</a> (April 1988). "The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and the Government of Juan Negrín, 1937-9". <a href="/wiki/European_History_Quarterly" title="European History Quarterly">European History Quarterly</a>. 18 (2): 175–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569148801800203">10.1177/026569148801800203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-6914">0265-6914</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145387965">145387965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Socialist+Party+in+Power+and+the+Government+of+Juan+Negr%C3%ADn%2C+1937-9&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-206&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145387965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0265-6914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026569148801800203&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2017" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Alexander (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLOSDQAAQBAJ">The Red Army and the Second World War</a>. Armies of the Second World War. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02079-5"><bdi>978-1-107-02079-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Armies+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02079-5&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLOSDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst2009" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, Steve (2009). Famous faces of the Spanish Civil War: writers and artists in the conflict, 1936-1939. Barnsley: <a href="/wiki/Pen_%26_Sword_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen & Sword Military">Pen & Sword Military</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-952-9"><bdi>978-1-84415-952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+faces+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+writers+and+artists+in+the+conflict%2C+1936-1939&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-952-9&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbarruri1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Ibarruri, Dolores</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j983FGkF1jEC">They Shall Not Pass: the Autobiography of La Pasionaria (translated from El Unico Camino)</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-717-80468-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-717-80468-9"><bdi>978-0-717-80468-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Shall+Not+Pass%3A+the+Autobiography+of+La+Pasionaria+%28translated+from+El+Unico+Camino%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-717-80468-9&rft.aulast=Ibarruri&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj983FGkF1jEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJellinek1938" class="citation book cs1">Jellinek, Frank (1938). The Civil War in Spain. London: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1186990149">1186990149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+in+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz+Ltd&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1186990149&rft.aulast=Jellinek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalsky2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kowalsky, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivfO2PUWa-UC">La Unión Soviética y la Guerra Civil española: una revisión crítica</a>. Crítica contrastes (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-490-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-490-4"><bdi>978-84-8432-490-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255243139">255243139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Uni%C3%B3n+Sovi%C3%A9tica+y+la+Guerra+Civil+espa%C3%B1ola%3A+una+revisi%C3%B3n+cr%C3%ADtica&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.series=Cr%C3%ADtica+contrastes&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255243139&rft.isbn=978-84-8432-490-4&rft.aulast=Kowalsky&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivfO2PUWa-UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowBreá1979" class="citation book cs1">Low, Mary; Breá, Juan (1979) [1937]. Red Spanish Notebook. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-872-86132-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-872-86132-9"><bdi>978-0-872-86132-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4832126">4832126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Spanish+Notebook&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=City+Lights&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4832126&rft.isbn=978-0-872-86132-9&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Bre%C3%A1%2C+Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMíguez_Macho2021" class="citation book cs1">Míguez Macho, Antonio, ed. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_shQEAAAQBAJ">Sites of violence and memory in modern Spain: from the Spanish Civil War to the present day</a>. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-19921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-19921-7"><bdi>978-1-350-19921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sites+of+violence+and+memory+in+modern+Spain%3A+from+the+Spanish+Civil+War+to+the+present+day&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-350-19921-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_shQEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteath1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Monteath" title="Peter Monteath">Monteath, Peter</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OnEEAAAQBAJ">The Spanish Civil war in literature, film, and art: an international bibliography of secondary literature</a>. Bibliographies and indexes in world literature. Westport (Conn.) ; London: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29262-0"><bdi>978-0-313-29262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+war+in+literature%2C+film%2C+and+art%3A+an+international+bibliography+of+secondary+literature&rft.place=Westport+%28Conn.%29+%3B+London&rft.series=Bibliographies+and+indexes+in+world+literature&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29262-0&rft.aulast=Monteath&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7OnEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Urbel1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justo_P%C3%A9rez_de_Urbel" title="Justo Pérez de Urbel">de Urbel, Justo Pérez</a> (1993). Catholic martyrs of the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Translated by Ingrams, Michael F. Kansas City, MO: Angelus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935-95296-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935-95296-4"><bdi>978-0-935-95296-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31020583">31020583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+martyrs+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936-1939&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+MO&rft.pub=Angelus+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31020583&rft.isbn=978-0-935-95296-4&rft.aulast=de+Urbel&rft.aufirst=Justo+P%C3%A9rez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PKHUTjX0UAC">The Spanish Holocaust: inquisition and extermination in twentieth-century Spain</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperPress" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperPress">HarperPress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255634-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255634-7"><bdi>978-0-00-255634-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Holocaust%3A+inquisition+and+extermination+in+twentieth-century+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperPress&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255634-7&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PKHUTjX0UAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUFUCgAAQBAJ">The last days of the Spanish Republic</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-816342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-816342-6"><bdi>978-0-00-816342-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+days+of+the+Spanish+Republic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-00-816342-6&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUFUCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzzo1972" class="citation book cs1">Puzzo, Dante Anthony (1972). Spain and the great powers, 1936-1941 (Repr ed.). Freeport, N.Y: Books for Libraries Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-6868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-6868-2"><bdi>978-0-8369-6868-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/308726">308726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+the+great+powers%2C+1936-1941&rft.place=Freeport%2C+N.Y&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F308726&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-6868-2&rft.aulast=Puzzo&rft.aufirst=Dante+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShneiderman2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S.L._Shneiderman" title="S.L. Shneiderman">Shneiderman, S. L.</a> (2024). Journey Through the Spanish Civil War: The Hinterlands. Translated by Green, Deborah A. Amherst: <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Book_Center" title="Yiddish Book Center">White Goat Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-9894524-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-9894524-4-6"><bdi>979-8-9894524-4-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+Through+the+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+The+Hinterlands&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=White+Goat+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8-9894524-4-6&rft.aulast=Shneiderman&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Southworth" title="Herbert Southworth">Southworth, Herbert Rutledge</a> (1963). El mito de la cruzada de Franco [The Myth of Franco's crusade] (in Spanish). Paris: Ruedo Ibérico. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869419482">869419482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+mito+de+la+cruzada+de+Franco&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ruedo+Ib%C3%A9rico&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869419482&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Rutledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerLeach2003" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, George; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Jones_(trade_unionist)" title="Jack Jones (trade unionist)">Leach, David</a> (2003). Leach, David (ed.). To make the people smile again: a memoir of the Spanish Civil War. Newcastle upon Tyne: Zymurgy Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903506-07-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903506-07-3"><bdi>978-1-903506-07-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231998540">231998540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+make+the+people+smile+again%3A+a+memoir+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Zymurgy+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231998540&rft.isbn=978-1-903506-07-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Leach%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> (trade unionist)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1986" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ann (1986). <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr, Raymond</a> (ed.). Images of the Spanish civil war. London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940089-4"><bdi>978-0-04-940089-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15085188">15085188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+Spanish+civil+war&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15085188&rft.isbn=978-0-04-940089-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_listening">Suggested listening</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Suggested listening">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Songs of the Lincoln and International Brigades (<a href="/wiki/Stinson_Records" title="Stinson Records">Stinson Records</a>) (1962)</li> <li>Songs of the Spanish Civil War Vol. 1 (<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Folkways" title="Smithsonian Folkways">Folkways</a>) (1961)</li> <li>Songs of the Spanish Civil War Vol. 2: Songs of the Lincoln Brigade (Folkways) (1962)</li> <li>Spain in My Heart: Songs of the Spanish Civil War (<a href="/wiki/Appleseed_Recordings" title="Appleseed Recordings">Appleseed</a>) (2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spanish_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Spanish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="es" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/es:Condecoraciones_otorgadas_por_Francisco_Franco_a_Benito_Mussolini_y_a_Adolf_Hitler" class="extiw" title="s:es:Condecoraciones otorgadas por Francisco Franco a Benito Mussolini y a Adolf Hitler">Condecoraciones otorgadas por Francisco Franco a Benito Mussolini y a Adolf Hitler</a> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films,_images_and_sounds">Films, images and sounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Films, images and sounds">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2Ms3UVVn-WzQZrIyhmBYwKls1B7v6Yhj">The Spanish Civil War</a>. A six-part documentary miniseries using film and eyewitness accounts from both sides of the conflict.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9cTkxLkNXA">Tierra Española</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Earth" title="The Spanish Earth">The Spanish Earth</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>, 1937</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Images">Images</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Images">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-1010/early-abstraction/cubism/a/picasso-guernica">Guernica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pro.magnumphotos.com/Catalogue/Robert-Capa/1938/SPAIN-The-Spanish-Civil-War-NN144557.html">The Spanish Civil War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Robert Capa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416104942/http://www.zi.ku.dk/personal/drnash/model/spain/index.html">Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/gallery/spanish-civil-war-revolution-photo-gallery-1936-39">Imperial War Museum Collection of Spanish Civil War Posters</a> hosted online by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/">Libcom.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/visfront/catalog.html">Posters of the Spanish Civil War</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/">UCSD</a>'s Southworth collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/scw/scw.htm">About the Spanish Civil War</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/">Illinois English Department at the University of Illinois</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23701">Collection: "Exiles from the Spanish Civil War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319084307/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23701">Archived</a> 19 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sounds">Sounds</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Sounds">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORP5-017gKM">Valley of Jarama</a> – song by <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Jarama" title="Jarama">Jarama</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guerracivil1936.galeon.com/canciones2.htm">Anthems and songs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203025744/http://www.guerracivil1936.galeon.com/canciones2.htm">Archived</a> 3 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://11songsofthespanishcivilwar.neocities.org/">11 Songs of the Spanish Civil War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926170342/http://11songsofthespanishcivilwar.neocities.org/">Archived</a> 26 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Bombs" title="Spanish Bombs">Spanish Bombs</a> – song by <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_la_Quinta_Brigada" title="Viva la Quinta Brigada">Viva la Quinta Brigada</a> – song by <a href="/wiki/Christy_Moore" title="Christy Moore">Christy Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(Metallica_song)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica song)">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a> – song by <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_documents">Miscellaneous documents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous documents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/scw/scw.htm">About the Spanish Civil War</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/">Illinois English Department at the University of Illinois</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diverse_references_and_citations">Diverse references and citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Diverse references and citations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/span_civil_war/">Spanish Civil War History Project</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/No_Pasaran" class="extiw" title="s:No Pasaran">¡No Pasarán! Speech</a> Dolores Ibárruri's famous rousing address for the defense of the Second Republic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/digital/scw">"Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour"</a>, a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> held in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Records_Centre,_University_of_Warwick" title="Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick">Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton" class="citation book cs1">Hilton, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406132323/http://historicaltexta36rchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=11">Spain, 1931–36, From Monarchy to Civil War, An Eyewitness Account</a>. Historical text A36rchive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=11">the original</a> on 6 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+1931%E2%80%9336%2C+From+Monarchy+to+Civil+War%2C+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.pub=Historical+text+A36rchive&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricaltextarchive.com%2Fbooks.php%3Fop%3Dviewbook%26bookid%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowBreá" class="citation web cs1">Low, Mary; Breá, Juan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/spain/writers/low-brea/red_spanish_notebook.html">"Red Spanish Book"</a>. Benjamin Peret.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Spanish+Book&rft.pub=Benjamin+Peret&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Bre%C3%A1%2C+Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fspain%2Fwriters%2Flow-brea%2Fred_spanish_notebook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> A testimony by two surrealists and trotskytes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunn1937" class="citation book cs1">Lunn, Arnold (1937). Spanish Rehearsal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Rehearsal&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Lunn&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers1936" class="citation book cs1">Peers, Allison (1936). The Spanish Tragedy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Tragedy&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisbordWeisbord" class="citation web cs1">Weisbord, Albert; Weisbord, Vera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weisbord.org/">"A collection of essays"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+collection+of+essays&rft.aulast=Weisbord&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Weisbord%2C+Vera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weisbord.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> with about a dozen essays written during and about the Spanish Civil War.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazinesandwar.com/">"Magazines and journals published during the war"</a> (online exhibit). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magazines+and+journals+published+during+the+war&rft.pub=The+University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazinesandwar.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistasyguerra.com/">"Revistas y guerra"</a> [Magazines & war] (in Spanish). Urbana-Champaign: The University of Illinois.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revistas+y+guerra&rft.place=Urbana-Champaign&rft.pub=The+University+of+Illinois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistasyguerra.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Pinaki (January 2013). "Escritores Apasionados del Combate: English and American Novelists of the Spanish Civil War". Labyrinth. 4 (1): 44–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0976-0814">0976-0814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labyrinth&rft.atitle=Escritores+Apasionados+del+Combate%3A+English+and+American+Novelists+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-53&rft.date=2013-01&rft.issn=0976-0814&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Pinaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208123111/http://www.lacucaracha.info/scw/diary/">"La Cucaracha, The Spanish Civil War Diary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacucaracha.info/scw/diary/">the original</a> on 8 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Cucaracha%2C+The+Spanish+Civil+War+Diary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacucaracha.info%2Fscw%2Fdiary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988">, a detailed chronicle of the events of the war</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308043150/http://libcom.org/library/spanish-civil-war-1936%E2%80%931939">"Spanish Civil War and Revolution"</a> (text archive). The libcom library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/spanish-civil-war-1936%E2%80%931939">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Civil+War+and+Revolution&rft.pub=The+libcom+library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fspanish-civil-war-1936%25E2%2580%25931939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216162643/http://www.celebratingresearch.org/libraries/sandiego/southworth~print.shtml">"Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection"</a>. Mandeville Special Collection Library (books and other literature). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celebratingresearch.org/libraries/sandiego/southworth~print.shtml">the original</a> on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southworth+Spanish+Civil+War+Collection&rft.btitle=Mandeville+Special+Collection+Library&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+San+Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celebratingresearch.org%2Flibraries%2Fsandiego%2Fsouthworth~print.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548wn">"The Spanish Civil War"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> discussion with Paul Preston, Helen Graham and Mary Vincent (<a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a>, 3 April 2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academics_and_governments">Academics and governments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Academics and governments">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322033458/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/SpanCW.html">A History of the Spanish Civil War</a>, excerpted from a U.S. government country study.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030403.shtml">"The Spanish Civil War – causes and legacy"</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Graham_(historian)" title="Helen Graham (historian)">Helen Graham</a> and Dr Mary Vincent (audio)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/Spanish-Civil-War.htm">Spanish Civil War information</a> at <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_Educational" title="Spartacus Educational">Spartacus Educational</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/history/interview-agust%C3%ADn-guillam%C3%B3n-historian-spanish-revolution">Interview with Agustín Guillamón, historian of the Spanish Revolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/spain.htm">The Anarcho-Statists of Spain</a> (the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War), <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albavolunteer.org/2011/12/queen-of-the-machine-gun-fanny-schoonheyt-dutch-miliciana/">Fanny, Queen of the Machine Gun</a> (Dutch volunteers) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albavolunteer.org/">The Volunteer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hispanismo.org/english/11478-jews-spanish-civil-war.html">Jews In The Spanish Civil War</a> – by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/824372.Martin_Sugarman">Martin Sugarman</a>, assistant archivist at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Museum" title="Jewish Military Museum">Jewish Military Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/107523308/franco-and-the-spanish-civil-war">Franco and the Spanish Civil War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807201318/https://www.questia.com/library/107523308/franco-and-the-spanish-civil-war">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, paper by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/people/filipe-ribeiro-de-meneses#3">Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses</a>, Routledge, London, 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lxoa.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/joint-letter-of-the-spanish-bishops-to-the-bishops-of-the-whole-world-concerning-the-war-in-spain-july-1st-1937/">Full text in translation of the Collective Letter of the Spanish Bishops, 1937</a>, a pastoral letter of the Spanish bishops which justified Franco's uprising</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/13669">New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kbismarck.com/mgl/spanishcivwar.htm">Warships of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=BurkeRobertE2874_4128.xml">Robert E. Burke Collection.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326135757/http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=BurkeRobertE2874_4128.xml">Archived</a> 26 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1892–1994. 60.43 cubic feet (68 boxes plus two oversize folders and one oversize vertical file). At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.</a> Contains materials collected by Burke on the Spanish Civil War.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/spancivwar/Spanishcivilwar.html">Anarchy Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130013459/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spaindx.html">The role of anarchism in the Spanish Revolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanish-civil-war-collection.com">Private Collection about German Exile and Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/spain/index.aspx">The Archives of Ontario Remembers Children's Art from the Spanish Civil War</a>, online exhibit on Archives of Ontario website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scwnyc.stuy.edu">Stuyvesant's Spanish Civil War Archives</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_conspiracy_of_1936" title="Spanish military conspiracy of 1936">conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1938%E2%80%931939" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1938–1939">1938–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of battles in the Spanish Civil War">List of battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">ERC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">PSUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">UR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">FAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">PNV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="National faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_Autonomous_Right-wing_Groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups">CEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="International response to the Spanish Civil War">Foreign involvement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">Non-intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyon_Conference" title="Nyon Conference">Nyon Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet involvement in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">USSR</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Группа советских военных специалистов в Испании">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_military_intervention_in_Spain" title="Italian military intervention in Spain">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">CTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese intervention in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viriatos" title="Viriatos">Viriatos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarusians_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarusians in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">Belarus</a> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%9E_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" class="extiw" title="be:Беларусы ў грамадзянскай вайне ў Іспаніі">be</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_concentration_camps" title="Francoist concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_children_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Evacuation of children in the Spanish Civil War">Evacuation of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_films" title="List of Spanish Civil War films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso)">Guernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic_at_War" title="Spanish Republic at War">Government during the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_gold_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow gold (Spain)">Moscow gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution</a></li> <li>Terrors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Women in the Spanish Civil War">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template:Women in the Spanish Civil War">navbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_women_Civil_War_sidebar" title="Template:Spanish women Civil War sidebar">sidebar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_German–Soviet_relations_before_1941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" title="Template:Nazi–Soviet relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" title="Template talk:Nazi–Soviet relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi–Soviet relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_German–Soviet_relations_before_1941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prior antagonism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Relations before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact_negotiations" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations">negotiations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Boundary_and_Friendship_Treaty" title="German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty">Boundary and Friendship Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">Population transfers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">Axis talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_conferences" title="Gestapo–NKVD conferences">Gestapo–NKVD conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_economic_relations_(1934%E2%80%931941)" title="German–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941)">Economic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Credit_Agreement_(1939)" title="German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)">Commercial Agreement (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1940)" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)">Commercial Agreement (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Border_and_Commercial_Agreement" title="German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement">Border and Commercial Agreement (1941)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_L%C3%BCtzow_(1939)" title="German cruiser Lützow (1939)">Naval cruiser Lützow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basis_Nord" title="Basis Nord">Basis Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Komet" title="German auxiliary cruiser Komet">Komet Northern Sea Route Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_military_parade_in_Brest-Litovsk" title="German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk">German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyń massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Category:Germany–Soviet Union relations">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull">Toro de Osborne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of 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title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Template:NoteTag"," 8.76% 430.509 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 8.14% 399.868 6 Template:Navbox"," 7.41% 364.411 1 Template:Anarchism"," 7.11% 349.622 9 Template:Excerpt"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.086","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27162549,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbel_Paz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbel_Paz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdlerPouliot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlfonso_Alvarez_Bolado1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlpert1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlpert2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlpert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonio_Montero_Moreno1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahamondeCervera_Gil1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcells2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalcells2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalfourPreston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeevor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeevor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBentonPieke1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBieterBieter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolloten1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolorinos_Allard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorkenau1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowers1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoza_PuertaSánchez_Herrador2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrouéTémine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchanan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaistor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasanova2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasanova2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleugh1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoverdale2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Kowalsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerby2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyleOwens2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEalhamRichards2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-ÁlvarezRubio-MelendiMartínez-VelascoPringle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamPreston1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalperin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemingway1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemingway1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoare1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHochschild2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubert_JedinJohn_Dolan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurst2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbarruri1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJellinek1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan_García_Durán\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuliá1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKisch1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoestler1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalsky2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarrazáhal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLešnik2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLlaudó_Avila2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochery2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowBreá\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowBreá1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukešGoldstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunn1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajfud2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarco2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartín-AceñaMartínez_RuizPons2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassot_i_Muntaner1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Seidman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittermaier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonteath1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuñoz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMíguez_Macho2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeulen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Riordan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrella_MartínezMizerska-Wrotkowska2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOrwell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOthen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaynePalacios2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeers1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeersHogan1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPena-Rodríguez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProfessor_Hilton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuzzo1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuzzo1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPétrement,_Simone1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaab1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabatéRabaté2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadoshHabeckSevostianov2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRooney\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRust2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabín-Fernández2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvadó1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantosCasanovaSolé_I_SabatéVillarroya1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantos_JuliáJosep_M._SoléJoan_VilarroyaJulián_Casanova1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShneiderman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimkin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthworth1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremlett2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsouTsou2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Kiste2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVieira2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisbordWeisbord\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerstein1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestwell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhealey1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelerLeach2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiarda1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXosé_M._Núñez_Seixas_and_Oleg_Beyda2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZugazagoitia2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Meneses2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Urbel1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁlvarez_Tardío2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Spanish Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 134,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 26,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Events leading to World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"Executed\"] = 4,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 4,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 29,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 29,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Spain\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 109,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 9,\n [\"Legend\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 21,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Nazi–Soviet relations\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 64,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 8,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 10,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Republicanism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"SS\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 380,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 6,\n [\"Spain topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Spanish Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 20,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","17.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","580","16.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","300","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","260","7.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","5.1"],["(for generator)","160","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","4.0"],["[others]","580","16.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-57m56","timestamp":"20241127065549","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Civil_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10859","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10859","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-24T21:22:34Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T05:54:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a0\/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_11_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5._1937-edit.jpg","headline":"war between the Republicans and the Nationalists in Spain from 1936 to 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