CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Spanish coup of March 1939 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a8dd65b7-cc62-43fe-b8fe-39a5ce2aff68","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Spanish_coup_of_March_1939","wgTitle":"Spanish coup of March 1939","wgCurRevisionId":1256123541,"wgRevisionId":1256123541,"wgArticleId":71530238,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2022","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Conflicts in 1939","1930s coups d'état and coup attempts","Military coups in Spain","Anarchism in Spain","Anti-communism in Spain","Spanish Civil War","March 1939 events in Europe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Spanish_coup_of_March_1939","wgRelevantArticleId":71530238,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5556771","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Rebel_%28Casadista%29_troops_in_Madrid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="801"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Rebel_%28Casadista%29_troops_in_Madrid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="534"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Spanish coup of March 1939 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Spanish_coup_of_March_1939 rootpage-Spanish_coup_of_March_1939 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Spanish+coup+of+March+1939" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Spanish+coup+of+March+1939" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Spanish+coup+of+March+1939" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Spanish+coup+of+March+1939" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_buildup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_buildup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conspiracy buildup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_buildup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governmental reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartagena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartagena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cartagena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartagena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Consejo Nacional de Defensa</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Governmental response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_in_Madrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_in_Madrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Coup in Madrid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coup_in_Madrid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coup in Madrid subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coup_in_Madrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_situation_and_rebel_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_situation_and_rebel_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Military situation and rebel plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_situation_and_rebel_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_5,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_5,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>March 5, 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_5,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_6,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_6,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>March 6, 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_6,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_7,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_7,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>March 7, 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_7,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_8,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_8,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>March 8, 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_8,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_9,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_9,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>March 9, 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_9,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_10,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_10,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>March 10, 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_10,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_11,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_11,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>March 11, 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_11,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_12,_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_12,_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>March 12, 1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_12,_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_beyond_Madrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_beyond_Madrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Coup beyond Madrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_beyond_Madrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consejo_in_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consejo_in_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span><i>Consejo</i> in power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consejo_in_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_in_public_discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_in_public_discourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Coup in public discourse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_in_public_discourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish coup of March 1939</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_1939" title="الانقلاب الإسباني في مارس 1939 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانقلاب الإسباني في مارس 1939" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_(1939)" title="Сакавіцкі пераварот у Іспаніі (1939) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сакавіцкі пераварот у Іспаніі (1939)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1939)" title="Държавен преврат в Испания (1939) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавен преврат в Испания (1939)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop_de_Casado" title="Cop de Casado – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cop de Casado" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_de_Casado" title="Golpe de Estado de Casado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Golpe de Estado de Casado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5556771#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Spanish_coup_of_March_1939" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&oldid=1256123541" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&id=1256123541&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpanish_coup_of_March_1939"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpanish_coup_of_March_1939"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5556771" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish coup d'état</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Spanish coup of 1939</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebel_(Casadista)_troops_in_Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rebel_%28Casadista%29_troops_in_Madrid.jpg/300px-Rebel_%28Casadista%29_troops_in_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rebel_%28Casadista%29_troops_in_Madrid.jpg/450px-Rebel_%28Casadista%29_troops_in_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Rebel_%28Casadista%29_troops_in_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="339" /></a></span><br />Casadista troops in Madrid</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>March 5–12, 1939</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Central-Eastern Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Casadista victory </p> <ul><li>Fall of Negrín's government</li> <li>Effective end of the Spanish Civil War</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Loyalists<br />(<i>Negrinistas</i>)</span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Rebels<br />(<i>Casadistas</i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Council_(Spain)" title="National Defence Council (Spain)">CND</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Absent_without_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Absent without leave">(<abbr title="Desertion">AWOL</abbr>)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barcel%C3%B3" title="Luis Barceló">Luis Barceló</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Ascanio" title="Guillermo Ascanio">Guillermo Ascanio</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ortega_(soldier)" title="Antonio Ortega (soldier)">Antonio Ortega</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gal%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Galán">Francisco Galán</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado">Segismundo Casado</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miaja" title="José Miaja">José Miaja</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Mera" title="Cipriano Mera">Cipriano Mera</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wenceslao_Carrillo" title="Wenceslao Carrillo">Wenceslao Carrillo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro" title="Julián Besteiro">Julián Besteiro</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Matallana" title="Manuel Matallana">Manuel Matallana</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Minority of army and administration</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Majority of army and administration</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Political support</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communists</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Moderates</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Unclear; KIA estimates range from 250 to 2,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spanish coup of March 1939</b>, in historiography often referred to as <b>Casado's coup</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Golpe de Casado</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> organized in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican zone</a> against the government of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a>. It was carried out by the military with support of the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchists</a> and a major faction of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialists</a>; its leader was commander of the Army of the Centre, <a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado">Segismundo Casado</a>. The conspirators viewed the Negrín government as a hardly veiled Communist dictatorship. Most concluded that the government-endorsed strategy of unyielding resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a> would produce nothing but further deaths and sufferings while the war had already been lost. The military and some politicians intended the coup as a first step towards opening peace negotiations with the Nationalists; for the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialists</a> the priority was to remove the Communists from power. </p><p>The coup began on March 5, when rebels declared the setup of their own quasi-government, <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Council_(Spain)" title="National Defence Council (Spain)">Consejo Nacional de Defensa</a> (CND), based in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. Following few hours of discussions the Negrín government, at the time based near the town of <a href="/wiki/Elda" title="Elda">Elda</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Levante,_Spain" title="Levante, Spain">Levantine coast</a>, decided that any resistance was pointless; the following day they left Spain. The rebels easily took control of all provincial capitals with very little or no fighting recorded. The exception was Madrid, where the local Communist executive, unaware of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a> <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Political Bureau</a> decision to avoid bloodshed, mounted resistance. Communist-controlled units recalled from the frontline took control of most of Madrid and on March 9 they were closing in on CND headquarters. However, Anarchist-controlled units also recalled from the frontline entered the city on March 10 and in 3 days they ensured the triumph of the rebels. During the next 3 weeks the Republican zone was ruled by the CND. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 162px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 160px; height: 220px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -00px; left: -80px; width: 330px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_the_Republican_Spain_in_Barcelona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Juan Negrín" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Government_of_the_Republican_Spain_in_Barcelona.jpg/330px-Government_of_the_Republican_Spain_in_Barcelona.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Government_of_the_Republican_Spain_in_Barcelona.jpg/495px-Government_of_the_Republican_Spain_in_Barcelona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Government_of_the_Republican_Spain_in_Barcelona.jpg/660px-Government_of_the_Republican_Spain_in_Barcelona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_the_Republican_Spain_in_Barcelona.jpg" title="File:Government of the Republican Spain in Barcelona.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a> </div> </div> </div> <p>Throughout 1938, many key Republicans developed doubts about Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a>'s strategy to keep on fighting; the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party</a>, acting in the interest of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, was identified as its chief proponent. They were increasingly convinced that the war was already lost, and that further resistance would only produce unnecessary deaths, sufferings and destruction. Until 1939, however, the theory that the Republic should commence negotiations with the Nationalists to end the conflict was advanced using regular internal political mechanisms. President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> talked to this end with the prime minister; Socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro" title="Julián Besteiro">Julián Besteiro</a> lobbied for his cabinet which would then engage in peace talks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early February, top military commanders tentatively agreed that in case Negrín – at the time trapped in isolated <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> – returns to the central zone, he should be removed from power. The conspiracy involved commander of all armed forces in the central-southern zone army General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miaja" title="José Miaja">José Miaja</a>, his chief of staff General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Matallana" title="Manuel Matallana">Manuel Matallana</a>, commander of the Army of Levante General <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Leopoldo Menéndez">Leopoldo Menéndez</a> and commander of the Army of the Centre Colonel <a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado">Segismundo Casado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time 3 major Anarchist organisations, <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">FAI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Youth" title="Libertarian Youth">FJL</a>, tried to sound Miaja on creating a “united anti-fascist organization” which would assume power in the central zone; its purpose was not that much commencing peace talks, but rather sidetracking the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was followed up by talks between Casado and the Anarchist military commander of the IV. Army Corps, <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Mera" title="Cipriano Mera">Cipriano Mera</a>. </p><p>Since January, Casado maintained contacts with Nationalist agents active in Madrid; on February 15 he received confirmation that <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> was ready to enter talks on Republican surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then onwards during the following 3 weeks there was continuous communication between Casado and the Nationalists; the former was already determined to organize a coup against Negrín – who returned to the central zone – and commence peace talks. Franco headquarters pledged that there would be no repression against Republicans who were not guilty of crimes;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Nationalists demanded also that an anti-Negrín coup be mounted as soon as possible, possibly already in February 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conspiracy_buildup">Conspiracy buildup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conspiracy buildup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Segismundo_Casado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Segismundo_Casado.jpg/160px-Segismundo_Casado.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Segismundo_Casado.jpg/240px-Segismundo_Casado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Segismundo_Casado.jpg/320px-Segismundo_Casado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado">Segismundo Casado</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1939 the Anarchists were firmly opposed to what they saw as almost unveiled Communist dictatorship in the Republican zone. The party leader <a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver" title="Juan García Oliver">Juan García Oliver</a>, since early February on exile in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, declared that it was necessary to remove Negrín.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar position was adopted by the Madrid Comité Regional de Defensa (CRD); though technically a sub-unit within larger Anarchist structure, in practice it emerged as the key Anarchist decision-making body. Its leaders were José García Pradas, Manuel Salgado Moreira and <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Val_Besc%C3%B3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Val Bescós">Eduardo Val Bescós</a>, who acted as the party executive <i>troika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had overwhelming support of the wide array of Anarchist organisations; a stormy plenary meeting of February 24 confirmed vehement hostility to the Communists and endorsed labors against “any sort of dictatorship”, though it remained inconclusive as to seeking peace with the Nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Socialists leaders <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a> crossed to France in January 1939 and decided not to return to Spain; they were also bitterly critical of Negrín and PCE. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a> politician of most prestigious standing who resided in the Republican zone was Juan Besteiro, since January 1939 engaged in cautious talks with military commanders on forming a local peace-seeking power structure. The key Socialist decision-making body was Agrupación Socialista Madrileña, with personalities of Besteiro, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslao_Carrillo" title="Wenceslao Carrillo">Wenceslao Carrillo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ngel_Pedrero_Garc%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ángel Pedrero García (page does not exist)">Ángel Pedrero García</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Pedrero_Garc%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Ángel Pedrero García">es</a>]</span> and Carlos Rubiera. Since February 27 they entered into direct talks with Casado on setting up an anti-Negrín government. Like the Anarchists, also the Socialists were firmly pitted against the Communists and somewhat divided as to peace talks with Franco.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third component of the conspiracy were the military. The highest-ranking officer aware of though not particularly active in the plot was Miaja, freshly promoted to a somewhat titular position of overall commander of the Republican army, navy and air force. More real power rested with an active conspirator general Manuel Matallana, recently nominated to commander of the Republican army. Key local commanders were Real Admiral <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Buiza_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Palacios" title="Miguel Buiza Fernández-Palacios">Miguel Buiza Fernández-Palacios</a> (navy), Menéndez (Army of Levante), and Casado; Casado was clearly the leader and the moving spirit behind the plot. There were also key commanders unaware of the plot: Colonel <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Moriones" title="Domingo Moriones">Domingo Moriones</a> (Army of Andalusia), Colonel <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Escobar_Huertas" title="Antonio Escobar Huertas">Antonio Escobar</a> (Army of Extremadura), and General <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Hidalgo_de_Cisneros" title="Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros">Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros</a> (air force commander). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_reaction">Governmental reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governmental reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrer-guerra-civil-poblet-fachada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Petrer-guerra-civil-poblet-fachada.jpg/220px-Petrer-guerra-civil-poblet-fachada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Petrer-guerra-civil-poblet-fachada.jpg/330px-Petrer-guerra-civil-poblet-fachada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Petrer-guerra-civil-poblet-fachada.jpg/440px-Petrer-guerra-civil-poblet-fachada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><i>Posición Yuste</i> today</figcaption></figure> <p>Since returning to Madrid on February 11, Negrín and his closest collaborators were perfectly aware of <a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">defeatist</a> spirit, prevailing among the top military and administration officials. As a few were considered ready to capitulate, some Communist leaders suggested either appointing political commissars to top army structures, which would require their co-signature under any order, or deposing them; the list of those suspected included Miaja and Casado.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reasons which are not clear Negrín did not implement these plans; instead, for some 2 weeks he kept meeting top commanders every few days, either in Madrid or in Levantine locations, as he was touring the Mediterranean coast. </p><p>Since mid-February, Negrín was being informed by the <a href="/wiki/Servicio_de_Informaci%C3%B3n_Militar" title="Servicio de Información Militar">army intelligence SIM</a> about highly suspicious meetings taking place in Madrid between some key military on the one hand, and shady figures possibly related to Nationalist espionage network, politicians and foreign diplomats on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no measures have been taken; the intended one, like deposition of the Madrid SIM commander Pedrero, were blocked by the Army of the Centre. On February 25 or shortly afterwards Negrín settled in what became known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posici%C3%B3n_Yuste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posición Yuste (page does not exist)">Posición Yuste</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posici%C3%B3n_Yuste" class="extiw" title="es:Posición Yuste">es</a>]</span></i>, provisional headquarters near <a href="/wiki/Elda" title="Elda">Elda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Alicante" title="Province of Alicante">province of Alicante</a>, some 30 km from the harbor and over 300 km from Madrid. It might have been a preventive measure aimed against an attempt to arrest Negrín; however, it left the Madrid conspirators free to act.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was last in Madrid on February 27. </p><p>On March 2 at <i>Posición Yuste</i> Negrín held the meeting with top military, including Miaja, Matallana, Casado and Buiza.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pondered upon replacing Casado either with <a href="/wiki/Enrique_L%C3%ADster" title="Enrique Líster">Enrique Líster</a> or with commander of the III Corps Bueno, but eventually he did nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 3 the government made public a number of military nominations; trusted high Communist officers were posted to key positions at the Levantine coast, especially in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Murcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Murcia">Murcia</a> and Alicante.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day Negrín called key military, including Miaja, Casado and Matallana, to a meeting to be held again at <i>Posición Yuste</i> on March 5. All of them played for time; in fact, final touches were being added to the plan of the coup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cartagena">Cartagena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cartagena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_uprising" title="Cartagena uprising">Cartagena uprising</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 220px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsenal_de_Cartagena_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartagena naval base" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arsenal_de_Cartagena_1900.jpg/220px-Arsenal_de_Cartagena_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arsenal_de_Cartagena_1900.jpg/330px-Arsenal_de_Cartagena_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arsenal_de_Cartagena_1900.jpg/440px-Arsenal_de_Cartagena_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsenal_de_Cartagena_1900.jpg" title="File:Arsenal de Cartagena 1900.jpg"> </a></div>Cartagena naval base </div> </div> </div> <p>The main Republican naval base was <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, home to almost the entire Republican navy; unlike the army, in early March it was a force fully comparable to the Nationalist navy with 3 <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a>, 10 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and a number of other vessels, including submarines and torpedo boats. Since late February Negrín developed doubts about the navy commander, rear admiral Buiza, and commissar of the Cartagena base, Socialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Alonso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Alonso (page does not exist)">Bruno Alonso</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Alonso" class="extiw" title="es:Bruno Alonso">es</a>]</span>. As the navy was probably assigned vital role in any Negrín plans for massive evacuation from Levantine ports, he decided to ensure there would be no surprises. On March 3 he replaced Alonso with the Communist colonel <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gal%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Galán">Francisco Galán</a>, who arrived in Cartagena to assume command on March 4. </p><p>Some historians claim that Casado and Buiza planned to take the fleet out to sea as part of the coup. Arrival of Galán might have thwarted these plans, and in the afternoon of March 4 he was detained by local conspirators, though not clear whether on Buiza's orders. Shortly afterwards and aware of apparent breach among the Republicans, the Nationalist conspirators commenced action in the city. Sporadic three-way combat broke out. Buiza decided to prioritize fighting the Nationalists over fighting the Negrín loyalists and got Galán released. However, in early hours of March 5 he ordered the fleet to make preparations to sail.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the day situation in Cartagena became shambolic. Nationalist rebels controlled the coastal battery and radio; they demanded the fleet to sail out, though some preferred to open fire at the vessels. Buiza controlled the fleet and partially the harbor, but was pressed hard by the anti-Negrinistas. Loyalist governmental units assembled at the outskirts of the city entered Cartagena and amidst fighting with Nationalist rebels advanced towards the harbor. Nationalist air force bombed the port, mistakenly fired at by own rebel Nationalist coastal battery. Franco ordered his troopships from <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana" title="Castellón de la Plana">Castellón</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> to sail to Cartagena. Amidst total chaos, around mid-day of March 5 the Republican navy sailed out to open seas. During the afternoon troops loyal to the government took control of the city and the port. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa"><i>Consejo Nacional de Defensa</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consejo Nacional de Defensa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Council_(Spain)" title="National Defence Council (Spain)">National Defence Council (Spain)</a></div> <p>According to some sources the coup was initially planned for March 4, precipitated by Negrín's nominations of March 3; they were perceived as full Communist takeover. Until the very last minute composition of the rebel executive, to be named Council of National Defense (CND), was unclear. In late February, Casado suggested that <a href="/wiki/Melchor_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Melchor Rodríguez García">Melchor Rodríguez</a> be its president, but he declined; also Besteiro followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in the afternoon of March 5 key conspirators gathered in the former building of the Ministry of Finance to make a radio broadcast, the CND composition was still not agreed. It was eventually decided that the presidency would go to Miaja, who at the time was in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>; following further nervous discussion on personalities and organisations, names were agreed shortly before the final broadcast, made on 10 PM. It was clear to everyone gathered, however, that the coup leader was Casado. </p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 162px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 160px; height: 220px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -00px; left: -20px; width: 200px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Jos%C3%A9_Miaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="José Miaja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/General_Jos%C3%A9_Miaja.jpg/200px-General_Jos%C3%A9_Miaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/General_Jos%C3%A9_Miaja.jpg/300px-General_Jos%C3%A9_Miaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/General_Jos%C3%A9_Miaja.jpg/400px-General_Jos%C3%A9_Miaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Jos%C3%A9_Miaja.jpg" title="File:General José Miaja.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miaja" title="José Miaja">José Miaja</a> </div> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>position</th> <th>office holder</th> <th>representing </th></tr> <tr> <td>President</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miaja" title="José Miaja">José Miaja Menant</a></td> <td>army </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreign Affairs/Vice-president</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro" title="Julián Besteiro"> Julián Besteiro Fernández</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Partido_Socialista_Obrero_Espa%C3%B1ol" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido Socialista Obrero Español">Partido Socialista Obrero Español</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Interior</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wenceslao_Carrillo" title="Wenceslao Carrillo"> Wenceslao Carrillo Alonso-Forjador</a></td> <td><i>Agrupación Socialista Madrileña</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Defense</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Segismundo_Casado" title="Segismundo Casado"> Segismundo Casado López </a></td> <td>army </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finance</td> <td>Manuel González Marín</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Labor</td> <td>Antonio Pérez García</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">Unión General de Trabajadores</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Justice</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_San_Andr%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel San Andrés (page does not exist)">Miguel San Andrés</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_San_Andr%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="es:Miguel San Andrés">es</a>]</span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Izquierda_Republicana" class="mw-redirect" title="Izquierda Republicana">Izquierda Republicana</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Education & Health</td> <td>José del Río Rodríguez</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">Unión Republicana</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Communications & Public Works</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Val" title="Eduardo Val"> Eduardo Val Bescós</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The broadcast consisted of the official communiqué and addresses by Besteiro, Mera, San Andrés and Casado.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All were phrased rather vaguely in grandiloquent terms; all focused on lambasting Negrín and his government as incompetent and serving foreign (i.e. presumably Soviet) interests, presiding over the great national disaster. They did not contain any explicit references to opening peace talks with the Nationalists, though a number of times they contained phrases about “saving innocent masses” or “humanitarian duties”; however, the speakers also declared themselves anti-fascists and at some points advocated resistance. Last words of Casado's speech were addressed to Franco: “in your hands, not in ours, is peace or war”.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_response">Governmental response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governmental response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -60px; width: 280px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_C-41_(15954343189).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A DC-2 flew Negrín out of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Douglas_C-41_%2815954343189%29.jpg/280px-Douglas_C-41_%2815954343189%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Douglas_C-41_%2815954343189%29.jpg/420px-Douglas_C-41_%2815954343189%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Douglas_C-41_%2815954343189%29.jpg/560px-Douglas_C-41_%2815954343189%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_C-41_(15954343189).jpg" title="File:Douglas C-41 (15954343189).jpg"> </a></div>A <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">DC-2</a> flew Negrín out of Spain </div> </div> </div> <p>Negrín and his government listened to the CND radio broadcast when at <i>Posición Yuste</i>. The prime minister immediately called Casado and a flurry of other telephone conversations followed. Negrín demanded explanations, which Casado refused to give. A series of other phone calls revealed that except commanders of Army of Extremadura and Army of Andalusia,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who seemed loyal even though somewhat ambiguous, most other local military leaders tended to side with the rebels. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Garc%C3%A9s_Arroyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santiago Garcés Arroyo (page does not exist)">Santiago Garcés Arroyo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Garc%C3%A9s_Arroyo" class="extiw" title="es:Santiago Garcés Arroyo">es</a>]</span>, the nationwide SIM commander present at <i>Posición Yuste</i>, called Pedrero and ordered him to arrest Casado, which he refused to do.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point during the night most members of the government, including the prime minister, concluded that there was no point in mounting resistance against CND. Some sources claim that either Negrín or <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cord%C3%B3n_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Antonio Cordón García">Antonio Cordón García</a> tried to arrange with Casado formal handover of powers, principally to ensure that the Republican government is not entirely compromised internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early hours of March 6 Negrín received information that the fleet would not return to Cartagena and was heading to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>; this effectively quashed any hope of massive, controlled evacuation from Levantine ports. There were also news that civil governor of Murcia sided with the rebels, that there might be CND-loyal troops sent to capture Negrín and the government at <i>Posición Yuste</i>, that the near airfield in <a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%B2ver" title="Monòver">Monòver</a> might soon get overrun and that the port in Alicante, still controlled by the government, might be cut off. In the morning Negrín decided to leave Spain and ordered for aircraft to be ready at Monóver.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of organizing resistance was still nurtured by at least some members of the nationwide PCE executive and <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Komintern</a>, who resided in their headquarters known as <i>Posición Dakar</i>, few kilometers from <i>Posición Yuste</i> (the PCE leader <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a> left Spain in November 1938 to undergo medical treatment in the USSR). <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a> suggested that last effort to secure some sort of ceasefire agreement should be made with CND; it was a device to gain time in order to ascertain the scale of support for the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Checa" title="Pedro Checa">Pedro Checa</a> sent emissaries out across the central zone to the same end. Some tried to convince Negrín, who before flying out visited <i>Posición Dakar</i>, but to no avail. Negrín tried to issue a radio broadcast which would declare the need to hand over power in constitutional manner, but no transmitter was available. Around mid-day on March 6 Negrín and his government flew to France. Some in PCE planned last-ditch bulwark of resistance between Albacete, Valencia and Cartagena,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually the executive made a last-minute decision to avoid further bloodshed, which effectively forbade fighting CND, and to go underground; most of its members flew out on March 6, too.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Checa was left to communicate the decisions adopted; as there was no radio connection available, he sent an emissary to Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_in_Madrid">Coup in Madrid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coup in Madrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CND deployed two <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> and some other units led by trusted commanders in Madrid. However, <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Ascanio" title="Guillermo Ascanio">Guillermo Ascanio</a>, the loyalist commander of the 8. Division deployed west of the city, abandoned the frontline and on March 6 seized northern and partiallty central quarters of Madrid. Also tank and other units stationed in reserve near <a href="/wiki/Torrej%C3%B3n_de_Ardoz" title="Torrejón de Ardoz">Torrejón de Ardoz</a> remained loyal and headed towards the centre from the east. On March 7 the major rebel command centre called <i><a href="/wiki/El_Capricho_Park" title="El Capricho Park">Posicion Jaca</a></i> was overrun; most CND members left Madrid for <a href="/wiki/Taranc%C3%B3n" title="Tarancón">Tarrancón</a>. On March 8 the advancing loyalists were already few kilometres from Ministerio de Hacienda, the Casado headquarters. On March 9 both sides engaged in negotiations which produced informal ceasefire. On March 10 Anarchist-controlled rebel reinforcements, which previously held the frontline on <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Guadalajara" title="Province of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>/<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Soria" title="Province of Soria">Soria</a> borders and were recalled by <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Mera" title="Cipriano Mera">Cipriano Mera</a>, reached the outskirts of Madrid from the east; they penetrated into eastern districts of Madrid. On March 11 they seized control over the centre, and on March 12 last islands of loyalist resistance were suffocated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_situation_and_rebel_plans">Military situation and rebel plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military situation and rebel plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_army_corps_Madrid_March_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Republican_army_corps_Madrid_March_1939.jpg/220px-Republican_army_corps_Madrid_March_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Republican_army_corps_Madrid_March_1939.jpg/330px-Republican_army_corps_Madrid_March_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Republican_army_corps_Madrid_March_1939.jpg/440px-Republican_army_corps_Madrid_March_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Army of the Centre dispositions and Corps commanders, March 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Out of 5 army corps operational near Madrid and subordinated to Casado as head of Army of the Centre, 3 were commanded by Communists or their sympathizers. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Corps_(Spanish_Republicans)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Corps (Spanish Republicans) (page does not exist)">I. Corps</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Cuerpo_de_Ej%C3%A9rcito_(Bando_republicano)" class="extiw" title="es:I Cuerpo de Ejército (Bando republicano)">es</a>]</span>, holding the frontline in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Guadarrama" title="Sierra de Guadarrama">Sierra de Guadarrama</a>, was headed by colonel <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barcel%C3%B3" title="Luis Barceló">Luis Barceló Jover</a>; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=II_Corps_(Spanish_Republicans)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="II Corps (Spanish Republicans) (page does not exist)">II. Corps</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Cuerpo_de_Ej%C3%A9rcito_(Bando_republicano)" class="extiw" title="es:II Cuerpo de Ejército (Bando republicano)">es</a>]</span>, holding the frontline in <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Campo" title="Casa de Campo">Casa de Campo</a> and directly west of Madrid, was headed by colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Bueno_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_del_Prado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio Bueno Núñez del Prado (page does not exist)">Emilio Bueno Núñez del Prado</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Bueno_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_del_Prado" class="extiw" title="es:Emilio Bueno Núñez del Prado">es</a>]</span>; the III. Corps, holding the frontline south of Madrid bordering the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Toledo" title="Province of Toledo">province of Toledo</a>, was headed by colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Ortega_Guti%C3%A9rrez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Ortega Gutiérrez (page does not exist)">Antonio Ortega Gutiérrez</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ortega_Guti%C3%A9rrez" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio Ortega Gutiérrez">es</a>]</span>. Beyond the Communist control was the <a href="/wiki/IV_Army_Corps_(Spain)" title="IV Army Corps (Spain)">IV. Corps</a>, which manned the frontline north-east of Madrid, along the borders of the Guadalajara province with the province of Soria; it was commanded by an Anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Mera" title="Cipriano Mera">Cipriano Mera</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=XVII_Corps_(Spanish_Republicans)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XVII Corps (Spanish Republicans) (page does not exist)">XVII Corps</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_Cuerpo_de_Ej%C3%A9rcito_(Bando_republicano)" class="extiw" title="es:XVII Cuerpo de Ejército (Bando republicano)">es</a>]</span>, which remained in reserve, was commanded by colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Garc%C3%ADa_Vallejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos García Vallejo (page does not exist)">Carlos García Vallejo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Garc%C3%ADa_Vallejo" class="extiw" title="es:Carlos García Vallejo">es</a>]</span>, who was not associated with any specific party.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, Communist-related officers commanded 3 out of 5 corps, 12 out of 18 divisions, and 28 out of 50 brigades; also some 45% of staff officers from brigade to corps level were in the Communist orbit. However, out of 73 political commissars (brigade to corps) only 27 were <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a> members; 21 were related to Socialist <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a> and 17 to the Anarchist <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plotters ensured there were military units commanded by trusted officers present in the city. The most important was 65. Division, in direct reserve of the Army of the Centre. Commanded by a socialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valent%C3%ADn_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_Miguel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentín Gutiérrez de Miguel (page does not exist)">Valentín Gutiérrez de Miguel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_Miguel" class="extiw" title="es:Valentín Gutiérrez de Miguel">es</a>]</span>, it was deployed in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Chamart%C3%ADn_(Madrid)" title="Chamartín (Madrid)">Chamartín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castellana_(Madrid)" title="Castellana (Madrid)">Castellana</a> and its staff was located in the <a href="/wiki/Nuevos_Ministerios" title="Nuevos Ministerios">Nuevos Ministerios</a> quarter. In direct reserve there was also 2. Assault Division, commanded by a socialist Piñeroa; it took positions in the quarters of <a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(Madrid)" title="Salamanca (Madrid)">Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamber%C3%AD" title="Chamberí">Chamberí</a>. A unit under the Anarchist command was 70. Brigade (part of 14. Division within the IV. Corps), deployed along the line from <a href="/wiki/Alameda_de_Osuna" title="Alameda de Osuna">Alameda de Osuna</a> across <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Lineal" title="Ciudad Lineal">Ciudad Lineál</a> towards the city centre. The 8. and 152. brigades of the <a href="/wiki/Carabineros" title="Carabineros">Carabineros</a>, also controlled by the Socialists, stationed in south-eastern districts of Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_5,_1939"><span id="March_5.2C_1939"></span>March 5, 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: March 5, 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_March_05,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madrid_March_05%2C_1939.jpg/160px-Madrid_March_05%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madrid_March_05%2C_1939.jpg/240px-Madrid_March_05%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madrid_March_05%2C_1939.jpg/320px-Madrid_March_05%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>as of late March 5<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Having heard the radio broadcast of Consejo Nacional de Defensa in the evening hours of March 5, the Communist leaders present in Madrid gathered in the PCE operational headquarters. It was located in so-called Villa Eloisa in the north-eastern suburb of Ciudad Lineál, already beyond the administrative city limits; Villa was some 6 km in straight line from the former Ministry of Finance building, the headquarters of the rebels. </p><p>There was no clear leader in the PCE Madrid executive; some point to Vicente Pertegás as the man who effectively took command of Communist actions in the days to come.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two senior local party men Arturo Jiménez and head of the military section Domingo Girón departed to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_El_Pardo" title="Royal Palace of El Pardo">El Pardo</a> at north-western outskirts of Madrid, home to general staff of the II. Corps and the nearest one of all corps HQ sites; their intention was to convince colonel Bueno to form a force which would enter Madrid and crush the rebels. However, Bueno vacillated; Jiménez and Girón returned to Villa Eloisa. Girón was then asked to contact Barceló; however, on his way he was detained by rebel troops and incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attempt was directed at Guillermo Ascanio Moreno, a zealous Communist and commander of the 8. Division, subordinate of Bueno. </p><p>PCE envoys from Villa Eloisa had some trouble reaching El Pardo, HQ of Ascanio and distant by some 12 km; northern suburbs of Madrid like <a href="/wiki/Fuencarral-El_Pardo" title="Fuencarral-El Pardo">Fuencarral</a> were also patrolled by CND units. However, prior to being contacted by PCE envoys Ascanio decided to take action himself.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources suggest that during the night he withdrew from the frontline near <a href="/wiki/Majadahonda" title="Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aravaca" title="Aravaca">Aravaca</a> the sub-units which he did not think indispensable in case of a would-be Nationalist attack; others claim he withdrew all 3 brigades (18., 44. and 111.) which formed his 8. Division and directed them south-east, across all Madrid towards the Ministry of Economics near <a href="/wiki/Puerta_del_Sol" title="Puerta del Sol">Puerta del Sol</a>, which Ascanio rightly supposed to have been headquarters of CND. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_6,_1939"><span id="March_6.2C_1939"></span>March 6, 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: March 6, 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_March_06,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Madrid_March_06%2C_1939.jpg/160px-Madrid_March_06%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Madrid_March_06%2C_1939.jpg/240px-Madrid_March_06%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Madrid_March_06%2C_1939.jpg/320px-Madrid_March_06%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>as of late March 6</figcaption></figure> <p>Ascanio did not head his Division and moved to Villa Eloisa; there he was nominated the military commander of operations aimed at crushing the rebel troops. His intention was to mobilize units from Barceló's and Ortega's corps and with the pincer movement from the north and from the south seize control of Madrid. However, communication with trusted commanders of particular units was shaky; also the attitude adopted by some leading officers was ambiguous. On the other hand, Ascanio managed to win over commanders of the tank unit in Torrejón de Ardoz and these of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">armored trains</a>, stationed east and north-east of Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the morning hours the loyalist 18. Brigade (from 8. Division) reached <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_Caminos_(Madrid)" title="Cuatro Caminos (Madrid)">Cuatro Caminos</a>, a northern district of Madrid just 4 km away from the CND headquarters; it was commanded by a zealous Communist and former <a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias" title="Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias">MAOC</a> militant, Pedro Fernández. The unit was opposed by 112. Mixed Brigade, part of the 65. Division; following some combat the Ascanio's men prevailed and reached the northern side of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calle_de_R%C3%ADos_Rosas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calle de Ríos Rosas (page does not exist)">Calle de Ríos Rosas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle_de_R%C3%ADos_Rosas" class="extiw" title="es:Calle de Ríos Rosas">es</a>]</span>. Around mid-day Chamartín was already controlled by the loyalists. Around that time head of the II. Corps Bueno decided to take sides and also declared himself aligned with the loyalists. Ascanio re-assumed command of the 8. Division, which was already almost in full force in north-central Madrid. The unit changed direction of its assault and instead of pushing south, it started to advance east, towards so-called <i><a href="/wiki/El_Capricho_Park" title="El Capricho Park">Posición Jaca</a></i>, HQ of the Army of the Centre where Ascanio expected to besiege Casado. At that time Barceló (I. Corps) and Ortega (III. Corps) remained passive and their position was unclear. </p><p>In the afternoon Casado asked Mera to go to <i>Posición Jaca</i> and assess the situation. Mera found it very difficult, especially that loyalist armored units from Torrejón were approaching also from the east. In the early evening hours he managed to call the staff of his IV. Corps in <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá de Henares</a>, some 18 km east of <i>Posición Jaca</i>, and ordered to send reinforcements. They failed to materialize before midnight and defense mounted by the Carabineros brigade started to disintegrate; some members of the general staff withdrew towards the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_7,_1939"><span id="March_7.2C_1939"></span>March 7, 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: March 7, 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_March_07,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Madrid_March_07%2C_1939.jpg/160px-Madrid_March_07%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Madrid_March_07%2C_1939.jpg/240px-Madrid_March_07%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Madrid_March_07%2C_1939.jpg/320px-Madrid_March_07%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>as of late March 7</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early hours resistance offered by Carabineros and units of 70. Brigade (another reserve unit at disposal of the Army of the Centre command) at <i>Posición Jaca</i> collapsed and the bunkers were overrun by the loyalists. 3 colonels of the general staff were taken prisoner. In the morning hours the advancing column proceeded towards the city centre and engaged in combat near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puente_de_Ventas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puente de Ventas (page does not exist)">Puente de Ventas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_de_Ventas" class="extiw" title="es:Puente de Ventas">es</a>]</span>. </p><p>42. Brigade (part of 7. Division from II. Corps) under command of a Communist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cortinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Fernández Cortinas (page does not exist)">Manuel Fernández Cortinas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cortinas" class="extiw" title="es:Manuel Fernández Cortinas">es</a>]</span> manned the frontline at Casa de Campo; on orders from Bueno the unit left its positions and also headed towards the city centre from the west. At the time Cortinas was trying to win over the commander of the neighboring 40. Brigade (also part of 7. Division), José Sánchez; eventually the brigade staff tilted the decision in favor of the loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both brigades were moving south-east along the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Manzanares_(river)" title="Manzanares (river)">Manzanares river</a>. In the afternoon both units were approaching <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Palacio Real</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Real" title="Teatro Real">Teatro de la Opera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> key objects for the rebels; the former hosted a telephone exchange, and the latter served as giant storage place for arms and munitions. </p><p>Somewhat less successful was the loyalist counter-offensive from the east. The plan was that the troops were to join the 42. Brigade near <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Cibeles" title="Plaza de Cibeles">Plaza de Cibeles</a>, but advancing from <a href="/wiki/Canillejas" title="Canillejas">Canillejas</a> towards the district of <a href="/wiki/Ventas_(Madrid)" title="Ventas (Madrid)">Ventas</a>, the loyalists were bogged in heavy combat and failed to make progress. In the afternoon Barceló, who decided to support the loyalists and was nominated (or self-nominated) head of loyalist Army of the Centre,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appeared at <i>Posición Jaca</i>; he interrogated prisoners and gave some orders.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though initial impact of the loyalist counter-offensive slowed down, they kept progressing and were approaching the rebels from 3 directions: north-west, north and north-east. Despite attempts to deploy reinforcements, the CND members were in increasing danger; most members of the body, including Miaja but excluding Casado, later in the day left Madrid and set their new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Taranc%C3%B3n" title="Tarancón">Tarrancón</a>, some 80 km south-east of the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During very late hours, already during the night, the loyalists took control over Palacio Real and Teatro de la Opera.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_8,_1939"><span id="March_8.2C_1939"></span>March 8, 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: March 8, 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_March_08,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Madrid_March_08%2C_1939.jpg/160px-Madrid_March_08%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Madrid_March_08%2C_1939.jpg/240px-Madrid_March_08%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Madrid_March_08%2C_1939.jpg/320px-Madrid_March_08%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>as of late March 8</figcaption></figure> <p>During morning hours the column led by Cortinas departed from surroundings of Palacio Real and headed east, towards <a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Castellana" title="Paseo de la Castellana">Paseo de la Castellana</a>; as other elements of the 7. Division advanced from the north along the Paseo, the intention was to converge upon defenders from the 65. Division from two directions. By mid-day the loyalist troops progressed until Plaza de Cibeles. The rebel troops started to wear white armbands on left hand to get distinguished from the loyalists. </p><p>Also during morning and early afternoon hours the loyalist units advancing from north-east have finally seized control over Ventas, partially thanks to the 8. Brigade of the Carabineros, which changed sides and joined the Communist-controlled units. Proceeding along <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calle_de_Goya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calle de Goya (page does not exist)">Calle de Goya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle_de_Goya" class="extiw" title="es:Calle de Goya">es</a>]</span>, later that day they joined forces with units advancing from the north at <a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Puerta de Alcalá">Puerta de Alcalá</a>. </p><p>The rebel units which borne the brunt of the Communist-controlled counter-offensive across the centre of Madrid were mostly Socialist units from the 65. and 2. Assault Division. Particular role was played by the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia de Asalto">Guardia de Asalto</a> colonel Armando Alvárez, who emerged as the key commander who co-ordinated the defense.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the afternoon the position of the rebels became dire. Their headquarters at Ministerio de Hacienda was some 1.5 km from nearest loyalist units; though at the time the way south was controlled by the Casadistas, there was real threat that their command centre might be cut off any minute. Loyalist artillery pieces, deployed at Puerta de Alcalá, opened fire and started shelling the buildings of Ministerio de Hacienda.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_9,_1939"><span id="March_9.2C_1939"></span>March 9, 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: March 9, 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_March_09,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Madrid_March_09%2C_1939.jpg/160px-Madrid_March_09%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Madrid_March_09%2C_1939.jpg/240px-Madrid_March_09%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Madrid_March_09%2C_1939.jpg/320px-Madrid_March_09%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>as of late March 9</figcaption></figure> <p>During the night the Madrid Communist command centre in Villa Eloisa was reached by envoys from the party national headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Elda" title="Elda">Elda</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Alicante" title="Province of Alicante">province of Alicante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They carried the orders to stop fighting and to prepare for either evacuation or going to clandestine activities; the news broke out also that the PCE executive had left Spain on March 6–7, and that except Madrid, the Casadistas triumphed in all the Republican zone.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Madrid PCE executive was left somewhat bewildered; a heated debate ensued. Eventually most members of the local party command decided to comply with the instructions. One source claims that an offer was submitted to CND with the suggestion to exchange prisoners and possibly PCE taking a seat in CND.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another version claims that the offer of ceasefire was produced by head of the III Corps Ortega, who despite his Communist affiliations remained neutral and mediated between CND and PCE; according to this perspective, Casado intended to gain time before the reinforcements arrive.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effectively the mid-day of the 9. of March produced a ceasefire, with both sides re-organizing their units and consolidating their position. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Jesús Hernández Tomás">Jesús Hernández</a>, member of the Madrid PCE executive, refused to accept the party instructions. With a group of co-workers he declared forming of a new PCE politburo, effectively rejecting the authority of PCE leadership, who at the time were already either in France or in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> anyway. He issued a belligerent manifesto calling the commissars and commanders not to relinquish powers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationalist officers commanding at Casa de Campo and around noticed withdrawal of some opposing units and notified their superiors accordingly, suggesting that the opportunity be seized with a rapid advance. However, the orders from the Francoist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ej%C3%A9rcito_Centro_(Spanish_Nationalists)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ejército Centro (Spanish Nationalists) (page does not exist)">Ejército Centro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_del_Centro_(Bando_sublevado)" class="extiw" title="es:Ejército del Centro (Bando sublevado)">es</a>]</span> demanded holding own positions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the day reinforcements called by Mera 3 days earlier have been organized; they consisted mostly of the 14. Division, led by Liberino González and previously deployed at the mountainous frontline between the provinces of Guadalajara and Soria, and the 12. Division, also part of the IV. Corps but deployed in reserve. During the day detachments of both units made some 60 km and during the night they arrived at Torrejón de Ardoz, at eastern outskirts of Madrid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_10,_1939"><span id="March_10.2C_1939"></span>March 10, 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: March 10, 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_March_10,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Madrid_March_10%2C_1939.jpg/160px-Madrid_March_10%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Madrid_March_10%2C_1939.jpg/240px-Madrid_March_10%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Madrid_March_10%2C_1939.jpg/320px-Madrid_March_10%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>as of late March 10</figcaption></figure> <p>In the morning hours first sub-units of the rebel 14. and 12. Division reached Puente de San Fernando at the <a href="/wiki/Jarama_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarama river">Jarama river</a>. Despite earlier PCE decision to avoid bloodshed, they were offered resistance by Communist-controlled units, mostly 44. Brigade and 18. Brigade from the 8. Division. The shootout lasted few hours; eventually motorized columns of the Anarchist-dominated divisions seized control over the bridge and advanced on the western banks of the Jarama. However, at this point the loyalist artillery, deployed at the hill named Alto de Ventas some 5 km west, started pounding the advancing rebel units. They were dispersed and their advance ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was relatively little fighting in the governmental quarter; the loyalist advance stopped while the rebels were not in position to offer anything more than defense. Engineering detachments from the Communist-controlled units attempted to dig a tunnel and plant explosives behind the rebel lines in immediate vicinity of Ministerio de Hacienda, but failed. Having learnt the news about Mera's troops advancing from the east, in the afternoon elements of the 42. Brigade under Cortinas were sent some 12 km east towards <i>Posición Jaca</i> as reinforcements. </p><p>During late evening and early night hours the rebel 12. Division advanced west and approached both Alto de Ventas and bunkers of <i>Posición Jaca</i>. The Communists decided not to offer resistance and abandoned the compound, which was seized by the Anarchist-controlled units. They were now some 10 km away from the half-besieged Casado headquarters at Ministerio de Hacienda and it was the Communist-controlled units which were now getting in an increasingly difficult position, from the south confronted by 65. Division dug in the governmental quarter and from the north-east by the approaching Mera's troops.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_11,_1939"><span id="March_11.2C_1939"></span>March 11, 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: March 11, 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_March_11,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Madrid_March_11%2C_1939.jpg/160px-Madrid_March_11%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Madrid_March_11%2C_1939.jpg/240px-Madrid_March_11%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Madrid_March_11%2C_1939.jpg/320px-Madrid_March_11%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>as of late March 11</figcaption></figure> <p>Since early morning the troops which formed part of the rebel IV. Corps, mostly 12. and 14. Division, commenced offensive along a fairly long, 10-km frontline, ranging from Fuencarral in the north, Chamartín in the centre, <a href="/wiki/Hortaleza" title="Hortaleza">Hortaleza</a>, Ciudad Lineál and Ventas in the east towards the governmental quarter in the centre. The Communist leaders abandoned Villa Eloisa, soon seized by the rebels, and went into hiding. </p><p>Locally the situation could have differed enormously; there were sections with fierce hand-to-hand combat and there were also quarters where troops fraternized. One example is the suburb of Fuencarral, which changed hands a few times during the day; first seized by the Casadistas, it was later seized by anti-Casadista units of the 8. Division withdrawing from<i> Posición Jaca</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then again fell to the Casadistas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is Ventas, where advancing Anarchist-controlled units sent parliamentarians; equipped with tri-color flags and shouting vivas to the Republic they first tried to convince their counterparts that there was no point fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 42 Brigade (loyalist) commenced withdrawal from Cibeles to the north-west, across Nuevos Ministerios towards the Manzanares river. In the afternoon fierce fighting took place north of the very centre, as artillery and mortars were employed by both sides. By the evening there were only isolated pockets of Communist resistance in the governmental quarter, as sub-units which previously had tried to penetrate into the Casadista centre failed to withdraw and found themselves encircled by the advancing divisions of Mera. By the dark almost all of Madrid was controlled by the CND; major loyalist strongholds were only Nuevos Ministerios in the centre and the area around El Pardo in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_12,_1939"><span id="March_12.2C_1939"></span>March 12, 1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: March 12, 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_March_12,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madrid_March_12%2C_1939.jpg/160px-Madrid_March_12%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madrid_March_12%2C_1939.jpg/240px-Madrid_March_12%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madrid_March_12%2C_1939.jpg/320px-Madrid_March_12%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>as of late March 12</figcaption></figure> <p>Last islands of loyalist resistance, especially Nuevos Ministerios and El Pardo, were first isolated and then attacked by the CND troops; some loyalists were overrun, but most surrendered. <a href="/wiki/Servicio_de_Inteligencia_Militar" title="Servicio de Inteligencia Militar">Servicio de Inteligencia Militar</a> (SIM), the military counter-intelligence service with its Madrid branch controlled by PSOE and headed by the Socialist zealot <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ngel_Pedrero_Garc%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ángel Pedrero García (page does not exist)">Ángel Pedrero García</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Pedrero_Garc%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Ángel Pedrero García">es</a>]</span>, carried out the hunt for Communist militants across the city. </p><p>CND published its response to the PCE proposal, made public 3 days earlier. The Consejo rejected all Communist suggestions and demanded nothing but unconditional surrender; it vaguely pledged “to judge the events of the last days without partisan passion”, noted that all Communist <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a> not guilty of any crimes would be freed and that the council would be ready to listen to further PCE proposals, though it also reserved the right to make any necessary personal decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same day <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a>, at the time in hiding in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> and acting as the highest PCE authority in Spain, issued a response. He declared that given CND pledged not to embark on reprisals, PCE was prepared to co-operate; some grandiloquent phrases followed, pointing e.g. to “example of sacrifice, heroism and discipline” to be given to the fatherland.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was delivered to the PCE Madrid executive by Togliatti's wife on the evening the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist resistance ceased and the battle for Madrid was over. Most resolute commanders, like Ascanio or Fernández, were already detained by the Casadistas; others, like Barceló, Bueno or Ortega, would be apprehended the following day or soon afterwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_beyond_Madrid">Coup beyond Madrid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coup beyond Madrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 162px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 160px; height: 220px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -00px; left: -60px; width: 280px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_l%C3%ADderes_del_Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa_a_su_llegada_al_Reino_Unido_(Wenceslao_Carrillo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wenceslao Carrillo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Los_l%C3%ADderes_del_Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa_a_su_llegada_al_Reino_Unido_%28Wenceslao_Carrillo%29.jpg/280px-Los_l%C3%ADderes_del_Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa_a_su_llegada_al_Reino_Unido_%28Wenceslao_Carrillo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Los_l%C3%ADderes_del_Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa_a_su_llegada_al_Reino_Unido_%28Wenceslao_Carrillo%29.jpg/420px-Los_l%C3%ADderes_del_Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa_a_su_llegada_al_Reino_Unido_%28Wenceslao_Carrillo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Los_l%C3%ADderes_del_Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa_a_su_llegada_al_Reino_Unido_%28Wenceslao_Carrillo%29.jpg/560px-Los_l%C3%ADderes_del_Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa_a_su_llegada_al_Reino_Unido_%28Wenceslao_Carrillo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1143" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_l%C3%ADderes_del_Consejo_Nacional_de_Defensa_a_su_llegada_al_Reino_Unido_(Wenceslao_Carrillo).jpg" title="File:Los líderes del Consejo Nacional de Defensa a su llegada al Reino Unido (Wenceslao Carrillo).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Wenceslao_Carrillo" title="Wenceslao Carrillo">Wenceslao Carrillo</a> </div> </div> </div> <p>At the moment of Casado's coup, the Republicans controlled some 130.000 sq. kilometers (26% of Spain) and apart from Madrid, also 9 provincial capitals. The key man behind ensuring success of the coup beyond Madrid was <a href="/wiki/Wenceslao_Carrillo" title="Wenceslao Carrillo">Wenceslao Carrillo</a>, who as minister of interior within CND claimed to have been the superior of all provincial administration. He made a series of phone calls to local civil governors which convinced almost all of them (except Alicante) to declare loyalty to the rebels; along the military lines similar action was taken by the freshly Negrín-nominated chief of General Staff, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Leopoldo Menéndez">Leopoldo Menéndez</a>, who was part of the plot. In result, apart from minor counter-action on part of Army of Extremadura in Ciudad Real, ephemeral attempts by some units near Valencia and chaotic melee in the Murcian Cartagena, all provinces fell to CND relatively easily. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacete" title="Albacete">Albacete</a>: the civil governor and local military commander opted for loyalty towards CND; as there was risk that they might try to capture the Monóvar airfield near Elda, their takeover prompted Negrín's departure from Spain on March 6<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>: the civil governor, the mayor and the military governor were initially loyal to the government; however, once Negrín and his cabinet as well as part of the PCE executive flew away and left Spain on March 6, they saw no point in resisting and on March 8 the city fell to the Casadistas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>: local UGT, PSOE and CNT declared support for CND. Following some confusion within PCE no resistance was offered, some related premises were ransacked and spontaneous repression began. When local PCE representatives asked the civil governor that the persecution be stopped, they were arrested<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a>: commander of Army of Extremadura general Antonio Escobar Huerta, who initially declared loyalty to Negrín, changed his mind eventually adhered to CND. Some PCE groups offered resistance in so-called Palacio Rojo; following some fighting including usage of armored vehicles, the building was seized by the rebels; there were some fatal casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most key Communist officials were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, some units of VI. Cuerpo de Ejército (Army of Extremadura), stationed in Siruela, Puertollano or Daimiel tried to counter-react, but eventually there was either minor combat or no combat at all.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a>: the local military commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Laín Entralgo (page does not exist)">José Laín Entralgo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo" class="extiw" title="es:José Laín Entralgo">es</a>]</span>, himself member of PCE, contacted <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Uribe" title="Vicente Uribe">Uribe</a> and asked for instructions; he was told not to offer resistance. Despite this, there was some minor fighting recorded before the Casadistas took control<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara</a>: the Communist civil governor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cazorla_Maure" title="José Cazorla Maure">José Cazorla</a> was lured into a trap by Mera and arrested. No fighting has been recorded<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>: some 70 prominent Communists were promptly arrested and the city immediately fell under the CND control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>: the civil governor followed the orders from Wenceslao Carillo and arrested most prominent Communists. No fighting was recorded<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>. Extremely chaotic situation emerged in the naval base, with pro-Negrín loyalists, pro-Casado rebels and pro-Franco rebels controlling parts of the port. Cartagena eventually fell under the CND control by March 10.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>: the newly appointed head of General Staff, general Menéndez, was based in Valencia. He was from the onset member of the Casadista plot, prepared in advance and fairly easily assured the CND control over the city and province; initial plan of Communist-controlled units to mount resistance fizzled out</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were some 30,000 soldiers engaged in fightings in or around the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of casualties and related intensity of combat is unclear. It is usually maintained that there were some 2,000 KIA in Madrid,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though according to some sources 2,000 is all casualties, including the wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salas Larrazabál advanced the figure of 233 KIA and 543 WIA, based on documentation produced by Dirección de Servicios de Sanidad del Ejército del Centro; such numbers suggest relatively moderate fighting, though what remains striking is the unusual proportion between the dead and the wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registro Civil de Madrid suggests a similar figure of 243 dead; it is provided as a concluding statement in a recent article, which claims to deal with "myths" related to the 1939 coup.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were some fatal casualties recorded in Cartagena, but given the city was contested also by the Nationalists, it is not clear whether they should be considered as victims of the CND coup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consejo_in_power"><i>Consejo</i> in power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consejo in power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 162px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 160px; height: 220px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -00px; left: -00px; width: 170px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Julián Besteiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/170px-Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/255px-Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/340px-Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="3520" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" title="File:Julián Besteiro Fernández.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro" title="Julián Besteiro">Julián Besteiro</a> </div> </div> </div> <p>Following successful coup CND embarked on massive political purges, aimed against the Communists. Most of these holding posts in administration (civil governors, alcaldes) or army were released and many were detained; some estimates range up to 15,000 arrested. PCE was not officially outlawed, but at times all members of provincial executive structures were arrested <i>en bloc</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scale of killings is unclear; executions backed by some sort of juridical proceedings were few, and the best known case is this of Barceló. However, some protagonists claimed later that there were hundreds of Communist inmates murdered in prisons or makeshift detention centers, including disposing of them in sewers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These of the detainees who survived the carnage spent 3 weeks behind bars before having been handed over to the Nationalists in late March 1939. Also some symbolic measures have been taken, like removing the red star from military uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anarchist and Socialist press commenced a virulent campaign against Negrín and the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political differences within CND became apparent almost immediately following the triumph of the coup. The Anarchists imagined that further resistance against the Nationalists would be offered as means of securing best possible terms of surrender; the military intended to arrange ceasefire as soon as possible. To remove the only person who commanded real power, Casado suggested to Mera that he takes command of the Army of Extremadura; the offer was declined.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casado continued his informal negotiations with the Nationalists in pursuit of an honorable peace. On March 23 two of his envoys flew to <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a> and proposed staged surrender combined with evacuation of all these willing to leave Spain; they were treated to demand of immediate and unconditional surrender with vague assurances that people not guilty of criminal activity would not be repressed.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CND were uneasy, asked for confirmation and flew the envoys again to Burgos on March 25; hardly any talks took place. Despite this, on March 26 CND ordered no resistance in case of Nationalists advance, which commenced a day later. On March 26–28 all CND members except Besteiro left Madrid for the Levantine coast. </p><p>The CND made some efforts to secure money deposits and other papers of the Republican government, stored abroad; the apparent intention was to ensure controlled evacuation. On March 23 Carillo ordered civil governors to prepare evacuation, but no details were provided; in public statements CND officials declared shipping was being readied for everyone willing to leave Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was no organized scheme in place and when Nationalist troops commenced advance, tens of thousands started to flee chaotically eastwards. Miaja and Mera flew out from Alicante to <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> on March 29, while Casado set off from <a href="/wiki/Gandia" title="Gandia">Gandia</a> aboard a British warship in early hours of March 30. Alicante fell to the Nationalists on March 30 and the Republican zone ceased to exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 162px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 160px; height: 220px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -00px; left: -00px; width: 170px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mera_cipriano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cipriano Mera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Mera_cipriano.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mera_cipriano.jpg" title="File:Mera cipriano.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Mera" title="Cipriano Mera">Cipriano Mera</a> </div> </div> </div> <p>Among the CND members San Andrés was detained in Valencia by the Nationalists. Sentenced to death but commuted, he died when incarcerated in 1940. Besteiro was also detained by the Nationalists, court-martialled to 30 years in prison and he died behind bars in 1940. Pérez was detained by the Nationalists in Alicante and sentenced to 20 years of prison, but released in the early 1940s; he was member of the clandestine PSOE executive until in 1946 he moved to France; he passed away in Paris in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miaja lived on exile in France and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, where he died in 1958. Carillo settled in Britain and Belgium, where he passed away in 1963. Casado lived in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>; he returned to Spain in 1961 and was subject to juridical investigation, but was not imprisoned;<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he died in 1968. Del Río Rodríguez lived in Britain and Latin America, but returned to Spain after the death of Franco. He died in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Val left Spain aboard a British ship and settled in France. Detained by the Nazis he spent some time in concentration camps; later he migrated to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. He has never returned to Spain and passed away in 1992. González settled in France. In 1947 he resided in Marseille; his later fate is unknown. </p><p>Among other important personalities in the rebel group Pedrero failed to leave Spain; tortured by the Nationalists, he was executed in 1940. Matallana was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment; released in 1941 he lived in poverty until death in 1956. Menéndez lived on exile in Britain, France, Colombia and Mexico, where he died in 1960. Buiza joined the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> in Algeria, joined the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> in 1942, dodged British blockade transporting Jews to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and settled in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, where he died in 1963. Salgado settled in Britain, where he managed a restaurant and died in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mera fled Spain to Algeria, but in 1942 he was extradited by the French; sentenced to death, he was freed in 1946 and went to France, where he died in 1975. Gutiérrez was sentenced by the Nationalists; released in the early 1940s, he died in Spain in 1975. García Pradas spent the rest of his life in Britain, where he died as an Anarchist patriarch in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> González left Spain with Mera, spent some time in France and lived in Spain in the early 1960s; his later fate is unclear. Nothing is known of Alvárez, who coordinated rebel defense in the centre of Madrid. </p><p>Among those who opposed the rebels, Barceló was executed by the Casadistas in March 1939. Ortega was detained by the Nationalists in Alicante and executed in 1939. Ascanio, Girón, José Suárez Montero and many other Communists captured by the Casadistas were handed over to the Nationalists and executed in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cazorla escaped from Casadista captivity, joined resistance, was captured in late 1939 and executed in 1941. García Vallejo was sentenced to death by the Nationalists; commuted to 30 years imprisonment, he was released in 1946 and died in Spain in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hernández following exile in Algeria, the USSR, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and again Mexico died there in 1971. Galán was exiled in Algeria and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, where he died in 1971. Fernández Cortinas managed to make it to the USSR, where he died in 1978. Pertegas lived in the USSR until 1984, when he returned to Spain and died in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bueno was sentenced by the Nationalists, but released in the early 1940s; it is not clear what happened to him later. Nothing is known about the fate of Fernández. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_in_public_discourse">Coup in public discourse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Coup in public discourse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In later <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist propaganda</a> and historiography the Casadistas did not differ much from Negrín and his government; they were given no credit, and the coup was presented as meaningless squabbles within the criminal red regime. If some rebels were later permitted to live in Spain it was measure of some remnants of corporate military solidarity rather than appreciation or gratitude. The Anarchist and Socialist exiles played down their own role in the coup and presented it as an unavoidable response to the Communist dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casado and his supporters presented their action as pre-emptive strike against Communist coup which spared the country unnecessary sufferings of prolonged war, waged in the interest of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communists themselves lambasted the coup as treason and underlined its importance as a stab in the back; it reportedly proved a deadly blow to the Republic which otherwise might have resisted for much longer.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their narrative was also hostile to Negrín, as after 1939 the ways of the former prime minister and the PCE parted.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In academic <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> until the 1990s the coup was viewed “in a positive light” as a "humanitarian intervention”.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In present-day historiography views as to mechanism which triggered the coup differ. One is that following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Catalonia">fall of Catalonia</a> the Republic moved from the phase of permanent crisis to the phase of disintegration; within this perspective the coup was not a cause but rather a result of ongoing collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somewhat different take is that the hybrid regime of the Republican zone, in which 3 major political groupings tried to impose their own dictatorship and kept each other in check, was doomed from the onset; when degenerated into domination of one party, it produced counter-action.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe that the Republic might have potentially achieved internal stability, but Negrín alienated all allies and ended up as a PCE hostage, which eventually produced a counter-strike.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some shift attention to the military, who reportedly nurtured notions of caste solidarity and imagined that a new version of <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Vergara" title="Convention of Vergara">Abrazo de Vergara</a> was possible between army professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also scholars who offer a personalist focus; they underline selfishness of Casado, naivety of Besteiro or incompetence of Miaja against far-sightedness of Negrín.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, some deny Casado any autonomy and present him rather as a pawn in hands of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth Column</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a range of opinions as to the impact of the coup. Most scholars agree that CND failed to achieve 1 of its 3 key objectives, i.e. a “peace without bloodshed”;<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the other hand, it secured the other 2: ended Communist domination (yet replaced it not with democracy but own dictatorship), and prevented further deaths resulting from Nationalist-Republican war. The prevailing opinion is that the coup precipitated but not caused the defeat of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors claim that its most tangible result was humanitarian disaster caused by undermining a massive evacuation scheme, prepared by Negrín.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others maintain that no such scheme has ever existed;<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some present Casado as the man committed to republican values who actually prevented massive bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost no-one maintains any more that there was indeed a Communist coup planned but prevented by the Casadistas,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet there are opinions that until early March <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> was still committed to helping the Republic and it was the coup which triggered his ultimate decision to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are voices that Negrín and the Communists did not offer resistance as they were looking for <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoats</a>, and the coup provided them with an excellent opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief protagonist of the coup, Casado, generates vastly different opinions. His most vehement apologist, Pedro López, presents him as a modest man who sacrificed himself for the cause of democracy, peace and humanitarism against dictatorship, terror and carnage.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most vehement critic, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a>, sees a cynical, arrogant and incompetent individual in pursuit of own glory and enslaved to own sectarian obsessions.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">May Days</a> - conflict in Catalonia between Republican factions in 1937</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Preston, <i>The Last Days of the Spanish Republic</i>, London 2016, ISBN 9780008163419, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 47-48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp, 128-129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 135-138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 141-142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 89-93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 175-177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 211-220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 211-215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 224-225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 230-231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Rodríguez 2020, pp. 47-48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Martín2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antonio Martín (March 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.levante-emv.com/comunitat-valenciana/2019/03/04/monovar-exilio-13934144.html">"De Monóvar al exilio"</a>. <i>Levante-EMV</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Levante-EMV&rft.atitle=De+Mon%C3%B3var+al+exilio&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.au=Antonio+Mart%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.levante-emv.com%2Fcomunitat-valenciana%2F2019%2F03%2F04%2Fmonovar-exilio-13934144.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+March+1939" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 244-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angel Bahamonde Magro, Javier Cervera Gil, <i>Así terminó la guerra de España</i>, Barcelona 2000, ISBN 8495379090, pp. 372-375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">rebels in blue, loyalists in red</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or Ascanio or Barcelo, Preston 2016, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Rodríguez 2020, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Laguna, A. V. Marquéz, A. Moreno, D. Olivares, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guerraenmadrid.net/2019/04/06/secuestro-y-asesinato-en-la-posicion-jaca-la-ejecucion-de-tres-coroneles/">Secuestro y asesinato en la Posición Jaca: la ejecución de tres coroneles</a></i>, [in:] <i>Guerra en Madrid</i> site 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Rodríguez 2020, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Rodríguez 2020,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Laguna, A. V. Marquéz, A. Moreno, D. Olivares, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guerraenmadrid.net/2019/04/06/secuestro-y-asesinato-en-la-posicion-jaca-la-ejecucion-de-tres-coroneles/">Secuestro y asesinato en la Posición Jaca: la ejecución de tres coroneles</a></i>, [in:] <i>Guerra en Madrid</i> site 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel Aguilera Povedano, <i>El golde de Casado en Madrid; estado de la cuestión y mitos resueltos 80 años despues</i>, [in:] <i>Investigaciones Históricas</i> 39 (2019), p. 633</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Rodríguez 2020, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 244, Fernández Rodríguez 2020, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Rodríguez 2020, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aguilera 2019, p. 634</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aguilera 2019, p. 634</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 246-247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 234-235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Alía Miranda, <i>La agonía de la República: El final de la guerra civil española (1938-1939)</i>, Barcelona 2015, ISBN 9788498927979, see chapter <i>Sublevacion en el Palacio Rojo</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Alía Miranda, <i>La agonía de la república. El golpe de Casado en La Mancha</i>, [in:] <i>Historia social</i> 65 (2009), pp. 65-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 258-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tusell 2007, p. 472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel Tuñon de Lara, <i>El final de la guerra</i>, [in:] Edward Malefakis (ed.), <i>La Guerra Civil Española</i>, Madrid 2006, p. 575; Ricardo Miralles, <i>Juan Negrín. La República en guerra</i>, Madrid, 2003, p. 325; Josep Solé, <i>Joan Villaroya, Mayo de 1937-abril de 1939</i>, [in:] Santos Juliá (ed.), <i>Víctimas de la guerra civil</i>, Madrid 1999, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramón Salas Larrazábal, <i>Historia del Ejército Popular de la República</i>, Madrid 1973, vol. 1. p. 625, vol. 2. p. 2318. For comments on proportions see Preston 2016, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aguilera 2019, p. 635</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 259-260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 249-250, 258-259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahamonde, Cervera 2000, pp. 451-452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">compare <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0029742174&page=2%7CFrente">Libertario</a></i> 24.03.1939, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001895747&page=2">El Liberal</a></i> 24.03.1939 , <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000202677&posicion=2&presentacion=pagina">La Libertad</a></i> 22.03.1939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, p. 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 284-289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpabloiglesias.es/entrada-db/10198_perez-garcia-antonio/">Pérez García, Antonio</a></i>, [in:] <i>Fundación Pablo Iglesias</i> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016, pp. 316-317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1988/11/04/agenda/594601201_850215.html">José del Río Rodríguez, secretario general de Unión Republicana durante la guerra civil</a></i>, [in:] <i>El País</i> 04.11.1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estelnegre.org/documents/manuelsalgado/manuelsalgado.html">Manuel Salgado Moreira</a></i>, [in:] <i>Estel Negre</i> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>José García Pradas</i>, [in:] <i>La CNT en el exilio</i> service [link blocked by WP]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcedes Garcia, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elotropais.com/index.php/memoria-historica-mascosas-33/389-vctimas-de-la-traicin-de-casado">Víctimas de la traición de Casado</a></i>, [in:] <i>El otro pais</i> service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro Pardo Carmacho, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.slideshare.net/aulamilitar/24-coronel-carlos-garca-vallejo">Coronel Carlos García Vallino</a></i>, [in:] <i>Slideshare</i> service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vk.com/wall-153712460_794?lang=en">Visente Pertegas</a></i>, [in:] <i>VKontaktie</i> service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Andrade, <i>El pensamiento socialista en el exilio (1939-1976)</i>, [in:] <i>Revista de Estudios Políticos</i> 185 (2019), pp. 105-138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">referred in Preston 2016, pp. 317-321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the thesis sustained also by some present-day historians, see e.g. the chapter titled <i>The Coup – the Stab in the Back</i>, Preston 2016, pp. 211-236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">exiled Communists tried to saddle Negrín with the main burden of responsibility for failing to thwart the conspiracy; this is e.g. the main thread of Dolores Ibárruri memoirs, Burnett Bolloten, <i>The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution</i>, London 2015, ISBN 9781469624471, pp. 718-720</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">opinion of Mark Lawrence, <i>The Spanish Civil Wars: A Comparative History of the First Carlist War and the Conflict of the 1930s</i>, London 2017, ISBN 9781474229425, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">review in Aguillera 2019, pp. 623-625</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley G. Payne, <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>, Cambridge 2012, ISBN 9780521174701, p. 228; however, according to recent review the focus on internal differences is gradually giving way to “aislamiento republicano y la falta de apoyos internacionales” as factors responsible for Republican collapse, Francisco David García Martín, <i>Besteiro contra Negrín: el coronel Segismundo Casado y la lucha por el poder en una República agonizante</i>, [in:] <i>Aportes</i> 108 (2002), p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">some claim that Negrín, who posed as hardline fighter only to extract better conditions from Franco, managed to deceive also many Republicans, who took his declarations about resisting until the end at face value. Casado was also among the misled, while in fact his own goal (peace with no repression) was not that different from Negrín's objectives, the opinion of Hugh Thomas referred after García Martín 2002, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">„the rebellion of the officers”, Julián Casanova, <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>, London 2017, ISBN 9781350127586, p. 182; for “Abrazo de Vergara” see e.g. García Martín 2002, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">review of opinions which underline the role of “Fifth Column” in García Martín 2002, pp. 204-206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casanova 2017, pp. 129-130, Payne 2012, p. 229, Javier Tusell, <i>Historia de España en el siglo XX</i>, vol. 2, Madrid 2007, ISBN 9788430606306, p. 472, García Martín 2002, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casanova 2017, p. 129. However, there are also authors who do not agree that "La victoria franquista, tras la caída de Cataluña, parecía inevitable", see Pio Moa, <i>Los mitos de Angel Viñas</i>, [in:] <i>Libertad Digital</i> 05.03.2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this is the dominating thread in Preston 2016; coming up repeatedly from the first to the last page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moa 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro López Ortega, <i>Coronel Segismundo Casado López. Defensor de la Justicia, la Libertad y la República</i>, Sevilla 2018, ISBN 9788417146474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tusell 2007, p. 470, Payne 2012, p. 228, Stanley G. Payne, <i>The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union and Communism</i>, New Haven 2004, ISBN 9780300178326, p. 284, Angel Viñas, Fernando Hernández Sánchez, <i>El golpe de Casado y el final de la guerra</i>, [in:] <i>El País</i> 05.03.2009. Others maintain that the question is irrelevant, as at the time Communist already enjoyed dictatorial power, Moa 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as late as March 5, 1939 the Soviets pledged further deliveries and arms and equipment; after the coup they have concluded there was no point going on, see Payne 2004, pp. 282-289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bollotten 2015, pp. 720-721</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see López Ortega 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Preston 2016</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Francisco Alía Miranda, <i>La agonía de la República: El final de la guerra civil española (1938-1939)</i>, Barcelona 2015, ISBN 9788498927979</li> <li>Angel Bahamonde Magro, <i>Madrid, 1939: la conjura del coronel Casado</i>, Madrid 2014, ISBN 9788437632674</li> <li>Angel Bahamonde Magro, Javier Cervera Gil, <i>Así terminó la guerra de España</i>, Barcelona 2000, ISBN 8495379090</li> <li>Luis Español Bouché, <i>Madrid 1939: del golpe de Casado al final de la Guerra Civil</i>, Madrid 2004, ISBN 9788496170087</li> <li>Pedro López Ortega, <i>Coronel Segismundo Casado López. Defensor de la Justicia, la Libertad y la República</i>, Sevilla 2018, ISBN 9788417146474</li> <li>Paul Preston, <i>The Last Days of the Spanish Republic</i>, London 2016, ISBN 9780008163419</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xr041HnLhjQ">Angel Bahamonde Magro talking about the coup on YT</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&oldid=1256123541">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&oldid=1256123541</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1939" title="Category:Conflicts in 1939">Conflicts in 1939</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_and_coup_attempts" title="Category:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts">1930s coups d'état and coup attempts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_coups_in_Spain" title="Category:Military coups in Spain">Military coups in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Category:Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism_in_Spain" title="Category:Anti-communism in Spain">Anti-communism in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Category:Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:March_1939_events_in_Europe" title="Category:March 1939 events in Europe">March 1939 events in Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2022">Use mdy dates from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 09:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_March_1939&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-qpk4c","wgBackendResponseTime":1128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.680","walltime":"0.943","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5262,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":34744,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5143,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":45829,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 653.863 1 -total"," 23.77% 155.447 1 Template:Langx"," 21.17% 138.437 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.97% 104.416 1 Template:Cite_web"," 13.11% 85.739 19 Template:Ill"," 12.91% 84.434 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.15% 59.836 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.70% 56.882 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 4.12% 26.970 19 Template:Separated_entries"," 3.59% 23.498 2 Template:Main"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.280","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15080755,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-qpk4c","timestamp":"20241127144524","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Spanish coup of March 1939","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_coup_of_March_1939","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5556771","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5556771","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2022-08-15T19:39:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T09:44:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fc\/Rebel_%28Casadista%29_troops_in_Madrid.jpg","headline":"Spanish coup d'\u00e9tat"}</script> </body> </html>