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id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannikukaitse" title="Rannikukaitse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rannikukaitse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensa_costera_y_fortificaci%C3%B3n" title="Defensa costera y fortificación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Defensa costera y fortificación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9fense_c%C3%B4ti%C3%A8re_(militaire)" title="Défense côtière (militaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Défense côtière (militaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellum_maritimum" title="Castellum maritimum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Castellum maritimum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="जलदुर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलदुर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertahanan_dan_perkubuan_pantai" title="Pertahanan dan perkubuan pantai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertahanan dan perkubuan pantai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustfortificatie" title="Kustfortificatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kustfortificatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kystfort" title="Kystfort – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kystfort" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kystfort" title="Kystfort – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kystfort" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Береговая оборона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Береговая оборона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannikkopuolustus" title="Rannikkopuolustus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rannikkopuolustus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustf%C3%B6rsvar" title="Kustförsvar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kustförsvar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1_tahkimat%C4%B1" title="Kıyı tahkimatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıyı tahkimatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Берегова оборона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берегова оборона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2" title="海防 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海防" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2" title="海防 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海防" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5138347#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Measures to protect against a military attack by a coastline</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_(10_of_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%2810_of_1%29.jpg/300px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%2810_of_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%2810_of_1%29.jpg/450px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%2810_of_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%2810_of_1%29.jpg/600px-Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro_%2810_of_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro">Castillo San Felipe del Morro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Old San Juan</a>, Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:62_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/62_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/300px-62_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/62_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/450px-62_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/62_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/600px-62_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4719" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_de_Barajas" title="Castillo San Felipe de Barajas">Castillo San Felipe de Barajas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a>, Colombia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_fortification_and_redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ottoman_fortification_and_redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg/220px-Ottoman_fortification_and_redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ottoman_fortification_and_redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg/330px-Ottoman_fortification_and_redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ottoman_fortification_and_redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg/440px-Ottoman_fortification_and_redoubt_of_the_Dardanelles_Fortified_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman fortification and redoubt of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Fortified_Area_Command" title="Dardanelles Fortified Area Command">Dardanelles Fortified Area Command</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomenlinna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/220px-Suomenlinna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/330px-Suomenlinna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Suomenlinna.jpg/440px-Suomenlinna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suomenlinna" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a>, a sea fortress from 18th century in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coastal defence</b> (or <b>defense</b>) <b>and coastal fortification</b> are measures taken to provide protection against <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> attack at or near a <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastline</a> (or other <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shoreline</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a>. Because an invading enemy normally requires a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbour</a> to sustain operations, such defences are usually concentrated around such facilities, or places where such facilities could be constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal artillery fortifications generally followed the development of land fortifications, usually incorporating land defences; sometimes separate land defence forts were built to protect coastal forts. Through the middle 19th century, coastal forts could be <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">bastion forts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star forts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">polygonal forts</a>, or sea forts, the first three types often with detached gun batteries called "water batteries".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal defence weapons throughout history were heavy <a href="/wiki/Naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gun">naval guns</a> or weapons based on them, often supplemented by lighter weapons. In the late 19th century separate batteries of coastal artillery replaced forts in some countries; in some areas these became widely separated geographically through the mid-20th century as weapon ranges increased. The amount of landward defence provided began to vary by country from the late 19th century; by 1900 new US forts almost totally neglected these defences. <a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Booms</a> were also usually part of a protected harbor's defences. In the middle 19th century <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">underwater minefields</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Controlled_mines" title="Controlled mines">controlled mines</a> were often used, or stored in peacetime to be available in wartime. With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> threat at the beginning of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_net" title="Anti-submarine net">anti-submarine nets</a> were used extensively, usually added to boom defences, with major warships often being equipped with them (to allow rapid deployment once the ship was anchored or moored) through early World War I. In World War I <a href="/wiki/Railway_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway artillery">railway artillery</a> emerged and soon became part of coastal artillery in some countries; with railway artillery in coast defence some type of revolving mount had to be provided to allow tracking of fast-moving targets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Littoral_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral (military)">littoral warfare</a>, coastal defence counteracts <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> offence, such as <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">naval artillery</a>, naval infantry (<a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">marines</a>), or both. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rather than the beach assault of modern <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious operations</a>, seaborne assaults of the classical and medieval age more often took the form of coastal raiders sailing up river and landing well inland of the coast. Prior to the invention of naval artillery that could sink hostile ships, the most that coastal defence could do was act as an early warning system, that could alert local naval or ground forces of the impending attack. For example, in the late Roman period the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a> was a system of forts at the mouths of navigable rivers, and watch towers along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>. </p><p>Later in Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, protection against <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raiders took the form of coast watchers whose duty was to alert the local militia, the navy, which would attempt to intercept the raider's ships, or failing that, to destroy them after they had beached. Against smaller raiding forces, the threat of losing their ships, and their way home with their loot, was often enough to force them to curtail their attack. In addition there was a <a href="/wiki/Burghal_Hidage#Political_and_military_context" title="Burghal Hidage">system of fortified towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a>, that were positioned at <a href="/wiki/Choke_point" title="Choke point">choke points</a> along navigable rivers to prevent raiders from sailing inland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sea_forts">Sea forts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sea forts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/220px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/330px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/440px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith's</a> 1624 map of the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Islands_Fortifications,_Bermuda" title="Castle Islands Fortifications, Bermuda">fortifications of the Castle Harbour Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Harbour, Bermuda">St. George's Harbour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. Construction beginning in 1612, these were the first stone fortifications, with the first coastal artillery batteries, built by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Sea_forts" title="Category:Sea forts">Category:Sea forts</a></div> <p>Sea forts are completely surrounded by water – if not permanently, then at least at high tide (i.e. they are <a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">tidal islands</a>). </p><p>Unlike most coastal fortifications, which are on the coast, sea forts are not. Instead, they are off the coast on islands, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial islands">artificial islands</a>, or are specially built structures. Some sea forts, such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Denison" title="Fort Denison">Fort Denison</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, are within harbours in proximity to the coast, but most are at some distance off the coast. Some, such as for example <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon Tower</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fort_Drum_(Philippines)" title="Fort Drum (Philippines)">Fort Drum</a> completely occupy small islands; others, such as <a href="/wiki/Flakfortet" title="Flakfortet">Flakfortet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pampus" title="Pampus">Pampus</a>, are on artificial islands built up on shoals. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Louvois" title="Fort Louvois">Fort Louvois</a> is on a built-up island, 400 meters (1,312 ft) from the shore, and connected to it by a causeway that high tide completely submerses. The most elaborate sea fort is <a href="/wiki/Murud-Janjira" title="Murud-Janjira">Murud-Janjira</a>, which is so extensive that one might truly call it a sea fortress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2017)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most recent sea forts were the <a href="/wiki/Maunsell_Forts" title="Maunsell Forts">Maunsell Forts</a>, which the British built during World War II as anti-aircraft platforms. One type consisted of a concrete pontoon barge on which stood two cylindrical towers on top of which was the gun platform mounting. They were laid down in dry dock and assembled as complete units. They were then fitted out before being towed out and sunk onto their sand bank positions in 1942. The other type consisted of seven interconnected steel platforms built on stilts. Five platforms carried guns arranged in a semicircle around the sixth platform, which contained the control centre and accommodation. The seventh platform, set further out than the gun towers, was the searchlight tower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coastal_defence_and_fortification_by_country">Coastal defence and fortification by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coastal defence and fortification by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niebla2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niebla2.JPG/300px-Niebla2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niebla2.JPG/450px-Niebla2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niebla2.JPG/600px-Niebla2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Cannons of the <a href="/wiki/Valdivian_Fort_System" title="Valdivian Fort System">Valdivian Fort System</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niebla,_Chile" title="Niebla, Chile">Niebla, Chile</a>, an example of a coastal defense</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_colonial_Chile" title="Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile">Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">Colonial times</a> the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> diverted significant resources to fortify the Chilean coast as consequence of Dutch and English raids.<sup id="cite_ref-MCLValcolonial_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLValcolonial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_occupation_of_Valdivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch occupation of Valdivia">Dutch occupation of Valdivia</a> in 1643 caused great alarm among Spanish authorities and triggered the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Valdivian_Fort_System" title="Valdivian Fort System">Valdivian Fort System</a> that begun in 1645.<sup id="cite_ref-Kock_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kock-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kris_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> the Valdivian Fort System was updated and reinforced from 1764 onwards. Other vulnerable localities of colonial Chile such as <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> were also made ready for an eventual English attack.<sup id="cite_ref-MEMCh2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEMCh2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MCLValcolonial_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLValcolonial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired in the recommendations of former <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Chilo%C3%A9" title="Governorate of Chiloé">governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Narciso_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Antonio Narciso de Santa María">Santa María</a> the Spanish founded the "city-fort" of <a href="/wiki/Ancud" title="Ancud">Ancud</a> in 1768 and separated Chiloé from the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Captaincy General of Chile</a> into a direct dependency of the Viceroyalty of Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbina2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbina2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taku_Gun_Platform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Taku_Gun_Platform.jpg/220px-Taku_Gun_Platform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Taku_Gun_Platform.jpg/330px-Taku_Gun_Platform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Taku_Gun_Platform.jpg/440px-Taku_Gun_Platform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>View looking north from the gun platform. <a href="/wiki/Taku_Forts" title="Taku Forts">Taku Forts</a> Museum, China.</figcaption></figure> <p>China first established formal coastal defences during the early <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (14th century) to protect against attacks by <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">wokou</a>). Coastal defences were maintained through both the Ming dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> that followed, protecting the coast against pirates, and against the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> powers that sought to impose their will on China.<sup id="cite_ref-hkmcdmpA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkmcdmpA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hkmcdmpB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkmcdmpB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, the European powers built their own coastal defences to protect the various colonial enclaves that they established along the Chinese coast. One such, a fort built by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> commanding the <a href="/wiki/Lei_Yue_Mun" title="Lei Yue Mun">Lei Yue Mun</a> channel between <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> and the mainland, has been converted into the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Coastal_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence">Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence</a>. This tells the story of coastal defence along the South China coast from the Ming dynasty onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-hkmcdmpC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkmcdmpC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Zeelandia01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fort_Zeelandia01.jpg/220px-Fort_Zeelandia01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fort_Zeelandia01.jpg/330px-Fort_Zeelandia01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fort_Zeelandia01.jpg/440px-Fort_Zeelandia01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Fort Zeelandia, Taiwan</figcaption></figure><p>Taiwan has several coastal fortifications, with some, such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)" title="Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)">Fort Zeelandia or Anping Castle</a> dating to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie">Dutch East India Company</a>. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Cihou_Fort" title="Cihou Fort">Cihou Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Golden_Castle" title="Eternal Golden Castle">Eternal Golden Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobe_Fort" title="Hobe Fort">Hobe Fort</a>, date more to the end of the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Uhrshawan_Battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhrshawan Battery">Uhrshawan Battery</a> dates primarily to the first half of the 19th century. It actually underwent bombardment during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Malta" title="Fortifications of Malta">Fortifications of Malta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comino_St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Comino_St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Tower.JPG/220px-Comino_St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Comino_St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Tower.JPG/330px-Comino_St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Comino_St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Tower.JPG/440px-Comino_St_Mary%E2%80%99s_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_Tower" title="Saint Mary's Tower">Saint Mary's Tower</a>, which was built in 1618, was used by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Armed Forces of Malta">Armed Forces of Malta</a> until 2002.</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comino" title="Comino">Comino</a> all have some form of coastal fortification. The area around the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Harbour" title="Grand Harbour">Grand Harbour</a> was possibly first fortified during Arab rule, and by the 13th century, a castle known as the <a href="/wiki/Fort_St_Angelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St Angelo">Castrum Maris</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a> to protect the harbour. The Maltese islands were given to <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Order of Saint John</a> in 1530, who settled in <a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a> and rebuilt the Castrum Maris as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Angelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Saint Angelo">Fort Saint Angelo</a>. In the 1550s, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo" title="Fort Saint Elmo">Fort Saint Elmo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael" title="Fort Saint Michael">Fort Saint Michael</a> were built, and walls surrounded the coastal cities of Birgu and <a href="/wiki/Senglea" title="Senglea">Senglea</a>. In 1565, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> reduced many of these coastal fortifications to rubble, but after the siege they were rebuilt. The fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> was built on the Sciberras Peninsula, and further modifications were made to the fortifications over the years. The harbour area was strengthened even more by the building of the <a href="/wiki/Floriana_Lines" title="Floriana Lines">Floriana Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Margherita_Lines" title="Santa Margherita Lines">Santa Margherita Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottonera_Lines" title="Cottonera Lines">Cottonera Lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ricasoli" title="Fort Ricasoli">Fort Ricasoli</a> in the 17th century and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Manoel" title="Fort Manoel">Fort Manoel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Tign%C3%A9" title="Fort Tigné">Fort Tigné</a> in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Marsamxett_Harbour" title="Marsamxett Harbour">Marsamxett Harbour</a> in the 18th century. The Order also built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Chambray" title="Fort Chambray">Fort Chambray</a> near <a href="/wiki/M%C4%A1arr,_Gozo" title="Mġarr, Gozo">Mġarr Harbour</a> in Gozo. </p><p>In the early 15th century, a number of watch posts had been established around Malta's coastline. In the early 17th century, the Order began to strengthen the coastal fortifications outside the harbour area, by building <a href="/wiki/Watchtowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtowers">watchtowers</a>. The first of these was <a href="/wiki/Garzes_Tower" title="Garzes Tower">Garzes Tower</a>, which was built in 1605. The <a href="/wiki/Wignacourt_towers" title="Wignacourt towers">Wignacourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lascaris_towers" title="Lascaris towers">Lascaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Redin_towers" title="De Redin towers">De Redin towers</a> were built over the course of the 17th century. The last coastal watchtower to be built was <a href="/wiki/Isopu_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopu Tower">Isopu Tower</a> in 1667. Between 1605 and 1667, a total of 31 towers were built, of which 22 survive today (with another 3 in ruins).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1714 onwards, about 52 <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">batteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a>, along with several entrenchments, were built around the coasts of Malta and Gozo. Many of these have been destroyed, but a few examples still survive.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the British took Malta in 1800, they modified the Order's defences in the harbour area to keep up with new technology. Malta itself, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> were designated <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortresses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Corradino_Lines" title="Corradino Lines">Corradino Lines</a> were built in the 1870s to protect the Grand Harbour from landward attacks. Between 1872 and 1912, many forts and batteries were built around the coastline. The first of these was <a href="/wiki/Sliema_Point_Battery" title="Sliema Point Battery">Sliema Point Battery</a>, built to protect the northern approach to the Grand Harbour. A chain of fortifications, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Delimara" title="Fort Delimara">Fort Delimara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benghisa" title="Fort Benghisa">Fort Benghisa</a>, was also built to protect <a href="/wiki/Marsaxlokk" title="Marsaxlokk">Marsaxlokk</a> Harbour. </p><p>From 1935 to the 1940s, the British built many <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">pillboxes</a> in Malta for defence in case of an Italian invasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Head_South_Battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/North_Head_South_Battery.jpg/220px-North_Head_South_Battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/North_Head_South_Battery.jpg/330px-North_Head_South_Battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/North_Head_South_Battery.jpg/440px-North_Head_South_Battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BL_8_inch_Mk_I_-_VII_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 8 inch Mk I - VII naval gun">BL 8-inch</a> Armstrong <a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">disappearing gun</a> at <a href="/wiki/North_Head,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="North Head, New Zealand">North Head</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_New_Zealand" title="Coastal fortifications of New Zealand">Coastal fortifications of New Zealand</a></div> <p>The coastline of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> was fortified in two main waves. The first wave occurred around 1885 and was a response to fears of an attack by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The second wave occurred during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was due to fears of invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nzca_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a> were built from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> designs adapted to New Zealand conditions. These installations typically included gun emplacements, pill boxes, fire command or <a href="/wiki/Observation_post" title="Observation post">observation posts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> strategies, underground <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a>, sometimes with interconnected tunnels, containing <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazines</a>, supply and plotting rooms and protected engine rooms supplying power to the <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turrets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nzca_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_mc_henry_cannon_Baltimore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fort_mc_henry_cannon_Baltimore.jpg/220px-Fort_mc_henry_cannon_Baltimore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fort_mc_henry_cannon_Baltimore.jpg/330px-Fort_mc_henry_cannon_Baltimore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fort_mc_henry_cannon_Baltimore.jpg/440px-Fort_mc_henry_cannon_Baltimore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a> harbor, US, typifies an early seacoast defense system prior to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, with low earthworks. The cannons are post-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> era.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">Seacoast defense in the United States</a></div> <p>The defence of its coasts was a major concern for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from its independence. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> many coastal fortifications already dotted the Atlantic coast, as protection from pirate raids and foreign incursions. The Revolutionary War led to the construction of many additional fortifications, mostly comprising simple earthworks erected to meet specific threats.<sup id="cite_ref-BerhowHist1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerhowHist1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prospect of war with European powers in the 1790s led to a national programme of fortification building spanning seventy years in three phases, known as the First, Second and Third Systems. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, advances in <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> had made <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> forts obsolete, and the combatants discovered that their <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warships</a> could penetrate Third System defences with acceptable losses.<sup id="cite_ref-BerhowHist1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerhowHist1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usnps_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnps-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885 US President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> appointed the <a href="/wiki/Endicott_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Endicott Board">Endicott Board</a>, whose recommendations would lead to a large-scale modernization programme of harbour and coastal defences in the United States, especially the construction of well dispersed, open topped <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> emplacements protected by sloped earthworks. Many of these featured <a href="/wiki/Disappearing_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappearing guns">disappearing guns</a>, which sat protected behind the walls, but could be raised to fire. <a href="/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense" title="Submarine mines in United States harbor defense">Underwater mine fields</a> were a critical component of the defence, and smaller guns were also employed to protect the mine fields from <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">minesweeping vessels</a>. Defences of a given harbor were initially designated artillery districts, redesignated as <a href="/wiki/Coast_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Defense Command">coast defense commands</a> in 1913 and as harbor defense commands in 1924. In 1901 the <a href="/wiki/Field_Artillery_Branch_(United_States)" title="Field Artillery Branch (United States)">Artillery Corps</a> was divided into field artillery and coast artillery units, and in 1907 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">United States Army Coast Artillery Corps</a> was created to operate these defences.<sup id="cite_ref-BerhowHist1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerhowHist1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aviation</a> rendered these open topped emplacements vulnerable to air attack. Therefore, the next, and last, generation of coastal artillery was mounted under thick concrete shields covered with vegetation to make them virtually invisible from above. In anticipation of a conflict with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, most of the limited funds available between 1933 and 1938 were spent on the Pacific coast. In 1939–40 the threat of war in Europe prompted larger appropriations and the resumption of work along the Atlantic coast. Under a major program developed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a> in 1940, a near-total replacement of previous coast defenses was implemented, centered on <a href="/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_2_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="16"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun">16-inch guns</a> in new <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemated</a> batteries. These were supplemented by <a href="/wiki/6-inch_gun_M1" class="mw-redirect" title="6-inch gun M1">6-inch</a> and <a href="/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3" class="mw-redirect" title="90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3">90 mm guns</a>, also in new installations.<sup id="cite_ref-BerhowHist1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerhowHist1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In WW2 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> would patrol the shores of the United States during the war. Some patrolled on horseback with mounted beach patrols. On 13 June 1942 Seaman 2nd Class John Cullen, patrolling the beach in <a href="/wiki/Amagansett,_New_York" title="Amagansett, New York">Amagansett, New York</a>, discovered the first landing of German saboteurs in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pastorius" title="Operation Pastorius">Operation Pastorius</a>. Cullen was the first American who actually came in contact with the enemy on the shores of the United States during the war and his report led to the capture of the German sabotage team. For this, Cullen received the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:050706_005_dorset_nothe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/050706_005_dorset_nothe.jpg/220px-050706_005_dorset_nothe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/050706_005_dorset_nothe.jpg/330px-050706_005_dorset_nothe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/050706_005_dorset_nothe.jpg/440px-050706_005_dorset_nothe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nothe_Fort" title="Nothe Fort">Nothe Fort</a> is situated beside <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a> Harbour, UK.</figcaption></figure> <p>The walls around coastal cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Southampton_town_walls" title="Southampton town walls">Southampton</a>, had evolved from simpler Norman fortifications by the start of the 13th century. Later, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward I</a> was a prolific castle builder and sites such as <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a>, built 1283 to 1289, defend river approaches as well as the surrounding land. Built 1539 to 1544, the <a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a> are a series of artillery fortifications built for <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> to defend the southern coast of England. Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers known as <a href="/wiki/Martello_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Martello Tower">Martello Towers</a> to <a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_1803%E2%80%931805" class="mw-redirect" title="British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–1805">defend the south and east coast of England</a>, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">possible invasion</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. This type of tower was also used elsewhere in the British Empire and in the United States. </p><p>In the early <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Alderney" title="Fortifications of Alderney">Alderney</a> was strongly fortified to provide a massive anchorage for the British Navy before France became an ally of Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, even so plans changed slowly and the <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Forts" title="Palmerston Forts">Palmerston Forts</a>, a group of forts and associated structures were built during the Victorian period on the recommendations of the 1860 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Defence_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom">Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom</a>, following concerns about the strength of the French Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1865 Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Campbell_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Campbell Walker">Arthur Campbell Walker</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Musketry" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Musketry">School of Musketry</a> advocated the use of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">armoured trains</a> on "an iron high-road running parallel with that other 'silent highway', the source of all our greatness, the ocean, our time-honoured 'moat and circumvallation'"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> the British Admiralty designed eight towers code named <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_M-N_Scheme" title="Admiralty M-N Scheme">M-N</a> that were to be built and positioned in the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Dover">Straits of Dover</a> to protect allied merchant shipping from German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nab_Tower" title="Nab Tower">Nab Tower</a> is still in situ. The <a href="/wiki/Maunsell_Forts" title="Maunsell Forts">Maunsell Forts</a> were small fortified towers, primarily for <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> guns, built in the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">Mersey</a> estuaries during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p>With the advent of missile technology coastal forts became obsolete. Britain's coastal forts were therefore decommissioned in 1956 and the units manning them disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia Federation developed <a href="/wiki/A-222E_Bereg-E_130mm_coastal_mobile_artillery_system" class="mw-redirect" title="A-222E Bereg-E 130mm coastal mobile artillery system">A-222E Bereg-E 130mm coastal mobile artillery system</a>, <a href="/wiki/K-300P_Bastion-P" title="K-300P Bastion-P">K-300P Bastion-P</a> coastal defence system and Bal-E coastal missile complex with <a href="/wiki/Kh-35" title="Kh-35">Kh-35</a>/Kh-35E missiles. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm/300px--Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm/Utyos_coastal_anti-ship_missile_system_in_Crimea.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Object_100" title="Object 100">Object 100</a> coastal defense launching <a href="/wiki/SS-N-3_Shaddock" title="SS-N-3 Shaddock">SS-N-3 Shaddock</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn#History" title="Golden Horn">Chain of the Golden Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defences_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Coastal defences of Australia during World War II">Coastal defences of Australia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_towers_in_Salento" title="Coastal towers in Salento">Coastal towers in Salento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_fortifications_of_the_United_States" title="List of coastal fortifications of the United States">List of coastal fortifications of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middelgrundsfortet" title="Middelgrundsfortet">Middelgrundsfortet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great%27s_Naval_Fortress" title="Peter the Great's Naval Fortress">Peter the Great's Naval Fortress</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_defence_and_fortification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, William Baker (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coast Defence"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Coast_Defence">"Coast Defence" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 599–602.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coast+Defence&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=599-602&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William+Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+defence+and+fortification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gs_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/coastal-defense.htm">"Coastal Defense"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coastal+Defense&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fops%2Fcoastal-defense.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+defence+and+fortification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver_II2018" class="citation book cs1">Weaver II, John R. (2018). <i>A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed</i>. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. pp. 16–17, 24–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7323916-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7323916-1-1"><bdi>978-1-7323916-1-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Legacy+in+Brick+and+Stone%3A+American+Coastal+Defense+Forts+of+the+Third+System%2C+1816-1867%2C+2nd+Ed.&rft.place=McLean%2C+VA&rft.pages=16-17%2C+24-34&rft.pub=Redoubt+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7323916-1-1&rft.aulast=Weaver+II&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoastal+defence+and+fortification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg2002" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Ian V. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fortifications" title="Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fortifications" title="Template talk:Fortifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fortifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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