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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Werk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Werk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Werk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Werk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 80 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سانتياغو رامون إي كاخال – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانتياغو رامون إي كاخال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سانتياجو رامون اى كاخال – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانتياجو رامون اى كاخال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santyaqo_Ramon-i-Kaxal" title="Santyaqo Ramon-i-Kaxal – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Santyaqo Ramon-i-Kaxal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سانتیاگو رامون کاخال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سانتیاگو رامون کاخال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%96-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сант’яга Рамон-і-Кахаль – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сант’яга Рамон-і-Кахаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сантяго Рамон и Кахал – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сантяго Рамон и Кахал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="সান্তিয়াগো রামোন ই কাহাল – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সান্তিয়াগো রামোন ই কাহাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86_%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سانتیاگۆ ڕامۆن ئی کاخال – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سانتیاگۆ ڕامۆن ئی کاخال" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF_%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Σαντιάγο Ραμόν ι Καχάλ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαντιάγο Ραμόν ι Καχάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سانتیاگو رامون کاخال – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سانتیاگو رامون کاخال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="aanbevolen artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%97%D7%90%D7%9C" title="סנטיאגו רמון אי קחאל – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנטיאגו רמון אי קחאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramon y Cajal – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Santiago Ramon y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%AB_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Սանտյագո Ռամոն ի Կախալ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանտյագո Ռամոն ի Կախալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="サンティアゴ・ラモン・イ・カハール – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンティアゴ・ラモン・イ・カハール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%98-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სანტიაგო რამონ-ი-კახალი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანტიაგო რამონ-ი-კახალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сантьяго Рамон-и-Кахаль – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сантьяго Рамон-и-Кахаль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84%EA%B3%A0_%EB%9D%BC%EB%AA%AC_%EC%9D%B4_%EC%B9%B4%ED%95%A0" title="산티아고 라몬 이 카할 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산티아고 라몬 이 카할" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Ramon_y_Cajal" title="Iacobus Ramon y Cajal – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Ramon y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santjago_Ramons_i_Kahals" title="Santjago Ramons i Kahals – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Santjago Ramons i Kahals" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%90_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="സാന്തിയാഗോ റമോൺ ഐ കക്സാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാന്തിയാഗോ റമോൺ ഐ കക്സാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سانتیاگو رامون کاخال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سانتیاگو رامون کاخال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="سانتیاگو ریمون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سانتیاگو ریمون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Рамон-и-Кахаль, Сантьяго – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рамон-и-Кахаль, Сантьяго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сантијаго Рамон и Кахал – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сантијаго Рамон и Кахал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சான்டியாகோ ரமோன் கசல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சான்டியாகோ ரமோன் கசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ซานเตียโก รามอน อี กาฆัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซานเตียโก รามอน อี กาฆัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%96-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сантьяго Рамон-і-Кахаль – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сантьяго Рамон-і-Кахаль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سانتیاگو رامون ای کاخال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانتیاگو رامون ای کاخال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%92%99-%E5%8D%A1%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94" title="圣地亚哥·拉蒙-卡哈尔 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣地亚哥·拉蒙-卡哈尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%98-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სანტიაგო რამონ-ი-კახალი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სანტიაგო რამონ-ი-კახალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Santiago Ramón y Cajal </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/1_mei" title="1 mei">1 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1852" title="1852">1852</a> – <a href="/wiki/17_oktober" title="17 oktober">17 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_(1852-1934)_portrait_(restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Santiago Ramón y Cajal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%281852-1934%29_portrait_%28restored%29.jpg/266px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%281852-1934%29_portrait_%28restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%281852-1934%29_portrait_%28restored%29.jpg/399px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%281852-1934%29_portrait_%28restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%281852-1934%29_portrait_%28restored%29.jpg/532px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%281852-1934%29_portrait_%28restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Petilla_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Petilla de Aragón">Petilla de Aragón</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Madrid_(stad)" title="Madrid (stad)">Madrid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2">Fysiologie of Geneeskunde </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">Voor onderzoek aan het <a href="/wiki/Zenuwstelsel" title="Zenuwstelsel">zenuwstelsel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Samen met </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Geneeskunde" title="Portaal:Geneeskunde">Geneeskunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cajal-va.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg/260px-Cajal-va.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg/390px-Cajal-va.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Santiago Ramón y Cajal in zijn laboratorium in Valencia (1884)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Santiago Ramón y Cajal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Petilla_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Petilla de Aragón">Petilla de Aragón</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navarra_(regio)" title="Navarra (regio)">Navarra</a>), <a href="/wiki/1_mei" title="1 mei">1 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1852" title="1852">1852</a> – <a href="/wiki/Madrid_(stad)" title="Madrid (stad)">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/17_oktober" title="17 oktober">17 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spaanse</a> <a href="/wiki/Histoloog" title="Histoloog">histoloog</a>. Evenals <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> wordt hij meestal aangeduid met de achternaam van zijn moeder (Cajal). Ramón y Cajal wordt ook wel de <i>vader der moderne <a href="/wiki/Neurowetenschap" title="Neurowetenschap">neurowetenschap</a></i> genoemd. </p><p>Zijn bekendste werk was het onderzoek naar de fijne structuur van het <a href="/wiki/Zenuwstelsel" title="Zenuwstelsel">zenuwstelsel</a>. Hij gebruikte <a href="/wiki/Golgikleuring" title="Golgikleuring">golgikleuring</a>, de techniek voor het kleuren van <a href="/wiki/Neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuron">neuronen</a> die werd ontwikkeld door zijn tijdgenoot <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>. Voor zijn ontdekking kreeg hij 1906 samen met Golgi de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs">Nobelprijs</a> voor de geneeskunde of fysiologie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ramón y Cajal werd geboren in <a href="/wiki/Petilla_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Petilla de Aragón">Petilla de Aragón</a> als zoon van de barbier-chirurgijn Justo Ramón en Antonia Cajal Puente. Zijn vader had met veel moeite op latere leeftijd een medische graad behaald en hij wilde dat zijn oudste zoon <a href="/wiki/Geneeskunde" title="Geneeskunde">geneeskunde</a> studeerde. Santiago Ramon y Cajal wilde liever kunstenaar worden. Maar door aandringen van zijn vader behaalde hij in 1873 zijn artsendiploma aan de medische faculteit van de universiteit van Zaragossa. Hij nam deel aan een expeditie naar Cuba waar hij malaria en tuberculose opliep. </p><p>Na zijn terugkeer werd hij assistent aan de Anatomische School in Zaragoza en directeur van het Zaragoza-museum (1879). In 1883 werd hij hoogleraar in Valencia, in 1887 hoogleraar Histologie en Pathologische Anatomie te Barcelona. Hij bleef tekenen. Hij maakte veel anatomische studies en mogelijk leidde zijn artistiek oog tot zijn grootste ontdekking. </p><p>In 1887 keek hij naar de onberispelijk geprepareerde objectglaasjes van hersencellen van de Italiaanse arts <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, en zag hij wat anderen niet zagen. Hij zag duidelijk een netwerk van aparte cellulaire componenten, terwijl men tot dan dacht dat het <a href="/wiki/Zenuwstelsel" title="Zenuwstelsel">zenuwstelsel</a> één netvormige structuur was zonder aparte cellulaire componenten (<a href="/wiki/Neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuron">neuronen</a>). Cajal zag eenheden, die vrij opereren en meerdere synaptische connecties vormen, en die allemaal veranderd kunnen worden zodat groei en aanpassing steeds mogelijk blijven. Hij bestudeerde dit nieuwe fenomeen vier jaar lang en identificeerde ook zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Dendritische_spine" title="Dendritische spine">dendritische spines</a> – kleine vliezige uitsteekseltjes aan de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendrietvezel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dendrietvezel (de pagina bestaat niet)">dendrietvezels</a> van neuronen die meestal maar van één <a href="/wiki/Synaps" title="Synaps">synaps</a> input ontvangen. Hij gebruikte zijn artistieke vaardigheden om precieze tekeningen te maken en publiceerde zijn bevindingen in zijn magnum opus <i>Revista trimestral de histologia normal y patologica</i>, dat in de wetenschappelijke wereld even veel impact had als Darwins <i>On the origin of species</i>. </p><p>Door zijn uiterst accurate beschrijvingen van functie en werking van neuronen veranderde hij de neurowetenschap. Cajal was ook een vruchtbaar publicist en werkte mee aan tal van medische tijdschriften. In 1892 verschijnt zijn publicatie Wet van dynamische polarisatie. Hij werd alom gevierd en overladen met prijzen, zoals de met Golgi gedeelde Nobelprijs in 1906. Van 1892 tot 1922 was hij hoogleraar van dezelfde leerstoel in <a href="/wiki/Madrid_(stad)" title="Madrid (stad)">Madrid</a>. Hij zette in Madrid zijn eigen onderzoeksinstituut op en hij sterft op 17 oktober 1934 ook in Madrid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Werk">Werk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Werk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Werk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ramón y Cajals vroege werk kwam tot stand aan de universiteiten van Zaragoza en Valencia, waar hij zich concentreerde op de pathologie van ontstekingen, de microbiologie van <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> en de structuur van epitheliale cellen. Het was pas nadat hij naar de universiteit van Barcelona ging dat hij kennis maakte met de neurologische kleurings- en impregnatietechnieken van <a href="/wiki/Franz_Nissl" title="Franz Nissl">Franz Nissl</a> en <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> en richtte zijn aandacht op het <a href="/wiki/Centrale_zenuwstelsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrale zenuwstelsel">centrale zenuwstelsel</a>. Vervolgens verbeterde hij Golgi's technieken en ontwikkelde een eigen zilverimpregnatie voor zenuwelementen. </p><p>Gedurende deze periode maakte Cajal uitgebreide studies naar zenuwmateriaal van vele diersoorten en belangrijke delen van de hersenen. Hij toonde aan dat deze uit onafhankelijke losse cellen, neuronen, bestaan die onderling communiceren via gespecialiseerde synapses. Daarvoor dacht men dat het brein bestond uit een groot chaotisch netwerk. Tot aan zijn overlijden bestreed Golgi Cajals bevindingen, maar latere resultaten bewezen dat Cajal meer dan gelijk had. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benjamin Ehrlich, <i>De vader van de moderne neurowetenschap. Santiago Ramón y Cajal en het verhaal van het neuron</i>, 2022. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9000363055" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9000363055</a> (orig. <i>The Brain in Search of Itself. Santiago Ramón y Cajal and the Story of the Neuron</i>, 2022)</li></ul> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie winnaars van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <p>1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> · 1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> · 1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramón y Cajal</a> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Iljitsj_Metsjnikov" title="Ilja Iljitsj Metsjnikov">Mechnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> · 1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> · 1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> · 1914: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> · 1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> · 1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> · 1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(medicus)" title="John Macleod (medicus)">Macleod</a> · 1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> · 1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Fibiger</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> · 1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> · 1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Hopkins</a> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> · 1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a> · 1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> · 1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a> · 1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneel_Heymans" title="Corneel Heymans">Heymans</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Gasser</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> · 1947: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C. Cori</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G. Cori</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Houssay</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a> · 1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(arts)" title="Hans Krebs (arts)">Krebs</a>,<a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Lipmann</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Lynen</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michael_Lwoff" title="André Michael Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Huggins</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Svante_von_Euler" title="Ulf Svante von Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland jr.">Sutherland</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Porter" title="Rodney Porter">Porter</a> · 1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen" title="Niko Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">De Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> · 1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Temin</a> · 1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> · 1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Yalow</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Othanel_Smith" title="Hamilton Othanel Smith">Smith</a> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> · 1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Karl_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Karl Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Ingemar_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" title="John Robert Vane">Vane</a> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J.F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J.F. Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> · 1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein" title="Joseph Goldstein">Goldstein</a> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemicus)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemicus)">Cohen</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a></span> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Whyte_Black" title="James Whyte Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Bishop" title="John Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray_(chirurg)" title="Joseph Murray (chirurg)">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> · 1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Gerhard_Krebs" title="Edwin Gerhard Krebs">Krebs</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Roberts" title="Richard John Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> · 1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> · 1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> · 2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Sulston" title="John Edward Sulston">Sulston</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Zur Hausen</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré–Sinoussi</a>,</span> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(fysioloog)" title="Robert Edwards (fysioloog)">Edwards</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Moser</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(wetenschapper)" title="William C. Campbell (wetenschapper)">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Omura" title="Satoshi Omura">Omura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youyou_Tu" title="Youyou Tu">Tu</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Osumi" title="Yoshinori Osumi">Osumi</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Allison" title="James Allison">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_jr." title="William Kaelin jr.">Kaelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> </p> </div></div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00004159.pdf">In memoriam Santiago Ramon y Cajal</a>, in KNAW, Proceedings, 37, Amsterdam, 1934, pp. 582-583</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ramón_y_Cajal&oldid=66944143">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ramón_y_Cajal&oldid=66944143</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Spaans_medicus" title="Categorie:Spaans medicus">Spaans medicus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Neurowetenschapper" title="Categorie:Neurowetenschapper">Neurowetenschapper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Winnaar_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Categorie:Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde">Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Histoloog" title="Categorie:Histoloog">Histoloog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:19e-eeuws_medicus" title="Categorie:19e-eeuws medicus">19e-eeuws medicus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_ISBN_magische_links_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 29 jan 2024 om 13:23.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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