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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coffee_and_tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Coffee and tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coffee_and_tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fuel filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizontal_plate_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_plate_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Horizontal plate filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_plate_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oil filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory-grade_paper_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory-grade_paper_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Laboratory-grade paper filters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laboratory-grade_paper_filters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laboratory-grade paper filters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laboratory-grade_paper_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualitative_filter_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualitative_filter_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Qualitative filter paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualitative_filter_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantitative_filter_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantitative_filter_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Quantitative filter paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantitative_filter_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chromatography_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromatography_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Chromatography papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromatography_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction_thimbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction_thimbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Extraction thimbles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction_thimbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass_fiber_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass_fiber_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Glass fiber filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass_fiber_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quartz_fiber_filter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quartz_fiber_filter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Quartz fiber filter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quartz_fiber_filter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PTFE_filter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PTFE_filter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>PTFE filter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PTFE_filter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Filter paper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AD" title="ورق ترشيح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورق ترشيح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB-cho%C3%A1" title="Lī-choá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lī-choá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper-sil" title="Paper-sil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paper-sil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_de_filtre" title="Paper de filtre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paper de filtre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtra%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pap%C3%ADr" title="Filtrační papír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filtrační papír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filterpapier" title="Filterpapier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Filterpapier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filterpaber" title="Filterpaber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filterpaber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_de_filtro" title="Papel de filtro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel de filtro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="کاغذ صافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاغذ صافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%A6%84%EC%A2%85%EC%9D%B4" title="거름종이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거름종이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtar-papir" title="Filtar-papir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filtar-papir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas_saring" title="Kertas saring – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kertas saring" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="נייר סינון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נייר סינון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtreerpapier" title="Filtreerpapier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filtreerpapier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%8D%E7%B4%99" title="ろ紙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ろ紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filterpapir" title="Filterpapir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filterpapir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85czek_laboratoryjny" title="Sączek laboratoryjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sączek laboratoryjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtie_de_filtru" title="Hârtie de filtru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hârtie de filtru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suodatinpaperi" title="Suodatinpaperi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suodatinpaperi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtrerpapper" title="Filtrerpapper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filtrerpapper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A5y_l%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Giấy lọc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giấy lọc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%BE%E7%B4%99" title="濾紙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="濾紙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper_filters" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q910257" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semi-permeable paper barrier</div> <p> <b>Filter paper</b> is a semi-permeable <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> barrier placed <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to a liquid or air flow. It is used to separate fine solid particles from liquids or gases. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filterpapier_rund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Filterpapier_rund.jpg/220px-Filterpapier_rund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Filterpapier_rund.jpg/330px-Filterpapier_rund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Filterpapier_rund.jpg/440px-Filterpapier_rund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Filter paper: used for separating solid from liquid.</figcaption></figure> <p>The raw materials are typically different <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">paper pulps</a>. The pulp may be made from <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">fiber crops</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">mineral fibers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filter paper has various properties. The important parameters are <a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">wet strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>, particle <a href="/wiki/Retention_rate" title="Retention rate">retention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">volumetric flow rate</a>, compatibility, efficiency and capacity. </p><p>There are two mechanisms of filtration with paper; volume, and surface. By volume filtration, the particles are caught in the bulk of the filter paper. By surface filtration, the particles are caught on the paper surface. Filter paper is mostly used because of the ability of a small piece of filter paper to absorb a significant volume of liquid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></div> <p>The raw materials are different <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">paper pulps</a>. The pulp may be from <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber crops">fiber crops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_fibres" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fibres">mineral fibers</a>. For high quality filters, <a href="/wiki/Dissolving_pulp" title="Dissolving pulp">dissolving pulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercerised_pulp" title="Mercerised pulp">mercerised pulp</a> are used. Most filter papers are made using small <a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">paper machines</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> filters, the machines may be as small as 50 cm in width. The paper is often <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">crêped</a> to improve porosity. The filter papers may also be treated with <a href="/wiki/Reagents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagents">reagents</a> or impregnation to get the right properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_filters">Air filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Air filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_filter,_opel_astra(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Air_filter%2C_opel_astra%282%29.JPG/220px-Air_filter%2C_opel_astra%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Air_filter%2C_opel_astra%282%29.JPG/330px-Air_filter%2C_opel_astra%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Air_filter%2C_opel_astra%282%29.JPG/440px-Air_filter%2C_opel_astra%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Air filter paper in an auto engine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></div> <p>The main application for air filters are <a href="/wiki/Combustion_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustion air">combustion air</a> to <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engines</a>. The filter papers are transformed into filter cartridges, which then is fitted to a holder. The construction of the cartridges mostly requires that the paper is stiff enough to be self-supporting. A paper for air filters needs to be very porous and have a weight of 100–200 g/m<sup>2</sup>. Normally particularly long fibrous pulp that is mercerised is used to get these properties. The paper is normally impregnated to improve the resistance to <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulapuro_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113">: 113 </span></sup> Some heavy duty qualities are made to be rinsed and thereby extend the life of the filter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coffee_and_tea">Coffee and tea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coffee and tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_filter" title="Coffee filter">Coffee filter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">Tea bag</a></div> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">blotting paper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cloth_filter_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth filter coffee">cloth</a> were used to extract filter coffee. </p><p>Modern coffee filters of paper are made from about 100 g/m<sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">crêped paper</a>. The crêping allows the coffee to flow freely between the <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filter</a> and the filtration <a href="/wiki/Funnel" title="Funnel">funnel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gagné_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gagné_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raw materials (<a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a>) for the filter paper are coarse <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">long fiber</a>, often from fast growing trees. For example, <a href="/wiki/Melitta" title="Melitta">Melitta</a> uses up to 60% of <a href="/wiki/Bambus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambus">bambus</a> in their filters since 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Melitta_1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melitta_1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleached</a> and unbleached qualities are made.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulapuro_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> Coffee filters are made in different shapes and sizes to fit into different holders. Most notable are the (paper) <a href="/wiki/Coffee_filter_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee filter system">coffee filter systems</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Melitta_filter_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Melitta filter system">Melitta</a> (1908, 1932, 1936, 1965), <a href="/wiki/Chemex_filter_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemex filter system">Chemex</a> (1941) and <a href="/wiki/Hario_filter_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hario filter system">Hario</a> (2004). </p><p>Important parameters are strength, compatibility, efficiency and capacity. </p><p>Tea bags also work as a kind of paper filter. They are made from <a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">abacá fibers</a>, a very thin and long fiber manilla hemp. Often the paper is augmented with a minor portion of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a>. The bag paper is very porous and thin and has high <a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">wet strength</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulapuro_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_filters">Fuel filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fuel filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></div> <p>The paper used for fuel filters is a <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">crêped paper</a> with controlled porosity, which is pleated and wound to cartridges. The raw material for filter paper used in fuel filters are made of a mixture of hardwood and softwood fibres. The basis weight of the paper is 50–80 g/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulapuro_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horizontal_plate_filters">Horizontal plate filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Horizontal plate filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horizontal plate filter paper is commonly utilized in industrial processing. Filter paper typically is designed to fit the manufacturers specifications. Absolute micron retention can range from 1–100 microns but <a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">Diatomaceous earth</a> is commonly used with filter paper to obtain sub-micron filtration. <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a> or other filter aids can be used with the filter paper to form a <a href="/wiki/Filter_cake" title="Filter cake">filter cake</a> to achieve specific results. Filter paper can be impregnated with DE or activated carbon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_filters">Oil filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oil filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engine_oil_filter_cutaway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Engine_oil_filter_cutaway.JPG/220px-Engine_oil_filter_cutaway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Engine_oil_filter_cutaway.JPG/330px-Engine_oil_filter_cutaway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Engine_oil_filter_cutaway.JPG/440px-Engine_oil_filter_cutaway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Oil filter cut-away with paper visible inside</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Engine_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine oil">Engine oil</a> is filtered to remove impurities. Filtration of oil is normally done with volume filtration. Filter papers for lubrication oils are impregnated to resist high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulapuro_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laboratory-grade_paper_filters">Laboratory-grade paper filters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Laboratory-grade paper filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filter_paper_840_3x3_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Filter_paper_840_3x3_copy.jpg/220px-Filter_paper_840_3x3_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Filter_paper_840_3x3_copy.jpg/330px-Filter_paper_840_3x3_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Filter_paper_840_3x3_copy.jpg/440px-Filter_paper_840_3x3_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A scan of Whatman Filter Paper 4 Qualitative taken at 840 magnifications under a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Filter papers are widely used in laboratory experiments across many different fields, from biology to chemistry. The type of filter used will differ according to the purpose of the procedure and the chemicals involved. Generally, filter papers are used with laboratory techniques such as gravity or vacuum filtration.<sup id="cite_ref-UCI_2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCI_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, a type of soft, porous paper called <i>charta emporetica</i> was used in <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a> as a filter and as packing paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyclopaedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualitative_filter_paper">Qualitative filter paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Qualitative filter paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qualitative filter paper is used in qualitative analytical techniques to determine materials. There are different grades of qualitative filter paper according to different pore size. There are total 13 different grades of qualitative filter paper. The largest pore size is grade 4; the smallest pore size is grade 602 h; the most commonly used grades are grade 1 to grade 4.<sup id="cite_ref-qualitative_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qualitative-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whatman_filter_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Whatman_filter_paper.jpg/220px-Whatman_filter_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Whatman_filter_paper.jpg/330px-Whatman_filter_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Whatman_filter_paper.jpg/440px-Whatman_filter_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>150mm qualitative filter paper</figcaption></figure> <p>Grade 1 qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 11 μm. This grade of filter paper is widely used for many different fields in agricultural analysis, air pollution monitoring and other similar experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-qualitative_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qualitative-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grade 2 qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 8 μm. This grade of filter paper requires more filtration time than Grade 1 filter paper. This filter paper is used for monitoring specific contaminants in the atmosphere and soil testing.<sup id="cite_ref-qualitative_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qualitative-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grade 3 qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 6 μm. This grade of filter paper is very suitable for carrying samples after filtration.<sup id="cite_ref-qualitative_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qualitative-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grade 4 qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 20~25 μm. This grade of filter paper has the largest pore size among all standard qualitative filter papers. It is very useful as rapid filter for cleanup of geological fluids or organic extracts during experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-qualitative_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qualitative-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grade 602 h qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 2 μm. This grade of filter paper has the smallest pore size among all standard qualitative filter papers. It is used for collecting or removing fine particles.<sup id="cite_ref-qualitative_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qualitative-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantitative_filter_paper">Quantitative filter paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quantitative filter paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quantitative filter paper, also called ash-free filter paper, is used for quantitative and gravimetric analysis. During the manufacturing, producers use acid to make the paper ash-less and achieve high purity.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Papers_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papers-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatography_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chromatography_paper.jpg/220px-Chromatography_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chromatography_paper.jpg/330px-Chromatography_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chromatography_paper.jpg/440px-Chromatography_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>filter paper uses for paper chromatography</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chromatography_papers">Chromatography papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chromatography papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chromatography is a method chemists use to separate compounds. This type of filter paper has specific water flow rate and absorption speed to maximize the result of paper chromatography. The absorption speed of this type of filter paper is from 6 cm to 18 cm and the thickness is from 0.17 mm from 0.93 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Labtek_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labtek-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction_thimbles">Extraction thimbles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Extraction thimbles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extraction thimbles are rod-shape filter paper often used in <a href="/wiki/Soxhlet_extractor" title="Soxhlet extractor">soxhlet extractors</a> or atomized extractors. It is ideal for very sensitive detection, the performance depends on the thickness of inner diameter. Also, it is usually used in areas of food control and environmental monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-Thimbles_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thimbles-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass_fiber_filters">Glass fiber filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Glass fiber filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass fiber filter has the pore size of 1 μm, it is useful for filtering highly contaminated solutions or difficult-to-filter solution. Also, glass fiber filter has extends filter life, wide range of particulate loads and can prevent sample contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-Pall_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pall-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, different types of glass fiber filter are suitable for different filtration situation. There are 7 different types of glass fiber filters and the major difference is thickness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quartz_fiber_filter">Quartz fiber filter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quartz fiber filter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quartz fiber filter paper has a high resistance to chemicals, does not absorb NO<sub>x</sub> and SO<sub>x</sub> dioxides, is unaffected by humidity and is easily sterilized. Thus, it is mostly used for air pollution analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-quartz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quartz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PTFE_filter">PTFE filter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: PTFE filter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (PTFE) filter has wide operating temperature (−120 °C ~ 260 °C) with high <a href="/wiki/Air_permeability" class="mw-redirect" title="Air permeability">air permeability</a>. The resistance to high temperature makes PTFE filter paper suitable for use in autoclaves. It is often used to filter hot oils, strong solvents and collecting airborne particulates.<sup id="cite_ref-quartz_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quartz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper_filters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper filters">Paper filters</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulaxfilter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulaxfilter (page does not exist)">Ulaxfilter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaxfilter" class="extiw" title="sv:Ulaxfilter">sv</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_paper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Paulapuro_2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulapuro_2000_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaulapuro2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannu_Paulapuro" class="extiw" title="fi:Hannu Paulapuro">Paulapuro, Hannu Viljami</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Finnish]</span> (2000). "5". <i>Paper and Board grades</i>. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. <span class="nowrap">113–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-5216-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/952-5216-18-7"><bdi>952-5216-18-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Board+grades&rft.place=Finland&rft.series=Papermaking+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Fapet+Oy&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=952-5216-18-7&rft.aulast=Paulapuro&rft.aufirst=Hannu+Viljami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagné_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gagné_2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagné2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interproj-linked-name"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56561291" class="extiw" title="d:Q56561291">Gagné, Jonathan</a> <span class="cs1-format">[at Wikidata]</span> (2020). Zimmer, Jean (ed.). <i>The Physics of Filter Coffee</i> (1 ed.). Scott Rao. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-24608-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-24608-6"><bdi>978-0-578-24608-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Filter+Coffee&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Scott+Rao&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-578-24608-6&rft.aulast=Gagn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227202755/https://www.scottrao.com/the-physics-of-filter-coffee">[1]</a> (xvi+249+3 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melitta_1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melitta_1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melitta-group.com/datei.php?src=download/111-Jahre-Melitta_Zeitstrahl-Allgemein.pdf">"111 Jahre Melitta Zeitstrahl Allgemein"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Melitta" title="Melitta">Melitta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310205124/https://www.melitta-group.com/datei.php?src=download/111-Jahre-Melitta_Zeitstrahl-Allgemein.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=111+Jahre+Melitta+Zeitstrahl+Allgemein&rft.pub=Melitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melitta-group.com%2Fdatei.php%3Fsrc%3Ddownload%2F111-Jahre-Melitta_Zeitstrahl-Allgemein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCI_2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCI_2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/chem1l/files/2013/11/RDGfiltration.pdf">"Filtration Techniques"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Filtration Techniques</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501090643/http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/chem1l/files/2013/11/RDGfiltration.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Filtration+Techniques&rft.atitle=Filtration+Techniques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.sites.uci.edu%2Fchem1l%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F11%2FRDGfiltration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyclopaedia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyclopaedia_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers, Ephraim</a>, ed. (1728). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Cyclopaedia (1728)/Charta_emporetica"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cyclopaedia_(1728)/Charta_emporetica">"Charta emporetica" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charta_emporetica&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+or+an+Universal+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qualitative-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qualitative_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qualitative_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qualitative_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qualitative_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qualitative_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qualitative_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chimica.unipd.it/nicola.tiso/pubblica/_private/Utile/catalogo%20whatman.pdf">"Filter Papers and Membranes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Filter Papers and Membranes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122045201/http://www.chimica.unipd.it/nicola.tiso/pubblica/_private/Utile/catalogo%20whatman.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Filter+Papers+and+Membranes&rft.atitle=Filter+Papers+and+Membranes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chimica.unipd.it%2Fnicola.tiso%2Fpubblica%2F_private%2FUtile%2Fcatalogo%2520whatman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.fishersci.com/cmsassets/downloads/segment/Scientific/pdf/filter_papers.pdf">"Filter Papers for the Laboratory and Industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Filter Papers for the Laboratory and Industry</i>. Sartorius Stedim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122011251/https://static.fishersci.com/cmsassets/downloads/segment/Scientific/pdf/filter_papers.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Filter+Papers+for+the+Laboratory+and+Industry&rft.atitle=Filter+Papers+for+the+Laboratory+and+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.fishersci.com%2Fcmsassets%2Fdownloads%2Fsegment%2FScientific%2Fpdf%2Ffilter_papers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papers-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Papers_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labfiltrationpapers.com/collections/quantitative-filter-papers">"Lab Filtration Papers"</a>. <i>Lab Filtration Papers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lab+Filtration+Papers&rft.atitle=Lab+Filtration+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabfiltrationpapers.com%2Fcollections%2Fquantitative-filter-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labtek-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labtek_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labtek.com.au/SuppliersData/Advantec/Laboratory%20Filter%20Paper.pdf">"Laboratory Filter Paper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Laboratory Filter Paper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211418/http://www.labtek.com.au/SuppliersData/Advantec/Laboratory%20Filter%20Paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laboratory+Filter+Paper&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Filter+Paper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labtek.com.au%2FSuppliersData%2FAdvantec%2FLaboratory%2520Filter%2520Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thimbles-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thimbles_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hahnemuehle.com/en/filtration/lab-filtration/extraction-thimbles/cellulose-extraction-thimbles.html">"Cellulose extraction thimbles"</a>. <i>Hahnemuehle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122083336/http://www.hahnemuehle.com/en/filtration/lab-filtration/extraction-thimbles/cellulose-extraction-thimbles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hahnemuehle&rft.atitle=Cellulose+extraction+thimbles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hahnemuehle.com%2Fen%2Ffiltration%2Flab-filtration%2Fextraction-thimbles%2Fcellulose-extraction-thimbles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pall-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pall_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pall.com/main/laboratory/product.page?id=20027">"Glass Fiber Filters"</a>. <i>Glass Fiber Filters</i>. Pall Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122000545/http://www.pall.com/main/laboratory/product.page?id=20027">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glass+Fiber+Filters&rft.atitle=Glass+Fiber+Filters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pall.com%2Fmain%2Flaboratory%2Fproduct.page%3Fid%3D20027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quartz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quartz_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quartz_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labtek.com.au/SuppliersData/Advantec/Laboratory%20Filter%20Paper.pdf">"Laboratory Filter Paper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Laboratory Filter Paper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211418/http://www.labtek.com.au/SuppliersData/Advantec/Laboratory%20Filter%20Paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laboratory+Filter+Paper&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Filter+Paper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labtek.com.au%2FSuppliersData%2FAdvantec%2FLaboratory%2520Filter%2520Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilter+paper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laboratory_equipment100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laboratory_equipment" title="Template:Laboratory equipment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laboratory_equipment" title="Template talk:Laboratory equipment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laboratory_equipment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laboratory equipment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laboratory_equipment100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laboratory#Laboratory_equipment" title="Laboratory">Laboratory equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Heaters</li><li>Dryers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_burner" title="Alcohol burner">Alcohol burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccator" title="Desiccator">Desiccator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_mantle" title="Heating mantle">Heating mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_plate" title="Hot plate">Hot plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_air_oven" title="Hot air oven">Lab oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">Kiln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meker%E2%80%93Fisher_burner" title="Meker–Fisher burner">Meker–Fisher burner</a></li> <li>Striker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teclu_burner" title="Teclu burner">Teclu burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_water_bath" title="Laboratory water bath">Water bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_dry_box" title="Vacuum dry box">Vacuum dry box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Mixers</li><li>Shakers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemostat" title="Chemostat">Chemostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogenizer" title="Homogenizer">Homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_whistle" title="Liquid whistle">Liquid whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stirrer" title="Magnetic stirrer">Magnetic stirrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_(laboratory)" title="Shaker (laboratory)">Shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonication" title="Sonication">Sonicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_mixer" title="Static mixer">Static mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_rod" title="Glass rod">Stirring rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_mixer" title="Vortex mixer">Vortex mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_bottle" title="Wash bottle">Wash bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Stands</li><li><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a> <br /></li><li>Holders</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beaker clamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamp_holder" title="Clamp holder">Clamp holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(laboratory)" title="Tripod (laboratory)">Tripod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burette_clamp" title="Burette clamp">Burette clamp</a></li> <li>Extension clamp</li> <li>Flask clamp</li> <li>Funnel support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_ring_(laboratory)" title="Iron ring (laboratory)">Iron ring</a></li> <li>Pinch clamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_stand" title="Retort stand">Retort stand</a></li> <li>Screw clamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_tube_holder" title="Test tube holder">Test tube holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_tube_rack" title="Test tube rack">Test tube rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_gauze" title="Wire gauze">Wire gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_drying_rack" title="Laboratory drying rack">Lab drying rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Containers <br /></li><li>Storage</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_storage_dewar" title="Cryogenic storage dewar">Cryogenic storage dewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">Incubator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow_cabinet" title="Laminar flow cabinet">Laminar flow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplate" title="Microplate">Microtiter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotiter_plate" title="Picotiter plate">Picotiter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li>Weighing boat</li> <li>Weighing dish</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">Aspirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">Autoclave</a></li> <li>Balance brush</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_borer" title="Cork borer">Cork borer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">Crucible</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filter paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forceps" title="Forceps">Forceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_centrifuge" title="Laboratory centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeclay_triangle" title="Pipeclay triangle">Pipeclay triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splint_(laboratory_equipment)" title="Splint (laboratory equipment)">Splint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rubber_stopper" title="Laboratory rubber stopper">Stopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoopula" title="Scoopula">Scoopula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatula" title="Spatula">Spatula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_tube_brush" title="Test tube brush">Test tube brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_brush" title="Wire brush">Wire brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_needle" title="Inoculation needle">Inoculation needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_loop" title="Inoculation loop">Inoculation loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Glassware100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">Glassware</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean%E2%80%93Stark_apparatus" title="Dean–Stark apparatus">Dean–Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soxhlet_extractor" title="Soxhlet extractor">Soxhlet extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipp%27s_apparatus" title="Kipp's apparatus">Kipp's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_round_(bottle)" title="Boston round (bottle)">Boston round</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory)" title="Condenser (laboratory)">Condensers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_finger" title="Cold finger">Cold finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebig_condenser" title="Liebig condenser">Liebig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaporating_dish" title="Evaporating dish">Evaporating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_dish" title="Syracuse dish">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_glass" title="Watch glass">Watch glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_flask" title="Laboratory flask">Flasks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_flask" title="Büchner flask">Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">Vacuum (Dewar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlenmeyer_flask" title="Erlenmeyer flask">Erlenmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernbach_flask" title="Fernbach flask">Fernbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleaker" title="Fleaker">Fleaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_flask" title="Florence flask">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">Retort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-bottom_flask" title="Round-bottom flask">Round-bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlenk_flask" title="Schlenk flask">Schlenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flask" title="Volumetric flask">Volumetric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropping_funnel" title="Dropping funnel">Dropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatory_funnel" title="Separatory funnel">Separatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measuring devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burette" title="Burette">Burette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_measure" title="Conical measure">Conical measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvette" title="Cuvette">Cuvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_dropper" title="Eye dropper">Eye dropper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudiometer" title="Eudiometer">Eudiometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_cylinder" title="Graduated cylinder">Graduated cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_viscometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostwald viscometer">Ostwald viscometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipette" title="Pipette">Pipette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_tube" title="Glass tube">Tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drying_tube" title="Drying tube">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cragie_tube" title="Cragie tube">Cragie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMR_tube" title="NMR tube">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_tube" title="Test tube">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiele_tube" title="Thiele tube">Thiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle_tube" title="Thistle tube">Thistle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(glassware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker (glassware)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_jar" title="Bell jar">Bell jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_syringe" title="Gas syringe">Gas syringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analytical_chemistry100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoAnalyzer" title="AutoAnalyzer">AutoAnalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHN_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="CHN analyzer">CHN analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimeter_(chemistry)" title="Colorimeter (chemistry)">Colorimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma" title="Inductively coupled plasma">Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatograph (GC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">Liquid chromatograph (LC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometer (MS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH_meter" title="PH meter">pH meter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">Microscopy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscope (TEM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">Calorimeter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_scanning_calorimetry" title="Differential scanning calorimetry">differential scanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting-point_apparatus" title="Melting-point apparatus">Melting-point apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">Thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogravimetric_analysis" title="Thermogravimetric analysis">Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_balance" title="Analytical balance">Analytical balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony counter">Colony counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_plater" title="Spiral plater">Spiral plater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_reader" title="Plate reader">Plate reader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electronics100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Bench power supply">Bench power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_source" title="Current source">Current source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">Voltage source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_generator" title="Function generator">Function generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvanostat" title="Galvanostat">Galvanostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_generator" title="Pulse generator">Pulse generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentiostat" title="Potentiostat">Potentiostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammeter" title="Ammeter">Ammeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_analyzer" title="Logic analyzer">Logic analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analyzer_(electrical)" title="Network analyzer (electrical)">Network analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-domain_reflectometer" title="Time-domain reflectometer">Time-domain reflectometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_tester" title="Transistor tester">Transistor tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">Voltmeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering_iron" title="Soldering iron">Soldering iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweezers" title="Tweezers">Tweezers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_stripper" title="Wire stripper">Wire stripper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_clip" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator clip">Alligator clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_probe" title="Test probe">Test probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Safety100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Safety</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective<br />equipment (PPE)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_coat" title="White coat">Lab coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_shield" title="Face shield">Face shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">Rubber apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Safety shower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eye and hand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">Acid-resistant gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Eyewash station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glovebox" title="Glovebox">Glove box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">Medical gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Nitrile gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">Safety glasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">Safety goggles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet" title="Biosafety cabinet">Biosafety cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_cabinet" title="Safety cabinet">Safety cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_cabinet" title="Solvent cabinet">Solvent cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Instruments_used_in_medical_laboratories" title="Instruments used in medical laboratories">Instruments used in medical laboratories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper_products118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper_products" title="Template:Paper products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper_products" title="Template talk:Paper products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper_products118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper_products" title="Category:Paper products">products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">Cigarette pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">Coffee cup sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cup" title="Paper cup">Paper cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">Facial tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napkin" title="Napkin">Napkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wipe" title="Wet wipe">Wet wipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">Stationery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">Continuous stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">Greeting card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_folder" title="Manila folder">Manila folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">Postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-it_note" title="Post-it note">Post-it note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_card" title="Business card">Business card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passbook" title="Passbook">Passbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_card" title="Visiting card">Visiting card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingrain_wallpaper" title="Ingrain wallpaper">Ingrain wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_(picture_framing)" title="Mat (picture framing)">Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confetti" title="Confetti">Confetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_craft" title="Paper craft">Paper craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drink_coaster" title="Drink coaster">Drink coaster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filter paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_(document)" title="Form (document)">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Paper model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper401" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910257#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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