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<span>Services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postal_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Postal services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_Mail_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Mail_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Royal Mail Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Mail_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_couriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_couriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Other couriers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_couriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Financial services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branch_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branch_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Branch banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branch_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bill_payments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bill_payments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bill payments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bill_payments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directory_enquiries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directory_enquiries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Directory enquiries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directory_enquiries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ID_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ID_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>ID services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ID_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizon_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizon_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Horizon scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizon_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پست آفیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پست آفیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1" title="פוסט אופיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוסט אופיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9F%E3%83%86%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="ポスト・オフィス・リミテッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポスト・オフィス・リミテッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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searchaux" style="display:none">British retail post office company owned by the government of the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the UK retail post office company from 1970. For its prior history, see <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a>. For the UK postal service and courier company, see <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a>. For national postal networks in general sometimes called "the Post Office", see <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a>. For other uses of the name and term Post Office, see <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Post Office (disambiguation)">Post Office (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Post Office Limited</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Office_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Post_Office_Logo.svg/220px-Post_Office_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Post_Office_Logo.svg/330px-Post_Office_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Post_Office_Logo.svg/440px-Post_Office_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native name</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Swyddfa'r Post Cyf.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Post Office Counters Ltd (1987–2001)<sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares" title="Private company limited by shares">private company limited by shares</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 1987<sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality">London</div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Railton" title="Nigel Railton">Nigel Railton</a> (interim chair)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Read_(Post_Office_CEO)" title="Nick Read (Post Office CEO)">Nick Read</a> (CEO) <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783168?uselang=en#P169" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Read_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">£885 million (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">£50 million (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,592 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postoffice.co.uk/">postoffice<wbr />.co<wbr />.uk</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783168#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Post Office Limited</b>, commonly known as the <b>Post Office</b>, is a state-owned retail <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a> company in the United Kingdom that provides a wide range of postal and non-postal related products including <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps">postage stamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">bureau de change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identity_verification_service" title="Identity verification service">identity verification services</a> to the public through its nationwide network of around 11,500 branches. Most of these branch post offices (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 99</span>%) are run by <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise partners</a> or by independent business people known as subpostmasters; Post Office Limited directly manages the remaining 1%, known as Crown post offices.<sup id="cite_ref-PONos_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PONos-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2020, a public enquiry has been under way into the company's actions which led to between 700 and 900 subpostmasters being <a href="/wiki/British_Post_Office_scandal" title="British Post Office scandal">wrongfully prosecuted for financial crimes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what has been described by the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission" title="Criminal Cases Review Commission">Criminal Cases Review Commission</a> as "the biggest single series of wrongful convictions in British legal history".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post Office branches, along with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> delivery service, were formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> and, after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Act_1969" title="Post Office Act 1969">Post Office Act 1969</a>, the Post Office, a statutory corporation. Post Office Counters Limited was created as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Post Office in 1987. The first managing director of Post Office Counters was John Roberts, who took up the post in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former civil servant, Richard Dykes, took over as managing director of Post Office Counters in September 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dykes was succeeded in May 1996 by Stuart Sweetman,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who continued to serve in that role until his retirement in November 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Post Office statutory corporation was changed to a public company, Royal Mail Group, in 2001, Post Office Counters Limited became Post Office Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, David Mills was appointed as chief executive of Post Office Limited, a newly created role.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mills stepped down at the end of 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, Alan Cook, was appointed with the title of managing director in January 2006. Cook had previously been chief executive of <a href="/wiki/National_Savings_%26_Investments" class="mw-redirect" title="National Savings & Investments">National Savings & Investments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With declining mail usage, Post Office Limited had chronic losses, with a reported £102 million lost in 2006, raising concerns in the media regarding its ability as a company to operate efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference_4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minutes of a board meeting in April 2006 state that the company was insolvent and unable to meet its future debts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans to cut the £150m-a-year subsidy for rural post offices led to the announcement that 2,500 local post offices were to be closed during 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WH_Smith_Hounslow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WH_Smith_Hounslow.JPG/220px-WH_Smith_Hounslow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WH_Smith_Hounslow.JPG/330px-WH_Smith_Hounslow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WH_Smith_Hounslow.JPG/440px-WH_Smith_Hounslow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A branch of <a href="/wiki/WHSmith" title="WHSmith">WHSmith</a> in Hounslow, incorporating a post office</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2007, the government gave a £1.7 billion subsidy to Royal Mail Group so that it could turn a profit by 2011. This was to be used to invest across the whole network of Royal Mail, Post Office Limited, and <a href="/wiki/Parcelforce" title="Parcelforce">Parcelforce</a>. Eighty-five Crown post offices were closed, 70 of which were sold to <a href="/wiki/WHSmith" title="WHSmith">WHSmith</a>. This followed a trial of six Post Office outlets in WHSmith stores. WHSmith was expected to make up to £2.5 million extra in annual profit. 2,500 sub-post offices closed between 2008 and 2009. Redundancy packages were provided from public funding (subpostmasters were paid over 20 months salary, roughly £65,000 each).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, David Smith succeeded Alan Cook as managing director. Smith had previously been managing director of Parcelforce, another Royal Mail subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2010, the government committed £1.34 billion of funding up to 2015 to Post Office Limited to enable it to modernise the Post Office network.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Postal_Services_Act_2011" title="Postal Services Act 2011">Postal Services Act 2011</a>, Post Office Limited became independent of Royal Mail Group on 1 April 2012<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the same month, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Vennells" title="Paula Vennells">Paula Vennells</a> was appointed as its chief executive;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she had been with Post Office Limited since 2007 as the network director.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first chair of the board of the new company was <a href="/wiki/Alice_Perkins" title="Alice Perkins">Alice Perkins</a>, who had for a time led human resources management in the Civil Service.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ten-year inter-business agreement was signed between Royal Mail and Post Office Limited to allow post offices to continue issuing stamps, and handling letters and parcels for Royal Mail.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament in the UK">Act</a> also contained the option for Post Office Limited to become a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual organisation">mutual organisation</a> in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2013, Post Office Limited announced it was planning to move around seventy of its Crown post offices into shops. This would reduce the Crown network, which it stated was losing £40 million a year, to around 300.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2013, the government committed an additional £640 million of funding for 2015 to 2018 to allow Post Office Limited to complete its network modernisation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2015, the Post Office launched its own <a href="/wiki/Mobile_virtual_network_operator" title="Mobile virtual network operator">mobile virtual network operator</a> service, Post Office Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in August 2016 it decided "to conclude the trial as the results did not give us sufficient confidence that mobile will contribute to our goal of commercial sustainability".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2016, the Post Office agreed to hand over up to 61 more branches to WHSmith in a 10-year deal. The deal was condemned as "blatant back-door privatisation" by the <a href="/wiki/Communication_Workers_Union_(United_Kingdom)" title="Communication Workers Union (United Kingdom)">Communications Workers Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Post Office acquired <a href="/wiki/Payzone_(United_Kingdom)" title="Payzone (United Kingdom)">Payzone</a>'s UK bill payment business after it was split from <a href="/wiki/Payzone_(Ireland)" title="Payzone (Ireland)">Payzone Ireland</a>, to expand its bill payment network.<sup id="cite_ref-postoffice1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postoffice1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Perkins stood down as chair in July 2015 and was replaced in October of that year by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Parker_(businessman)" title="Tim Parker (businessman)">Tim Parker</a>, a businessman who had led and restructured a number of companies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He at first worked one-and-a-half days a week, reducing to two days a month in November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking in 2024, Parker described a business in "deep crisis":<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Post Office has a turnover of just under £1 billion, which makes it a sort of medium-sized company, but in fact it is an incredibly complex business: it's complex because it operates a network of around 11,500 sites; it's complex because it has a very wide range of products; it's complex also because it deals with cash, and cash has a big security element to it; it's complex because it's in the public sector. [...] This is a business which had absorbed billions of pounds of taxpayers money and was still losing money. It was a business that faced significant challenges because it had an exclusive arrangement with the Royal Mail, and the Royal Mail itself was suffering from increasing competition in the parcels market and a declining letters market. The Post Office had previously had a significant amount of business from the Government, so driving licences, benefits, that kind of thing. That had all moved online and so the Post Office was bereft a significant chunk of its contribution. The Post Office had a range of products which it attempted to sell, with varying degrees of success, and it also had a very complex structure in terms of its overheads and management.</p></blockquote> <p>In February 2019, the Post Office announced that Vennells would leave her role as CEO to become chair of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Healthcare_NHS_Trust" title="Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust">Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was subsequently confirmed that the new CEO would be <a href="/wiki/Nick_Read_(Post_Office_CEO)" title="Nick Read (Post Office CEO)">Nick Read</a>, who had held senior roles at several customer-facing businesses and had been CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Nisa_(retailer)" title="Nisa (retailer)">Nisa</a> convenience store group.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Read promoted "click and collect" services for retailers, alongside parcel drop-off services.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, the Post Office agreed to sell its broadband and home phone services to <a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a> and exit the telecoms market.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purchase price was around £80<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, with around 500,000 customers transferring to the new provider.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parker completed a second term as chair in September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced in December by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Staunton_(businessman)" title="Henry Staunton (businessman)">Henry Staunton</a>, who had held senior board roles at a number of companies and had chaired <a href="/wiki/WHSmith" title="WHSmith">WHSmith</a> until June of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was removed on 27 January 2024, following disagreements with the Business Secretary <a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a> on matters including the appointment of a new independent director.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2024, CEO Read was "exonerated of all the misconduct allegations" in relation to claims made by a whistleblower, revealed in Parliament. This followed an investigation by an external barrister.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Railton" title="Nigel Railton">Nigel Railton</a>, previously CEO of <a href="/wiki/Camelot_Group" title="Camelot Group">Camelot UK</a>, was appointed interim chair in May 2024 for a 12-month term.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2024, the Post Office announced the planned closure of 115 post offices.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closures will equate to around one per cent of the company's retail footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_StAldates_PostOffice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Oxford_StAldates_PostOffice.jpg/220px-Oxford_StAldates_PostOffice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Oxford_StAldates_PostOffice.jpg/330px-Oxford_StAldates_PostOffice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Oxford_StAldates_PostOffice.jpg/440px-Oxford_StAldates_PostOffice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>Crown Post Office in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otley_Post_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Otley_Post_Office.jpg/220px-Otley_Post_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Otley_Post_Office.jpg/330px-Otley_Post_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Otley_Post_Office.jpg/440px-Otley_Post_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Crown Post Office in <a href="/wiki/Otley" title="Otley">Otley</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of March 2022 there were 11,635 post office branches across the UK, of which 117 were directly managed by Post Office Limited (known as Crown post office branches).<sup id="cite_ref-PONos_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PONos-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of other branches (9,617 in total) were run either by franchise partners or by local subpostmasters (who may be members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_SubPostmasters" title="National Federation of SubPostmasters">National Federation of SubPostmasters</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Communication_Workers_Union_(United_Kingdom)" title="Communication Workers Union (United Kingdom)">CWU</a> Postmasters Branch); these are known as Agency post office branches. The remaining 1,901 branches (making up 16% of the network) were what are known as 'outreach services': these are typically small, part-time branches, perhaps making use of a mobile van or a village hall.<sup id="cite_ref-POBriefing_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POBriefing-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Post Office rolled out the 'ParcelShop' scheme in Summer 2019, allowing retail stores to accept Royal Mail Internet returns, in order to expand Post Office facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some villages an outreach service is provided in village halls or shops. There are also "mobile post offices" using converted vans which travel between rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postal_services">Postal services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Postal services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Office_interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Post_Office_interior.JPG/220px-Post_Office_interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Post_Office_interior.JPG/330px-Post_Office_interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Post_Office_interior.JPG/440px-Post_Office_interior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3183" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Trowbridge" title="Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a> post office, showing available merchandise</figcaption></figure> <p>The Post Office provides information on services and accepts postal items and payment on behalf of the two collection and delivery divisions of Royal Mail Group, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parcelforce" title="Parcelforce">Parcelforce</a>, plus parcel services on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Evri" class="mw-redirect" title="Evri">Evri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geopost" title="Geopost">DPD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_Mail_Group">Royal Mail Group</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Royal Mail Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Services provided include a variety of new ordinary and guaranteed services both for delivery within the United Kingdom and to international destinations. <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamps</a> (including commemorative stamps and other <a href="/wiki/Philatelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philatelic">philatelic</a> items) are sold, while applications for redirection of mail are accepted on behalf of Royal Mail. Post Office Local Collect is a scheme whereby undelivered mail can be redirected at customer request to a post office for convenient collection. <i><a href="/wiki/Poste_restante" title="Poste restante">Poste restante</a></i> mail can also be held for collection by people travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_couriers">Other couriers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other couriers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since March 2021, Post Office no longer works exclusively with Royal Mail Group and offers parcel services from third party couriers including <a href="/wiki/Evri" class="mw-redirect" title="Evri">Evri</a> and <a href="/wiki/DPD_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="DPD Group">DPD</a>, at selected locations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_services">Financial services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Financial services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Money" title="Post Office Money">Post Office Money</a></div> <p>The Post Office provides <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_insurance" title="General insurance">insurance products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortgage" title="Mortgage">mortgages</a>, access to high street banking services and <a href="/wiki/Saving" title="Saving">savings</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Money" title="Post Office Money">Post Office Money</a> umbrella brand which was launched in 2015. Most Post Office Money branded products are provided by <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a> (UK) plc with Post Office Limited acting as an appointed representative and credit broker. However, with the sale of the Bank of Ireland's UK assets to Jaja Finance in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post Office branded Credit Cards are now issued by Capital One UK.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life insurance is provided in partnership with Neilson Financial Services <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branch_banking">Branch banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Branch banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Post_Office_-_geograph.org.uk_-_848566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mobile_Post_Office_-_geograph.org.uk_-_848566.jpg/220px-Mobile_Post_Office_-_geograph.org.uk_-_848566.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mobile_Post_Office_-_geograph.org.uk_-_848566.jpg/330px-Mobile_Post_Office_-_geograph.org.uk_-_848566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mobile_Post_Office_-_geograph.org.uk_-_848566.jpg/440px-Mobile_Post_Office_-_geograph.org.uk_-_848566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A mobile post office in <a href="/wiki/Borrowby,_east_North_Yorkshire" title="Borrowby, east North Yorkshire">Borrowby</a>, North Yorkshire</figcaption></figure> <p>Personal banking services are offered on behalf of a number of "partner banks" that the Post Office has agreements with. Although different services are available on behalf of different institutions, these may include cash withdrawals, paying in cash and cheques, and balance enquiries. Some post offices have <a href="/wiki/Cash_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash machine">cash machines</a>, mainly provided by <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a>. Business banking services are also offered for customers of twenty different UK banks.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bill_payments">Bill payments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bill payments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corsham_Post_Office.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Corsham_Post_Office.JPG/220px-Corsham_Post_Office.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Corsham_Post_Office.JPG/330px-Corsham_Post_Office.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Corsham_Post_Office.JPG/440px-Corsham_Post_Office.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4097" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Post office in <a href="/wiki/Corsham" title="Corsham">Corsham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of bill payments can be accepted on behalf of a variety of organisations including <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">utilities</a>, local authorities and others. These are in the form of automated payments (barcoded bills, swipe cards, key charging). The Santander Transcash system, which had been a <a href="/wiki/Girobank" title="Girobank">Girobank</a> service, enabled manual bill payment transactions, but this service was discontinued by Santander in December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directory_enquiries">Directory enquiries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Directory enquiries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post Office also runs its own flat-rate 118 <a href="/wiki/Directory_Enquiries" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Enquiries">Directory Enquiries</a> service (118 855). Mobile phone top-ups are also available in Post Office branches on behalf of all the major UK mobile networks.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ID_services">ID services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ID services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A passport check-and-send service is available for passport applications, where the post office staff check that a passport application is filled in correctly and has an acceptable photograph accompanying it. The service is not affiliated with <a href="/wiki/HM_Passport_Office" title="HM Passport Office">HM Passport Office</a>. Check-and-send service is not guaranteed service.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Post Office also offer a photocard driving licence renewal service.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selected branches issue <a href="/wiki/International_Driving_Permit" title="International Driving Permit">International Driving Permits</a>. In 2019, availability of this service was expanded from 89 to approximately 2,500 branches due to increased demand associated with the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations#The_"no_deal"_scenario" title="Brexit negotiations">"no deal" Brexit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horizon_scandal">Horizon scandal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Horizon scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Post_Office_scandal" title="British Post Office scandal">British Post Office scandal</a></div> <p>In April 2015, the BBC described a confidential report that alleged that the Post Office had made 'failings'<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with regard to accounting issues with its Horizon IT system, which were identified by subpostmasters as early as 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Glick_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glick-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article claimed that an independent investigation by <a href="/wiki/Forensic_accountant" title="Forensic accountant">forensic accountants</a> Second Sight had found that the Post Office had failed to identify the root cause of accounting shortfalls in many cases before launching court proceedings against subpostmasters.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortfalls could have been caused by criminals using malicious software, by IT systems or by human error, the report said. An earlier article by the BBC had claimed that a confidential report contained allegations that the Post Office had refused to hand over documents that the accountants felt they needed to investigate properly, that training was not good enough, that equipment was outdated, and that power cuts and communication problems had made things worse.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the Post Office was lambasted by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> for its 'institutional obstinacy or refusal to consider' that its Horizon computer system might be flawed. The judge, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser_(judge)" title="Peter Fraser (judge)">Mr Justice Fraser</a>, characterised this stance as "the 21st-century equivalent of maintaining that the earth is flat."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the court action against its subpostmasters, which was described by a judge as "aggressive and, literally, dismissive", the Post Office's chief executive <a href="/wiki/Paula_Vennells" title="Paula Vennells">Paula Vennells</a>, who had in the meantime left the Post Office and taken up posts in the <a href="/wiki/NHS" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS">NHS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a>, was controversially awarded a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2019_New_Year_Honours" title="2019 New Year Honours">2019 New Year Honours</a> for "services to the Post Office and to charity".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 March 2020 she was harshly criticised in the House of Commons, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Kevan_Jones" title="Kevan Jones">Kevan Jones</a>, MP for <a href="/wiki/North_Durham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Durham (UK Parliament constituency)">North Durham</a>, who said:<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Obviously, as a board member she knew what was going on, including the strategy in the court case and the bugs in the system. What happened? She got a CBE in the new year's honours list for services to the Post Office. That is just rubbing salt into the wounds of these innocent people. There is a case for her having that honour removed, and I would like to know how she got it in the first place when the court case is ongoing. Added to that, she is now chair of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. Again, I would like to know why and what due diligence was done on her as an individual.</p></blockquote> <p>On 8 January 2024, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>'s spokesman said he would "strongly support" the Honours Forfeiture Committee if it decided to look at removing Vennells's CBE appointment. Vennells issued a statement on 9 January 2024, stating that she would "return my CBE with immediate effect".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had no formal effect, as only the monarch, on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Honours_Forfeiture_Committee" title="Honours Forfeiture Committee">Honours Forfeiture Committee</a>, can annul honours.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vennells's appointment as CBE was formally revoked by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> on 23 February for "bringing the honours system into disrepute".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Post Office Limited </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Office_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Post_Office_Coat_of_Arms.svg/220px-Post_Office_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Post_Office_Coat_of_Arms.svg/330px-Post_Office_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Post_Office_Coat_of_Arms.svg/440px-Post_Office_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="906" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Adopted</dt> <dd>1981</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>A lion sejant grasping in its dexter forepaw a caduceus in pale, Gold.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Gules, billetty bendwise Argent and in fess four bezants</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Upon a compartment of grass Vert bisected palewise by water barry wavy Argent and Azure</dd></dl> <p>are set for supporters on either side a pegasus Or crowned with an ancient crown and gorged with a collar Azure charged of four bezants. </p> <dl><dt>Motto</dt> <dd><b>CURA FIDE STUDIO</b><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Post_Credit_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny Post Credit Union">Penny Post Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Futures#Postwatch" title="Consumer Futures">Postwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Class_Credit_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Class Credit Union">1st Class Credit Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.uk&rft.atitle=List+of+individuals+who+have+forfeited+their+honour+%28since+August+2023%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Findividuals-whose-honours-have-been-revoked-by-the-sovereign%2Flist-of-individuals-who-have-forfeited-their-honour-since-august-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost+Office+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedia2024" class="citation news cs1">Media, P. A. (23 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/feb/23/king-strips-cbe-from-former-post-office-boss-paula-vennells">"King strips CBE from former Post Office boss Paula Vennells"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=King+strips+CBE+from+former+Post+Office+boss+Paula+Vennells&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Media&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fking-strips-cbe-from-former-post-office-boss-paula-vennells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost+Office+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223141414/https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Post_Office_Corporation">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Post Office Corporation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 17 November 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Post_Office_Corporation">the original</a> on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Post+Office+Corporation%27&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldry-wiki.com%2Fheraldrywiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPost_Office_Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost+Office+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Limited&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postoffice.co.uk/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postcode_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom">List of postcode areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postcode_districts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of postcode districts in the United Kingdom">List of postcode districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postal counties of the United Kingdom">Postal counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of post towns in the United Kingdom">List of post towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_postal_district" title="London postal district">London postal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcode_Address_File" title="Postcode Address File">Postcode Address File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailsort" title="Mailsort">Mailsort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Post_Office" title="British Forces Post Office">British Forces Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PayPoint" title="PayPoint">Collect+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHL" title="DHL">DHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DX_Group" title="DX Group">DX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Europe" title="Hermes Europe">Evri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopost" title="Geopost">Geopost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InPost" title="InPost">InPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcelforce" title="Parcelforce">Parcelforce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT_Express" title="TNT Express">TNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Mail" title="UK Mail">UK Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistl" title="Whistl">Whistl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodel_(company)" title="Yodel (company)">Yodel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philately</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Great_Britain" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Great Britain">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail#Mail_centres" title="Royal Mail">Mail centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail#Integrated_mail_processing" title="Royal Mail">Integrated mail processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail#Intelligent_letter_sorting_machines" title="Royal Mail">Intelligent Letter Sorting Machines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> have <a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_entities" title="List of postal entities">different operators</a> and regulatory arrangements.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Department_for_Business_and_Trade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Template:Department for Business and Trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Template talk:Department for Business and Trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Department for Business and Trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Department_for_Business_and_Trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Secretary of State for Business and Trade">Secretary of State for Business and Trade</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reynolds" title="Jonathan Reynolds">Jonathan Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Trade_Policy_and_Economic_Security" title="Minister of State for Trade Policy and Economic Security">Minister of State for Trade Policy and Economic Security</a>: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Alexander" title="Douglas Alexander">Douglas Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Industry" title="Minister of State for Industry">Minister for Industry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(politician)" title="Sarah Jones (politician)">Sarah Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Employment_Rights,_Competition_and_Markets" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Employment Rights, Competition and Markets">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Employment Rights, Competition and Markets</a>: <a href="/wiki/Justin_Madders" title="Justin Madders">Justin Madders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Services,_Small_Business_and_Exports" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Services, Small Business and Exports">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Services, Small Business and Exports</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Thomas_(English_politician)" title="Gareth Thomas (English politician)">Gareth Thomas</a></li> <li>Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Legislation: <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Jones,_Baroness_Jones_of_Whitchurch" title="Maggie Jones, Baroness Jones of Whitchurch">The Baroness Jones of Whitchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Servants">Civil Servants</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Secretary">Permanent Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gareth Davies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Falconer" title="Crawford Falconer">Crawford Falconer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>David Bickerton</li> <li>Amanda Brooks</li> <li>Joanna Crellin</li> <li>Caleb Deeks</li> <li>Beatrice Kilroy-Nolan</li> <li>Gavin Lambert</li> <li>Andrew Mitchell</li> <li>Bidesh Sarkar (interim)</li> <li>Ceri Smith</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departmental Chief <br /> Scientific Adviser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Julia Sutcliffe</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-ministerial_government_department" title="Non-ministerial government department">Non-ministerial departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companies_House" title="Companies House">Companies House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_Service" title="Insolvency Service">Insolvency Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">Non-departmental<br />public bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory,_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service">Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hallmarking_Council" title="British Hallmarking Council">British Hallmarking Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition Service">Competition Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Reporting_Council" title="Financial Reporting Council">Financial Reporting Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Commissioner" title="Small Business Commissioner">Small Business Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Remedies_Authority" title="Trade Remedies Authority">Trade Remedies Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Pay_Commission" title="Low Pay Commission">Low Pay Commission</a></li> <li>Regulatory Policy Committee</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribunal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Arbitration_Committee" title="Central Arbitration Committee">Central Arbitration Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_Appeal_Tribunal" title="Competition Appeal Tribunal">Competition Appeal Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Public corporations">Public corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post Office Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Business_Bank" title="British Business Bank">British Business Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Certification_Officer" title="Trades Union Certification Officer">Certification Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groceries_Code_Adjudicator" title="Groceries Code Adjudicator">Groceries Code Adjudicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Manpower_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Manpower Economics">Office of Manpower Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Interest_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Interest Companies">Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_Code_Adjudicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs Code Adjudicator">Pubs Code Adjudicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scrutiny</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Trade_Select_Committee" title="Business and Trade Select Committee">Business and Trade Select Committee</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" title="Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade" title="Department for International Trade">Department for International Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a 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