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class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Définition auteur</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Premier aperçu</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-116660 apercu surlignable"><p>Agreements that restrict competition by object or effect contrary to Article 101(1) TFEU may nevertheless be deemed compatible with EU competition law if they meet the cumulative requirements for individual exemption set out in Article 101(3) TFEU. Exemption is given for otherwise prohibited agreements that produce an economic benefit where consumers receive a fair share, but without resorting to unnecessary restrictions for achieving the benefit and without substantially eliminating competition. Comparable two-step analysis of prohibition and then exemption of agreements is common in many competition regimes worldwide. In contrast, analysis pursuant to section 1 of the US Sherman Act does not share this bifurcated form.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Pour aller plus loin</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-116660 texte surlignable"><p>An agreement (or other coordination) that restricts competition by object or effect within the meaning of the Article 101(1) TFEU prohibition is not necessarily illegal. It is still possible that the Commission, EU Courts, or equivalent Member State authorities applying EU law will find the arrangement lawful through meeting the conditions set out in Article 101(3) TFEU. The analytical logic of Article 101 TFEU is for a two-step review of agreements for restrictions under paragraph 1 and then exemption under paragraph 3. Similar bifurcation can be found in Member State equivalents to Article 101 TFEU and competition regimes beyond the EU (e.g. Pakistan, Turkey, UK).</p> <p>Four conditions must be satisfied for a finding of legality pursuant to Article 101(3) TFEU. These conditions are cumulative (Matra Hachette, paragraph 104) and are explained in the Commission’s 2004 <i>Guidelines on the application of Article 101(3) TFEU</i>. The first condition is that the restriction of competition is counterbalanced by some improvement in production or distribution of the goods or promotion of technical or economic progress. Benefits must be objective and sufficiently substantiated with verifiable evidence (<i>Guidelines</i>, paragraphs 49, 55-57). The <i>Guidelines</i> reflect a narrow focus upon efficiencies as possible benefits, primarily through reduced costs (e.g. economies of scale and scope, new production methods, synergies from integration of assets), quality improvements, technological advancements, and new products (<i>Guidelines</i>, paragraphs 59, 64-72). The second requirement is that consumers receive a fair share of the claimed benefit. “Consumers” is interpreted broadly to include customers of the parties and any subsequent purchasers (including final consumers) (Guidelines, paragraph 84). A fair share requires that the claimed benefits of the restrictive agreement compensate consumers for any negative impact (<i>Guidelines</i>, paragraph 85). Third, the agreement itself and its restrictions must be indispensable for achieving the claimed benefit. The Commission will not be satisfied of this where it considers there to be realistic alternatives that are less restrictive of competition than the overall agreement and each individual restriction (<i>Guidelines</i>, paragraphs 75-76). Fourth and finally, the agreement should not eliminate competition for a substantial part of the market(s) affected. This reflects caution about exempting agreements that leave competition in the relevant markets insufficiently robust, despite their potential benefits.</p> <p>According to Article 2 of Regulation 1/2003, the burden of proof is on the parties seeking the exemption who must raise ‘convincing arguments and evidence’ (GSK, paragraph 235). When the parties have raised proof, the Commission must subject it to a proper examination and adequately substantiate any disagreement (GSK, paragraph 303). In MasterCard the General Court rejected the common claim that the Commission has imposed an excessively high burden of proof on undertakings for satisfying the requirements of Article 101(3) TFEU (paragraphs 194-237).</p> <p>Article 101(3) TFEU is an example of analytical divergence between EU competition law (and comparable regimes) and US antitrust pursuant to section 1 of the Sherman Act. First, it is possible for the parties to seek exemption pursuant to Article 101(3) TFEU for any restrictions of competition, including those by object (Matra Hachette, paragraph 85). As a result, EU competition law does not have practices prohibited per se as in US antitrust ; conduct presumed illegal by object under Article 101(1) TFEU, including price-fixing cartels, may be granted an Article 101(3) TFEU exemption, although it is highly unlikely that it will satisfy the conditions (<i>Guidelines</i>, paragraph 46). Second, the balancing of anticompetitive and procompetitive consequences of an agreement akin to the US rule of reason standard only occurs in the context of Article 101(3), not in the analysis of whether a restriction by object or effect exists under Article 101(1) TFEU (MasterCard, paragraph 80). The Court of Justice has however made the divide between paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 101 less stark by ruling that presumptions of restrictions of competition by object should not be applied if relevant and significant pro-competitive effects are demonstrated (Generics, paragraphs 103-110).</p> <p>While the language of an “individual exemption” is still useful to distinguish agreements deemed legal by direct application of Article 101(3) TFEU from those falling within the conditions of a block exemption regulation (themselves applications of paragraph 3 by proxies), this is an evolution from when “individual exemption” had a specific meaning. Prior to Articles 5 and 6 of Regulation 1/2003 giving Member State courts and competition authorities the power to apply all parts of Article 101 TFEU, the Commission had the sole power (subject to judicial oversight) to find agreements that breached the Article 101(1) prohibition nevertheless lawful pursuant to Article 101(3). Parties to agreements within the scope of Article 101(1) had to notify the Commission to receive an individual exemption. Especially when combined with the then expansive approach to the meaning of Article 101(1), the Commission could not cope with formally granting individual exemption under Article 101(3) to all notified agreements, often resorting to informal “comfort letters”. Following decentralisation via Regulation 1/2003, Article 101(3) is primarily intended to be assessed by the parties to agreements, though with national courts, competition authorities, the Commission, and EU Courts having the ability to accept or reject their analysis in any subsequent investigation or adjudication. At EU level, formal decisions on the application of Article 101(3) have been few and far between since 2004.</p> <p>Regulation 1/2003 also marked a shift in the substantive application of Article 101(3) TFEU, at least from the Commission’s perspective. Its <i>Guidelines</i> limit the acceptable benefits that can be raised by the parties to economic efficiencies (e.g. cost and price reductions, new products). The fear was that a broader category of acceptable benefits would lead to the inconsistent application of Article 101(3) by national authorities throughout the EU. But when the Commission alone could grant an individual exemption it was less narrow in focus, with several instances of Article 101(3) being granted based on the restrictive agreement contributing to regional development, environmental protection, employment, and even arrangements reducing market output in a gentle manner (essentially crisis cartels). Indeed, the General Court gave some support to taking into account ‘considerations connected with the pursuit of the public interest’ when deciding upon individual exemption (Métropole, paragraph 118). Although the Commission has since shifted emphasis in its (non-binding) 2004 <i>Guidelines</i>, the application of Article 101(3) by some Member State authorities remains more expansive, particularly in the Netherlands and Greece. Whether the Commission will stick with its narrow focus on efficiencies when (rarely) applying paragraph 3 is unclear ; it may be swayed by growing calls for competition enforcement to promote environmental sustainability.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Jurisprudences pertinentes</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-116660 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2020/alertes/pay-for-delay-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-sets-out-in-detail-the">Case C-307/18 Generics (UK) and Others, EU:C:2020:52 (‘Generics’).</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2012/the-eu-general-court-rules-on-multilateral-interchange-fees-going-through-the">Case T-111/08 MasterCard v Commission, EU:T:2012:260 (‘MasterCard’).</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2006/Case-Comments-173/Action-for-annulment-Delimitation">Case T-168/01 GlaxoSmithKline v Commission, EU:T:2006:265 (‘GSK’).</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf;jsessionid=230FFE3D259E6AD4D9AEEDD47F9731B3?text=&docid=103314&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=493627" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case T-17/93 Matra Hachette v Commission, EU:T:1994:89 (‘Matra Hachette’).</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf?text=&docid=103433&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=497017" class="spip_out" rel="external">Joined Cases T-528/93, T-542/93, T-543/93 and T-546/93 Métropole Télévision v Commission, EU:T:1996:99 (‘Métropole’).</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliographie</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-116660 jurisprudence"><p>Communication from the Commission — Notice — Guidelines on the Application of Article [101](3) of the Treaty [2004] C 101/97 (‘Guidelines’).</p> <p>Richard Whish and David Bailey, Competition Law (10th edn, Oxford University Press 2021), Chapter 4.</p> <p>Alison Jones, Brenda Sufrin, and Niamh Dunne, EU Competition Law : Text, Cases, and Materials (8th edn, Oxford University Press 2023), Chapter 5.</p> <p>David Bailey, ‘Reinvigorating the Role of Article 101(3) under Regulation 1/2003’ (2016-2017) 81(1) Antitrust Law Journal 111-144.</p> <p>Or Brook, ‘Struggling with Article 101(3) TFEU : Diverging Approaches of the Commission, EU Courts, and Five Competition Authorities’ (2019) 56(1) Common Market Law Review 121-156.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//fr/dictionnaire/individual-exemption-86377#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Premier aperçu</a></li> <li><a href="//fr/dictionnaire/individual-exemption-86377#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Pour aller plus loin</a></li> <li><a href="//fr/dictionnaire/individual-exemption-86377#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Jurisprudences pertinentes</a></li> <li><a href="//fr/dictionnaire/individual-exemption-86377#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliographie</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Auteur</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="fr/auteurs/ryan-stones" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/1669893623516-4a408.jpg?1711373405) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Ryan Stones</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">City University of London</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Royaume-Uni</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>6895</em> visites</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Citation </h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry" lang="en"> <span class="authors">Ryan Stones, </span> <span class="entry-title">Individual Exemption – Art 101(3) TFEU </span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Dictionnaire de droit de la concurrence, Concurrences, Art. N° 86377</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visites</b> <em class="number">6905</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Définition institution</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86377 texte surlignable"><p>Decision of the Commission pursuant to Article 101(3) of the TFEU to exempt notified agreements between companies from the prohibition of Article 101(1) of the TFEU, on the basis of an individual assessment. In broad terms, restrictive agreements qualify for exemption if their benefits to general welfare (product improvement, technical or economic progress, benefits to consumer) outweigh their restrictive effects on competition. <strong>©</strong> <a href="fr/document/glossary_competition_archived_en" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p> <p>The assessment under Article 101 TFEU consists of two parts :</p> <p>The first step is to assess whether an agreement between undertakings that is capable of affecting trade between EU countries has an anti-competitive object or actual or potential anti-competitive effects. Article 101(3) TFEU becomes relevant only when an agreement between undertakings restricts competition within the meaning of Article 101(1) TFEU. In the case of non-restrictive agreements there is no need to examine any benefits resulting from the agreement. The Commission guidelines on vertical restraints, horizontal cooperation agreements and technology transfer agreements contain substantial guidance on the application of Article 101(1) TFEU to various types of agreement.</p> <p>The second step, which becomes relevant only when an agreement is found to be restrictive of competition, is to determine the pro-competitive benefits produced by that agreement and to assess whether these pro-competitive effects outweigh the anti-competitive effects. The balancing of anti-competitive and pro-competitive effects is conducted exclusively within the framework laid down by Article 101(3) TFEU. The present guidelines examine the four conditions of Article 101(3) TFEU : (i) efficiency gains ; (ii) fair share for consumers ; (iii) indispensability of the restrictions ; (iv) no elimination of competition. Given that these four conditions are cumulative, it is unnecessary to examine any remaining conditions once it is found that one of them is not fulfilled. In individual cases it may therefore be appropriate to consider the four conditions in a different order. For the purposes of these guidelines, it is considered appropriate to invert the order of the second and the third condition and thus deal with the issue of indispensability before the issue of pass-on to consumers. The analysis of pass-on requires a balancing of the negative and positive effects of an agreement on consumers. It should not include the effects of any restrictions that already fail the indispensability test and are, for that reason, prohibited by Article 101 TFEU. <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/eu_-_guidelines_article_101.3.pdf?40306/46753965fab93b89b70e95c5a1ad13597cdd51c1906250503d02d53292e6c575" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Jurisprudence</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1+XjQlW9u1EbB4IwEhbzcUDpz6NHcZQ90Q995NZEUMEOIe2IC9SJE9sfJKHb9fVE8/GV425jZjDG2VVbqnNPzc8cb6EEloxYEgvlgawsb+cA7Y2ENxH/HCMKO/VwE+0lUG7dfd6Mmywvvs8VplPOfatm89QzB8K0cjNPJyFPwYWfJGVML/YUsofLIguQ82B8XbLwrPwK9eF+18MRQLdxudLBa775VmIHzJnU1C1ooj4A19ObqyYXxpZ34ee4t5tXv4Rp7ERTGmMpL2mKPVGAHV2wiQMu1lBNsT3gE8XcQ2eiYpz5s3QE0lm1jVo4WRxxy9CnmufDz0vyR8ESR/MW7unS+zk4frA=' data-origin="//fr/dictionnaire/individual-exemption-86377"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="fr/bulletin/news-issues/february-2025/the-australian-competition-authority-proposes-to-authorise-an-integrated" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority proposes to authorise an integrated alliance between two airline companies to launch new weekly return services <em>(Virgin Australia / Qatar Airways)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-17T23:00:00Z">18 février 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123837 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC proposes to authorise Virgin Australia and Qatar Airways integrated alliance* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC is proposing to grant authorisation to Virgin Australia and Qatar Airways, which will allow them to engage in cooperative conduct under an integrated alliance for five years. <br class='autobr' /> Virgin Australia and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/wilmer-hale">Wilmer Hale</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="fr/bulletin/news-issues/november-1997/the-eu-commission-approves-cooperation-agreements-among-5-photographic" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves cooperation agreements among 5 photographic equipment manufacturers for the development and licensing of a new advanced photographic system <em>(Canon / Kodak)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-24T13:48:59Z">24 janvier 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122183 introduction entry-content"> <p>In November 1997, the Commission published an Article 19(3) notice in respect of the current form of a proposed cooperation in the photographic sector between the Eastman Kodak Company (“Kodak”), the Fuji Film Co. Ltd (“Fuji”), Canon Inc (“Canon”), the Minolta Camera Co. Ltd (“Minolta”), and the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteur/larissa-bergin">Larissa C. Bergin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/charlotte-breuvart">Charlotte Breuvart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/tony-chen">Tony Chen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/lillian-he">Lillian He</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteur/Eileen-Lagathu">Eileen Lagathu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/lawrence-wang">Lawrence Wang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/peter-j-wang">Peter J. Wang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/yichen-wu">Yichen Wu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/dr-qiang-xue">Dr. Qiang Xue</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/yizhe-zhang">Yizhe Zhang</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="fr/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-chinese-state-council-publishes-new-anti-monopoly-guidelines-for-the" rel="bookmark">The Chinese State Council publishes new anti-monopoly guidelines for the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-23T23:00:00Z">24 janvier 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123712 introduction entry-content"> <p>In Short <br class='autobr' /> The Development : China’s State Council issued new Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Pharmaceutical Sector (the "Guidelines") effective January 24, 2025. The Guidelines provide a comprehensive framework for the State Administration for Market Regulation ("SAMR"), the Chinese antitrust (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="fr/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-us-ftc-confirms-that-gig-economy-workers-and-independent-contractors-are" rel="bookmark">The US FTC confirms that gig economy workers and independent contractors are shielded from antitrust liability when engaging in collective bargaining</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-13T23:00:00Z">14 janvier 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123317 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Federal Trade Commission today issued a policy statement clarifying that independent contractors, including gig workers, are shielded from antitrust liability when engaging in protected bargaining and organizing activities—such as seeking better compensation and job conditions. <br class='autobr' /> According (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/ruth-glaeser">Ruth Glaeser</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="fr/bulletin/news-issues/december-2024/the-us-court-of-appeals-for-the-third-circuit-rules-that-the-sole-licensed" rel="bookmark">The US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit rules that the sole licensed manufacturer of mumps vaccines is exempt from antitrust claims under the Noerr-Pennington doctrine <em>(Merck)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-12-16T23:00:00Z">17 décembre 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123333 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Third Circuit Rejects a Fraud Exception to the Noerr-Pennington Exemption from Antitrust Liability* <br class='autobr' /> The Third Circuit Court of Appeals held that Merck is exempt from antitrust claims under the Noerr-Pennington doctrine in a lawsuit accusing it of deceiving the government about the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhW9p2gOs/ekHr4Yy20uJuly12pyOStykYFNneoCfzvt+LYUDdlj5og8/pn5GzrV1t90sHhm3Lq2xkN9cNaQf6MVxTZmlQuDC2vF0zGuJ5lGMR8JXH1AsmMl5u1UT3g+vj4i3mNtHKXsUJ2bEOwp8oY7c1b1Rpi++dBqRZ9TPMfylDoufSVogRb7RiD2GjyxFid/veI8n8hVeVXvaF8XEfYDCmY4N0NfhjgGvaO6lup6/7HwyhTZIwkyUftYr0dm8W14AXl99PAj78O6Dt0cqjCVPHxFECCogC3gbowZ9/WWKlQ7Wq+AE6e9+Oq2vBRUpQTORWRkeEOTs4vgWg==' data-origin="//fr/dictionnaire/individual-exemption-86377"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/catherine-prieto-62">Catherine Prieto</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/jean-michel-marmayou">Jean Michel Marmayou</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/david-bosco">David Bosco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/fabrice-rizzo">Fabrice Rizzo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="fr/review/issues/no-2-2024/conferences/concurrence-et-sport-paris-3-avril-2024" rel="bookmark">Concurrence et sport (Paris, 3 avril 2024)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">mai 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118766 introduction entry-content"> <p>Table of content Introduction Catherine Prieto, Professeur, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Articulation des règles : Rejet de l’exception sportive Jean-Michel Marmayou, Professeur, Aix-Marseille Université Directeur, Centre de droit du sport, Faculté de droit d’Aix-Marseille Centre de (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/elodie-camous-leonard">Elodie Camous-Léonard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span></span> 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Nous montrons tout d’abord que l’arrêt Coty a le mérite de clarifier la grille d’analyse, quelque peu oubliée, de la conformité au droit des ententes des réseaux de distribution sélective. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/alastair-mordaunt">Alastair Mordaunt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/hazel-yin">Hazel Yin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/kailun-ji">Kailun Ji</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/ninette-dodoo">Ninette Dodoo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="fr/auteurs/tracy-lu">Tracy Lu</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="fr/review/issues/no-4-2018/conferences/anti-competitive-agreement-and-abusive-conduct-10-years-of-the-anti-monopoly" rel="bookmark">Anti-competitive agreement and abusive conduct (10 years of the Anti-Monopoly Law in China - Beijing, 14 July 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">novembre 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88374 introduction entry-content"> <p>Les ententes ont été une priorité des services répressifs chinois depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la loi anti-monopole en Chine le 1er août 2008. 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href="fr/dictionnaire/centrale-d-achat">Centrale d’achat</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/cession">Cession (remèdes concentrations)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/charge-de-la-preuve">Charge de la preuve</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/circonstances-attenuantes">Circonstances atténuantes et aggravantes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/clause-d-exclusivite">Clause d’exclusivité</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/clause-de-non-concurrence">Clause de non-concurrence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Clause-noire-rouge">Clause noire et clause rouge</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Clemence-programme-de">Clémence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/collusion-120345">Collusion</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/commissionnaire">Commissionnaire</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/communication-de-la-commission-europeenne">Communication de la Commission européenne</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Communication-des-griefs">Communication des griefs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/competence-85895">Compétence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/compression-des-marges">Compression des marges</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/abandon-des-concentrations">Concentration (abandon)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concentration-interdiction">Concentration (interdiction) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/operation-de-concentration">Concentration (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concession">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concurrence-110551">Concurrence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concurrence-deloyale">Concurrence déloyale</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concurrence-et-consommation">Concurrence et Consommation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concurrence-et-marche-du-travail">Concurrence et marché du travail</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Concurrence-intermarques">Concurrence intermarques </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concurrence-intramarque">Concurrence intramarque </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concurrence-potentielle">Concurrence potentielle </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/concurrent-reel">Concurrent réel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/conditions-de-vente">Conditions de vente</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/conflit-de-juridictions">Conflit de juridictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/conseiller-auditeur">Conseiller-auditeur </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/consortium">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/contrat">Contrat</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/contrat-d-agence">Contrat d’agence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/changement-de-controle">Contrôle (changement)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/controle-notion">Contrôle (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Controle-commun-ou-controle-en">Contrôle commun</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/controle-des-investissements-etrangers-120456">Contrôle des investissements étrangers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/controle-ex-ante-ex-post">Contrôle Ex Ante / Ex Post</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/controle-exclusif">Contrôle exclusif</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/controle-juridictionnel">Contrôle juridictionnel</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/convention-recapitulative">Convention récapitulative</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/cooperation-entre-autorites-de-concurrence">Coopération entre autorités de concurrence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Cooperation-internationale">Coopération internationale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/corruption-91679">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Courtoisie">Courtoisie </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/couts-incrementaux">Coûts incrémentaux</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/couts-marginaux">Coûts marginaux </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/couts-variables">Coûts variables </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/denigrement"> Dénigrement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/de-minimis">De minimis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/decision-prejudicielle-art-267-tfue">Décision préjudicielle (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/defense-tiree-de-la-doctrine-de-l-action-de-l-etat">Défense tirée de la doctrine de l’action de l’État</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/demandes-de-renseignements">Demande de renseignements</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/desequilibre-significatif">Déséquilibre significatif</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/direction-generale-de-la-concurrence-de-la-consommation-et-de-la-repression-des">DGCCRF (Direction générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression des fraudes)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/digital-services-act-dsa">Digital Services Act </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/117763">Directive Dommages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/discrimination-par-les-prix">Discrimination par les prix</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/distribution-automobile">Distribution automobile</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Distribution-exclusive">Distribution exclusive </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Distribution-selective-12219">Distribution sélective </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/dommages-et-interets">Dommages et intérêts</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/donnees-personnelles">Données personnelles</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/droit-exclusif-art-106-tfue">Droit exclusif (Art. 106 TFUE)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/droits-de-la-defense-89161">Droits de la défense</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/droits-d-auteur">Droits d’auteur</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/droits-voisins-120090">Droits voisins</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/dumping-et-antidumping">Dumping et antidumping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/duopole-120287">Duopole</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/echanges-d-informations">Échanges d’informations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/ecole-de-chicago">École de Chicago</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/economies-d-echelle">Economies d’échelle</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/economies-de-gamme">Economies de gamme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/ecosystemes-numeriques-120597">Écosystèmes numériques</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/effet-de-reseau">Effet de réseau </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/effet-direct">Effet direct</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/effet-d-enracinement">Effet d’enracinement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/effet-d-ombrelle-122348">Effet d’ombrelle</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/effet-sur-le-commerce-entre-etats-membres">Effet sur le commerce entre Etats membres</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/effets-coordonnees">Effets coordonnées</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/effets-induits">Effets induits </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/efficience-economique">Efficience économique</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Engagements">Engagements (pratiques anticoncurrentielles) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/enquete-sectorielle">Enquête sectorielle</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/enquetes-visites-et-saisies-inspections-perquisitions-119428">Enquêtes : visites et saisies, inspections, perquisitions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/entente-ou-cartel">Entente (ou cartel) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/entente-sur-les-prix">Entente sur les prix</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/entreprise-notion">Entreprise (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/entreprise-commune">Entreprise commune </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Argument-de-l-entreprise-en">Entreprise défaillante</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Entreprise-publique">Entreprise publique </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/epuisement-des-droits">Epuisement des droits</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/exemption-individuelle-120773">Exemption Individuelle</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/exemption-par-categorie-reglement-d">Exemption par catégorie (Règlement d’) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/expertise-scientifique">Expertise scientifique</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/extraterritorialite">Extraterritorialité </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/facilite-essentielle">Facilité essentielle </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/facturation">Facturation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Formulaire-CO">Formulaire CO </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/franchise">Franchise </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/frand-88986">FRAND</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/gafam-106804">GAFAM</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/le-greffe-du-tribunal-de-l-union-europeenne">Greffe du Tribunal de l’Union européenne </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/groupe-d-entreprises-et-conglomerats">Groupe d’entreprises et conglomérats</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/gun-jumping-86382">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/impartialite">Impartialité </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/importations-paralleles-commerce-parallele">Importations parallèles (commerce parallèle)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/imputabilite">Imputabilité</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/independance">Indépendance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/indices-de-concentration">Indices de concentration </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/inflation-et-droit-de-la-concurrence">Inflation et droit de la concurrence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/informations-fausses-ou-trompeuses">Informations fausses ou trompeuses</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/institutions-europeennes-de-la-concurrence-105425">Institutions européennes de la concurrence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/intelligence-artificielle">Intelligence artificielle</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/international-competition-network-icn-12355">International Competition Network (ICN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/investissements-directs-etrangers-ide">Investissements directs étrangers (IDE)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/investisseur-prive-en-economie-de-marche">Investisseur privé en économie de marché</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/juridictions-specialisees">Juridictions spécialisées</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/killer-acquisitions">Killer acquisitions</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/lerner-index-100714">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Lettre-au-titre-de-l-article-11">Lettre au titre de l’article 11 </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Lettre-de-rejet-de-plainte">Lettre de rejet de plainte</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/liberte-d-entreprendre">Liberté d’entreprendre</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/licence-obligatoire">Licence obligatoire</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Lignes-directrices-ou-encadrement">Lignes directrices (ou encadrement) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/loi-applicable">Loi applicable</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/mandataire-concentrations">Mandataire (concentrations)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/mandataire-distribution">Mandataire (distribution)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/manipulation-des-procedures-d-appel-d-offres">Manipulation des procédures d’appel d’offres </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/marche-amont-12292">Marché amont </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/marche-aval">Marché aval</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/marche-biface">Marché biface</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/marche-de-produits-ou-de-services">Marché de produits ou de services</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/marche-geographique">Marché géographique</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/marche-pertinent">Marché pertinent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/marche-public">Marché public</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/mesure-publique">Mesure publique </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/mesures-provisoires">Mesures provisoires </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Monomarquisme">Monomarquisme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/monopole-120699">Monopole</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/ne-bis-in-idem">Ne bis in idem </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/notification">Notification </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/notification-des-griefs">Notification des griefs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Nullite">Nullité </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/objet-effet-anticoncurrentiel">Objet ou effet anticoncurrentiel</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/obligation-de-non-concurrence">Obligation de non-concurrence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/octroi-de-licence">Octroi de licence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/offre-anormalement-basse">Offre Anormalement Basse</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/offre-indument-avantageuse">Offre Indument Avantageuse</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/oligopole">Oligopole</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/organisation-professionnelle">Organisation / Association professionnelle</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/procedures-collectives"> Procédures collectives</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Parasitisme">Parasitisme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/part-de-marche">Part de marché</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/participations-minoritaires-89177">Participations minoritaires</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/phase-i-concentration">Phase I (concentration)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/phase-ii-concentration">Phase II (concentration)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/plainte">Plainte </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/plateformes">Plateformes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/pluralisme-des-medias">Pluralisme des médias</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/politique-de-concurrence">Politique de concurrence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/procedure-de-controle-des-operations-de-concentration">Politique de contrôle des opérations de concentration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/politique-industrielle">Politique Industrielle</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/position-dominante-86012">Position dominante (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/position-dominante-collective">Position dominante collective</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/Pouvoir-d-achat">Pouvoir d’achat </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/pouvoir-de-marche">Pouvoir de marché </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/pratique-d-exclusion">Pratique d’exclusion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/pratiques-commerciales-deloyales">Pratiques commerciales déloyales</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/pratiques-concertees-notion">Pratiques concertées</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/pratiques-discriminatoires">Pratiques discriminatoires</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/prescription">Prescription</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/nouvelle-traduction-principle-of-effectiveness">Principe d’effectivité</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/principe-d-egalite-de-traitement">Principe d’égalité de traitement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/principe-d-equivalence">Principe d’équivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/principe-de-proportionnalite">Principe de proportionnalité</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/privatisation-86392">Privatisation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/prix">Prix</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/prix-abusifs">Prix abusifs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/prix-bas">Prix bas</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/prix-d-eviction-ou-predatoire-ou-predateur">Prix d’éviction (ou prédatoire ou prédateur) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/prix-de-transfert">Prix de transfert</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/prix-de-vente-impose">Prix de vente imposé </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/prix-regules">Prix régulés</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/procedure-d-infraction">Procédure d’infraction </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/programme-de-mise-en-conformite-compliance">Programme de conformité (Compliance)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/droit-de-propriete-intellectuelle">Propriété intellectuelle et droit de la concurrence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/protection-contre-l-auto-incrimination">Protection contre l’auto-incrimination</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/protection-de-l-environnement">Protection de l’environnement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="fr/dictionnaire/protection-des-consommateurs">Protection des consommateurs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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