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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications and technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism and controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Home automation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84" title="أتمتة المنزل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتمتة المنزل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1ll%C4%B1_evl%C9%99r" title="Ağıllı evlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağıllı evlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Автоматизация на дома – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автоматизация на дома" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%87na_automatizacija" title="Kućna automatizacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kućna automatizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%B2tica" title="Domòtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domòtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatizace_dom%C3%A1cnosti" title="Automatizace domácnosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Automatizace domácnosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjemmeautomatiseringsystem" title="Hjemmeautomatiseringsystem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjemmeautomatiseringsystem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutikodu" title="Nutikodu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nutikodu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%B3tica" title="Domótica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Domótica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotiko" title="Domotiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Domotiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotika" title="Domotika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Domotika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="اتوماسیون خانگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتوماسیون خانگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotique" title="Domotique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domotique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach_cliste" title="Teach cliste – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teach cliste" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%B3tica" title="Domótica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Domótica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%A0%95_%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%ED%99%94" title="가정 자동화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가정 자동화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տնային ավտոմատացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տնային ավտոմատացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="गृह स्वचालन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गृह स्वचालन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pametna_zgrada" title="Pametna zgrada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pametna zgrada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ar%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%8Dr%E1%BB%A5_n%27%E1%BB%A5l%E1%BB%8D" title="Ịrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomatisasi_rumah" title="Otomatisasi rumah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otomatisasi rumah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhleleleko_yekhaya" title="Inhleleleko yekhaya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhleleleko yekhaya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotica" title="Domotica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Domotica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9D" title="בית חכם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית חכם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Үйді автоматтандыру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үйді автоматтандыру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viedm%C4%81joklis" title="Viedmājoklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viedmājoklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotica" title="Domotica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Domotica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okosotthon" title="Okosotthon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Okosotthon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotica" title="Domotica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Domotica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ホームオートメーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホームオートメーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarthus" title="Smarthus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smarthus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotica" title="Domotica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Domotica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyni_avtomatlashtirish" title="Uyni avtomatlashtirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uyni avtomatlashtirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatyka_domowa" title="Automatyka domowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Automatyka domowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%B3tica" title="Domótica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Domótica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotic%C4%83" title="Domotică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Domotică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Домашняя автоматизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Домашняя автоматизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1ca_automatiz%C3%A1cia" title="Domáca automatizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Domáca automatizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pametni_dom" title="Pametni dom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pametni dom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%87ne_automatizacije" title="Kućne automatizacije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kućne automatizacije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemautomation" title="Hemautomation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hemautomation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வீட்டுத் தன்னியக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீட்டுத் தன்னியக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ระบบอัตโนมัติภายในบ้าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบอัตโนมัติภายในบ้าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev_otomasyonu" title="Ev otomasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ev otomasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%B2tega" title="Domòtega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Domòtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%C3%B4ng_minh" title="Nhà thông minh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thông minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Automation" title="Category:Automation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_automation" title="Outline of automation">Automation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robot_arm_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robot_arm_icon.svg/100px-Robot_arm_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robot_arm_icon.svg/150px-Robot_arm_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robot_arm_icon.svg/200px-Robot_arm_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="233" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation in general</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_cash_handling" title="Automated cash handling">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_highway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated highway system">Highway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_automation" title="Laboratory automation">Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_library_system" title="Integrated library system">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_automation" title="Broadcast automation">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mix_automation" title="Mix automation">Mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_pool_cleaner" title="Automated pool cleaner">Pool cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music_automation" title="Pop music automation">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">Reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automation" title="Semi-automation">Semi-automation</a></li> <li>Telephone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_attendant" title="Automated attendant">Attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_switchboard" title="Telephone switchboard">Switchboard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">Vehicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">Vending machine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Vacuum cleaner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roomba" title="Roomba">Roomba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_lawn_mower" title="Robotic lawn mower">Lawn mower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Guided vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paint_robot" title="Paint robot">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_design_domain" title="Operational design domain">ODD</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Impact of automation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumation" title="Manumation">Manumation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-the-loop_performance_problem" title="Out-of-the-loop performance problem">OOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation_bias" title="Automation bias">Bias</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_self-driving_cars" title="Impact of self-driving cars">Self-driving cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_threat" title="Automated threat">Threat</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Trade shows and awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_and_South_Pacific_Design_Automation_Conference" title="Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference">ASP-DAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Automation_Conference" title="Design Automation Conference">DAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Automation_and_Test_in_Europe" title="Design Automation and Test in Europe">DATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Robotics_and_Automation_Award" title="IEEE Robotics and Automation Award">IEEE Robotics and Automation Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computer-Aided_Design" title="International Conference on Computer-Aided Design">ICCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automation" title="Template talk:Automation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raumbedienger%C3%A4t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Raumbedienger%C3%A4t.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Room control unit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CITIB-AMX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/CITIB-AMX.jpg/220px-CITIB-AMX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/CITIB-AMX.jpg/330px-CITIB-AMX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/CITIB-AMX.jpg/440px-CITIB-AMX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5532" data-file-height="3115" /></a><figcaption>CITIB-AMX control panel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NestLearningThermostat2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NestLearningThermostat2.JPG/220px-NestLearningThermostat2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NestLearningThermostat2.JPG/330px-NestLearningThermostat2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NestLearningThermostat2.JPG/440px-NestLearningThermostat2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nest_learning_thermostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nest learning thermostat">Nest Learning Thermostat</a> showing weather's impact on energy usage</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring_video_doorbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ring_video_doorbell.jpg/220px-Ring_video_doorbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ring_video_doorbell.jpg/330px-Ring_video_doorbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ring_video_doorbell.jpg/440px-Ring_video_doorbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4253" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ring_(company)" title="Ring (company)">Ring</a> video doorbell with Wi-Fi camera</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_2nd-gen_smart_lock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/August_2nd-gen_smart_lock.jpg/220px-August_2nd-gen_smart_lock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/August_2nd-gen_smart_lock.jpg/330px-August_2nd-gen_smart_lock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/August_2nd-gen_smart_lock.jpg/440px-August_2nd-gen_smart_lock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_Home" title="August Home">August Home</a> <a href="/wiki/Smart_lock" title="Smart lock">smart lock</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Home automation</b> or <b>domotics</b><sup id="cite_ref-t3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">building automation</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">home</a>. A home <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> system will monitor and/or control home attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include <a href="/wiki/Home_security" title="Home security">home security</a> such as access control and alarm systems. </p><p>The phrase <b>smart home</b> refers to home automation devices that have internet access. Home automation, a broader category, includes <i>any</i> device that can be monitored or controlled via wireless radio signals, not just those having internet access. When connected with the Internet, home sensors and activation devices are an important constituent of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a> ("IoT").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central <a href="/wiki/Smart_home_hub" title="Smart home hub">smart home hub</a> (sometimes called a "<a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">gateway</a>"). The <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> for control of the system uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Early home automation began with labor-saving machines. Self-contained electric or gas powered <a href="/wiki/Home_appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Home appliances">home appliances</a> became viable in the 1900s with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">electric power distribution</a><sup id="cite_ref-gerhart_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerhart-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a> (1904), <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heaters</a> (1889), <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a> (1913), <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">sewing machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">dishwashers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">clothes dryers</a>. </p><p>In 1975, the first general purpose home automation network technology, <a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a>, was developed. It is a communication protocol for electronic devices. It primarily uses <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> wiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> bursts of <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a>, and remains the most widely available.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2012, in the United States, according to ABI Research, 1.5 million home automation systems were installed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per research firm Statista<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than 45 million smart home devices will be installed in U.S. homes by the end of the year 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "<i>domotics</i>" is a contraction of the Latin word for a home (<i><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a></i>) and the word <i><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-t3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "smart" in "smart home" refers to the system being aware of the state of its devices, which is done through the information and communication technologies (ICT) protocol and the Internet of Things (IoT).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_technologies">Applications and technologies</h2></div> <p>Home automation is prevalent in a variety of different realms, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">Heating, ventilation and air conditioning</a> (HVAC): it is possible to have remote control of all <a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">home energy monitors</a> over the internet incorporating a simple and friendly user interface.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">Lighting control system</a>: a "smart" network that incorporates communication between various lighting system inputs and outputs, using one or more central computing devices.</li> <li>Occupancy-aware control system: it is possible to <a href="/wiki/Occupancy_sensor" title="Occupancy sensor">sense the occupancy</a> of the home using smart meters<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and environmental sensors like <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">CO<sub>2</sub> sensors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be integrated into the building automation system to trigger automatic responses for <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> and building comfort applications.</li> <li>Appliance control and integration with the <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Smart_meter" title="Smart meter">smart meter</a>, taking advantage, for instance, of high solar panel output in the middle of the day to run washing machines.<sup id="cite_ref-BERGU14_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BERGU14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Home robot">Home robots</a> and security: a household <a href="/wiki/Security_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Security system">security system</a> integrated with a home automation system can provide additional services such as remote surveillance of security cameras over the Internet, or <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a> and central locking of all perimeter doors and windows.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Leak detection, smoke and CO detectors<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry-folding_machine" title="Laundry-folding machine">Laundry-folding machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-making_bed" title="Self-making bed">self-making bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning systems</a> (IPS).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabled" title="Home automation for the elderly and disabled">Home automation for the elderly and disabled</a>.</li> <li>Pet and <a href="/wiki/Baby_monitor" title="Baby monitor">baby care</a>, for example tracking the pets and babies' movements and controlling pet access rights.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Air quality control (<a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">inside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">outside</a>). For example, <a href="/wiki/Air_Quality_Egg" title="Air Quality Egg">Air Quality Egg</a> is used by people at home to monitor the air quality and pollution level in the city and create a map of the pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smart kitchen, with <a href="/wiki/Smart_refrigerator" title="Smart refrigerator">refrigerator</a> inventory, premade cooking programs, cooking surveillance, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice control</a> devices like <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Amazon Alexa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Google_Nest_(smart_speakers)" title="Google Nest (smart speakers)">Google Nest</a> used to control home appliances or systems.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_feeder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cat_feeder.jpg/220px-Cat_feeder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cat_feeder.jpg/330px-Cat_feeder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cat_feeder.jpg/440px-Cat_feeder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Internet enabled cat feeder</figcaption></figure><p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> found that home automation could involve a high cost of ownership, inflexibility of interconnected devices, and poor manageability.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When designing and creating a home automation system, engineers take into account several factors including scalability, how well the devices can be monitored and controlled, ease of installation and use for the consumer, affordability, speed, security, and ability to diagnose issues.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Findings from iControl showed that consumers prioritize ease-of-use over technical innovation, and although consumers recognize that new connected devices have an unparalleled cool factor, they are not quite ready to use them in their own homes yet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, systems have been sold as complete systems where the consumer relies on one vendor for the entire system including the hardware, the communications protocol, the central hub, and the user interface. However, there are now <a href="/wiki/Open_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hardware">open hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source software</a> systems which can be used instead of or with proprietary hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these systems interface with consumer electronics such as the Arduino or Raspberry Pi, which are easily accessible online and in most electronics stores.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, home automation devices are increasingly interfaced with mobile phones through Bluetooth, allowing for increased affordability and customizability for the user.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2></div> <p>Home automation suffers from <a href="/wiki/Platform_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform fragmentation">platform fragmentation</a> and lack of <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standards</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a situation where the variety of home automation devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently between different inconsistent technology <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> hard.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customers may hesitate to bet their IoT future on <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> or hardware devices that use <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary protocols</a> that may fade or become difficult to customize and interconnect.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of home automation devices can also be a problem for <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">data security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">data privacy</a>, since patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-price devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodbye,_Android_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodbye,_Android-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support older devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active devices vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns have been raised by tenants renting from landlords who decide to upgrade units with smart home technology.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These concerns include weak wireless connections that render the door or appliance unusable or impractical; the security of door passcodes kept by the landlord; and the potential invasion of privacy that comes with connecting smart home technologies to home networks. </p><p>Researchers have also conducted user studies to determine what the barriers are for consumers when integrating home automation devices or systems into their daily lifestyle. One of the main takeaways was regarding ease of use, as consumers tend to steer towards "plug and play" solutions over more complicated setups.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that there were large gaps in the mental-models generated by users regarding how the devices actually work.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the findings showed that there was a lot of misunderstanding related to where the data collected by smart devices was stored and how it was used.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in a smart light setup, one participant thought that her iPad communicated directly with the light, telling it to either turn-off or on.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the iPad sends a signal to the cloud system that the company uses (in this case, the Hue Bridge) which then signals directly to the device.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, this field is still evolving and the nature of each device is constantly changing. While technologists work to create more secure, streamlined, and standardized security protocols, consumers also need to learn more about how these devices work and what the implications of putting them in their homes can be. The growth of this field is currently limited not only by technology but also by a user's ability to trust a device and integrate it successfully into his/her daily life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div> <p>Utilizing home automation could lead to more efficient and intelligent energy-saving techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) with renewable energy systems such as solar power or wind power, homes can autonomously make decisions about whether to store energy or expend it for a given appliance,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to overall positive environmental impacts and lower electricity bills for the consumers using the system. To do this, researchers propose using data from sensors regarding consumer activity within the home to anticipate consumer needs and balance that with energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, home automation has a large potential regarding family safety and security. According to a 2015 survey done by iControl, the primary drivers of the demand for smart and connected devices are first "personal and family security", and second "excitement about energy savings".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home automation includes a variety of smart security systems and surveillance setups. This allows consumers to monitor their homes while away, and to give trusted family members access to that information in case anything bad happens. </p><p>While there are many competing vendors, there are increasing efforts towards <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> systems. However, there are issues with the current state of home automation including a lack of standardized security measures and deprecation of older devices without backwards compatibility. </p><p>Home automation has high potential for sharing data between family members or trusted individuals for personal security purposes and could lead to energy saving measures with a positive environmental impact in the future. </p><p>The home automation market was worth US$64 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow to over $163 billion in 2028.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patch_Panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Domestic patch panel, unstructured"><img alt="Domestic patch panel, unstructured" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/90px-Patch_Panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/135px-Patch_Panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/180px-Patch_Panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Domestic patch panel, unstructured</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WellPumpAutomation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Well and booster pump automation"><img alt="Well and booster pump automation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/WellPumpAutomation.jpg/90px-WellPumpAutomation.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/WellPumpAutomation.jpg/134px-WellPumpAutomation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/WellPumpAutomation.jpg/179px-WellPumpAutomation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Well and booster pump automation</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/48px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/64px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_automation_companies" title="Category:Home automation companies">Home automation companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_home_automation_software" title="List of home automation software">List of home automation software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_home_automation_articles" title="Index of home automation articles">Index of home automation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">Home network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_buses" title="List of network buses">List of network buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_manipulator" title="Mobile manipulator">Mobile manipulator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">Smart device</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">smart speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">Web of Things</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-t3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHill2015" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Jim (12 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t3.com/features/the-smart-home-guide">"The smart home: a glossary guide for the perplexed"</a>. <i>T3</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T3&rft.atitle=The+smart+home%3A+a+glossary+guide+for+the+perplexed&rft.date=2015-09-12&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.t3.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-smart-home-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+automation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabortyIslamShahriyarIslam2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chakraborty, Arindom; Islam, Monirul; Shahriyar, Fahim; Islam, Sharnali; Zaman, Hasan U.; Hasan, Mehedi (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2023%2F7616683">"Smart Home System: A Comprehensive Review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Electrical_and_Computer_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering">Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering</a></i>. <b>2023</b>: 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2023%2F7616683">10.1155/2023/7616683</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electrical+and+Computer+Engineering&rft.atitle=Smart+Home+System%3A+A+Comprehensive+Review&rft.volume=2023&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2023%2F7616683&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Arindom&rft.au=Islam%2C+Monirul&rft.au=Shahriyar%2C+Fahim&rft.au=Islam%2C+Sharnali&rft.au=Zaman%2C+Hasan+U.&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Mehedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2023%252F7616683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+automation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gerhart-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gerhart_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeautomationwi0000gerh"><i>Home Automation & Wiring</i></a></span> (1 ed.). 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_automation" title="Template talk:Home automation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_automation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home automation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Home_automation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Home automation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#System">System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">Actuators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">Hardware controllers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">Sensors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Interconnection">Interconnection <br />type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cable (<a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">xDSL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Powerline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PLCBUS" title="PLCBUS">PLCBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_powerline_bus" title="Universal powerline bus">Universal powerline bus</a> (UPB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio frequency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">DECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyriaNed" title="MyriaNed">MyriaNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Net" title="One-Net">One-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(network_protocol)" title="Thread (network protocol)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consumer_IR" title="Consumer IR">Consumer IR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insteon" title="Insteon">Insteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX" title="KNX">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(standard)" title="Matter (standard)">Matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classifications_of_domestic_network_technologies">Network<br />technologies,<br />by function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device<br />interconnection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control and<br />automation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllJoyn" title="AllJoyn">AllJoyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_SCS" title="Bus SCS">Bus SCS</a> with <a href="/wiki/OpenWebNet" title="OpenWebNet">OpenWebNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Bus_(protocol)" title="C-Bus (protocol)">C-Bus (protocol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBus" title="CEBus">CEBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Home_Systems_Protocol" title="European Home Systems Protocol">EHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insteon" title="Insteon">Insteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP500_Alliance" title="IP500 Alliance">IP500</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxom (page does not exist)">Luxom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX_(standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="KNX (standard)">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Net" title="One-Net">One-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_powerline_bus" title="Universal powerline bus">Universal powerline bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data<br />networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePlug" title="HomePlug">HomePlug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patch_Panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/155px-Patch_Panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/233px-Patch_Panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/310px-Patch_Panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tasks">Tasks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Audio_and_video">Audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">Lighting control system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Other_systems">Other systems</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Thermostat automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_home_hub" title="Smart home hub">Smart home hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Costs">Costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_networking" title="Mesh networking">Mesh networking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_of_the_future" title="Home of the future">Home of the future</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">Floor plan</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Home automation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">Home network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">House navigation system</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/INTEGER_Millennium_House" title="INTEGER Millennium House">INTEGER Millennium House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/House_for_the_Future,_Cardiff" title="House for the Future, Cardiff">The House for the Future</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xanadu_Houses" title="Xanadu Houses">Xanadu Houses</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robotics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robotics" title="Template:Robotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robotics" title="Template talk:Robotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robotics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_robotics" title="Laws of robotics">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">arm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_robot" title="Continuum robot">Continuum robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobotics" title="Necrobotics">Necrobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fish">Robotic fish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fin">Robotic fins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic navigation">Navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">mapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision-guided_robot_systems" title="Vision-guided robot systems">Vision-guided robot systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_robotics" title="Perceptual robotics">Perceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situated_robotics" title="Situated robotics">Situated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Technology" title="Barrett Technology">Barrett Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energid_Technologies" title="Energid Technologies">Energid Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FarmWise" title="FarmWise">FarmWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_AI" title="Figure AI">Figure AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Automation" title="Harvest Automation">Harvest Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">IRobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Technologies" title="Starship Technologies">Starship Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbotic" title="Symbotic">Symbotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Robotics" title="Universal Robotics">Universal Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Robotics" title="Wolf Robotics">Wolf Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Workplace robotics safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Robotics" title="Category:Robotics">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_publishing" title="3D publishing">3D publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_assembler" title="Molecular assembler">Molecular assembler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_manufacturing" title="Smart manufacturing">Smart manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_fog" title="Utility fog">Utility fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel">Aerogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_metal" title="Amorphous metal">Amorphous metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_muscle" title="Artificial muscle">Artificial muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_polymer" title="Conductive polymer">Conductive polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">High-temperature superconductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">High-temperature superfluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon" title="Linear acetylenic carbon">Linear acetylenic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamaterial" title="Metamaterial">Metamaterials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metamaterial_cloaking" title="Metamaterial cloaking">Metamaterial cloaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_foam" title="Metal foam">Metal foam</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reconfiguring_modular_robot" title="Self-reconfiguring modular robot">Self-reconfiguring modular robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_vehicle" title="Uncrewed vehicle">Uncrewed vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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