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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Kalendarz holoceński</b>, znany również jako <b>Era Holocenu</b> lub <b>Era Człowieka</b> (<a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_angielski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Język angielski">ang.</a> <i>Holocene Era</i> lub <i>Human Era</i>, <b>HE</b>) — system numeracji lat, który dodaje dokładnie 10 000 lat do obecnie dominującego schematu numeracji (<a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N.e.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="N.e.">n.e.</a>/<a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P.n.e.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="P.n.e.">p.n.e.</a>), umieszczając pierwszy rok blisko początku <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holocen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holocen">holoceńskiej</a> <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epoka_geologiczna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epoka geologiczna">epoki geologicznej</a> i <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rewolucja_neolityczna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rewolucja neolityczna">rewolucji neolitycznej</a>, kiedy to ludzie przestawili się z trybu życia <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo_zbieracko-%C5%82owieckie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Społeczeństwo zbieracko-łowieckie">łowców-zbieraczy</a> na <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rolnictwo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rolnictwo">rolnictwo</a> i stałe osadnictwo. Rok 2023 według kalendarza gregoriańskiego to 12023 w kalendarzu holoceńskim. Schemat HE został po raz pierwszy zaproponowany przez <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Emiliani&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cesare Emiliani (strona nie istnieje)">Cesare Emilianiego</a> w 1993 r. (11993 HE)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>, chociaż podobne propozycje rozpoczęcia nowego kalendarza w tym samym dniu zostały wysunięte dziesiątki lat wcześniej<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="pl" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Spis treści</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Przegl%C4%85d"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Przegląd</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Korzy%C5%9Bci"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Korzyści</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dok%C5%82adno%C5%9B%C4%87"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Dokładność</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Konwersja"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Konwersja</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Przypisy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Przypisy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zobacz_te%C5%BC"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Zobacz też</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Przegląd"><span id="Przegl.C4.85d"></span>Przegląd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przegląd" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edytuj</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Propozycja Cesare Emilianiego dotycząca reformy kalendarza miała na celu rozwiązanie szeregu rzekomych problemów z obecną erą Anno Domini, zwaną także wspólną erą, która obejmuje lata powszechnie przyjętego kalendarza światowego. Kwestie te obejmują:</p> <ul> <li>Era Anno Domini opiera się na błędnych lub spornych szacunkach roku urodzenia <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jezus_Chrystus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jezus Chrystus">Jezusa Chrystusa</a>. Era umieszcza rok urodzenia Jezusa jako 1 r. n.e., ale współcześni uczeni ustalili, że bardziej prawdopodobne jest, że urodził się on w 4 r. p.n.e. lub wcześniej. Emiliani przekonywał, że zastąpienie spornej daty przybliżonym początkiem holocenu ma większy sens.</li> <li>Data narodzin Jezusa jest mniej uniwersalnym wydarzeniem epoki niż przybliżony początek holocenu.</li> <li>Lata p.n.e. są odliczane w dół podczas przechodzenia od przeszłości do przyszłości, co utrudnia obliczenie przedziałów czasowych.</li> <li>Era Anno Domini nie ma roku „zero”, z 1 r. p.n.e., po którym bezpośrednio następuje 1 r. n.e., co jeszcze bardziej komplikuje obliczanie przedziałów czasowych.</li> </ul> <p>Zamiast tego HE używa „początku ery ludzkości” jako swojej epoki, arbitralnie zdefiniowanej jako 10 000 r. p.n.e. i oznaczonej jako rok 1 HE, tak że 1 r. n.e. odpowiada 10 001 HE. Jest to przybliżenie początku obecnej epoki geologicznej, holocenu (nazwa oznacza „całkowicie niedawny”). Motywacją do tego jest to, że uważa się, że cywilizacja ludzka (np. pierwsze osady, rolnictwo itp.) powstała w tym czasie. Emiliani zaproponował później, że początek holocenu powinien być ustalony na tę samą datę, co początek proponowanej przez niego ery.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Korzyści"><span id="Korzy.C5.9Bci"></span>Korzyści</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edytuj sekcję: Korzyści" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edytuj</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Zwolennicy epoki człowieka twierdzą, że ułatwia to datowanie geologiczne, archeologiczne, dendrochronologiczne, antropologiczne i historyczne, a także opiera swoją epokę na wydarzeniu bardziej uniwersalnym niż narodziny Jezusa. Wszystkie kluczowe daty w historii ludzkości można następnie wymienić za pomocą prostej rosnącej skali dat, przy czym mniejsze daty zawsze występują przed większymi datami. Kolejną korzyścią jest to, że era holocenu rozpoczyna się przed innymi <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Era_kalendarzowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Era kalendarzowa">erami kalendarzowymi</a>, więc może być przydatna do porównywania i konwersji dat z różnych kalendarzy.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Dokładność"><span id="Dok.C5.82adno.C5.9B.C4.87"></span>Dokładność</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edytuj sekcję: Dokładność" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edytuj</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Kiedy Emiliani omawiał kalendarz w kolejnym artykule w 1994 roku, wspomniał, że nie było zgody co do daty rozpoczęcia epoki holocenu, z szacunkami na czas od 12 700 do 10 970 lat <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_Present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Present">BP</a>. Od tego czasu naukowcy poprawili swoją wiedzę na temat holocenu na podstawie dowodów z <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rdze%C5%84_lodowy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rdzeń lodowy">rdzeni lodowych</a> i mogą teraz dokładniej datować jego początek. Pogląd konsensusu został formalnie przyjęty przez <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowa_Unia_Nauk_Geologicznych?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Międzynarodowa Unia Nauk Geologicznych">Międzynarodową Unię Nauk Geologicznych</a> w 2013 r., stawiając jego początek na 11 700 lat przed 2000 r. (9701 r. p.n.e.), około 300 lat później niż epoka kalendarza holoceńskiego.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Konwersja">Konwersja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edytuj sekcję: Konwersja" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edytuj</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Konwersję z kalendarza juliańskiego lub gregoriańskiego na erę człowieka można uzyskać dodając 10 000 do roku n.e. Obecny rok, 2024, można przekształcić w rok holocenu, dodając przed nim cyfrę 1, co daje 12 024 HE. Lata p.n.e. są przeliczane przez odjęcie numeru roku p.n.e. od 10 001.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edytuj</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emiliani, Cesare (1993). "Correspondence – calendar reform". Nature. 366 (6457): 716. Setting the beginning of the human era at 10,000 BC would date [...] the birth of Christ at [25 December] 10,000.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Naudin, Claude (2001). <i>De temps en temps: Histoires de calendrier [From time to time: Calendar stories].</i> <a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/2702847358?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-7028-4735-8</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hope, E.R. (1963). "The arithmetical reform of the calendar, Part I". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 57 (1): 14–23.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edytuj</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://pl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_Present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKalendarz_holoce%C5%84ski%26oldid%3D72461370">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalendarz_holoceński&oldid=72461370</a>” </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiziadur_holosenek" title="Deiziadur holosenek – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deiziadur holosenek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendari_holoc%25C3%25A8" title="Calendari holocè – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calendari holocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%25C3%25A9nov%25C3%25BD_letopo%25C4%258Det" title="Holocénový letopočet – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Holocénový letopočet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%25C3%25A6ne_kalender" title="Holocæne kalender – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Holocæne kalender" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2585_%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="تقويم هولوسيني – marokański arabski" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تقويم هولوسيني" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokański arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoz%25C3%25A4n-Kalender" title="Holozän-Kalender – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holozän-Kalender" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2595%25CF%2580%25CE%25BF%25CF%2587%25CE%25AE_%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585_%25CE%2591%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B8%25CF%2581%25CF%258E%25CF%2580%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585" title="Εποχή του Ανθρώπου – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εποχή του Ανθρώπου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Holocene calendar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_holoceno" title="Calendario holoceno – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calendario holoceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocena_kalendaro" title="Holocena kalendaro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Holocena kalendaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holozeniar_egutegia" title="Holozeniar egutegia – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Holozeniar egutegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586" title="گاه‌شماری هولوسن – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شماری هولوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_holoc%25C3%25A8ne" title="Calendrier holocène – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calendrier holocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Holosen" title="Kalender Holosen – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender Holosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_olocenica" title="Era olocenica – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Era olocenica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%2597_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%2594%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599" title="לוח השנה ההולוקני – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוח השנה ההולוקני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25B0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598" title="ჰოლოცენის კალენდარი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოლოცენის კალენდარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%25C4%2593na_kalend%25C4%2581rs" title="Holocēna kalendārs – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Holocēna kalendārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%25C3%25A9n_napt%25C3%25A1r" title="Holocén naptár – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holocén naptár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Холоценски календар – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холоценски календар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2585_%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="تقويم هولوسين – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تقويم هولوسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_kalender" title="Holocene kalender – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Holocene kalender" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E9%25A1%259E%25E7%25B4%2580%25E5%2585%2583" title="人類紀元 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人類紀元" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen_kalender" title="Holocen kalender – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Holocen kalender" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1_%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25DA%2588%25D8%25B1" title="انسانی دور کیلنڈر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسانی دور کیلنڈر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calend%25C3%25A1rio_Holoceno" title="Calendário Holoceno – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calendário Holoceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendarul_Holocen" title="Calendarul Holocen – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calendarul Holocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Голоценовая эра – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голоценовая эра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holocene calendar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Холоценски календар – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холоценски календар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenski_kalendar" title="Holocenski kalendar – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Holocenski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoseenin_ajanlasku" title="Holoseenin ajanlasku – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Holoseenin ajanlasku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenkalendern" title="Holocenkalendern – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Holocenkalendern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2593%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="ஓலோசீன் நாட்காட்டி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓலோசீன் நாட்காட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%258F%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25AE%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%2599" title="ปฏิทินโฮโลซีน – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิทินโฮโลซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen_takvimi" title="Holosen takvimi – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Holosen takvimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Голоценовий календар – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голоценовий календар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25E1%25BB%258Bch_Holocen" title="Lịch Holocen – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch Holocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2585%25A8%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25B4%2580%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="全新世紀年 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="全新世紀年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2585%25A8%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25B4%2580%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="全新世紀年 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全新世紀年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 10 sty 2024, 17:07.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Treść udostępniana na licencji <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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