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href="#Catadioptric_telescopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Catadioptric telescopes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Catadioptric_telescopes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Catadioptric telescopes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Catadioptric_telescopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catadioptric_dialytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catadioptric_dialytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catadioptric dialytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catadioptric_dialytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-aperture_correctors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-aperture_correctors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Full-aperture correctors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-aperture_correctors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schmidt_corrector_plate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schmidt_corrector_plate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Schmidt corrector plate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schmidt_corrector_plate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meniscus_corrector_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meniscus_corrector_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Meniscus corrector shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meniscus_corrector_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Houghton_corrector_lens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houghton_corrector_lens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Houghton corrector lens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houghton_corrector_lens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-aperture_correctors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-aperture_correctors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sub-aperture correctors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-aperture_correctors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photographic_catadioptric_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographic_catadioptric_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Photographic catadioptric lenses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Photographic_catadioptric_lenses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Photographic catadioptric lenses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Photographic_catadioptric_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_catadioptric_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_catadioptric_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gallery of catadioptric lenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_catadioptric_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="نظام كاسر عاكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام كاسر عاكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxetivu_catadi%C3%B3ptrico" title="Oxetivu catadióptrico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oxetivu catadióptrico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_catadi%C3%B2ptric" title="Sistema catadiòptric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema catadiòptric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrcadlov%C3%BD_objektiv" title="Zrcadlový objektiv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zrcadlový objektiv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katadioptrisk_optik" title="Katadioptrisk optik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Katadioptrisk optik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegellinsenobjektiv" title="Spiegellinsenobjektiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiegellinsenobjektiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivo_catadi%C3%B3ptrico" title="Objetivo catadióptrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Objetivo catadióptrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_katadioptriko" title="Sistema katadioptriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sistema katadioptriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="لنز آیینه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لنز آیینه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectif_catadioptrique" title="Objectif catadioptrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Objectif catadioptrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%82%AC-%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88_%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="반사-굴절 망원경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반사-굴절 망원경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katadiopterski_teleskop" title="Katadiopterski teleskop – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katadiopterski teleskop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadioptrisch_systeem" title="Catadioptrisch systeem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catadioptrisch systeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E7%B3%BB" title="反射屈折光学系 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反射屈折光学系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Зеркально-линзовые оптические системы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зеркально-линзовые оптические системы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrcalni_objektiv" title="Zrcalni objektiv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zrcalni objektiv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Катадиоптрички системи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катадиоптрички системи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katadioptrinen_objektiivi" title="Katadioptrinen objektiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katadioptrinen objektiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1" title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์แบบผสม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์แบบผสม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katadioptrik_sistem" title="Katadioptrik sistem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katadioptrik sistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Катадіоптрична оптична система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катадіоптрична оптична система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="反射折射式光學系統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="反射折射式光學系統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="折反射望远镜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="折反射望远镜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1142960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Catadioptric_system" title="Special:EditPage/Catadioptric system">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Catadioptric+system%22">"Catadioptric system"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Catadioptric+system%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Catadioptric+system%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Catadioptric+system%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Catadioptric+system%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Catadioptric+system%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maksutov_150mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maksutov_150mm.jpg/180px-Maksutov_150mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maksutov_150mm.jpg/270px-Maksutov_150mm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maksutov_150mm.jpg/360px-Maksutov_150mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A 150 mm <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> catadioptric <a href="/wiki/Maksutov_telescope" title="Maksutov telescope">Maksutov telescope</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>catadioptric optical system</b> is one where <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> are combined in an optical system, usually via <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dioptrics" title="Dioptrics">dioptrics</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Curved_mirror" title="Curved mirror">curved mirrors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">catoptrics</a>). Catadioptric combinations are used in focusing systems such as <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">headlamps</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> focusing systems, <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">optical telescopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microscopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopes">microscopes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telephoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephoto">telephoto</a> <a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic lens">lenses</a>. Other optical systems that use lenses and mirrors are also referred to as "catadioptric", such as <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> <a href="/wiki/Catadioptric_sensor" title="Catadioptric sensor">catadioptric sensors</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_catadioptric_systems">Early catadioptric systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early catadioptric systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catadioptric combinations have been used for many early optical systems. In the 1820s, <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a> developed several catadioptric lighthouse reflector versions of his <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> developed a catadioptric microscope in 1859 to counteract aberrations of using a lens to image objects at high power.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1876 a French engineer, A. Mangin, invented what has come to be called the <a href="/wiki/Mangin_mirror" title="Mangin mirror">Mangin mirror</a>, a concave glass reflector with the silver surface on the rear side of the glass. The two surfaces of the reflector have different radii to correct the aberration of the spherical mirror. Light passes through the glass twice, making the overall system act like a <a href="/wiki/Triplet_lens" title="Triplet lens">triplet lens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangin mirrors were used in searchlights, where they produced a nearly true parallel beam. Many <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Catadioptric_telescopes">Catadioptric telescopes</a> use negative lenses with a reflective coating on the backside that are referred to as “Mangin mirrors”, although they are not single-element objectives like the original Mangin, and some even predate Mangin's invention.<sup id="cite_ref-telescope-optics.net_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telescope-optics.net-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catadioptric_telescopes">Catadioptric telescopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Catadioptric telescopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Catadioptric telescopes</b> are <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical telescopes">optical telescopes</a> that combine specifically shaped mirrors and lenses to form an image. This is usually done so that the telescope can have an overall greater degree of error correction than their all-lens or all-mirror counterparts, with a consequently wider aberration-free <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>. Their designs can have simple all-spherical surfaces and can take advantage of a folded optical path that reduces the mass of the telescope, making them easier to manufacture. Many types employ “correctors”, a lens or curved mirror in a combined <a href="/wiki/Image-forming_optical_system" title="Image-forming optical system">image-forming optical system</a> so that the reflective or refractive element can correct the aberrations produced by its counterpart. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catadioptric_dialytes">Catadioptric dialytes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catadioptric dialytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catadioptric <a href="/wiki/Dialyte_lens#Dialyte_telescopes" title="Dialyte lens">dialytes</a> are the earliest type of catadioptric telescope. They consist of a single-element <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a> <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a> combined with a silver-backed negative lens (similar to a Mangin mirror). The first of these was the Hamiltonian telescope patented by W. F. Hamilton in 1814. The Schupmann medial telescope designed by German optician <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Schupmann" title="Ludwig Schupmann">Ludwig Schupmann</a> near the end of the 19th century placed the catadioptric mirror beyond the focus of the refractor primary and added a third correcting/focusing lens to the system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-aperture_correctors">Full-aperture correctors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Full-aperture correctors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several telescope designs that take advantage of placing one or more full-diameter lenses (commonly called a "<i>corrector plate</i>") in front of a spherical primary mirror. These designs take advantage of all the surfaces being "spherically symmetrical"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were originally invented as modifications of mirror based optical systems (<a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescopes</a>) to allow them to have an image plane relatively free of <a href="/wiki/Coma_(optics)" title="Coma (optics)">coma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism_(optical_systems)" title="Astigmatism (optical systems)">astigmatism</a> so they could be used as <a href="/wiki/Astrograph" title="Astrograph">astrographic</a> cameras. They work by combining a spherical mirror's ability to reflect light back to the same point with a large lens at the front of the system (a corrector) that slightly bends the incoming light, allowing the spherical mirror to image objects at <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a>. Some of these designs have been adapted to create compact, long-focal-length catadioptric <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">cassegrains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schmidt_corrector_plate">Schmidt corrector plate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Schmidt corrector plate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt corrector plate">Schmidt corrector</a>, the first full-diameter corrector plate, was used in <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Schmidt" title="Bernhard Schmidt">Bernhard Schmidt</a>'s 1931 <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt camera</a>. The Schmidt camera is a wide-field photographic telescope, with the corrector plate at the center of curvature of the primary mirror, producing an image at a focus inside the tube assembly at the <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope#Prime_focus" title="Reflecting telescope">prime focus</a> where a curved film plate or detector is mounted. The relatively thin and lightweight corrector allows Schmidt cameras to be constructed in diameters up to 1.3 m. The corrector's complex shape takes several processes to make, starting with a flat piece of optical glass, placing a vacuum on one side of it to curve the whole piece, then grinding and polishing the other side flat to achieve the exact shape required to correct the <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a> caused by the primary mirror. The design has lent itself to many <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera#Derivative_designs" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt variants</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Popular sub-types</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmidt-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Schmidt-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg/200px-Schmidt-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Schmidt-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg/300px-Schmidt-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Schmidt-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg/400px-Schmidt-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Light path in a Schmidt–Cassegrain</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope" title="Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope">Schmidt–Cassegrain telescopes</a> are one of the most popular commercial designs on the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">amateur astronomical</a> market,<sup id="cite_ref-Sacek11_5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacek11_5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been mass-produced since the 1960s. The design replaces the Schmidt Camera film holder with a Cassegrain secondary mirror, making a folded optical path with a long focal length and a narrow field of view.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meniscus_corrector_shell">Meniscus corrector shell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Meniscus corrector shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of replacing the complicated Schmidt corrector plate with an easy-to-manufacture full-aperture spherical meniscus lens (a <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_corrector_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniscus corrector shell">meniscus corrector shell</a>) to create a wide-field telescope occurred to at least four optical designers in early 1940s war-torn Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bouwers" title="Albert Bouwers">Albert Bouwers</a> (1940), <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Dmitrievich_Maksutov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov">Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov</a> (1941), K. Penning, and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> (1941).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wartime secrecy kept these inventors from knowing about each other's designs, leading to each being an independent invention. Albert Bouwers built a prototype <a href="/wiki/Bouwers_meniscus_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouwers meniscus telescope">meniscus telescope</a> in August 1940 and patented it in February 1941. It used a spherically concentric meniscus and was only suitable as a monochromatic astronomical camera. In a later design he added a cemented doublet to correct chromatic aberration. Dmitri Maksutov built a prototype for a similar type of meniscus telescope, the <a href="/wiki/Maksutov_telescope" title="Maksutov telescope">Maksutov telescope</a>, in October 1941 and patented it in November of that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His design corrected spherical and chromatic aberrations by placing a weak negative-shaped meniscus corrector closer to the primary mirror. </p> <dl><dt>Popular sub-types</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maksutov-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maksutov-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg/200px-Maksutov-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maksutov-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg/300px-Maksutov-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maksutov-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg/400px-Maksutov-Cassegrain-Telescope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Light path in a meniscus telescope (Maksutov–Cassegrain)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maksutov%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksutov–Cassegrain telescope">Maksutov–Cassegrain telescopes</a> are the most commonly seen design that uses a meniscus corrector, a variant of the Maksutov telescope. It has a silvered "spot" secondary on the corrector, making a long focal length but compact (folded optical path) telescope with a narrow field of view. This design idea appeared in Dmitri Maksutov's 1941 notes and was originally developed in commercial designs by Lawrence Braymer (<i><a href="/wiki/Questar_Corporation" title="Questar Corporation">Questar</a>, 1954</i>), and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Gregory" title="John F. Gregory">John Gregory</a> (<i>1955 patent<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</i>. The combination of the corrector with the silvered secondary spot makes Maksutov–Cassegrains low-maintenance and ruggedized since they can be air-sealed and fixed in alignment (<a href="/wiki/Collimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collimation">collimation</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Houghton_corrector_lens">Houghton corrector lens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Houghton corrector lens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lh_design_equations_s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Lh_design_equations_s.gif/200px-Lh_design_equations_s.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Lh_design_equations_s.gif/300px-Lh_design_equations_s.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Lh_design_equations_s.gif/400px-Lh_design_equations_s.gif 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Houghton doublet corrector design equations – special case symmetric design.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lurie%E2%80%93Houghton_telescope" title="Lurie–Houghton telescope">Houghton telescope</a> or Lurie–Houghton telescope is a design that uses a wide compound positive-negative lens over the entire front aperture to correct spherical aberration of the main mirror. If desired, the two corrector elements can be made with the same type of glass, since the Houghton corrector's chromatic aberration is minimal. </p><p>The corrector is thicker than a Schmidt-Cassegrain's front corrector, but much thinner than a Maksutov meniscus corrector. All the lens surfaces and the mirror's surface are spheroidal, greatly easing amateur construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-aperture_correctors">Sub-aperture correctors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sub-aperture correctors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_Reflector_ArgunovCassegrain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Diagram_Reflector_ArgunovCassegrain.svg/200px-Diagram_Reflector_ArgunovCassegrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Diagram_Reflector_ArgunovCassegrain.svg/300px-Diagram_Reflector_ArgunovCassegrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Diagram_Reflector_ArgunovCassegrain.svg/400px-Diagram_Reflector_ArgunovCassegrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Light path in an Argunov Cassegrain telescope</figcaption></figure> <p>In sub-aperture corrector designs, the corrector elements are usually at the focus of a much larger objective. These elements can be both lenses and mirrors, but since multiple surfaces are involved, achieving good aberration correction in these systems can be very complex.<sup id="cite_ref-telescope-optics.net_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telescope-optics.net-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of sub-aperture corrector catadioptric telescopes include the <a href="/wiki/Argunov%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope" title="Argunov–Cassegrain telescope">Argunov–Cassegrain telescope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Klevtsov%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope" title="Klevtsov–Cassegrain telescope">Klevtsov–Cassegrain telescope</a> and sub-aperture corrector Maksutovs, which use as a "<a href="/wiki/Secondary_mirror" title="Secondary mirror">secondary mirror</a>" an optical group consisting of lens elements and sometimes mirrors designed to correct aberration, as well as Jones-Bird Newtonian telescopes, which use a spherical primary mirror combined with a small corrector lens mounted near the focus.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photographic_catadioptric_lenses">Photographic catadioptric lenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Photographic catadioptric lenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MinoltaRFRokkorX250f56text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MinoltaRFRokkorX250f56text.svg/220px-MinoltaRFRokkorX250f56text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MinoltaRFRokkorX250f56text.svg/330px-MinoltaRFRokkorX250f56text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MinoltaRFRokkorX250f56text.svg/440px-MinoltaRFRokkorX250f56text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Example of a catadioptric lens using rear surfaced "<a href="/wiki/Mangin_mirror" title="Mangin mirror">mangin mirrors</a>" (Minolta RF Rokkor-X 250mm f/5.6)</figcaption></figure> <p>Various types of catadioptric systems are also used in <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">camera lenses</a> known alternatively as <i>catadioptric lenses</i> (<i>CATs</i>), <i>reflex lenses</i>, or <i>mirror lenses</i>. These lenses use some form of the cassegrain design which greatly reduces the physical length of the optical assembly, partly by folding the optical path, but mostly through the <a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a> effect of the convex secondary mirror which multiplies the focal length many times (up to 4 to 5 times).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creates lenses with focal lengths from 250 mm up to and beyond 1000 mm that are much shorter and compact than their <a href="/wiki/Long_focus_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Long focus lens">long-focus</a> or telephoto counterparts. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a>, a major problem with long refractive lenses, and <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope#Optical_errors" title="Reflecting telescope">off-axis aberration</a>, a major problem with reflective telescopes, is almost completely eliminated by the catadioptric system, making the image they produce suitable to fill the large focal plane of a camera. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catadioptric_system_bokeh_christmas_tree_lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Catadioptric_system_bokeh_christmas_tree_lights.jpg/150px-Catadioptric_system_bokeh_christmas_tree_lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Catadioptric_system_bokeh_christmas_tree_lights.jpg/225px-Catadioptric_system_bokeh_christmas_tree_lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Catadioptric_system_bokeh_christmas_tree_lights.jpg/300px-Catadioptric_system_bokeh_christmas_tree_lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An example of 'iris blur' or <a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">bokeh</a> produced by a catadioptric lens, behind an in-focus light</figcaption></figure> <p>Catadioptric lenses do, however, have several drawbacks. The fact that they have a central obstruction means they cannot use an adjustable <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)" title="Diaphragm (optics)">diaphragm</a> to control light transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means the lens's <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a> value is fixed to the overall designed focal ratio of the optical system (the diameter of the primary mirror divided into the focal length). The inability to stop down the lens results in the catadioptric lens having a short depth of field. Exposure is usually adjusted by the placement of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_density_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral density filter">neutral density filters</a> on the front or rear of the lens. Their <a href="/wiki/Modulation_transfer_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation transfer function">modulation transfer function</a> shows low contrast at low <a href="/wiki/Spatial_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial frequencies">spatial frequencies</a>. Finally, their most salient characteristic is the annular shape of defocused areas of the image, giving a doughnut-shaped 'iris blur' or <a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">bokeh</a>, caused by the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Entrance_pupil" title="Entrance pupil">entrance pupil</a>. </p><p>Several companies made catadioptric lenses throughout the later part of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> (under the Mirror-<a href="/wiki/Nikkor" title="Nikkor">Nikkor</a> and later Reflex-<a href="/wiki/Nikkor" title="Nikkor">Nikkor</a> names) and <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> both offered several designs, such as 500 mm 1:8 and 1000 mm 1:11. Smaller companies such as <a href="/wiki/Tamron" title="Tamron">Tamron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samyang_Optics" title="Samyang Optics">Samyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivitar" title="Vivitar">Vivitar</a>, and Opteka also offered several versions, with the three latter of these brands still actively producing a number of catadioptric lenses for use in modern system cameras. Sony (formerly Minolta) offered a 500 mm catadioptric lens for their Alpha range of cameras. The Sony lens had the distinction of being the only reflex lens manufactured by a major brand to feature auto-focus (aside from the identical Minolta-manufactured lens that preceded Sony's production). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_of_catadioptric_lenses">Gallery of catadioptric lenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery of catadioptric lenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:500mmMirrorLens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="500 mm catadioptric lens mounted on a Yashica FX-3"><img alt="500 mm catadioptric lens mounted on a Yashica FX-3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/500mmMirrorLens.jpg/120px-500mmMirrorLens.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/500mmMirrorLens.jpg/180px-500mmMirrorLens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/500mmMirrorLens.jpg/240px-500mmMirrorLens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">500 mm catadioptric lens mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Yashica" title="Yashica">Yashica</a> FX-3</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Alpha_55_with_Minolta_500_F8_Reflex.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Minolta AF 500 mm F/8 catadioptric lens mounted on a Sony Alpha 55 camera"><img alt="Minolta AF 500 mm F/8 catadioptric lens mounted on a Sony Alpha 55 camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sony_Alpha_55_with_Minolta_500_F8_Reflex.JPG/120px-Sony_Alpha_55_with_Minolta_500_F8_Reflex.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sony_Alpha_55_with_Minolta_500_F8_Reflex.JPG/180px-Sony_Alpha_55_with_Minolta_500_F8_Reflex.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sony_Alpha_55_with_Minolta_500_F8_Reflex.JPG/240px-Sony_Alpha_55_with_Minolta_500_F8_Reflex.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minolta_AF_500mm_Reflex_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta AF 500mm Reflex lens">Minolta AF 500 mm</a> F/8 catadioptric lens mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Sony_Alpha_55" title="Sony Alpha 55">Sony Alpha 55</a> camera</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Obiektyw_lustrzany_MC_MTO-11CA_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maksutov MC MTO-11CA"><img alt="Maksutov MC MTO-11CA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2015_Obiektyw_lustrzany_MC_MTO-11CA_%2801%29.jpg/120px-2015_Obiektyw_lustrzany_MC_MTO-11CA_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2015_Obiektyw_lustrzany_MC_MTO-11CA_%2801%29.jpg/180px-2015_Obiektyw_lustrzany_MC_MTO-11CA_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2015_Obiektyw_lustrzany_MC_MTO-11CA_%2801%29.jpg/240px-2015_Obiektyw_lustrzany_MC_MTO-11CA_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4446" data-file-height="2555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maksutov MC MTO-11CA </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walimex_9392.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samyang 500mm f/8"><img alt="Samyang 500mm f/8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walimex_9392.jpg/85px-Walimex_9392.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walimex_9392.jpg/128px-Walimex_9392.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walimex_9392.jpg/171px-Walimex_9392.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samyang_500mm_f/8" title="Samyang 500mm f/8">Samyang 500mm f/8</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_500mm_reflex_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikon 500mm f/8 reflex lens"><img alt="Nikon 500mm f/8 reflex lens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nikon_500mm_reflex_lens.jpg/120px-Nikon_500mm_reflex_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nikon_500mm_reflex_lens.jpg/180px-Nikon_500mm_reflex_lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nikon_500mm_reflex_lens.jpg/240px-Nikon_500mm_reflex_lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nikon 500mm f/8 reflex lens</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrograph" title="Astrograph">Astrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope" title="Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope">Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptrics" title="Dioptrics">Dioptrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image-forming_optical_system" title="Image-forming optical system">Image-forming optical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telescope_types" title="List of telescope types">List of telescope types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Schupmann" title="Ludwig Schupmann">Ludwig Schupmann</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-LkUAAAAYAAJ&dq=earliest+catadioptric&pg=PA634">The Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UbMRmyxCZmYC&dq=earliest+catadioptric&pg=PA214">William Tobin, The life and science of Léon Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates William Tobin, page 214</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i35NCLLiglIC&dq=mangin+mirror+was+invented+by&pg=PA65">Optical design fundamentals for infrared systems By Max J. Riedl</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telescope-optics.net-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telescope-optics.net_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telescope-optics.net_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telescope-optics.net/catadioptric_telescopes.htm">- Vladimir Sacek, telescope-optics.net, Notes on AMATEUR TELESCOPE OPTICS, CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPES, 10.2.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quadibloc.com/science/opt0203.htm">John J. G. Savard, <i>"Miscellaneous Musings"</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sacek11_5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sacek11_5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSacek2006" class="citation web cs1">Sacek, Vladimir (2006-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telescope-optics.net/SCT.htm">"11.5. Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope (SCT)"</a>. <i>Telescope Optics</i>. Vladimir Sacek<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telescope+Optics&rft.atitle=11.5.+Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain+telescope+%28SCT%29&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft.aulast=Sacek&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telescope-optics.net%2FSCT.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatadioptric+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qCtsFeF7lkC&dq=Dennis+Gabor+maksutov&pg=PA313">Lens design fundamentals, by Rudolf Kingslake, page 313</a> a catadioptric non-monocentric design</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrtFcUEIWTgC&dq=maksutov+telescope&pg=PA724">Handbook of Optical Systems, Survey of Optical Instruments, by Herbert Gross, Hannfried Zügge, Fritz Blechinger, Bertram Achtner, page 806</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222122944/http://www.telescopengineering.com/history/DmitriMaksutov.html">"Dmitri Maksutov: The Man and His Telescopes By Eduard Trigubov and Yuri Petrunin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telescopengineering.com/history/DmitriMaksutov.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dmitri+Maksutov%3A+The+Man+and+His+Telescopes+By+Eduard+Trigubov+and+Yuri+Petrunin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telescopengineering.com%2Fhistory%2FDmitriMaksutov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatadioptric+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD750758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">patent PDF, DISTRIBUTED BY: National Technical Information Service U. S</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604210313/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD750758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telescope-optics.net/sub_aperture_corrector.htm#bottom">10.1.2. Sub-aperture corrector examples: Single-mirror systems - Jones-Bird</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piwP9HXtpvUC&dq=Catadioptric+lens++long+focal+length+folded+convex&pg=PA59">Astronomy hacks By Robert Bruce Thompson, Barbara Fritchman Thompson, page 59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MblHnLN2N2kC&dq=Catadioptric+central+obstruction+Diaphragm&pg=PA94">R. E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray <i>The manual of photography</i>, page 95</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telescope-optics.net/catadioptric.htm">telescope-optics.net, CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPES</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olympuszuiko.wordpress.com/2007/02/24/learning-to-love-your-mirror-lens/">Learning to love your Mirror Lens</a> - from olympuszuiko.com</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&oldid=1251779114">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catadioptric_system&oldid=1251779114</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Optical_telescopes" title="Category:Optical telescopes">Optical telescopes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mirror_lenses" title="Category:Mirror lenses">Mirror lenses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photographic_lens_designs" title="Category:Photographic lens designs">Photographic lens designs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telescope_types" title="Category:Telescope types">Telescope types</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2023">Articles needing additional references from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 October 2024, at 01:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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