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(1993–1996) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallax_Software_and_Descent_(1993–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_Volition_(1996–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_Volition_(1996–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Creation of Volition (1996–1997) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_Volition_(1996–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FreeSpace_and_Summoner,_THQ_acquisition_(1997–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FreeSpace_and_Summoner,_THQ_acquisition_(1997–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 FreeSpace and Summoner, THQ acquisition (1997–2000) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FreeSpace_and_Summoner,_THQ_acquisition_(1997–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Faction,_Summoner_II_and_The_Punisher_(2000–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Faction,_Summoner_II_and_The_Punisher_(2000–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Red Faction, Summoner II and The Punisher (2000–2005) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Faction,_Summoner_II_and_The_Punisher_(2000–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saints_Row_(2006–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saints_Row_(2006–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Saints Row (2006–2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saints_Row_(2006–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Red_Faction,_Saints_Row:_The_Third_and_Insane_(2009–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Red_Faction,_Saints_Row:_The_Third_and_Insane_(2009–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Return to Red Faction, Saints Row: The Third and Insane (2009–2012) </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86" title="فوليشن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوليشن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="فولیشن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فولیشن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition" title="Volition – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Volition" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition,_Inc." title="Volition, Inc. – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volition, Inc." data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition" title="Volition – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volition" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Silver_Volition" title="Deep Silver Volition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deep Silver Volition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition" title="Volition – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Volition" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Silver_Volition" title="Deep Silver Volition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deep Silver Volition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%85%98" title="볼리션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼리션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition" title="Volition – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Volition" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ڤوليشن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤوليشن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Silver_Volition" title="Deep Silver Volition – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deep Silver Volition" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ボリション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボリション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition" title="Volition – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Volition" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition,_Inc." title="Volition, Inc. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Volition, Inc." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition,_LLC" title="Volition, LLC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Volition, LLC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition" title="Volition – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Volition" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition" title="Volition – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Volition" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition_Inc." title="Volition Inc. – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Volition Inc." data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Volition (компанія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Volition (компанія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition_(%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8)" title="Volition (公司) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Deep Silver Volition, LLC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Volition_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The letter "V" is displayed in black, with a white, male face shown in its center. Below the letter, the word "Volition" is rendered in lower-case letters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Volition_logo.svg/220px-Volition_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Volition_logo.svg/330px-Volition_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Volition_logo.svg/440px-Volition_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="84" data-file-height="100" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The 2013 variation of Volition's logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Parallax Software Corporation (1993–1996)</li> <li>Volition, Inc. (1996–2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">Video games</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">June 14, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-06-14)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Mike Kulas</li> <li>Matt Toschlog</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">August 31, 2023; 14 months ago (2023-08-31)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Shapeshifter Games</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign, Illinois</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li>Jim Torbit (<a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">general manager</a>)<a href="#cite_note-torbit-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Jim Boone (<a href="/wiki/Chief_creative_officer" title="Chief creative officer">CCO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-torbit-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent_(1995_video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent (1995 video game)">Descent</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent:_FreeSpace_%E2%80%93_The_Great_War" title="Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War">FreeSpace</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summoner_(video_game)" title="Summoner (video game)">Summoner</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Faction" title="Red Faction">Red Faction</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Row" title="Saints Row">Saints Row</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_Mayhem" title="Agents of Mayhem">Agents of Mayhem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">236<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THQ" title="THQ">THQ</a> (2000–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Silver" title="Deep Silver">Deep Silver</a> (2013–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gearbox_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearbox Entertainment">Gearbox Entertainment</a> (2022–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volitiongames.com/">volitiongames.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Deep Silver Volition, LLC (formerly Parallax Software Corporation and Volition, Inc.) was an American <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">video game developer</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign, Illinois</a>. Mike Kulas and Matt Toschlog founded the company as Parallax Software in June 1993, developing <a href="/wiki/Descent_(1995_video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent (1995 video game)">Descent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descent_II" title="Descent II">Descent II</a>. By the time the sequel was completed, Toschlog had relocated to <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, with some employees to operate a satellite studio for Parallax. Kulas and Toschlog decided to split up the company, with Toschlog establishing <a href="/wiki/Outrage_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrage Entertainment">Outrage Entertainment</a> and Kulas staying with Parallax, which was renamed Volition in November 1996. With publisher <a href="/wiki/Interplay_Entertainment" title="Interplay Entertainment">Interplay Entertainment</a>, Volition created <a href="/wiki/Descent:_FreeSpace_%E2%80%93_The_Great_War" title="Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War">Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War</a> and its sequel, <a href="/wiki/FreeSpace_2" title="FreeSpace 2">FreeSpace 2</a>. The two companies parted ways during the development of <a href="/wiki/Summoner_(video_game)" title="Summoner (video game)">Summoner</a>. Volition found a new publisher in <a href="/wiki/THQ" title="THQ">THQ</a>, which acquired the studio in August 2000 and released the game shortly thereafter. Under THQ, Volition created the <a href="/wiki/Red_Faction" title="Red Faction">Red Faction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row" title="Saints Row">Saints Row</a> series, developing four entries in each series. During the development of <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_IV" title="Saints Row IV">Saints Row IV</a>, THQ filed for <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> in December 2012. In the subsequent proceedings, Volition and the Saints Row <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> (IP) were sold to <a href="/wiki/Plaion" title="Plaion">Koch Media</a> (now Plaion) and became part of the company's <a href="/wiki/Deep_Silver" title="Deep Silver">Deep Silver</a> label. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/THQ_Nordic" title="THQ Nordic">Nordic Games</a> acquired other THQ assets, including Summoner and Red Faction. Volition reconnected with these IPs when Koch Media was acquired by Nordic Games' parent company (later known as <a href="/wiki/Embracer_Group" title="Embracer Group">Embracer Group</a>) in February 2018. The studio developed two less successful games with 2017's <a href="/wiki/Agents_of_Mayhem" title="Agents of Mayhem">Agents of Mayhem</a> and the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_(2022_video_game)" title="Saints Row (2022 video game)">Saints Row reboot</a>. The studio was transferred from Deep Silver to <a href="/wiki/Gearbox_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearbox Entertainment">Gearbox Entertainment</a> in November 2022, and later, on August 31, 2023, as part of a larger restructuring within the Embracer Group, Volition was shut down, with Volition's intellectual property moved to <a href="/wiki/Plaion" title="Plaion">Plaion</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallax_Software_and_Descent_(1993–1996)">Parallax Software and Descent (1993–1996)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parallax Software and Descent (1993–1996)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parallax_Software_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The words "Parallax" and "Software" in red, aligned vertically, superimposed over a collage of stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Parallax_Software_logo.png/220px-Parallax_Software_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Parallax_Software_logo.png/330px-Parallax_Software_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Parallax_Software_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Parallax Software logo (1993–1996)</figcaption></figure> Parallax Software was founded on June 14, 1993, by Mike Kulas and Matt Toschlog.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volition:_Parallax_founding-4">[4]</a> The company was incorporated under the name Parallax Software Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-Outrage:_Split-5">[5]</a> Both founders were <a href="/wiki/Video_game_programmer" title="Video game programmer">programmers</a> who had previously worked together on <a href="/wiki/Car_and_Driver_(video_game)" title="Car and Driver (video game)">Car and Driver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> This led them to consider launching their own game development company, knowing that, should they fail, they would have to return to working for other's companies.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> To reach a lower cost-of-living, Toschlog moved from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to <a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign, Illinois</a>, where Kulas resided, and the two launched Parallax Software.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Early on, they hired programmers John Slagel and Che-Yuan Wang, of which Wang also worked on level design.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The team developed a rough concept for a game called Inferno, which they pitched to <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">Apogee Software</a>, the primary publisher of <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Apogee began funding the game's development, though the funds did not suffice for the company over time.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Because the team lacked an artist, Adam Pletcher was hired in January 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Shortly thereafter, Apogee dropped the project after it had been in development for seven months, though leaving Parallax with an already funded, functional prototype.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Subsequently, while the studio was slowly running out of money, they produced a <a href="/wiki/Demo_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Demo reel">demo reel</a> of the game and set it as a <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> tape to various publishers.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Three companies—<a href="/wiki/Accolade_(company)" title="Accolade (company)">Accolade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimark_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimark Interactive">Trimark Interactive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interplay_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplay Productions">Interplay Productions</a> (where it was championed by Rusty Buchert)—offered to publish the game, of which Parallax chose Interplay.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Jasen Whiteside then became Parallax's eighth employee, working on level design while studying <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a> at school.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> With the studio lacking a <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a> department, the game was tested by the entire team.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> As Interplay's funds had also dried up, Parallax refused to ask them for more, not wanting to show signs of weakness.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Instead, Kulas and Toschlog invested their own money into the continued development.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Funds provided by Apogee, Interplay and the two founders totaled to about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>450,000.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Inferno, now titled <a href="/wiki/Descent_(1995_video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent (1995 video game)">Descent</a>, was released in March 1995 to widespread attention.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> By the time Parallax began development on another Descent game, the team had grown to about 14 people.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Interplay wished for the studio to develop a "<a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD</a>-enhanced" version of the game, which would include high-resolution textures, <a href="/wiki/Cutscenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutscenes">cutscenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books#Red_Book" title="Rainbow Books">Red Book</a>-quality audio, as well as several new levels.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Interplay marketed the game as a new game, <a href="/wiki/Descent_II" title="Descent II">Descent II</a>, so they could make more profit than they would have from a simple derivate version of the same game, and could publish a new game under the same contract they had with Parallax.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> As a result, Parallax profited heavily from Descent II's success.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_Volition_(1996–1997)">Creation of Volition (1996–1997)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of Volition (1996–1997)">edit</a>]</div> Although Toschlog had moved to Champaign from Boston, he did not want to stay in Champaign long-term.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> During the development of Descent II, he and three <a href="/wiki/Video_game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game designer">designers</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, to open a second office for Parallax.<a href="#cite_note-Gamasutra:_Descent_3-6">[6]</a> At the new office, Toschlog also hired two further programmers.<a href="#cite_note-Gamasutra:_Descent_3-6">[6]</a> After Descent II had shipped, the team came to the conclusion that working on the same game out of two distant offices had adverse effects on the team, where Toschlog and Kulas agreed to move the company to one office.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gamasutra:_Descent_3-6">[6]</a> However, they could not decide on where they should move the company, so they instead opted to split the company in half, a move they were able to pursue due to Descent's success.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Thus, half of Parallax' employees followed Toschlog to Michigan, where Toschlog formed <a href="/wiki/Outrage_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrage Entertainment">Outrage Entertainment</a>, while Kulas stayed with the main Parallax office in Champaign.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GameSpot:_Kulas_departure-7">[7]</a> As Kulas' company was to receive a new name, he asked the remaining team for ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> When he found that he liked none of the proposals, he sat down in his living room, pulling books from a shelf and looking through dictionaries and <a href="/wiki/Reference_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference book">reference books</a>' glossaries for a possible name.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> In one such glossary, he found the word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/volition#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:volition">volition</a>", described as "an intense active will to accomplish something".<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> As he drew a connection between this definition and the act of software development, he chose "Volition" to be the new company name.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> He pitched the name and its definition to the company's employees, asking them to create a suitable logo.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Of the many entries submitted, the one that was chosen was designed by Whiteside and inspired by the logo of <a href="/wiki/Wax_Trax!_Records" title="Wax Trax! Records">Wax Trax! Records</a>, while Pletcher created a <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> to display the company name with.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The logo has been in use since.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Formally, Volition was founded in October 1996 with twelve members,<a href="#cite_note-GameSpy:_Origins-8">[8]</a> and the split was announced on December 1, 1997, with both companies having been organized into new corporate entities (wherein Volition was Volition, Inc.) and wholly owned by their respective leads.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outrage:_Split-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FreeSpace_and_Summoner,_THQ_acquisition_(1997–2000)">FreeSpace and Summoner, THQ acquisition (1997–2000)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: FreeSpace and Summoner, THQ acquisition (1997–2000)">edit</a>]</div> Following the split, Volition and Outrage signed with Interplay for two further projects each.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Their first project under the new name was <a href="/wiki/Descent:_FreeSpace_%E2%80%93_The_Great_War" title="Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War">Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War</a> (or simply FreeSpace), a game that was set to improve on the concepts of games like <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_X-Wing_(video_game)" title="Star Wars: X-Wing (video game)">Star Wars: X-Wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_TIE_Fighter" title="Star Wars: TIE Fighter">Star Wars: TIE Fighter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> During the development of FreeSpace, the Volition team doubled in size, adding about five or six people to the studio.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> During this time many team members were allocated to training the new employees.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Meanwhile, Kulas, as the sole manager of the company, had to divide his time between programming and managing the business; consequently, should any business matter come up, his portion of the programming work stood still.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> FreeSpace was the last Volition game Kulas would significantly do programming work on.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Following the release of FreeSpace, Volition began work on four projects—<a href="/wiki/FreeSpace_2" title="FreeSpace 2">FreeSpace 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descent_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent 4">Descent 4</a>, Tube Racer and <a href="/wiki/Summoner_(video_game)" title="Summoner (video game)">Summoner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The first, <a href="/wiki/FreeSpace_2" title="FreeSpace 2">FreeSpace 2</a>, was developed within a year.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> When the game's development had about three months to go, Interplay, who had recently become a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public company</a>, urged Volition to complete the game within a month.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> While the game was completed within the month, Interplay did not adjust their advertisement strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> As a result, the game sold poorly and was only marginally profitable.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Tube Racer was canceled about six to nine months in development.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Descent 4 was to be the fourth main entry in the Descent series (the third game, <a href="/wiki/Descent_3" title="Descent 3">Descent 3</a>, was in development simultaneously at Outrage).<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> As the Descent 3 release date came closer, Interplay began having financial difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> When the game launched in June 1999,<a href="#cite_note-CDMag:_Descent_3-9">[9]</a> it also did not sell well.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The two companies separated on Volition's suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Interplay owned the publishing rights to the Descent franchise, and as a result Volition could not publish Descent 4 with a different publisher.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Instead, they reused much of the code and tools they had created for the game and used it to create <a href="/wiki/Red_Faction_(video_game)" title="Red Faction (video game)">Red Faction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Summoner, unlike other games by Parallax and Volition, was developed as a <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video game</a>, a genre the development team had no experience with.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The team were later provided with a <a href="/wiki/Development_kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Development kit">development kit</a> for the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>, and were tasked with making Summoner a <a href="/wiki/Launch_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch title">launch title</a> for the console.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Meanwhile, the four-game deal with Interplay was winding down, and Volition required a new publisher for Summoner.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> On August 31, 2000, they were acquired by <a href="/wiki/THQ" title="THQ">THQ</a>, who also overtook the game's publishing duties.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> In exchange for the ownership of Volition, Volition received one million shares of THQ's <a href="/wiki/Common_stock" title="Common stock">common stock</a> and THQ assumed about $500,000 in <a href="/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)" title="Liability (financial accounting)">net liabilities</a> for Volition's operations.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes:_THQ_acquisition-10">[10]</a> THQ also acquired Outrage in April 2002, though closed that studio by 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Gamasutra:_Outrage_acquisition-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neowin:_Outrage_closure-12">[12]</a> Following a troubled development cycle, Summoner eventually hit the intended release date in October 2000, but shipped in a flawed state that resulted from the technical discrepancies between <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> and PlayStation 2, between which the studio had to port the game.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Faction,_Summoner_II_and_The_Punisher_(2000–2005)">Red Faction, Summoner II and The Punisher (2000–2005)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Red Faction, Summoner II and The Punisher (2000–2005)">edit</a>]</div> After Volition had started to develop Red Faction out of what had been Descent 4, many people on the team felt like the game was a "ground-pounder", a game they would work hard on just to get an unpleasant result.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The game shifted from a space combat game to a <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> with a heavy focus on environmental destruction.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Much like Summoner, Red Faction was first developed for personal computers before moving to consoles.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> When Kulas attempted to write a part of the game's code, he found himself writing code for personal computers, having to rewrite everything should it work on consoles.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The game was delayed for two months shortly before release to allow the team to polish the game before it shipped.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The game went gold shortly thereafter, and received positive reviews, much to the surprise of the development team.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Following Red Faction, Volition developed <a href="/wiki/Summoner_2" title="Summoner 2">Summoner 2</a>, aiming at fixing all flaws made in the first game.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> While it was received better than the first game, it also sold fewer copies.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> After that came <a href="/wiki/Red_Faction_II" title="Red Faction II">Red Faction II</a>, which was ultimately not reviewed as good as the first game, again to the team's surprise.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Internally, Red Faction II was considered a failure, and the series was halted.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Ports of the game, released in 2003, were developed by fellow THQ studios Outrage (for <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a>) and Cranky Pants Games (for <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Eurogamer:_Red_Faction-13">[13]</a> A third Red Faction game was already in development, but was consequently canceled.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> A third Summoner game was also canceled.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Following these cancellations, their teams started development on a <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">heist</a>-style game called Underground.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The team worked on the game for about twelve months, but when <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III" title="Grand Theft Auto III">Grand Theft Auto III</a> was released, the marketing department at THQ pushed the expectations for the game so high that they could not be met, wherefore Underground, too, was canceled.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Following Underground's cancellation, THQ approached Volition and asked them whether they were willing to create a licensed game.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The publisher suggested that they would create a game around <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> character <a href="/wiki/Punisher" title="Punisher">Punisher</a>, who had a movie coming up, which the studio agreed to.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The development team had excursed to Marvel's film studios and were on set, talking to stage designers and witnessing some of the scenes being shot.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Meanwhile, in 2003, as the studio grew to 30–40 employees, Kulas hired Dan Cermak as <a href="/wiki/Vice-president" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-president">vice-president</a> for the company, who then implemented a new company structure to replace its previous <a href="/wiki/Flat_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat hierarchy">flat hierarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> As the game neared completion, it was submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">Entertainment Software Rating Board</a> (ESRB), which, as the game re-enacted the Punisher's violent interrogation methods, deemed the game to be more of a <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> simulator than a game.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Some elements were adjusted so that the game could pass the ESRB with a "Mature" rating.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saints_Row_(2006–2008)">Saints Row (2006–2008)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Saints Row (2006–2008)">edit</a>]</div> At one point, Volition held a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">design</a> exercise, inviting staff members to submit ideas for a new game.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> One such idea was a hybrid between a first-person shooter and a "gang simulator", a genre unexplored by most games at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> A trailer was put together by taking snippets from various movies and games, underlaid with the song "<a href="/wiki/Fuck_tha_Police" title="Fuck tha Police">Fuck tha Police</a>", and after it was showcased in their <a href="/wiki/Board_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Board room">board room</a>, THQ's <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a> stepped forward, stating that this would be a game they were willing to develop.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Volition imposed several rules on the game, such as the exclusion of children and the inability to kill the police, so to not generate too much controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The team shifted away from developing in wide arrays of genres, instead focusing the entire studio's talent on one design principle: <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The game, initially known as Bling Bling, was disliked by many of Volition's employees who either did not want to be associated with a gang simulator or thought that their work on the game was not worthwhile.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The studio faced further trouble as they switched from the PlayStation 2 to the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>, because the documentation provided with the Xbox 360 was incomplete, and the final hardware specifications for it is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> During the game's development, the studio overspent its budget of $8–9 million and brought up its headcount to over 100.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> After the game, now titled <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_(2006_video_game)" title="Saints Row (2006 video game)">Saints Row</a>, was finished, the team was asked to write <a href="/wiki/Postmortem_documentation" title="Postmortem documentation">postmortem documentations</a>, which presented a lot of negative views on the game, as well as criticism with the management.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> When the game was released and sold well, it was decided that Volition would develop another such game, which would become <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_2" title="Saints Row 2">Saints Row 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Saints Row 2 differed from its predecessor in that it was more <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">sandbox</a>-oriented and more infused with humor, which the first game almost completely lacked.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Red_Faction,_Saints_Row:_The_Third_and_Insane_(2009–2012)">Return to Red Faction, Saints Row: The Third and Insane (2009–2012)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to Red Faction, Saints Row: The Third and Insane (2009–2012)">edit</a>]</div> Kulas had wished to return to developing a game centered around destruction, either through Red Faction or through a new <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, now that console hardware had been advanced enough to handle such gameplay.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> Thus, the studio decided to develop a new Red Faction game, <a href="/wiki/Red_Faction:_Guerrilla" title="Red Faction: Guerrilla">Red Faction: Guerrilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> From the poor reception of Red Faction II, the team had learned that destruction-based gameplay was not a good fit for a shooter set in narrow, enclosed corridors, wherefore the team opted for an open world instead.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> The game's development cycle lasted roughly five years.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> While Guerrilla was set on the Martian surface, the next installment in the franchise, <a href="/wiki/Red_Faction:_Armageddon" title="Red Faction: Armageddon">Red Faction: Armageddon</a>, went in the other direction by being set inside a cave system inside Mars.<a href="#cite_note-Game_Informer:_Secret_History-3">[3]</a> A third game in the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row" title="Saints Row">Saints Row</a> franchise, Saints Row 3, was announced in February 2009.<a href="#cite_note-GameSpot:_Saints_Row_3-14">[14]</a> The game stripped away many features included in its predecessor to make for a more focused but overall still "over-the-top" experience.<a href="#cite_note-Gamasutra:_Saints_Row_postmortem-15">[15]</a> Under the name <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row:_The_Third" title="Saints Row: The Third">Saints Row: The Third</a>, the game was released in November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-GameSpot:_Saints_Row_3_sales-16">[16]</a> In December 2010, at that year's <a href="/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards" title="Spike Video Game Awards">Spike Video Game Awards</a>, film director <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> took the stage to announce <a href="/wiki/Insane_(cancelled_video_game)" title="Insane (cancelled video game)">Insane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">horror</a> game developed in partnership with Volition, projecting a 2013 release date.<a href="#cite_note-Shacknews:_del_Toro-17">[17]</a> del Toro later revealed that Insane would become a trilogy, with total development time spanning one decade.<a href="#cite_note-Digital_Spy:_InSane-18">[18]</a> However, in August 2012, THQ announced that Insane had been canceled.<a href="#cite_note-Polygon:_del_Toro_canceled-19">[19]</a> In April 2011, it was announced that Kulas was retiring from the company, effective on May 2, with Cermak taking over his position as <a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">general manager</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GameSpot:_Kulas_departure-7">[7]</a> Following his retirement, he "goofed off" for about four years before he got back together with Toschlog, founding a new studio, Revival Productions, in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-MCV:_Descent_successor-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-GIbiz:_Kulas_return-21">[21]</a> The new company went to develop a <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_successor" title="Spiritual successor">spiritual successor</a> to Descent named <a href="/wiki/Overload_(video_game)" title="Overload (video game)">Overload</a>, which was funded through a <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> campaign held on <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> and released in May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-GIbiz:_Kulas_return_feature-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-RPS:_Overload-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisition_by_Deep_Silver_(2013)">Acquisition by Deep Silver (2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Acquisition by Deep Silver (2013)">edit</a>]</div> In December 2012, THQ filed for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11 bankruptcy">Chapter 11 bankruptcy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ars_Technica:_THQ_bankruptcy-24">[24]</a> As the publisher's assets were to be sold off, <a href="/wiki/Koch_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Media">Koch Media</a> offered a $22.3 million bid for Volition.<a href="#cite_note-Polygon:_Bidding-25">[25]</a> While a total of six groups—<a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive" title="Take-Two Interactive">Take-Two Interactive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a>, Koch Media, and an unnamed group from Chicago—were interested in purchasing the studio, the only other bid submitted was Ubisoft's for $5.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-GameSpot:_Six_buyers-26">[26]</a> As the sale closed, Volition and the Saints Row IP were sold to Koch Media for a total of $22,312,925, and became part of its <a href="/wiki/Deep_Silver" title="Deep Silver">Deep Silver</a> division.<a href="#cite_note-Engadget:_Deep_Silver_acquisition-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurogamer:_THQ_dissolved-28">[28]</a> As a result, Volition's operations were transitioned into a new legal entity, named Deep Silver Volition, LLC.<a href="#cite_note-Gamasutra:_Koch_Media-29">[29]</a> In April 2014, DS Volition sought "incentives" from Champaign to remodel.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> If it met the city's goals, it could have received up to $200,000.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Several IPs owned by THQ, including Volition's Summoner and Red Faction, were acquired by <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Games_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Games GmbH">Nordic Games</a> (later known as THQ Nordic) for $4.9 million in a second auction held in April.<a href="#cite_note-Polygon:_Franchises_acquired-32">[32]</a> With the purchase of Koch Media by THQ Nordic (now Embracer Group) in February 2018, Volition and their IPs were reunited under one company;<a href="#cite_note-IGN:_Koch_Media_acquired-33">[33]</a> responsibility for the Red Faction franchise would be moved directly into Deep Silver in May 2020.<a href="#cite_note-GamesRadar+:_IP_trade-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saints_Row_IV_and_Agents_of_Mayhem,_layoffs_(2013–2019)">Saints Row IV and Agents of Mayhem, layoffs (2013–2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Saints Row IV and Agents of Mayhem, layoffs (2013–2019)">edit</a>]</div> A fourth Saints Row game, <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_IV" title="Saints Row IV">Saints Row IV</a>, was released in August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-VG247:_Saints_Row_4-35">[35]</a> In September 2014, <a href="/wiki/Creative_director" title="Creative director">creative director</a> Steve Jaros left Volition to join <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Engadget:_Jaros_departure-36">[36]</a> An expansion to Saints Row IV, titled <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row:_Gat_out_of_Hell" title="Saints Row: Gat out of Hell">Saints Row: Gat out of Hell</a> and developed in partnership with <a href="/wiki/High_Voltage_Software" title="High Voltage Software">High Voltage Software</a>, was released in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-IGN:_Agents_of_Mayhem_release-37">[37]</a> Following Saints Row IV, Volition developed <a href="/wiki/Agents_of_Mayhem" title="Agents of Mayhem">Agents of Mayhem</a>, a game set in the Saints Row universe, featuring similar gameplay mechanics while being unconnected to the main series.<a href="#cite_note-GameSpot:_Agents_of_Mayhem-38">[38]</a> The game released in August 2017 to mixed reviews and poor sales.<a href="#cite_note-GameSpot:_Agents_of_Mayhem_reviews-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kotaku:_Layoffs-40">[40]</a> As a result, about 30 positions, including Cermak, were cut from the studio's previously 200-people-strong workforce.<a href="#cite_note-Kotaku:_Layoffs-40">[40]</a> Jim Boone, who had been part of Parallax in 1994, succeeded Cermak as <a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">studio development director</a> in October.<a href="#cite_note-GIbiz:_Life_after_Agents_of_Mayhem-41">[41]</a> On December 31, Volition's staff count was 148.<a href="#cite_note-Embracer:_Koch_Media_acquired-42">[42]</a> In January 2019, Kulas announced his return to Volition as general manager.<a href="#cite_note-GIbiz:_Kulas_return-21">[21]</a> At the time, Revival Productions was winding down, and when Kulas wondered what to do next, fearing he would end up not doing anything for four years, he decided to re-join the studio after eight years.<a href="#cite_note-GIbiz:_Kulas_return-21">[21]</a> According to Kulas, his time as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_video_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent video game development">indie developer</a> at Revival helped him "come up to speed on all kinds of stuff".<a href="#cite_note-GIbiz:_Kulas_return-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saints_Row_reboot,_transfer_to_Gearbox,_closure_(2019–2023)">Saints Row reboot, transfer to Gearbox, closure (2019–2023)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Saints Row reboot, transfer to Gearbox, closure (2019–2023)">edit</a>]</div> By August 2019, Volition was "deep in development" on a new installment in the Saints Row franchise,<a href="#cite_note-Polygon:_New_Saints_Row-43">[43]</a> later revealed to be a <a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_(2022_video_game)" title="Saints Row (2022 video game)">reboot of the franchise</a>. At this time, it had 174 employees,<a href="#cite_note-Cision:_Annual_Report_2019-44">[44]</a> and had close to 230 in March 2021.<a href="#cite_note-YouTube:_Employees-45">[45]</a> In November 2022, after the Saints Row reboot was met with a mixed and "polarized" response from fans, Embracer announced that it would transfer Volition from <a href="/wiki/Deep_Silver" title="Deep Silver">Deep Silver</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gearbox_Software" title="Gearbox Software">Gearbox</a> (which it acquired in 2021) to leverage its resources and expertise. It marked the first time that Embracer Group had transferred a studio between one of its operative groups.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In June 2023, Volition's parent company Embracer, following the collapse of a multi-billion dollar deal, announced wide-ranging plans to restructure the company that would include studio closures and staff layoffs.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Volition was shut down on August 31, 2023, as part of Embracer's restructuring,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> with Embracer moving the company's IP including Red Faction and Saints Row over to another subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Plaion" title="Plaion">Plaion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A number of developers from Volition would found Shapeshifter Games, a support studio, which in 2024 assisted with the development of <a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Revolution" title="Clockwork Revolution">Clockwork Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Games_developed">Games developed</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Games developed">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Volition_games" title="List of Volition games">List of Volition games</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-torbit-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-torbit_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-torbit_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Koch+Media+offers+%2422.3M+for+Volition+and+%245.8M+for+4A+Games%27+Metro+franchise+in+THQ+auction&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.aulast=Corriea&rft.aufirst=Alexa+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2013%2F1%2F23%2F3908254%2Fkoch-media-bidding-on-volition-and-metro-franchise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GameSpot:_Six_buyers-26"><a href="#cite_ref-GameSpot:_Six_buyers_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakuch2013" class="citation web cs1">Makuch, Eddie (January 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamespot.com/articles/volition-had-six-interested-buyers-report/1100-6403122/">"Volition had six interested buyers – Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908053815/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/volition-had-six-interested-buyers-report/1100-6403122/">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Volition+had+six+interested+buyers+%E2%80%93+Report&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.aulast=Makuch&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Fvolition-had-six-interested-buyers-report%2F1100-6403122%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engadget:_Deep_Silver_acquisition-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Engadget:_Deep_Silver_acquisition_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliwinski2013" class="citation web cs1">Sliwinski, Alexander (January 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/23/deep-silver-confirms-acquisition-of-saints-row-metro-and-voliti/">"Deep Silver confirms acquisition of Saints Row, Metro and Volition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204016/https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/23/deep-silver-confirms-acquisition-of-saints-row-metro-and-voliti/">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Deep+Silver+confirms+acquisition+of+Saints+Row%2C+Metro+and+Volition&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.aulast=Sliwinski&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2013%2F01%2F23%2Fdeep-silver-confirms-acquisition-of-saints-row-metro-and-voliti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurogamer:_THQ_dissolved-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurogamer:_THQ_dissolved_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatulef2013" class="citation web cs1">Matulef, Jeffrey (January 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-01-23-thq-is-no-more-this-is-where-its-assets-went">"THQ is no more. This is where its assets went"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029015445/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-01-23-thq-is-no-more-this-is-where-its-assets-went">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=THQ+is+no+more.+This+is+where+its+assets+went&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Matulef&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2F2013-01-23-thq-is-no-more-this-is-where-its-assets-went&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamasutra:_Koch_Media-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Gamasutra:_Koch_Media_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraft2013" class="citation web cs1">Graft, Kris (February 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/185966/How_Saints_Row_and_Metro_ended_up_with_Koch_Media.php">"How Saints Row and Metro ended up with Koch Media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008144153/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/185966/How_Saints_Row_and_Metro_ended_up_with_Koch_Media.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=How+Saints+Row+and+Metro+ended+up+with+Koch+Media&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft.aulast=Graft&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F185966%2FHow_Saints_Row_and_Metro_ended_up_with_Koch_Media.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick2014" class="citation web cs1">Patrick, Wade (April 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-gazette.com/news/officials-back-incentives-for-ds-volition/article_d24667c2-dcb0-5d56-a7a4-461fdc2c713a.html">"Officials back incentives for DS Volition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News-Gazette_(Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana)" title="The News-Gazette (Champaign–Urbana)">The News-Gazette</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521152324/https://www.news-gazette.com/news/officials-back-incentives-for-ds-volition/article_d24667c2-dcb0-5d56-a7a4-461fdc2c713a.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Officials+back+incentives+for+DS+Volition&rft.pub=The+News-Gazette&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-gazette.com%2Fnews%2Fofficials-back-incentives-for-ds-volition%2Farticle_d24667c2-dcb0-5d56-a7a4-461fdc2c713a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick2014" class="citation web cs1">Patrick, Wade (April 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-gazette.com/news/officials-back-incentives-for-ds-volition/article_d24667c2-dcb0-5d56-a7a4-461fdc2c713a.html">"Officials back incentives for DS Volition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News-Gazette_(Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana)" title="The News-Gazette (Champaign–Urbana)">The News-Gazette</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521152324/https://www.news-gazette.com/news/officials-back-incentives-for-ds-volition/article_d24667c2-dcb0-5d56-a7a4-461fdc2c713a.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Officials+back+incentives+for+DS+Volition&rft.pub=The+News-Gazette&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-gazette.com%2Fnews%2Fofficials-back-incentives-for-ds-volition%2Farticle_d24667c2-dcb0-5d56-a7a4-461fdc2c713a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polygon:_Franchises_acquired-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Polygon:_Franchises_acquired_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhertor2013" class="citation web cs1">McWhertor, Michael (April 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/2013/4/22/4252414/nordic-games-thq-ip-auction-darksiders-red-faction-homeworld">"Nordic Games acquires THQ's Darksiders, Red Faction and more in $4.9M bid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123052709/https://www.polygon.com/2013/4/22/4252414/nordic-games-thq-ip-auction-darksiders-red-faction-homeworld">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Nordic+Games+acquires+THQ%27s+Darksiders%2C+Red+Faction+and+more+in+%244.9M+bid&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.aulast=McWhertor&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2013%2F4%2F22%2F4252414%2Fnordic-games-thq-ip-auction-darksiders-red-faction-homeworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGN:_Koch_Media_acquired-33"><a href="#cite_ref-IGN:_Koch_Media_acquired_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArif2018" class="citation web cs1">Arif, Shabana (February 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/02/14/thq-nordic-buys-saints-row-metro-dead-island-owner-koch-media">"THQ Nordic Buys Saints Row, Metro, Dead Island Owner, Koch Media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710000732/http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/02/14/thq-nordic-buys-saints-row-metro-dead-island-owner-koch-media">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2018. 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Retrieved May 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesRadar%2B&rft.atitle=Red+Faction%2C+Painkiller%2C+Risen+and+more+get+closer+to+home+in+THQ+Nordic+and+Koch+Media+IP+trade&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fred-faction-painkiller-risen-and-more-get-closer-to-home-in-thq-nordic-and-koch-media-ip-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VG247:_Saints_Row_4-35"><a href="#cite_ref-VG247:_Saints_Row_4_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillier2013" class="citation web cs1">Hillier, Brenna (August 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vg247.com/2013/08/21/saints-row-4-out-now-in-us-launch-trailer-suggests-we-get-this-shit-started/">"Saints Row 4 out now in US, launch trailer suggests we "get this shit started""</a>. <a href="/wiki/VG247" class="mw-redirect" title="VG247">VG247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003043102/https://www.vg247.com/2013/08/21/saints-row-4-out-now-in-us-launch-trailer-suggests-we-get-this-shit-started/">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VG247&rft.atitle=Saints+Row+4+out+now+in+US%2C+launch+trailer+suggests+we+%22get+this+shit+started%22&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.aulast=Hillier&rft.aufirst=Brenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg247.com%2F2013%2F08%2F21%2Fsaints-row-4-out-now-in-us-launch-trailer-suggests-we-get-this-shit-started%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engadget:_Jaros_departure-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Engadget:_Jaros_departure_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubba2014" class="citation web cs1">Kubba, Sinan (September 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2014/09/15/saints-row-creative-director-jaros-leaving-volition-for-valve/">"Saints Row creative director Jaros leaving Volition for Valve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209143456/https://www.engadget.com/2014/09/15/saints-row-creative-director-jaros-leaving-volition-for-valve/">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Saints+Row+creative+director+Jaros+leaving+Volition+for+Valve&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.aulast=Kubba&rft.aufirst=Sinan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2014%2F09%2F15%2Fsaints-row-creative-director-jaros-leaving-volition-for-valve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGN:_Agents_of_Mayhem_release-37"><a href="#cite_ref-IGN:_Agents_of_Mayhem_release_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Lucas M. 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Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Out+This+Week%3A+January+20%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lucas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F01%2F20%2Fout-this-week-january-20-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GameSpot:_Agents_of_Mayhem-38"><a href="#cite_ref-GameSpot:_Agents_of_Mayhem_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayus2017" class="citation web cs1">Dayus, Oscar (April 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamespot.com/articles/why-agents-of-mayhem-feels-like-saints-row-and-cou/1100-6449147/">"Why Agents Of Mayhem Feels Like Saints Row, And Could Be A Missed Opportunity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919204917/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/why-agents-of-mayhem-feels-like-saints-row-and-cou/1100-6449147/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Why+Agents+Of+Mayhem+Feels+Like+Saints+Row%2C+And+Could+Be+A+Missed+Opportunity&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.aulast=Dayus&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-agents-of-mayhem-feels-like-saints-row-and-cou%2F1100-6449147%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GameSpot:_Agents_of_Mayhem_reviews-39"><a href="#cite_ref-GameSpot:_Agents_of_Mayhem_reviews_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayus2017" class="citation web cs1">Dayus, Oscar (August 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamespot.com/articles/agents-of-mayhem-review-roundup/1100-6452526/">"Agents Of Mayhem Review Roundup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030025144/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/agents-of-mayhem-review-roundup/1100-6452526/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Agents+Of+Mayhem+Review+Roundup&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.aulast=Dayus&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Fagents-of-mayhem-review-roundup%2F1100-6452526%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotaku:_Layoffs-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kotaku:_Layoffs_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotaku:_Layoffs_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreier2017" class="citation web cs1">Schreier, Jason (September 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/big-layoffs-hit-agents-of-mayhem-developer-volition-1818844285">"Big Layoffs Hit Agents of Mayhem Developer Volition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928013202/https://kotaku.com/big-layoffs-hit-agents-of-mayhem-developer-volition-1818844285">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2017. 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Retrieved September 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embracer+Group&rft.atitle=THQ+Nordic+AB+%28publ%29+acquires+Koch+Media&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fembracer.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F09%2FInvestor-presentation-THQ-Nordic-AB-acquires-Koch-Media-GmbH-b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polygon:_New_Saints_Row-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Polygon:_New_Saints_Row_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhertor2019" class="citation web cs1">McWhertor, Michael (August 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/2019/8/14/20805385/new-saints-row-game-thq-nordic-volition-timesplitters-dead-island">"New Saints Row game 'deep in development' at Volition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814180804/https://www.polygon.com/2019/8/14/20805385/new-saints-row-game-thq-nordic-volition-timesplitters-dead-island">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2019. 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March 2, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/PvlLPdc_vTw">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+this+really+last+more+than+three+weeks%3F&rft.pub=Embracer+Group&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPvlLPdc_vTw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWales2022" class="citation web cs1">Wales, Matt (November 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurogamer.net/gearbox-acquires-risk-of-rain-ip">"Gearbox acquires Risk of Rain IP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118002228/https://www.eurogamer.net/gearbox-acquires-risk-of-rain-ip">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=Gearbox+acquires+Risk+of+Rain+IP&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Fgearbox-acquires-risk-of-rain-ip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScullion2022" class="citation web cs1">Scullion, Chris (November 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/volition-will-become-part-of-gearbox-after-disappointing-reception-to-saints-row/">"Volition will become part of Gearbox after disappointing reception to Saints Row"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Video_Games_Chronicle" title="Video Games Chronicle">Video Games Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117174203/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/volition-will-become-part-of-gearbox-after-disappointing-reception-to-saints-row/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Video+Games+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Volition+will+become+part+of+Gearbox+after+disappointing+reception+to+Saints+Row&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Scullion&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videogameschronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fvolition-will-become-part-of-gearbox-after-disappointing-reception-to-saints-row%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embracer.com/mfn_news/embracer-group-announces-comprehensive-restructuring-program-with-immediate-implementation/">"Embracer Group announces comprehensive restructuring program with immediate implementation"</a>. Embracer Group. 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Retrieved August 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gematsu&rft.atitle=Volition+shuts+down+after+30+years&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gematsu.com%2F2023%2F08%2Fvolition-shuts-down-after-30-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2023" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Austen (September 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamesradar.com/series-like-saints-row-and-red-faction-will-live-on-at-a-new-developer-after-volition-shutdown/">"Series like Saints Row and Red Faction "will live on" at a new developer after Volition shutdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Games_Radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Games Radar">Games Radar</a>. Retrieved September 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Games+Radar&rft.atitle=Series+like+Saints+Row+and+Red+Faction+%22will+live+on%22+at+a+new+developer+after+Volition+shutdown&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Austen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fseries-like-saints-row-and-red-faction-will-live-on-at-a-new-developer-after-volition-shutdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windowscentral.com/gaming/xbox/ex-volition-devs-form-shapeshifter-games-assisting-inxile-entertainment-with-xbox-rpg-clockwork-revolution%5d,">"Ex-Volition devs form Shapeshifter Games, assisting inXile Entertainment with Xbox RPG Clockwork Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windows_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Central">Windows Central</a>. January 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+Central&rft.atitle=Ex-Volition+devs+form+Shapeshifter+Games%2C+assisting+inXile+Entertainment+with+Xbox+RPG+Clockwork+Revolution&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windowscentral.com%2Fgaming%2Fxbox%2Fex-volition-devs-form-shapeshifter-games-assisting-inxile-entertainment-with-xbox-rpg-clockwork-revolution%5D%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolition+%28company%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volition_(company)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsvolition.com/">Official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723031324/https://www.volitiongames.com/">Archived</a> July 23, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volition_(list_of_games)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volition" title="Template:Volition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volition" title="Template talk:Volition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volition_(list_of_games)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volition</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Volition_games" title="List of Volition games">list of games</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FreeSpace series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent:_FreeSpace_%E2%80%93_The_Great_War" title="Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War">Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeSpace_2" title="FreeSpace 2">FreeSpace 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summoner series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summoner_(video_game)" title="Summoner (video game)">Summoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summoner_2" title="Summoner 2">Summoner 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Faction" title="Red Faction">Red Faction</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Faction_(video_game)" title="Red Faction (video game)">Red Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Faction_II" title="Red Faction II">Red Faction II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Faction:_Guerrilla" title="Red Faction: Guerrilla">Red Faction: Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Faction:_Battlegrounds" title="Red Faction: Battlegrounds">Red Faction: Battlegrounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Faction:_Armageddon" title="Red Faction: Armageddon">Red Faction: Armageddon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saints_Row" title="Saints Row">Saints Row</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_(2006_video_game)" title="Saints Row (2006 video game)">Saints Row</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_2" title="Saints Row 2">Saints Row 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Row:_The_Third" title="Saints Row: The Third">Saints Row: The Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_IV" title="Saints Row IV">Saints Row IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Row_(2022_video_game)" title="Saints Row (2022 video game)">Saints Row</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Punisher_(2005_video_game)" title="The Punisher (2005 video game)">The Punisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insane_(cancelled_video_game)" title="Insane (cancelled video game)">Insane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_Mayhem" title="Agents of Mayhem">Agents of Mayhem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Silver" title="Deep Silver">Deep Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THQ" title="THQ">THQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrage Entertainment">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallax Software">Parallax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gearbox_Software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gearbox_Software" title="Template:Gearbox Software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gearbox_Software" title="Template talk:Gearbox Software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gearbox_Software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gearbox Software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gearbox_Software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gearbox_Software" title="Gearbox Software">Gearbox Software</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/2K_(company)" title="2K (company)">2K</a>; a division of <a href="/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive" title="Take-Two Interactive">Take-Two Interactive</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(video_game_series)" title="Brothers in Arms (video game series)">Brothers in Arms series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms:_Road_to_Hill_30" title="Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30">Road to Hill 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms:_Earned_in_Blood" title="Brothers in Arms: Earned in Blood">Earned in Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms:_D-Day" title="Brothers in Arms: D-Day">D-Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms:_Hell%27s_Highway" title="Brothers in Arms: Hell's Highway">Hell's Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms:_Double_Time" title="Brothers in Arms: Double Time">Double Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_(series)" title="Borderlands (series)">Borderlands series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_(video_game)" title="Borderlands (video game)">Borderlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_2" title="Borderlands 2">Borderlands 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Legends" title="Borderlands Legends">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands:_The_Pre-Sequel" title="Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel">The Pre-Sequel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands:_The_Handsome_Collection" title="Borderlands: The Handsome Collection">The Handsome Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_3" title="Borderlands 3">Borderlands 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Tina%27s_Wonderlands" title="Tiny Tina's Wonderlands">Tiny Tina's Wonderlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tales_from_the_Borderlands" title="New Tales from the Borderlands">New Tales from the Borderlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)" title="Half-Life (video game)">Half-Life</a> expansion packs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-Life:_Opposing_Force" title="Half-Life: Opposing Force">Opposing Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Life:_Blue_Shift" title="Half-Life: Blue Shift">Blue Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Life:_Decay" title="Half-Life: Decay">Decay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem" title="Duke Nukem">Duke Nukem</a> games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_Forever" title="Duke Nukem Forever">Duke Nukem Forever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D: 20th Anniversary World Tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alien_(franchise)" title="Alien (franchise)">Alien</a> franchise games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliens_Infestation" title="Aliens Infestation">Infestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliens:_Colonial_Marines" title="Aliens: Colonial Marines">Colonial Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Pro_Skater_3" title="Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3">Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo:_Combat_Evolved" title="Halo: Combat Evolved">Halo: Combat Evolved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_Amigo" title="Samba de Amigo">Samba de Amigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleborn_(video_game)" title="Battleborn (video game)">Battleborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeworld:_Deserts_of_Kharak" title="Homeworld: Deserts of Kharak">Homeworld: Deserts of Kharak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletstorm#Remastered_version" title="Bulletstorm">Bulletstorm: Full Clip Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Happy_Few" title="We Happy Few">We Happy Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthfall_(video_game)" title="Earthfall (video game)">Earthfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trover_Saves_the_Universe" title="Trover Saves the Universe">Trover Saves the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_Rain" title="Risk of Rain">Risk of Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_Rain_2" title="Risk of Rain 2">Risk of Rain 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfall" title="Godfall">Godfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Midgard" title="Tribes of Midgard">Tribes of Midgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neverwinter_(video_game)" title="Neverwinter (video game)">Neverwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Online" title="Star Trek Online">Star Trek Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeworld_3" title="Homeworld 3">Homeworld 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Strike:_Condition_Zero" title="Counter-Strike: Condition Zero">Counter-Strike: Condition Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Borderlands" title="Tales from the Borderlands">Tales from the Borderlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms:_Furious_4" title="Brothers in Arms: Furious 4">Brothers in Arms: Furious 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_(film)" title="Borderlands (film)">Borderlands (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeworld_(series)" title="Homeworld (series)">Homeworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Pitchford" title="Randy Pitchford">Randy Pitchford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Studios" title="Cryptic Studios">Cryptic Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Embracer_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Embracer_Group" title="Template:Embracer Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Embracer_Group" title="Template talk:Embracer Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Embracer_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Embracer Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Embracer_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embracer_Group" title="Embracer Group">Embracer Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of video games (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Deep_Silver_games" title="List of Deep Silver games">Deep Silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Matter_games" title="List of Prime Matter games">Prime Matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ravenscourt_games" title="List of Ravenscourt games">Ravenscourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Saber_Interactive_games" title="List of Saber Interactive games">Saber Interactive</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_THQ_Nordic_games" title="List of THQ Nordic games">THQ Nordic</a>) / <a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Embracer_Group" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Embracer Group">List of mergers and acquisitions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_THQ_Nordic" title="List of acquisitions by THQ Nordic">THQ Nordic</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/THQ_Nordic" title="THQ Nordic">THQ Nordic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Forest_Games" title="Black Forest Games">Black Forest Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugbear_Entertainment" title="Bugbear Entertainment">Bugbear Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfire_Games" title="Gunfire Games">Gunfire Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HandyGames" title="HandyGames">HandyGames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Lamp" title="Purple Lamp">Purple Lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plaion" title="Plaion">Plaion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_Limited" title="Anime Limited">Anime Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Silver" title="Deep Silver">Deep Silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dambuster_Studios" title="Dambuster Studios">Dambuster Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishlabs" title="Fishlabs">Fishlabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigixArt" title="DigixArt">DigixArt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Wild_Hog" title="Flying Wild Hog">Flying Wild Hog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_(Italian_company)" title="Milestone (Italian company)">Milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warhorse_Studios" title="Warhorse Studios">Warhorse Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coffee Stain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_Stain_Studios" title="Coffee Stain Studios">Coffee Stain Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Trigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Easy Trigger">Easy Trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Ship_Games" title="Ghost Ship Games">Ghost Ship Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifier Game Invest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarsier_Studios" title="Tarsier Studios">Tarsier Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deca_Games" title="Deca Games">Deca Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Studios" title="Cryptic Studios">Cryptic Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asmodee" title="Asmodee">Asmodee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Wonder" title="Days of Wonder">Days of Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Flight_Games" title="Fantasy Flight Games">Fantasy Flight Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Games" title="Lookout Games">Lookout Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Hat_Games" title="Plaid Hat Games">Plaid Hat Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Man_Games" title="Z-Man Games">Z-Man Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dark Horse Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics" title="Dark Horse Comics">Dark Horse Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Entertainment" title="Dark Horse Entertainment">Dark Horse Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freemode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limited_Run_Games" title="Limited Run Games">Limited Run Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CDE Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Dynamics" title="Crystal Dynamics">Crystal Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidos-Montr%C3%A9al" title="Eidos-Montréal">Eidos-Montréal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4A_Games" title="4A Games">4A Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_Games" title="Arc Games">Arc Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspyr" title="Aspyr">Aspyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beamdog" title="Beamdog">Beamdog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge_Studios" title="Demiurge Studios">Demiurge Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapshot_Games" title="Snapshot Games">Snapshot Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_Interactive" title="Tripwire Interactive">Tripwire Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Studios" title="Zen Studios">Zen Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digic_Pictures" title="Digic Pictures">Digic Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Radical_Design" title="Free Radical Design">Free Radical Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gearbox_Software" title="Gearbox Software">Gearbox Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Interactive" title="New World Interactive">New World Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimble_Giant_Entertainment" title="Nimble Giant Entertainment">Nimble Giant Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha_Bytes" title="Piranha Bytes">Piranha Bytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Studios" title="Rainbow Studios">Rainbow Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saber_Interactive" title="Saber Interactive">Saber Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipgate_Ironworks" title="Slipgate Ironworks">Slipgate Ironworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Enix_Montreal" title="Square Enix Montreal">Square Enix Montreal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458317#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458317#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458317#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/253137781">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012092232">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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