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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="pf/eOM/M9A7/Do3TJX2Zp1E9LQ8JR4BbMLBAb7nbkUM5SEbbOAyWISgKpd/8DMQygrnUrvTwEG1S0k3rX3SBcg==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Japan facing History ? part 1 : 1852-1919 - by Hugues HENRI" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="hugues henri" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/67635960/Japan_facing_History_part_1_1852_1919_by_Hugues_HENRI" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Japan facing History ? part 1 : 1852-1919 - by Hugues HENRI" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="It is necessary to go back to the Japanese history of the 19th and 20th centuries to better understand the rise of Japanese militarism in the first half of the 20th century. 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In the middle of the 19th century, Japan was frozen since the 17th century" /> <title>(PDF) Japan facing History ? part 1 : 1852-1919 - by Hugues HENRI | hugues henri - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/67635960/Japan_facing_History_part_1_1852_1919_by_Hugues_HENRI" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732498569000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732498569000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"It is necessary to go back to the Japanese history of the 19th and 20th centuries to better understand the rise of Japanese militarism in the first half of the 20th century. In the middle of the 19th century, Japan was frozen since the 17th century in a state whose political structures were blocked in what was called the Sakoku: the monarch was an emperor of divine right, but the main part of the executive power rested in the hands of the military government or Bakufu, with the Shogun at its head. The Tokugawa Shogunate is the result of the process of unification of Japan during the great feudal and clan fratricidal clashes of the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries, a period of civil wars called Sengoru Jidai. This Shogunate was maintained thanks to its capacity to ensure civil peace in the Japanese archipelago. Having neutralized and domesticated the warrior class of Samurai and the great feudal class called Daimyos, the Shoguns installed in their capital of Edo, the future Tokyo, were to preside over a certain evolution with a cultural and commercial development that prefigured a certain modernity, while preserving themselves from foreign influences such as those of the Western powers, English and French, which assailed China and India in the 18th and 19th centuries. This policy of firm international isolation is called Sakoku. The Sakoku resulted in a geopolitical weakening and a certain technical delay on the Westerners who intervened several times during the 19th century to force Japan out of its isolation: American whalers and then Russian military expeditions to Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, not to mention British naval pressure, succeeded one another to intimidate the Tokugawa Shoguns. The intrusion of the American fleet in the mid-19th century to force the Shoguns\u0026amp;#39; Japan to open up to international trade led to Japan\u0026amp;#39;s modernization during the Meiji era. Japan\u0026amp;#39;s ability to modernize all sectors of its society and culture allowed it to catch up with Western technological models in less than fifteen years. The industrialization that went hand in hand forced Japan to seek international agreements but also developed its appetite for territorial expansion to find the raw materials that Japan was cruelly lacking. This is the irony of history: Japan became the first non-Western industrial nation at the same time that it became the first non-Western colonial nation. It is as if Japanese mimicry of the West is pushing it to adopt the imperialism of contemporary Western nations. The first Japanese annexations were made at the expense of the Chinese and Russian empires, which were its immediate neighbors, in the Northeast for Manchuria, rich in coal, and in the Southeast for Korea, rich in iron and rice. The Russo-Japanese war is exemplary in that it was the first time that a European nation, Russia, was defeated by a non-European nation, Japan. Moreover, this war prefigured the wars of the XXth century by the importance of modern technologies in communications, with the use by the Japanese of the wireless and the telephone, but also by the modernity of the Japanese warships, which thanks to the French engineer Emile Bertin, outclassed the Russian ships. The ingredients of Japanese militarism were already there and had already proven their efficiency and speed. Until 1919, Japan was able to avoid the pitfalls of a confrontation with the British, the French and the Americans, on whose side it participated in the First World War. Like others, notably the Italians, the Japanese felt that they had been wronged at the end of this war and of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, in terms of territorial gains and the conquest of resources in raw materials and outlets for their industries. The seeds of the next world conflict were already there.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"hugues henri"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-01-08","dateModified":"2022-01-08","datePublished":null,"headline":"Japan facing History ? part 1 : 1852-1919 - by Hugues HENRI","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/67635960/Japan_facing_History_part_1_1852_1919_by_Hugues_HENRI","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"univ-paris1"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F67635960%2FJapan_facing_History_part_1_1852_1919_by_Hugues_HENRI%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":78382194,"identifier":"Attachment_78382194","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":67635960,"created_at":"2022-01-08T12:30:59.204-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-08-29T19:31:22.702-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"It is necessary to go back to the Japanese history of the 19th and 20th centuries to better understand the rise of Japanese militarism in the first half of the 20th century.\nIn the middle of the 19th century, Japan was frozen since the 17th century in a state whose political structures were blocked in what was called the Sakoku: the monarch was an emperor of divine right, but the main part of the executive power rested in the hands of the military government or Bakufu, with the Shogun at its head. \nThe Tokugawa Shogunate is the result of the process of unification of Japan during the great feudal and clan fratricidal clashes of the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries, a period of civil wars called Sengoru Jidai. This Shogunate was maintained thanks to its capacity to ensure civil peace in the Japanese archipelago. \nHaving neutralized and domesticated the warrior class of Samurai and the great feudal class called Daimyos, the Shoguns installed in their capital of Edo, the future Tokyo, were to preside over a certain evolution with a cultural and commercial development that prefigured a certain modernity, while preserving themselves from foreign influences such as those of the Western powers, English and French, which assailed China and India in the 18th and 19th centuries. This policy of firm international isolation is called Sakoku.\nThe Sakoku resulted in a geopolitical weakening and a certain technical delay on the Westerners who intervened several times during the 19th century to force Japan out of its isolation: American whalers and then Russian military expeditions to Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, not to mention British naval pressure, succeeded one another to intimidate the Tokugawa Shoguns.\nThe intrusion of the American fleet in the mid-19th century to force the Shoguns' Japan to open up to international trade led to Japan's modernization during the Meiji era. \n\tJapan's ability to modernize all sectors of its society and culture allowed it to catch up with Western technological models in less than fifteen years. The industrialization that went hand in hand forced Japan to seek international agreements but also developed its appetite for territorial expansion to find the raw materials that Japan was cruelly lacking. \nThis is the irony of history: Japan became the first non-Western industrial nation at the same time that it became the first non-Western colonial nation. It is as if Japanese mimicry of the West is pushing it to adopt the imperialism of contemporary Western nations.\nThe first Japanese annexations were made at the expense of the Chinese and Russian empires, which were its immediate neighbors, in the Northeast for Manchuria, rich in coal, and in the Southeast for Korea, rich in iron and rice. \nThe Russo-Japanese war is exemplary in that it was the first time that a European nation, Russia, was defeated by a non-European nation, Japan. Moreover, this war prefigured the wars of the XXth century by the importance of modern technologies in communications, with the use by the Japanese of the wireless and the telephone, but also by the modernity of the Japanese warships, which thanks to the French engineer Emile Bertin, outclassed the Russian ships.\nThe ingredients of Japanese militarism were already there and had already proven their efficiency and speed. Until 1919, Japan was able to avoid the pitfalls of a confrontation with the British, the French and the Americans, on whose side it participated in the First World War. Like others, notably the Italians, the Japanese felt that they had been wronged at the end of this war and of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, in terms of territorial gains and the conquest of resources in raw materials and outlets for their industries. The seeds of the next world conflict were already there.\n"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Japan facing History ? part 1 : 1852-1919 - by Hugues HENRI","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [65923658]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":78382194,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Japan facing History ? part 1 : 1852-1919 - by Hugues HENRI”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/78382194/mini_magick20220108-9422-52dvzy.png?1641673897" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Japan facing History ? part 1 : 1852-1919 - by Hugues HENRI</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65923658" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/hugueshenri"><img alt="Profile image of hugues henri" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/65923658/17261274/17380312/s65_hugue.henri.jpg" />hugues henri</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">It is necessary to go back to the Japanese history of the 19th and 20th centuries to better understand the rise of Japanese militarism in the first half of the 20th century. In the middle of the 19th century, Japan was frozen since the 17th century in a state whose political structures were blocked in what was called the Sakoku: the monarch was an emperor of divine right, but the main part of the executive power rested in the hands of the military government or Bakufu, with the Shogun at its head. The Tokugawa Shogunate is the result of the process of unification of Japan during the great feudal and clan fratricidal clashes of the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries, a period of civil wars called Sengoru Jidai. This Shogunate was maintained thanks to its capacity to ensure civil peace in the Japanese archipelago. Having neutralized and domesticated the warrior class of Samurai and the great feudal class called Daimyos, the Shoguns installed in their capital of Edo, the future Tokyo, were to preside over a certain evolution with a cultural and commercial development that prefigured a certain modernity, while preserving themselves from foreign influences such as those of the Western powers, English and French, which assailed China and India in the 18th and 19th centuries. This policy of firm international isolation is called Sakoku. The Sakoku resulted in a geopolitical weakening and a certain technical delay on the Westerners who intervened several times during the 19th century to force Japan out of its isolation: American whalers and then Russian military expeditions to Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, not to mention British naval pressure, succeeded one another to intimidate the Tokugawa Shoguns. The intrusion of the American fleet in the mid-19th century to force the Shoguns' Japan to open up to international trade led to Japan's modernization during the Meiji era. Japan's ability to modernize all sectors of its society and culture allowed it to catch up with Western technological models in less than fifteen years. The industrialization that went hand in hand forced Japan to seek international agreements but also developed its appetite for territorial expansion to find the raw materials that Japan was cruelly lacking. This is the irony of history: Japan became the first non-Western industrial nation at the same time that it became the first non-Western colonial nation. It is as if Japanese mimicry of the West is pushing it to adopt the imperialism of contemporary Western nations. The first Japanese annexations were made at the expense of the Chinese and Russian empires, which were its immediate neighbors, in the Northeast for Manchuria, rich in coal, and in the Southeast for Korea, rich in iron and rice. The Russo-Japanese war is exemplary in that it was the first time that a European nation, Russia, was defeated by a non-European nation, Japan. Moreover, this war prefigured the wars of the XXth century by the importance of modern technologies in communications, with the use by the Japanese of the wireless and the telephone, but also by the modernity of the Japanese warships, which thanks to the French engineer Emile Bertin, outclassed the Russian ships. The ingredients of Japanese militarism were already there and had already proven their efficiency and speed. Until 1919, Japan was able to avoid the pitfalls of a confrontation with the British, the French and the Americans, on whose side it participated in the First World War. Like others, notably the Italians, the Japanese felt that they had been wronged at the end of this war and of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, in terms of territorial gains and the conquest of resources in raw materials and outlets for their industries. The seeds of the next world conflict were already there. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":78382194,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/67635960/Japan_facing_History_part_1_1852_1919_by_Hugues_HENRI"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":78382194,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/67635960/Japan_facing_History_part_1_1852_1919_by_Hugues_HENRI"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="78382194" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/67635960/Japan_facing_History_part_1_1852_1919_by_Hugues_HENRI" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="67638316" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67638316/Japan_facing_History_Part_2_1919_1945_by_Hugues_HENRI">Japan facing History ? Part 2 : 1919 -1945 - by Hugues HENRI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65923658" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/hugueshenri">hugues henri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Taishô democracy-a short-lived democratic parenthesis? From Bruno Birolli, Ishiwara, the man who started the war, Armand Colin, 2012 The "Taishô democracy" is the shortest period in the contemporary history of Japan. Yet it is as decisive as the Meiji Restoration, which brought the country out of isolation and into modernity. If a relative oblivion surrounds this period, it is undoubtedly because it goes against the myth which presents the Japanese as a people of consensus, disciplined and respectful of authority. The "Taisho democracy" was the exact opposite of the Meiji era. It was a period of instability which, precisely because of its instability, was conducive to radical changes in morals, a period of dazzling economic growth, demographic upheavals and intellectual revolutions. The "Taisho democracy" takes its name from the emperor, the son of Meiji and father of Hirohito, who reigned from 1913 to 1926. Some historians trace its origins to the trauma of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and make it last until the "Moukden Incident" in 1931, an attack by Japanese military personnel based in Manchuria where the fourteen years of war of the Shôwa era-Hirohito's emperor name-began. The military totalitarianism that characterized Japanese society in the 1930s/1940s can only be understood if one keeps in mind the development process adopted by the country after the intrusion of Commodore Matthew Perry in the mid-19th century. Indeed, this forced opening up of the country subsequently determined Japan's extraordinary capacity to appropriate the Western model of industrial and technological development and led the country to seek resources in raw materials and outlets for its industrial production. From the end of the 19th century, the vital need for territorial annexations in Asia became apparent to Japanese political leaders and military strategists. The first two manifestations of Japanese imperialism were the Sino-Japanese wars (1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905). The Japanese designs on Manchuria and the rest of China date from this initial period and the doctrine of Japanese propaganda, which was called the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere", is for militaristic and imperialist Japan the equivalent of the Nazi "Lebentsraum", which aimed to annex Central Europe and Russia, as a necessary space for the needs of the German people according to Adolf Hitler. Japan's desire for expansion has been present since the Meiji era, but spreads rapidly during the Shôwa era and during World War II, in order to create the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. During the interwar period, many Japanese politicians and military men did not appreciate the treatment of Japan in the Versailles Treaty of 1919 and the limitations of military naval construction in the Washington Treaty of 1922 and the London Treaty of 1930, which led to a racist and very nationalistic policy, resembling that of the Nazis in Germany and the fascists in Italy, with whom Japan signed on November 23, 1936, a pact between Germany and Japan (Anti-Kommintern pact), which brought the two countries closer and which was intended to fight against the Third International (communism), then the Steel Pact in 1938, between Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and Shôwa Japan, prelude to the 2nd World War of 1939-1945. This imperialist and totalitarian Japanese ideology explains the numerous war crimes inflicted on civilians and Chinese, English and American prisoners during the Second World War and the Second Sino-Japanese War, notably during the Nanking massacre in 1937. During this conflict, the Japanese killed about 6 million Chinese, Koreans, Indonesians, Filipinos and Indochinese as well as Western prisoners. Where the Japanese expansionist policy differs from that of the Nazis is that, unlike the Nazis, the Japanese do not want to reunite the territories populated by Japanese or having belonged to Japan, they simply want to expand to dominate Asia. From an economic point of view, the Japanese islands did not allow the country to be self-sufficient while the country was very populated. As with the Germans, the military industry helped to revive the economy. The lack of raw materials on the main Japanese islands meant that they had to be imported, and they were generally imported from the United States until their embargo following the Japanese invasion of Indochina in 1940. In order to be self-sufficient, the Japanese had to conquer colonies rich in raw materials. This was the reason in 1941/1942 for their military campaigns to annex Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines, Burma, Micronesia, New Guinea-Papua, which were only stopped with the American stop at Guadalcanal in 1942, while the American war industry began to produce arms at full capacity, which very quickly supplanted the Japanese capacities. Then began the stagnation and then the retreat both in mainland China and in the Pacific, until the final defeat and the end of Japanese imperialism. The sine qua non of the unconditional Japanese surrender in 1945 was the retention of Emperor Hirohito as ruler of Japan. General MacArthur also obtained the dissolution of the Imperial Army, which was replaced by the Self-Defense Forces controlled by the U.S. Army. The Japanese empire disappeared in favor of a constitutional monarchy in which the emperor became a symbolic figure without real power. A trial equivalent to Nuremberg took place in Japan which sentenced to death some figures of the Shôwa era, such as Tojo, Doihara, Matsui, Muto, Hagaki and Kimua who were hanged on December 28, 1948, in Sugamo prison in Tokyo.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Japan facing History ? Part 2 : 1919 -1945 - by Hugues HENRI","attachmentId":78383674,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67638316/Japan_facing_History_Part_2_1919_1945_by_Hugues_HENRI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67638316/Japan_facing_History_Part_2_1919_1945_by_Hugues_HENRI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="72515333" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72515333/Japanese_Foreign_policy_in_the_early_XX_century">Japanese Foreign policy in the early XX century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="71694185" href="https://khazar.academia.edu/FidanIbadova">Fidan Ibadova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Japanese Foreign policy in the early XX century, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Since the early twentieth century, Japan has made significant progress in terms of foreign policy. Speaking of Japan's foreign policy, we can mention three main alliances. 1902 Anglo-Japanese Union, 1940 Germany-Italy-Japan Union and finally 1951 USJapan Pacific Security Union. When analyzed as strategic cooperation agreements that determine the main direction of Japan's foreign policy in this century, we see the existence of a common Japanese great strategic thinking. Japan's foreign policy in the twentieth century The rapid growth of Japanese capitalism was accompanied by aggressive wars. The geographical proximity of giant but weak China and the distance of major rivals gave Japanese capitalism a certain advantage. It was especially easy and convenient for the Japanese imperialists to plunder the Chinese people. As a result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan defeated and plundered China. However, the Japanese imperialists began to prepare for influence in the Far East. Japan tried to seize China's northeastern provinces (Manchuria) Korean and Japanese imperialists also dreamed of capturing Russian lands - the Sakhalin Islands and even the entire Russian Far East. In 1902, Japan entered into an alliance with Britain to prepare for war with Russia. Japanese spies and scouts flooded Russia's Far East. Merchants, hairdressers, etc. demonstrated the location, actions and combat readiness of military units under his leadership. Japan is well prepared for war, and it has received British and American support. Landless and lowland peasants worked on other people's lands. At that time, Japan was one of the world's leading producers of copper ore and metal. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to come to Japan. Later, the arrival of English and Dutch people in this country intensified. Japan's trade relations with European countries were gradually developing. In the middle of the century, Shogun issued a decree declaring Japan a "closed country." After the end of the First World War, Britain, the Netherlands and the United States began to oppress Japan. They demanded that the country's borders be opened to foreign trade, threatening to put Japan in China's shoes. Thus, Japan was forced to abandon the policy of "closure".</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Japanese Foreign policy in the early XX century","attachmentId":81412625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72515333/Japanese_Foreign_policy_in_the_early_XX_century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72515333/Japanese_Foreign_policy_in_the_early_XX_century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="76816692" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76816692/THE_RISE_AND_FALL_OF_THE_JAPANESE_EMPIRE_PART_III">THE RISE AND FALL OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE PART III</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16212924" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jeansenatfleury">Jean Sénat Fleury</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">THE RISE AND FALL OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE PART III, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Japan's road to war began many decades before the attack at Pearl Harbor. At the end of 1800, the Japanese decided to expand Japan's territory in Asia. According to the Japanese officials, this decision would help the country to get resources that it would need, particularly oil. Japan's desire to build a modern industrial civilization drove it through politics of extension. Near the turn of the twentieth century, the Japanese embarked on a period of aggressive expansion to change the trajectory of their nation isolated from the rest of the world for much of its history. Nationalist Japanese leaders believed that Western powers such as United States, Britain, France, and Russia had enacted tariffs that prevented Japan from accessing natural resources that it needed to develop its industrial capacity. At the end of July 1894, Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces that out posted the peninsula of Korea. Four days later, on August 1, 1894, Japan declared war on China.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE RISE AND FALL OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE PART III","attachmentId":84390457,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76816692/THE_RISE_AND_FALL_OF_THE_JAPANESE_EMPIRE_PART_III","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76816692/THE_RISE_AND_FALL_OF_THE_JAPANESE_EMPIRE_PART_III"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="76890321" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76890321/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Japan_as_a_Great_Power">The Rise and Fall of Japan as a Great Power</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1789011" href="https://waseda.academia.edu/YaroslavShulatov">Yaroslav Shulatov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present paper discusses the so-called “Russian factor” in the political development of Japan over a period from the late 19th century till the present day. The rise and fall of Japan as a “great power” in the 20th century is tightly linked with its relations with Russia (the Russian Empire and the USSR), which became a specific factor of the Japanese imperial project. Russia served as a challenge to Japan that triggered its social mobilization and militarization in 1895-1905. The victorious Russo-Japanese War made Japan a “great power” with colonies on the continent. However, it also predetermined the political rise of its military circles, which ultimately worked as a time bomb breaking the foundation of the newborn empire. Cooperation with Russia after 1906 was the most effective instrument for Japan’s further expansion on the continent, while the intervention into Siberia after 1917 came as the first alarm signaling the limits of that expansion. The paper also examines the ha...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Rise and Fall of Japan as a Great Power","attachmentId":84436934,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76890321/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Japan_as_a_Great_Power","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76890321/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Japan_as_a_Great_Power"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37565469" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37565469/War_and_National_Reinvention_Japan_in_the_Great_War_1914_1919_Review_">War and National Reinvention. Japan in the Great War, 1914-1919 (Review)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="112856" href="https://sophia.academia.edu/SvenSaaler">Sven Saaler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">DIJ Newsletter. Information from the German Institute for Japanese Studies, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"War and National Reinvention. Japan in the Great War, 1914-1919 (Review)","attachmentId":57542587,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37565469/War_and_National_Reinvention_Japan_in_the_Great_War_1914_1919_Review_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37565469/War_and_National_Reinvention_Japan_in_the_Great_War_1914_1919_Review_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="44170894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44170894/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Vol_6_The_Twentieth_Century">THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JAPAN. Vol. 6 The Twentieth Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17494982" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CristianStaicu">Cristian-Radu Staicu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JAPAN. Vol. 6 The Twentieth Century","attachmentId":64529831,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44170894/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Vol_6_The_Twentieth_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44170894/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Vol_6_The_Twentieth_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="6825689" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6825689/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_5_The_Nineteenth_Century_Edited_by">THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JAPAN Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century Edited by</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11362984" href="https://rusoil.academia.edu/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD">Ильдар Валиуллин</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JAPAN Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century Edited by","attachmentId":33522213,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6825689/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_5_The_Nineteenth_Century_Edited_by","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6825689/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_5_The_Nineteenth_Century_Edited_by"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="41209342" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41209342/Japan_in_World_History">Japan in World History</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51643477" href="https://soas.academia.edu/KJackson">Keith Jackson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A review of J.L. Huffman's informative history of Japan, taking the world as a broad context for comparative research. Memorable insights from this book include the impact that the introduction of railway technology had on the early modern Japanese psyche: i.e. reprise noting a more impactful legacy that the sight of Admiral Perry's renowned 'Black Ships'.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Japan in World History","attachmentId":61446573,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41209342/Japan_in_World_History","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41209342/Japan_in_World_History"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="44170880" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44170880/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_5_The_Nineteenth_Century">THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JAPAN Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17494982" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CristianStaicu">Cristian-Radu Staicu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JAPAN Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century","attachmentId":64529825,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44170880/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_5_The_Nineteenth_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44170880/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_5_The_Nineteenth_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="10424526" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10424526/The_Russo_Japanese_War_as_a_Turning_Point_in_Modern_Japanese_History">The Russo-Japanese War as a Turning Point in Modern Japanese History</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10007081" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/RotemKowner">Rotem KOWNER</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In R. Kowner (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War (pp. 29-46). London: Routledge, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Russo-Japanese War as a Turning Point in Modern Japanese History","attachmentId":36470062,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10424526/The_Russo_Japanese_War_as_a_Turning_Point_in_Modern_Japanese_History","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10424526/The_Russo_Japanese_War_as_a_Turning_Point_in_Modern_Japanese_History"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78382194,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":78382194,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_78382194" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="77440724" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77440724/THE_RISE_AND_FALL_OF_THE_JAPANESE_EMPIRE_PART_VIII_">THE RISE AND FALL OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE (PART VIII)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16212924" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jeansenatfleury">Jean Sénat Fleury</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">THE RISE AND FALL OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE (PART VIII), 2022</p><div 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