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It was a literature that, whilst claiming to defend and affirm white identity, in fact exposed the limits of" /> <title>(PDF) From White to Western: “Racial Decline” and the Idea of the West in Britain, 1890–1930 | alastair bonnett - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/968895/From_White_to_Western_Racial_Decline_and_the_Idea_of_the_West_in_Britain_1890_1930" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'd0d4cf753dac7d44fa55ec8140bebbf4477d3bc9'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733261410000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733261410000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"\u0026amp;amp;amp;quot;Drawing on British works of imperial and social commentary, this article shows how a literature of white crisis emerged between 1890–1930. It was a literature that, whilst claiming to defend and affirm white identity, in fact exposed the limits of whiteness as a form of social solidarity. It is shown how these studies drew together a variety of challenges deemed to be facing the white race and, more specifically, how they exhibited a contradictory desire to defend white racial community whilst attacking “the masses”. The idea of the West, developing alongside, within and in the wake of this crisis literature, provided a less racially reductive but not necessarily less socially exclusive identity.\u0026amp;amp;amp;quot;","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"alastair bonnett"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2011-10-01","dateModified":"2014-05-31","headline":"From White to Western: “Racial Decline” and the Idea of the West in Britain, 1890–1930","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/5923122/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Racial and Ethnic Politics","Whiteness Studies","Critical Race Theory and Whiteness 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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":968895,"created_at":"2011-10-01T07:35:05.731-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-17T06:00:23.531-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Drawing on British works of imperial and social commentary, this article\r\nshows how a literature of white crisis emerged between 1890–1930. It was a literature\r\nthat, whilst claiming to defend and affirm white identity, in fact exposed the\r\nlimits of whiteness as a form of social solidarity. It is shown how these studies drew\r\ntogether a variety of challenges deemed to be facing the white race and, more specifically,\r\nhow they exhibited a contradictory desire to defend white racial community\r\nwhilst attacking “the masses”. The idea of the West, developing alongside, within\r\nand in the wake of this crisis literature, provided a less racially reductive but not\r\nnecessarily less socially exclusive identity.","more_info":"Journal of Historical Sociology Vol. 16 No. 3 September 2003"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"From White to Western: “Racial Decline” and the Idea of the West in Britain, 1890–1930","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [801833]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":5923122,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “From White to Western: “Racial Decline” and the Idea of the West in Britain, 1890–1930”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/5923122/mini_magick20190427-16985-vkhav1.png?1556371556" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">From White to Western: “Racial Decline” and the Idea of the West in Britain, 1890–1930</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="801833" href="https://newcastle.academia.edu/alastairbonnett"><img alt="Profile image of alastair bonnett" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/801833/1884219/31551830/s65_alastair.bonnett.jpg" />alastair bonnett</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Drawing on British works of imperial and social commentary, this article shows how a literature of white crisis emerged between 1890–1930. It was a literature that, whilst claiming to defend and affirm white identity, in fact exposed the limits of whiteness as a form of social solidarity. It is shown how these studies drew together a variety of challenges deemed to be facing the white race and, more specifically, how they exhibited a contradictory desire to defend white racial community whilst attacking “the masses”. The idea of the West, developing alongside, within and in the wake of this crisis literature, provided a less racially reductive but not necessarily less socially exclusive identity.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":5923122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/968895/From_White_to_Western_Racial_Decline_and_the_Idea_of_the_West_in_Britain_1890_1930"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":5923122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/968895/From_White_to_Western_Racial_Decline_and_the_Idea_of_the_West_in_Britain_1890_1930"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="5923122" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/968895/From_White_to_Western_Racial_Decline_and_the_Idea_of_the_West_in_Britain_1890_1930" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1598140" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1598140/From_the_crises_of_whiteness_to_western_supremacism">From the crises of whiteness to western supremacism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="801833" href="https://newcastle.academia.edu/alastairbonnett">alastair bonnett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article explores the rise of the West in relation to the decline of whiteness. 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Drawing primarily on late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century commentaries, it is also argued that the excessive idealization of whiteness characteristic of its modern European form engenders an unstable and contradictory identity: in societies structured upon class, ethnic and gender hierarchies the 'burden of whiteness' cannot be equally apportioned. The article concludes with some observations on the challenge historical geographical studies of white identities present to contemporary anti-racists.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Who was white? 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Rethinking the Archive in Modern South Asia, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The correspondence between elite members of British imperial society in London from 1942 to 1947 form the bulk of Public and Judicial Department Records, Folder 14, Sub Folder 146 at the Indian Office in the British Library. This archive contains letters, plans, committee meetings, minutes and drafts pertaining to a Centre of Oriental Culture that was envisioned by Leo Amery but ultimately never built. I shall demonstrate how this archive is a rare insight into an imperial mind that was grappling with the contingent nature of British Empire’s decolonization and the cultural and political imperatives that shaped it. I argue how this intentional and oftentimes inadvertent act of reduction of all policies and actions to the prioritization of Britain’s interest that makes the white man a burden on history and curiously, on this formulation, the theory and practice of white man as burden, there has been no scholarly scrutiny. In two sections, Centre for the sake of culture (1942–1945) and Culture for the sake of politics (1945–1947), I show the progress of the idea of the Centre and how the endeavor was never truly about oriental culture, its pursuit, or its celebration. It was always about competition and British gains. The Centre which would provide access to knowledge were routine technologies used by imperial regimes. This chapter will offer an understanding of an ideascape for decolonization as well as the white man who burdened history with their conceit and ignorance.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The White Man as a Burden on History","attachmentId":118580136,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124335274/The_White_Man_as_a_Burden_on_History","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124335274/The_White_Man_as_a_Burden_on_History"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="4992853" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4992853/The_Visibility_of_Whiteness_and_Immigration_Restriction_in_the_United_States_1880_1930">The Visibility of Whiteness and Immigration Restriction in the United States, 1880-1930</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26747" href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/JulioDecker">Julio Decker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Critical Race and Whiteness Studies ejournal, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Visibility of Whiteness and Immigration Restriction in the United States, 1880-1930","attachmentId":32235500,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4992853/The_Visibility_of_Whiteness_and_Immigration_Restriction_in_the_United_States_1880_1930","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4992853/The_Visibility_of_Whiteness_and_Immigration_Restriction_in_the_United_States_1880_1930"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="2305453" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2305453/Making_of_the_English_ideas_of_race_in_British_scholarship_1870_1914">Making of the English: ideas of race in British scholarship 1870-1914</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="744313" href="https://yemachine.academia.edu/simoncook">Simon J Cook</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Making of the English: ideas of race in British scholarship 1870-1914","attachmentId":35262731,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2305453/Making_of_the_English_ideas_of_race_in_British_scholarship_1870_1914","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2305453/Making_of_the_English_ideas_of_race_in_British_scholarship_1870_1914"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="31593590" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31593590/The_rise_and_fall_of_whiteness_The_rise_and_fall_of_whiteness_studies_studies">The rise and fall of whiteness The rise and fall of whiteness studies studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60597068" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlishiaMccoy">Alishia Mccoy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Over the last decade or so, the study of whiteness in the US has grown in both cultural and academic significance, attracting hostility from neo-conservative commentators. But there is also a critique to be had from the Left. For while the study of whiteness as a social construction – which takes its starting point from Du Bois – has demonstrated more clearly than ever how racism is at the core of US history and society, it has, for the most part, failed to take the issue of class into account. How and why this is is closely analysed here, in an examination of the work, in particular, of Ignatiev, Hale, Roediger and Saxton.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The rise and fall of whiteness The rise and fall of whiteness studies studies","attachmentId":51924605,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31593590/The_rise_and_fall_of_whiteness_The_rise_and_fall_of_whiteness_studies_studies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31593590/The_rise_and_fall_of_whiteness_The_rise_and_fall_of_whiteness_studies_studies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":5923122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":5923122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_5923122" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1040070" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1040070/The_Invisible_Empire_White_Discourse_Tolerance_and_Belonging">The Invisible Empire: White Discourse, Tolerance and Belonging</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="875711" href="https://uel.academia.edu/GeorgieWemyss">Georgie Wemyss</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Invisible Empire: White Discourse, Tolerance and Belonging","attachmentId":36883129,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1040070/The_Invisible_Empire_White_Discourse_Tolerance_and_Belonging","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1040070/The_Invisible_Empire_White_Discourse_Tolerance_and_Belonging"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="24573720" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24573720/Review_of_Saree_Makdisi_Making_England_Western_Occidentalism_Race_and_Imperial_Culture_Itinerario_International_Journal_on_the_History_of_European_Expansion_and_Global_Interaction_Vol_40_No_1_2016_">Review of Saree Makdisi. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/27340638/Empires_Exceptions_and_Anglo_Saxons_Race_and_Rule_between_the_British_and_United_States_Empires_1880_1910">Empires, Exceptions, and Anglo-Saxons: Race and Rule between the British and United States Empires, 1880–1910</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="686488" href="https://vanderbilt.academia.edu/PaulKramer">Paul Kramer</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Empires, Exceptions, and Anglo-Saxons: Race and Rule between the British and United States Empires, 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46496254" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OlivierAccominotti">Olivier Accominotti</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33379040" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcFlandreau">Marc Flandreau</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Review of Economic History, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Black man's burden, white man's welfare: control, devolution and development in the British Empire, 1880-1914","attachmentId":44381837,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23994190/Black_mans_burden_white_mans_welfare_control_devolution_and_development_in_the_British_Empire_1880_1914","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23994190/Black_mans_burden_white_mans_welfare_control_devolution_and_development_in_the_British_Empire_1880_1914"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="50257325" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title 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