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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Phonetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization_of_specific_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization_of_specific_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Romanization of specific writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Romanization_of_specific_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Romanization of specific writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Romanization_of_specific_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Armenian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Georgian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hebrew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indic_(Brahmic)_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indic_(Brahmic)_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Indic (Brahmic) scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indic_(Brahmic)_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devanagari–nastaʿlīq_(Hindustani)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devanagari–nastaʿlīq_(Hindustani)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Devanagari–nastaʿlīq (Hindustani)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devanagari–nastaʿlīq_(Hindustani)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandarin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandarin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Mandarin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandarin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1.1</span> <span>Mainland China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1.2</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1.3</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Cantonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>Wu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Min_Nan_or_Hokkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Min_Nan_or_Hokkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.4</span> <span>Min Nan or Hokkien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Min_Nan_or_Hokkien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teochew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teochew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.4.1</span> <span>Teochew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teochew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Min_Dong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Min_Dong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.5</span> <span>Min Dong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Min_Dong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Min_Bei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Min_Bei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.6</span> <span>Min Bei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Min_Bei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Thai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuosu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuosu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Nuosu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuosu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Tibetan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyrillic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyrillic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Cyrillic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyrillic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belarusian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarusian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13.1</span> <span>Belarusian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarusian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13.2</span> <span>Bulgarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyrgyz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrgyz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13.3</span> <span>Kyrgyz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrgyz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13.4</span> <span>Macedonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13.5</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13.6</span> <span>Syriac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13.7</span> <span>Ukrainian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_and_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_and_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overview and summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_and_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9" title="رومنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رومنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizasiya" title="Romanizasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Romanizasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="রোমানীকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমানীকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-h%C3%B2a" title="Lô-má-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латинизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латинизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanekadur" title="Romanekadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Romanekadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanitzaci%C3%B3" title="Romanització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romanització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisering" title="Romanisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romanisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisatsioon" title="Latinisatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Latinisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_(transliteraci%C3%B3n)" title="Romanización (transliteración) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización (transliteración)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinigo" title="Latinigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latinigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لاتین‌نویسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین‌نویسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Romanisation (écriture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation (écriture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mh%C3%A1n%C3%BA" title="Rómhánú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rómhánú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռոմանիզացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոմանիզացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="रोमनीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमनीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinigado" title="Latinigado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latinigado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasion" title="Romanisasion – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Romanisasion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisasi_(bahasa)" title="Latinisasi (bahasa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latinisasi (bahasa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="ליטון (בלשנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליטון (בלשנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasi" title="Romanisasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Romanisasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisazion" title="Romanisazion – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Romanisazion" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniz%C4%81cija" title="Romanizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romanizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian" title="Perumian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisatie" title="Romanisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romanisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96" title="ラテン文字化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテン文字化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisering" title="Romanisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizatsiya" title="Romanizatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Romanizatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Romanização (linguística) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romanização (linguística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizare_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Romanizare (lingvistică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Romanizare (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Романизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Романизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizimi" title="Romanizimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romanizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="රෝමානුකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝමානුකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romanization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Латинизација (правописна) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Латинизација (правописна)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasi" title="Romanisasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Romanisasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisering_(lingvistik)" title="Romanisering (lingvistik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romanisering (lingvistik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasyon" title="Romanisasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romanisasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="การถอดเป็นอักษรโรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถอดเป็นอักษรโรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizasyon" title="Romanizasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Romanizasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="رومن نویسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومن نویسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinh_h%C3%B3a" title="Latinh hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Latinh hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Romanised" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Romanised_(horse)" title="Romanised (horse)">Romanised (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Romanisation (disambiguation)">Romanisation (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Latinisation (disambiguation)">Latinisation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwoyu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gwoyu.svg/150px-Gwoyu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gwoyu.svg/225px-Gwoyu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gwoyu.svg/300px-Gwoyu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, like many languages, can be romanized in a number of ways; above: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a> characters meaning Chinese, and romanization systems<a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a> for those characters.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>romanization</b> is the conversion of text from a different <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman (Latin) script</a>, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>, for representing written text, and <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a>, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into <i><a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a> transcription</i>, which records the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> or units of <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> meaning in speech, and more strict <i><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcription</a></i>, which records speech sounds with precision. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many consistent or <a href="/wiki/Standardized" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized">standardized</a> romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation. </p> <ul><li>Source, or donor language – A system may be tailored to romanize text from a particular language, or a series of languages, or for any language in a particular writing system. A language-specific system typically preserves language features like pronunciation, while the general one may be better for cataloguing international texts.</li> <li>Target, or receiver language – Most systems are intended for an audience that speaks or reads a particular language. (So-called <i>international</i> romanization systems for Cyrillic text are based on central-European alphabets like the <a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian alphabet">Croatian alphabet</a>.)</li> <li>Simplicity – Since the basic <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> has a smaller number of letters than many other writing systems, <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a>, or special characters must be used to represent them all in Latin script. This affects the ease of creation, digital storage and transmission, reproduction, and reading of the romanized text.</li> <li>Reversibility – Whether or not the original can be restored from the converted text. Some reversible systems allow for an irreversible simplified version.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></div> <p>If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon-shiki">Nihon-shiki</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcription">Transcription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription (linguistics)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonemic">Phonemic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">Phonemic orthography</a></div> <p>Most romanizations are intended to enable the casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic transcription</a> and attempt to render the significant sounds (<a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepburn Romanization">Hepburn Romanization</a> of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetic">Phonetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">Phonetic transcription</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all <a href="/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" title="Phone (phonetics)">phones</a> in the source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent <i>every</i> possible allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to <a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">coarticulation</a> effects—and instead limits itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> is the most common system of phonetic transcription. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diachronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:diachronic">diachronic</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:synchronic">synchronic</a> variance no <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> represents any <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> with perfect accuracy and the vocal interpretation of a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">script</a> may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider the Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization <i>zyûzyutu</i> may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables <span class="nowrap">じゅうじゅつ</span>, but most native English speakers, or rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, <i><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jūjutsu</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization_of_specific_writing_systems">Romanization of specific writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Romanization of specific writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization" title="Category:Romanization">Category:Romanization</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> is used to write <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> as well as numerous other languages in the Muslim world, particularly <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asian</a> languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabic_2">Arabic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization of Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></div> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenl%C3%A4ndische_Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft</a></span></span> (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Modern_Written_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic">Hans Wehr dictionary</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87950-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87950-003-4">0-87950-003-4</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BS_4280&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BS 4280 (page does not exist)">BS 4280</a> (1968): Developed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Standards_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standards Institution">British Standards Institution</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATTS" class="mw-redirect" title="SATTS">SATTS</a> (1970s): A one-for-one substitution system, a legacy from the <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a> (1972)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a> (1982): Developed by the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">Deutsches Institut für Normung</a></span></span> (German Institute for Standardization)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a> (1984). Transliteration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a> (1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 233-2">ISO 233-2</a> (1993): Simplified transliteration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwalter_transliteration" title="Buckwalter transliteration">Buckwalter transliteration</a> (1990s): Developed at <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Buckwalter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Buckwalter (page does not exist)">Tim Buckwalter</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not require unusual <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian">Persian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanization of Persian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_orthography" title="Category:Persian orthography">Category:Persian orthography</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unicode</th> <th>Persian<br />letter</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>DMG (1969)</th> <th>ALA-LC (1997)</th> <th>BGN/PCGN (1958)</th> <th>EI (1960)</th> <th>EI (2012)</th> <th>UN (1967)</th> <th>UN (2012) </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>U+0627</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ا</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span><sup id="cite_ref-vowel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ʾ, —<sup id="cite_ref-hamza-ayn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamza-ayn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="4">ʼ, —<sup id="cite_ref-hamza-ayn_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamza-ayn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td>- as in uh-oh </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0628</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ب</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span></td> <td colspan="7">b </td> <td>B as in Bob </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+067E</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span></td> <td colspan="7">p </td> <td>P as in pet </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062A</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ت</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span></td> <td colspan="7">t </td> <td>T as in tall </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062B</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ث</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span></td> <td>s̱</td> <td>s̱</td> <td>s̄</td> <td>t͟h</td> <td>ṯ</td> <td>s̄</td> <td>s </td> <td>S as in sand </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062C</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ج</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒ</span></td> <td>ǧ</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>d͟j</td> <td>j</td> <td colspan="2">j </td> <td>J as in jam </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0686</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">چ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃ</span></td> <td>č</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td colspan="2">č</td> <td>ch</td> <td>č </td> <td>Ch as in Charlie </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062D</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ح</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span></td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ḩ/ḥ<sup id="cite_ref-dot_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">ḥ</td> <td>ḩ</td> <td>h </td> <td>H as in holiday </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062E</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span></td> <td>ḫ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh</td> <td>k͟h</td> <td>ḵ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>x </td> <td>somewhat resembling German Ch </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062F</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">د</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span></td> <td colspan="7">d </td> <td>D as in Dave </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0630</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ذ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></td> <td>ẕ</td> <td>ẕ</td> <td>z̄</td> <td>d͟h</td> <td>ḏ</td> <td>z̄</td> <td>z </td> <td>Z as in zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0631</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ر</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span></td> <td colspan="7">r </td> <td>R as in rabbit </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0632</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ز</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></td> <td colspan="7">z </td> <td>Z as in zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0698</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ژ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span></td> <td>ž</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td>z͟h</td> <td>ž</td> <td>zh</td> <td>ž </td> <td>S as in television <p>or G as in genre </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0633</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">س</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span></td> <td colspan="7">s </td> <td>S as in Sam </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0634</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ش</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span></td> <td>š</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>s͟h</td> <td>š</td> <td>sh</td> <td>š </td> <td>Sh as in sheep </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0635</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ص</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span></td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ş/ṣ<sup id="cite_ref-dot_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">ṣ</td> <td>ş</td> <td>s </td> <td>S as in Sam </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0636</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ض</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></td> <td>ż</td> <td>z̤</td> <td>ẕ</td> <td>ḍ</td> <td>ż</td> <td>ẕ</td> <td>z </td> <td>Z as in zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0637</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ط</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span></td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ţ/ṭ<sup id="cite_ref-dot_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">ṭ</td> <td>ţ</td> <td>t </td> <td>t as in tank </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0638</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ظ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>z̧/ẓ<sup id="cite_ref-dot_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>z̧</td> <td>z </td> <td>Z as in zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0639</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ع</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʕ</span></td> <td>ʿ</td> <td>ʻ</td> <td>ʼ<sup id="cite_ref-hamza-ayn_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamza-ayn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ʻ</td> <td>ʻ</td> <td>ʿ</td> <td>ʿ </td> <td>_____ </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+063A</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">غ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɢ~ɣ</span></td> <td>ġ</td> <td>gh</td> <td>gh</td> <td>g͟h</td> <td>ḡ</td> <td>gh</td> <td>q </td> <td>somewhat resembling French R </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0641</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ف</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span></td> <td colspan="7">f </td> <td>F as in Fred </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0642</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ق</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɢ~ɣ</span></td> <td colspan="3">q</td> <td colspan="2">ḳ</td> <td colspan="2">q </td> <td>somewhat resembling French R </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06A9</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ک</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span></td> <td colspan="7">k </td> <td>C as in card </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06AF</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">گ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span></td> <td colspan="7">g </td> <td>G as in go </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0644</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ل</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span></td> <td colspan="7">l </td> <td>L as in lamp </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0645</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">م</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span></td> <td colspan="7">m </td> <td>M as in Michael </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0646</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ن</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span></td> <td colspan="7">n </td> <td>N as in name </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0648</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">و</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v~w</span><sup id="cite_ref-vowel_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="4">v</td> <td>v, w<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">v </td> <td>V as in vision </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0647</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ه</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span><sup id="cite_ref-vowel_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-h-final_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-final-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">h</td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-h-final_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-final-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-h-final_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-final-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>H as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0629</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ة</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅,<span class="wrap"> </span>t</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-yh_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yh-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>t<sup id="cite_ref-marbuta_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marbuta-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-yh_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yh-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ی</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span><sup id="cite_ref-vowel_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7">y </td> <td>Y as in Yale </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0621</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ء</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span></td> <td>ʾ</td> <td colspan="4">ʼ</td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0623</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">أ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span></td> <td>ʾ</td> <td colspan="4">ʼ</td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0624</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ؤ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span></td> <td>ʾ</td> <td colspan="4">ʼ</td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0626</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ئ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span></td> <td>ʾ</td> <td colspan="4">ʼ</td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-diacritics_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diacritics-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unicode</th> <th>Final</th> <th>Medial</th> <th>Initial</th> <th>Isolated</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>DMG (1969)</th> <th>ALA-LC (1997)</th> <th>BGN/PCGN (1958)</th> <th>EI (2012)</th> <th>UN (1967)</th> <th>UN (2012) </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a </td> <td>A as in cat </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064F</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـُ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـُ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>u</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td> <td>O as in go </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0648 U+064F</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـوَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـوَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span><sup id="cite_ref-wo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>u</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td> <td>O as in go </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0650</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـِ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـِ</span></span></td> <td>حسين محمد حسين علي <p><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِ</span></span> || <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> || e || i || e || e || e || e </p> </td> <td>E as in ten </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+0627</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَا</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَا</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~ɒː</span></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā </td> <td>O as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0622</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـآ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـآ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~ɒː</span></td> <td>ā, ʾā<sup id="cite_ref-aa_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ā, ʼā<sup id="cite_ref-aa_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā </td> <td>O as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَی</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~ɒː</span></td> <td>ā</td> <td>á</td> <td>á</td> <td>ā</td> <td>á</td> <td>ā </td> <td>O as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06CC U+0670</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـیٰ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~ɒː</span></td> <td>ā</td> <td>á</td> <td>á</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā </td> <td>O as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064F U+0648</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـُو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـُو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُو</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː</span><sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ū</td> <td>ū</td> <td>ū</td> <td>u, ō<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ū</td> <td>u </td> <td>U as in actual </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0650 U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـِی</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـِیـ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِیـ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِی</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>eː</span><sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ī</td> <td>ī</td> <td>ī</td> <td>i, ē<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ī</td> <td>i </td> <td>Y as in happy </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+0648</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَو</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ow~aw</span><sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>au</td> <td>aw</td> <td>ow</td> <td>ow, aw<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ow</td> <td>ow </td> <td>O as in go </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَی</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَیـ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَیـ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَی</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ej~aj</span><sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ai</td> <td>ay</td> <td>ey</td> <td>ey, ay<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ey</td> <td>ey </td> <td>Ay as in play </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـیِ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–e,<span class="wrap"> </span>–je</span></td> <td>–e, –ye</td> <td>–i, –yi</td> <td>–e, –ye</td> <td>–e, –ye</td> <td>–e, –ye</td> <td>–e, –ye </td> <td>Ye as in yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06C0</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـهٔ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–je</span></td> <td>–ye</td> <td>–ʼi</td> <td>–ye</td> <td>–ye</td> <td>–ye</td> <td>–ye </td> <td>Ye as in yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes</b>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vowel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Used as a vowel as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamza-ayn-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamza-ayn_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamza-ayn_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamza-ayn_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dot-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dot_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xw-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xw_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the beginning of words the combination <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خو</span></span>⟩</span> was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xw/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xʷ/</span> in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʷ/</span> has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xʷa/</span> was changed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xo/</span> (see below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dari-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Dari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h-final-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h-final_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h-final_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h-final_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Not transliterated at the end of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yh-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yh_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yh_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the combination <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">یة</span></span>⟩</span> at the end of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marbuta-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marbuta_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When used instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ت</span></span>⟩</span> at the end of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diacritics-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diacritics_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diacritical signs (<i><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">harakat</a></i>) are rarely written.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wo_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خ</span></span>⟩</span> from the earlier <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xʷa/</span>. Often transliterated as <i>xwa</i> or <i>xva</i>. For example, <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خور</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xor/</span> "sun" was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xʷar/</span> in Classical Persian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aa_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aa_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">After vowels.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian">Armenian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Romanization of Armenian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian">Georgian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Georgian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Romanization of Georgian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian letter</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></small> </th> <th><small>National system<br /> (2002)</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a><br /> (1981—2009)</small> </th> <th><small>ISO 9984<br /> (1996)</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><br /> (1997)</small> </th> <th><small>Unofficial system</small> </th> <th><small>Kartvelo translit</small> </th> <th><small>NGR2</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ა</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span></td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ბ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">გ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">დ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ე</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ვ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ზ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFCCCC"> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჱ</span><sup id="cite_ref-archaic_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaic-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span></td> <td> </td> <td>ey </td> <td>ē </td> <td>ē </td> <td>é </td> <td>ej </td> <td>ẽ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">თ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span></td> <td>t </td> <td>tʼ </td> <td>t̕ </td> <td>tʻ </td> <td>T<sup id="cite_ref-IbL_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t / t̊ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ი</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">კ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼ/</span></td> <td>kʼ </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>ǩ </td> <td>k̉ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ლ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">მ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ნ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFCCCC"> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჲ</span><sup id="cite_ref-archaic_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaic-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/j/</span></td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td>ĩ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ო</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">პ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʼ/</span></td> <td>pʼ </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p̌ </td> <td>p̉ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჟ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span></td> <td>zh </td> <td>zh </td> <td>ž </td> <td>ž </td> <td>J,<sup id="cite_ref-IbL_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zh or j </td> <td>ž </td> <td>g̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">რ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ს</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ტ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʼ/</span></td> <td>tʼ </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t̆ </td> <td>t̉ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFCCCC"> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჳ</span><sup id="cite_ref-archaic_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaic-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>w </td> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td>ŭ </td> <td>f̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">უ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td>u</td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ფ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span></td> <td>p </td> <td>pʼ </td> <td>p̕ </td> <td>pʻ </td> <td>p or f </td> <td>p </td> <td>p / p̊ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ქ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td>k</td> <td>kʼ </td> <td>k̕ </td> <td>kʻ </td> <td>q or k </td> <td>q or k </td> <td>k / k̊ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ღ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span> </td> <td>gh</td> <td>gh </td> <td>ḡ </td> <td>ġ </td> <td>g, gh or R<sup id="cite_ref-IbL_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>g, gh or R<sup id="cite_ref-IbL_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>q̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ყ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qʼ/</span></td> <td>qʼ </td> <td>q </td> <td>q </td> <td>q </td> <td>y<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>q </td> <td>q </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">შ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> </td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh </td> <td>š </td> <td>š </td> <td>sh or S<sup id="cite_ref-IbL_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>š </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჩ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ(ʰ)/</span> </td> <td>ch</td> <td>chʼ </td> <td>č̕ </td> <td>čʻ </td> <td>ch or C<sup id="cite_ref-IbL_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>č </td> <td>c̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ც</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s(ʰ)/</span> </td> <td>ts</td> <td>tsʼ </td> <td>c̕ </td> <td>cʻ </td> <td>c or ts </td> <td>c </td> <td>c </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ძ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span></td> <td>dz </td> <td>dz </td> <td>j </td> <td>ż </td> <td>dz or Z<sup id="cite_ref-IbL_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ʒ </td> <td>d̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">წ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʼ/</span></td> <td>tsʼ </td> <td>ts </td> <td>c </td> <td>c </td> <td>w, c or ts </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td>c̉ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჭ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʼ/</span></td> <td>chʼ </td> <td>ch </td> <td>č </td> <td>č </td> <td>W,<sup id="cite_ref-IbL_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ch or tch </td> <td>ʃ̌ </td> <td>j̉ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ხ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χ/</span></td> <td>kh </td> <td>kh </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x or kh (rarely) </td> <td>x </td> <td>k̃ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFCCCC"> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჴ</span><sup id="cite_ref-archaic_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaic-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/qʰ/</span></td> <td> </td> <td>qʼ </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td>x̣ </td> <td> </td> <td>q̌ </td> <td>q̊ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჯ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> </td> <td>j</td> <td>j </td> <td>ǰ </td> <td>j </td> <td>j </td> <td>- </td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFCCCC"> <td><span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჵ</span><sup id="cite_ref-archaic_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaic-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ō </td> <td>ō </td> <td> </td> <td>ȯ </td> <td>h̃ </td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><p><b>Notes</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-archaic-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archaic_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archaic_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archaic_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archaic_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archaic_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaic letters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbL-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IbL_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbL_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbL_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbL_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbL_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbL_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbL_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbL_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization of Greek</a></div> <p>There are romanization systems for both <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Code" title="Beta Code">Beta Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO 843</a> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Romanization of Hebrew</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> is romanized using several standards: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> Z39.25 (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a> (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">ISO 259</a> (1984): Transliteration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 259-2">ISO 259-2</a> (1994): Simplified transliteration.</li> <li>ISO/DIS 259-3: Phonemic transcription.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indic_(Brahmic)_scripts"><span id="Indic_.28Brahmic.29_scripts"></span>Indic (Brahmic) scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indic (Brahmic) scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari transliteration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">Romanization of Bengali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Romanisation of Malayalam</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a> is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> (2001): A standard <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard. It uses <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to map the much larger set of Brahmic <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> to the Latin script. The Devanagari-specific portion is very similar to the academic standard, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration", and to the United States Library of Congress standard, <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there are a few differences</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library at Kolkata romanization">National Library at Kolkata romanization</a>, intended for the romanization of all <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Indic scripts</a>, is an extension of <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a>: Uses upper and lower case and doubling of letters, to avoid the use of diacritics, and to restrict the range to 7-bit ASCII.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a>: a transliteration scheme into 7-bit ASCII created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avinash_Chopde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avinash Chopde (page does not exist)">Avinash Chopde</a> that used to be prevalent on <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCII">ISCII</a> (1988)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devanagari–nastaʿlīq_(Hindustani)"><span id="Devanagari.E2.80.93nasta.CA.BFl.C4.ABq_.28Hindustani.29"></span>Devanagari–nastaʿlīq (Hindustani)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Devanagari–nastaʿlīq (Hindustani)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> with extreme <a href="/wiki/Digraphia" title="Digraphia">digraphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> starting in the 1800s. Technically, Hindustani itself is recognized by neither the language community nor any governments. Two <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a> <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Hindi">Standard Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Urdu">Standard Urdu</a>, are recognized as <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> in India and Pakistan. However, in practice the situation is, </p> <ul><li>In Pakistan: Standard (Saaf or Khaalis) Urdu is the "high" variety, whereas Hindustani is the "low" variety used by the masses (called Urdu, written in <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq script">nastaʿlīq script</a>).</li> <li>In India, both Standard (Shuddh) Hindi and Standard (Saaf or Khaalis) Urdu are the "H" varieties (written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">devanagari</a> and nastaʿlīq respectively), whereas Hindustani is the "L" variety used by the masses and written in either devanagari or nastaʿlīq (and called 'Hindi' or 'Urdu' respectively).</li></ul> <p>The digraphia renders any work in either script largely inaccessible to users of the other script, though otherwise Hindustani is a perfectly mutually intelligible language, essentially meaning that any kind of text-based <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> collaboration is impossible among devanagari and nastaʿlīq readers. </p><p>Initiated in 2011, the Hamari Boli Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a full-scale open-source <a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">language planning</a> initiative aimed at Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated objectives of Hamari Boli is to relieve Hindustani of the crippling devanagari–nastaʿlīq digraphia by way of romanization.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization of Chinese</a></div> <p>Romanization of the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or <a href="/wiki/Zhuyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuyin">Zhuyin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandarin">Mandarin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mandarin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>: Used to be similar to Wade–Giles,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but converted to <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> in 2000<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_School_of_the_Far_East#EFEO_romanization_system" title="French School of the Far East">EFEO</a>. Developed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a> in the 19th century, used mainly in France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a> (1926): Omitted tone sounds. Used mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in the 1930s. Predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a>: Used mainly in Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal romanization">Postal romanization</a> (1906): Early standard for international addresses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> (1892): Transliteration. Very popular from the 19th century until recently and continues to be used by some Western academics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a> (1942): Created by the U.S. for battlefield communication and used in the influential Yale textbooks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a>: Created by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>, a Scottish missionary.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mainland_China">Mainland China</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> (1958): In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, Hanyu Pinyin has been used officially to romanize <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> for decades, primarily as a linguistic tool for teaching the standardized language. The system is also used in other Chinese-speaking areas such as <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and has been adopted by much of the international community as a standard for writing Chinese words and names in the Latin script. The value of Hanyu Pinyin in education in China lies in the fact that China, like any other populated area with comparable area and population, has numerous distinct <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dialect">dialects</a>, though there is just one common written language and one common standardized spoken form. (These comments apply to romanization in general)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7098" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 7098">ISO 7098</a> (1991): Based on Hanyu Pinyin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Chinese language romanization in Taiwan</a></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> (GR, 1928–1986, in Taiwan 1945–1986; Taiwan used Japanese Romaji before 1945),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a> (MPS II, 1986–2002),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> (2002–2008),<sup id="cite_ref-taipei_times_2002-07-11_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taipei_times_2002-07-11-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peoples_daily_2002-07-12_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peoples_daily_2002-07-12-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> (since January 1, 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-taipei_times_2008-09-18_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taipei_times_2008-09-18-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-china_post_2008-09-18_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china_post_2008-09-18-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Singapore">Singapore</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">Chinese language romanisation in Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cantonese">Cantonese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cantonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett–Chao">Barnett–Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton Romanization">Guangdong</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Cantonese_Romanization" title="Macau Government Cantonese Romanization">Macau Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau" title="Sidney Lau">Sidney Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wu">Wu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization of Wu Chinese</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Min_Nan_or_Hokkien">Min Nan or Hokkien</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Min Nan or Hokkien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Hokkien_writing_systems" title="Comparison of Hokkien writing systems">Comparison of Hokkien writing systems</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (POJ), once the <i>de facto</i> official script of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Minnan#Scripts_and_orthographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Minnan">Presbyterian Church in Taiwan</a> (since the late 19th century). Technically this represented a largely phonemic transcription system, as <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Min Nan</a> was not commonly written in Chinese.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-u%C3%A2n_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB_Phing-im_Hong-%C3%A0n" title="Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn">Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Teochew">Teochew</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Teochew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Teochew" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong</a> (1960), for the distinct <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> variety.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Min_Dong">Min Dong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Min Dong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Min_Bei">Min Bei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Min Bei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization of Japanese</a></div> <p>Romanization (or, more generally, <a href="/wiki/Roman_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman letters">Roman letters</a>) is called "<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">rōmaji</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. The most common systems are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a> (1867): phonetic transcription to Anglo-American practices, used in geographical names</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a> (1885): transliteration. Also adopted as (<a href="/wiki/ISO_3602_Strict" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3602 Strict">ISO 3602 Strict</a>) in 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> (1937): phonemic transcription. Also adopted as (<a href="/wiki/ISO_3602" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3602">ISO 3602</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a> (1987): phonemic transcription. Named after the book <i>Japanese: The Spoken Language</i> by Eleanor Jorden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>: Similar to Modified Hepburn<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro</a>: ("word processor romanization") transliteration. Not strictly a system, but a collection of common practices that enables input of Japanese text.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Romanization of Korean</a></div> <p>While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> (MR; 1937?), the first transcription to gain some acceptance. A slightly changed version of MR was the official system for <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> from 1984 to 2000, and yet a different modification is still the official system in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Uses <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diereses</a>, the latter two indicating orthographic syllable boundaries in cases that would otherwise be ambiguous.<br />What is called MR may in many cases be any of a number of systems that differ from each other and from the original MR mostly in whether word endings are separated from the stem by a space, a hyphen or – according to McCune's and Reischauer's system – not at all; and if a hyphen or space is used, whether sound change is reflected in a stem's last and an ending's first consonant letter (e.g. <i>pur-i</i> vs. <i>pul-i</i>). Although mostly irrelevant when transcribing uninflected words, these aberrations are so widespread that any mention of "McCune-Reischauer romanization" may not necessarily refer to the original system as published in the 1930s. <ul><li>There is, for example, the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a> / U.S. Library of Congress system, based on MR but with some deviations. Word division is addressed in detail, with a generous use of spaces to separate word endings from stems that is not seen in MR. Syllables of given names are always separated with a hyphen, which is expressly never done by MR. Sound changes are ignored more often than in MR. Distinguishes between <b>‘</b> and <b>’</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale</a> (1942): This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>. Vowel length in old or dialectal pronunciation is indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>. In cases that would otherwise be ambiguous, orthographic syllable boundaries are indicated with a period. This system also indicates consonants that have disappeared from a word's <a href="/wiki/Hangul_orthography" title="Hangul orthography">South Korean orthography</a> and standard pronunciation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a> (RR; 2000): Includes rules both for transcription and for transliteration. South Korea now officially uses this system that was approved in 2000. Road signs and textbooks were required to follow these rules as soon as possible, at a cost estimated by the government to be at least US$20 million. All road signs, names of railway and subway stations on line maps and signs etc. have been changed. The change has been either ignored or <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfathered</a> in some cases, notably the romanization of names and existing companies. RR is generally similar to MR, but uses no diacritics or apostrophes, and uses distinct letters for ㅌ/ㄷ (t/d), ㅋ/ㄱ (k/g), ㅊ/ㅈ (ch/j) and ㅍ/ㅂ (p/b). In cases of ambiguity, orthographic syllable boundaries were intended to be indicated with a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>, but this is inconsistently applied in practice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">ISO/TR 11941</a> (1996): This actually is two different standards under one name: one for North Korea (DPRK) and the other for South Korea (ROK). The initial submission to the ISO was based heavily on Yale and was a joint effort between both states, but they could not agree on the final draft.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lukoff" title="Fred Lukoff">Lukoff</a> romanization, developed 1945–47 for his <i>Spoken Korean</i> coursebooks<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thai">Thai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Thai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Romanization of Thai</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and some areas of Laos, Burma and China, is written with <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">its own script</a>, probably descended from mixture of Tai–Laotian and <a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic family</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">Royal Thai General System of Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">ISO 11940</a> 1998 Transliteration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">ISO 11940-2</a> 2007 Transcription</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuosu">Nuosu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nuosu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu language</a>, spoken in southern China, is written with its own script, the <a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi script</a>. The only existing romanisation system is <a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language#Phonology" title="Nuosu language">YYPY</a> (Yi Yu Pin Yin), which represents tone with letters attached to the end of syllables, as Nuosu forbids codas. It does not use diacritics, and as such due to the large phonemic inventory of Nuosu, it requires frequent use of digraphs, including for monophthong vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan">Tibetan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tibetan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> has two official romanization systems: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Pinyin">Tibetan Pinyin</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan" title="Lhasa Tibetan">Lhasa Tibetan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dzongkha" title="Roman Dzongkha">Roman Dzongkha</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cyrillic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English language library catalogues, bibliographies, and most academic publications, the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization_for_Russian" title="ALA-LC romanization for Russian">Library of Congress transliteration method</a> is used worldwide. </p><p>In linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific transliteration">scientific transliteration</a> is used for both <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabets</a>. This applies to <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, as well as modern <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> that use these alphabets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belarusian">Belarusian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Belarusian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Romanization of Belarusian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Belarusian Latin alphabet</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Belarusian" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian">BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian</a>, 1979 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names_for_British_Official_Use" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific transliteration">Scientific transliteration</a>, or the <i>International Scholarly System</i> for <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a>, 1997 (American Library Association and Library of Congress):<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a>:1995</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Instruction_on_transliteration_of_Belarusian_geographical_names_with_letters_of_Latin_script" title="Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script">Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script</a></i>, 2000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian">Bulgarian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bulgarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Romanization of Bulgarian</a></div> <p>A system based on <a href="/wiki/Scientific_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific transliteration">scientific transliteration</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO/R_9:1968" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/R 9:1968">ISO/R 9:1968</a> was considered official in Bulgaria since the 1970s. Since the late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian#Streamlined_System" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Streamlined System</a> avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with English. This system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the old system uses <č,š,ž,št,c,j,ă>, the new system uses <ch,sh,zh,sht,ts,y,a>. </p><p>The new Bulgarian system was endorsed for official use also by UN in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">BGN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names_for_British_Official_Use" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use">PCGN</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Kyrgyz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Romanization of Kyrgyz</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macedonian">Macedonian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Macedonian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Romanization of Macedonian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian">Russian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization of Russian</a></div> <p>There is no single universally accepted system of writing <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> using the Latin script—in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely traditional.   All this has resulted in great reduplication of names.   E.g. the name of the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> may also be written as <i>Tchaykovsky</i>, <i>Tchajkovskij</i>, <i>Tchaikowski</i>, <i>Tschaikowski</i>, <i>Czajkowski</i>, <i>Čajkovskij</i>, <i>Čajkovski</i>, <i>Chajkovskij</i>, <i>Çaykovski</i>, <i>Chaykovsky</i>, <i>Chaykovskiy</i>, <i>Chaikovski</i>, <i>Tshaikovski</i>, <i>Tšaikovski</i>, <i>Tsjajkovskij</i> etc. Systems include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a> (1947): Transliteration system (United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST 16876-71</a> (1971): A now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79, which is an <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a> equivalent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> romanization system for geographical names (1987): Based on <a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST 16876-71</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a> (1995): Transliteration. From the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Volapuk" encoding (1990s): Slang term (it is not really <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a>) for a writing method that is not truly a transliteration, but used for similar goals (see article).</li> <li>Conventional English transliteration is based to BGN/PCGN, but does not follow a particular standard. Described in detail at <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization of Russian</a>.</li> <li>Streamlined System<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the romanization of Russian.</li> <li>Comparative transliteration of Russian<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in different languages (Western European, Arabic, Georgian, Braille, Morse)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syriac">Syriac</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Syriac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet § Latin alphabet and romanization</a></div> <p>The Latin script for Syriac was developed in the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, with some material published.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukrainian">Ukrainian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ukrainian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Romanization of Ukrainian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Ukrainian Latin alphabet</a></div> <p>The 2010 Ukrainian National system has been adopted by the UNGEGN in 2012 and by the BGN/PCGN in 2020. It is also very close to the modified (simplified) ALA-LC system, which has remained unchanged since 1941. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a></li> <li>Ukrainian National transliteration<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ukrainian National and BGN/PCGN systems, at the UN Working Group on Romanization Systems<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thomas T. Pedersen's comparison of five systems<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_summary">Overview and summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Overview and summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of the language sections above. (Hangul characters are broken down into <a href="/wiki/Hangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables" title="Hangul consonant and vowel tables">jamo</a> components.) </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Romanized </th> <th>IPA</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Amazigh</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>A </td> <td>a</td> <td>A</td> <td>А</td> <td>ⴰ</td> <td>ַ, ֲ, ָ</td> <td>َ, ا</td> <td>ا, آ</td> <td>ア</td> <td>ㅏ</td> <td>ㄚ </td></tr> <tr> <td>AE </td> <td>ai̯/ɛ </td> <td>ΑΙ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅐ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>AI </td> <td>ai</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>י ַ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄞ </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>b</td> <td>ΜΠ, Β</td> <td>Б</td> <td>ⴱ</td> <td>בּ</td> <td>ﺏ ﺑ ﺒ ﺐ</td> <td>ﺏ ﺑ</td> <td></td> <td>ㅂ</td> <td>ㄅ </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>k/s</td> <td>Ξ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>CH </td> <td>ʧ</td> <td>TΣ̈</td> <td>Ч</td> <td></td> <td>צ׳</td> <td></td> <td>چ</td> <td></td> <td>ㅊ</td> <td>ㄔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>CHI </td> <td>ʨi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>チ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>d</td> <td>ΝΤ, Δ</td> <td>Д</td> <td>ⴷ, ⴹ</td> <td>ד</td> <td>ﺩ — ﺪ, ﺽ ﺿ ﻀ ﺾ</td> <td>د</td> <td></td> <td>ㄷ</td> <td>ㄉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>DH </td> <td>ð</td> <td>Δ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>דֿ</td> <td>ﺫ — ﺬ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DZ </td> <td>ʣ</td> <td>ΤΖ</td> <td>Ѕ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>e/ɛ</td> <td>Ε, ΑΙ</td> <td>Э</td> <td>ⴻ</td> <td>, ֱ, י ֵֶ, ֵ, י ֶ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>エ</td> <td>ㅔ</td> <td>ㄟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>EO </td> <td>ʌ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅓ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EU </td> <td>ɯ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅡ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td>f</td> <td>Φ</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>ⴼ</td> <td>פ (or its final form ף )</td> <td>ﻑ ﻓ ﻔ ﻒ</td> <td>ﻑ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄈ </td></tr> <tr> <td>FU </td> <td>ɸɯ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>フ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>ɡ</td> <td>ΓΓ, ΓΚ, Γ</td> <td>Г</td> <td>ⴳ, ⴳⵯ</td> <td>ג</td> <td></td> <td>گ</td> <td></td> <td>ㄱ</td> <td>ㄍ </td></tr> <tr> <td>GH </td> <td>ɣ</td> <td>Γ</td> <td>Ғ</td> <td>ⵖ</td> <td>גֿ, עֿ</td> <td>ﻍ ﻏ ﻐ ﻎ</td> <td>ق غ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>h</td> <td>Η</td> <td>Һ</td> <td>ⵀ, ⵃ</td> <td>ח, ה</td> <td>ﻩ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ, ﺡ ﺣ ﺤ ﺢ</td> <td>ه ح ﻫ</td> <td></td> <td>ㅎ</td> <td>ㄏ </td></tr> <tr> <td>HA </td> <td>ha</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ハ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HE </td> <td>he</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヘ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HI </td> <td>hi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヒ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HO </td> <td>ho</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ホ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>i/ɪ</td> <td>Η, Ι, Υ, ΕΙ, ΟΙ</td> <td>И, І</td> <td>ⵉ</td> <td>ִ, י ִ</td> <td>دِ</td> <td></td> <td>イ</td> <td>ㅣ</td> <td>ㄧ </td></tr> <tr> <td>IY </td> <td>ij</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>دِي</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>J </td> <td>ʤ</td> <td>TZ̈</td> <td>ДЖ, Џ</td> <td>ⵊ</td> <td>ג׳</td> <td>ﺝ ﺟ ﺠ ﺞ</td> <td>ج</td> <td></td> <td>ㅈ</td> <td>ㄐ </td></tr> <tr> <td>JJ </td> <td>ʦ͈/ʨ͈</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅉ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td>k</td> <td>Κ</td> <td>К</td> <td>ⴽ, ⴽⵯ</td> <td>כּ</td> <td>ﻙ ﻛ ﻜ ﻚ</td> <td>ک</td> <td></td> <td>ㅋ</td> <td>ㄎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>KA </td> <td>ka</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>カ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KE </td> <td>ke</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ケ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KH </td> <td>x</td> <td>X</td> <td>Х</td> <td>ⵅ</td> <td>כ, חֿ (or its final form ך )</td> <td>ﺥ ﺧ ﺨ ﺦ</td> <td>خ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KI </td> <td>ki</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>キ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KK </td> <td>k͈</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄲ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KO </td> <td>ko</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>コ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>KU </td> <td>kɯ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ク</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td>l</td> <td>Λ</td> <td>Л</td> <td>ⵍ</td> <td>ל</td> <td>ﻝ ﻟ ﻠ ﻞ</td> <td>ل</td> <td></td> <td>ㄹ</td> <td>ㄌ </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>m</td> <td>Μ</td> <td>М</td> <td>ⵎ</td> <td>מ (or its final form ם )</td> <td>ﻡ ﻣ ﻤ ﻢ</td> <td>م</td> <td></td> <td>ㅁ</td> <td>ㄇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>MA </td> <td>ma</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>マ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ME </td> <td>me</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>メ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MI </td> <td>mi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ミ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MO </td> <td>mo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>モ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MU </td> <td>mɯ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ム</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td>n</td> <td>Ν</td> <td>Н</td> <td>ⵏ</td> <td>נ (or its final form ן )</td> <td>ﻥ ﻧ ﻨ ﻦ</td> <td>ن</td> <td>ン</td> <td>ㄴ</td> <td>ㄋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>NA </td> <td>na</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ナ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NE </td> <td>ne</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ネ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NG </td> <td>ŋ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅇ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NI </td> <td>ɲi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ニ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NO </td> <td>no</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ノ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NU </td> <td>nɯ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヌ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td>o</td> <td>Ο, Ω</td> <td>О</td> <td></td> <td>, ֳ, וֹֹ</td> <td></td> <td>ُا</td> <td>オ</td> <td>ㅗ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>OE </td> <td>ø</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅚ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>p</td> <td>Π</td> <td>П</td> <td></td> <td>פּ</td> <td></td> <td>پ</td> <td></td> <td>ㅍ</td> <td>ㄆ </td></tr> <tr> <td>PP </td> <td>p͈</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅃ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PS </td> <td>ps</td> <td>Ψ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q </td> <td>q</td> <td>Θ</td> <td></td> <td>ⵇ</td> <td>ק</td> <td>ﻕ ﻗ ﻘ ﻖ</td> <td>غ ق</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄑ </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>r</td> <td>Ρ</td> <td>Р</td> <td>ⵔ, ⵕ</td> <td>ר</td> <td>ﺭ — ﺮ</td> <td>ر</td> <td></td> <td>ㄹ</td> <td>ㄖ </td></tr> <tr> <td>RA </td> <td>ɾa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ラ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RE </td> <td>ɾe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>レ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RI </td> <td>ɾi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>リ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RO </td> <td>ɾo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ロ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RU </td> <td>ɾɯ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ル</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S </td> <td>s</td> <td>Σ</td> <td>С</td> <td>ⵙ, ⵚ</td> <td>ס, שׂ</td> <td>ﺱ ﺳ ﺴ ﺲ, ﺹ ﺻ ﺼ ﺺ</td> <td>س ث ص</td> <td></td> <td>ㅅ</td> <td>ㄙ </td></tr> <tr> <td>SA </td> <td>sa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>サ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SE </td> <td>se</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>セ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SH </td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>Σ̈</td> <td>Ш</td> <td>ⵛ</td> <td>שׁ</td> <td>ﺵ ﺷ ﺸ ﺶ</td> <td>ش</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>SHCH </td> <td>ʃʧ</td> <td></td> <td>Щ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SHI </td> <td>ɕi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>シ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SO </td> <td>so</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ソ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SS </td> <td>s͈</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅆ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SU </td> <td>sɯ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ス</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>t</td> <td>Τ</td> <td>Т</td> <td>ⵜ, ⵟ</td> <td>ט, תּ, ת</td> <td>ﺕ ﺗ ﺘ ﺖ, ﻁ ﻃ ﻄ ﻂ</td> <td>ت ط</td> <td></td> <td>ㅌ</td> <td>ㄊ </td></tr> <tr> <td>TA </td> <td>ta</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>タ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TE </td> <td>te</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>テ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TH </td> <td>θ</td> <td>Θ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>תֿ</td> <td>ﺙ ﺛ ﺜ ﺚ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TO </td> <td>to</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ト</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TS </td> <td>ʦ</td> <td>ΤΣ</td> <td>Ц</td> <td></td> <td>צ (or its final form ץ )</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TSU </td> <td>ʦɯ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ツ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TT </td> <td>t͈</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄸ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>u</td> <td>ΟΥ, Υ</td> <td>У</td> <td>ⵓ</td> <td>, וֻּ</td> <td>دُ</td> <td></td> <td>ウ</td> <td>ㅜ</td> <td>ㄩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>UI </td> <td>ɰi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅢ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UW </td> <td>uw</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>دُو</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>v</td> <td>B</td> <td>В</td> <td></td> <td>ב</td> <td></td> <td>و</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>W </td> <td>w</td> <td>Ω</td> <td></td> <td>ⵡ</td> <td>ו, וו</td> <td>ﻭ — ﻮ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>WA </td> <td>wa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ワ</td> <td>ㅘ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>WAE </td> <td>wɛ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅙ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>WE </td> <td>we</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヱ</td> <td>ㅞ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>WI </td> <td>y/ɥi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヰ</td> <td>ㅟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>WO </td> <td>wo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヲ</td> <td>ㅝ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>x/ks</td> <td>Ξ, Χ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄒ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>j</td> <td>Υ, Ι, ΓΙ</td> <td>Й, Ы, Ј</td> <td>ⵢ</td> <td>י</td> <td>ﻱ ﻳ ﻴ ﻲ</td> <td>ی</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YA </td> <td>ja</td> <td></td> <td>Я</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヤ</td> <td>ㅑ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YAE </td> <td>jɛ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅒ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YE </td> <td>je</td> <td></td> <td>Е, Є</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅖ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YEO </td> <td>jʌ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㅕ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YI </td> <td>ji</td> <td></td> <td>Ї</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YO </td> <td>jo</td> <td></td> <td>Ё</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヨ</td> <td>ㅛ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YU </td> <td>ju</td> <td></td> <td>Ю</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ユ</td> <td>ㅠ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td>z</td> <td>Ζ</td> <td>З</td> <td>ⵣ, ⵥ</td> <td>ז</td> <td>ﺯ — ﺰ, ﻅ ﻇ ﻈ ﻆ</td> <td>ز ظ ذ ض</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄗ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ZH </td> <td>ʐ/ʒ</td> <td>Ζ̈</td> <td>Ж</td> <td></td> <td>ז׳</td> <td></td> <td>ژ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ㄓ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillization</a>, expression of a language in Cyrillic letters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Gairaigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters#Transcription_table" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese</a>, though standards vary by polity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">adoption of Chinese literary culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinisation of names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_romanization" title="Semitic romanization">Semitic romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread of the Latin script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/avenue/vy75/cyrillic.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DSpace.Dial.Pipex.com&rft.atitle=Cyrillic+Translations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.dial.pipex.com%2Ftown%2Favenue%2Fvy75%2Fcyrillic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/russian.pdf">"Russian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ivanov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707114819/http://russian-romanization.weebly.com/uploads/5/5/3/4/55341127/2017-paper.pdf">"Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic"</a>. <i>Contrastive Linguistics</i>. XLII (2017) No. 2. pp. 66-73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0204-8701">0204-8701</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interscript.org/systems/bas-rus-Cyrl-Latn-2017-bss">Interscript.</a> Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic (Basic Streamlined System).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interscript.org/systems/bas-rus-Cyrl-Latn-2017-oss">Interscript.</a> Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic (Optimized Streamlined System).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russki-mat.net/trans.htm">"Транслитерация русского алфавита"</a> [Transliteration of the Russian alphabet]. <i>Russki-mat.net</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russki-mat.net&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russki-mat.net%2Ftrans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.P. Brock, "Three Thousand Years of Aramaic literature", in Aram,1:1 (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/ukrainia.pdf">"Ukrainian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Fukrainia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307110826/http://www.hostmaster.net.ua/docs/translit/tab_01.jpg">"Додаток до рішення № 9"</a>. <i>hostmaster.net.ua</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hostmaster.net.ua/docs/translit/tab_01.jpg">the original</a> on March 7, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hostmaster.net.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%E2%84%96+9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hostmaster.net.ua%2Fdocs%2Ftranslit%2Ftab_01.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_uk.pdf">"Ukrainian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eki.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eki.ee&rft.atitle=Ukrainian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2From1_uk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Ukrainian.pdf">"Ukrainian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transliteration.Eki.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transliteration.Eki.ee&rft.atitle=Ukrainian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransliteration.eki.ee%2Fpdf%2FUkrainian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Romanization" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Romanization">Romanization</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>About romanization</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theelp.org/library.htm">IPA for Urdu and Roman Urdu for Mobile and Internet Users (Download)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223115838/http://www.theelp.org/library.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/tools/translit.mspx">Microsoft Transliteration Utility</a> – A tool for creating, debugging and using transliteration modules from any script to any other script.</li> <li>Randall Barry (ed.) <i>ALA-LC Romanization Tables</i> U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0940-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0940-5">0-8444-0940-5</a>. (One of the few printed books with lists of romanizations)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables</a> in PDF format</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/">UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/cldr/transliteration_guidelines.html">Unicode Transliteration Guidelines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328043053/http://unicode.org/cldr/transliteration_guidelines.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Romanization online</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/pinyin.pl?if=en">Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool</a> – Converts between Pinyin and other formats</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesty.in/transliteration">Cyrillic Transliteration and Transcription ONLINE (Cyrillic -> Latin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiktub.com">eiktub</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200939/http://www.eiktub.com/">Archived</a> 2019-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – An Arabic Transliteration Pad</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netzum-sorglos.de/software/lingua-translit/">Lingua::Translit</a> – <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> module covering a variety of writing systems e.g. Cyrillic or Greek. Provides a lot of standards as well as common transliteration schemes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabeasy.net/wp-content/uploads/ae.htm">Arabeasy</a> – Arabic Transliteration (free chrome extension exists, also works for Persian, Urdu)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianeasy.net/aeRUS1.htm">Russianeasy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308102351/http://russianeasy.net/aeRUS1.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Russian Transliteration (free chrome extension exists)</li></ul> <p>For Persian Romanization </p> <ul><li>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://laatingar.com/dashboard}">https://laatingar.com/dashboard}</a></li></ul> <p>For Cantonese Romanization </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hongkongvision.com/tool/cc_py_conv_en">[1]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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several languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization" title="Yale romanization">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language or writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Romanization of Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao" title="Romanization of Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Maldivian" title="Romanisation of Maldivian">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Telugu" title="Romanisation of Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization&oldid=1259837748">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization&oldid=1259837748</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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