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id="toc-Open_source_as_a_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_source_as_a_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Open source as a term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_source_as_a_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Licensing_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Licensing alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Open collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source_license" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source_license"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Open-source license</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-source_license-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Computer software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Food and beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Digital content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Science and engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Robotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Open"_versus_"free"_versus_"free_and_open"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Open"_versus_"free"_versus_"free_and_open""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>"Open" versus "free" versus "free and open"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Open"_versus_"free"_versus_"free_and_open"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_economy,_manufacturing_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_economy,_manufacturing_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_economy,_manufacturing_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Science and medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovation_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>Innovation communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.7</span> <span>Arts and recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.8</span> <span>Other related movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideologically-related_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologically-related_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.9</span> <span>Ideologically-related movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideologically-related_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terms_based_on_open_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_based_on_open_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Terms based on open source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_based_on_open_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_on_legal_and_economic_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_on_legal_and_economic_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Literature on legal and economic aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_on_legal_and_economic_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open source</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oopbronkode" title="Oopbronkode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oopbronkode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD" title="مصدر مفتوح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصدر مفتوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digu_abiertu" title="Códigu abiertu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Códigu abiertu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8" title="উন্মুক্ত উৎস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উন্মুক্ত উৎস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Отворен код – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отворен код" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Open Source" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codi_obert" title="Codi obert – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Codi obert" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Open Source" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatud_l%C3%A4htekood" title="Avatud lähtekood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avatud lähtekood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ανοικτός Κώδικας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανοικτός Κώδικας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_abierto" title="Código abierto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malferma_kodo" title="Malferma kodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malferma kodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_ireki" title="Kode ireki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kode ireki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مدل متن‌باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل متن‌باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88_%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8" title="오픈 소스 모델 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈 소스 모델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4" title="मुक्त स्रोत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुक्त स्रोत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreni_kod" title="Otvoreni kod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otvoreni kod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_terbuka" title="Sumber terbuka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumber terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಮುಕ್ತ ತಂತ್ರಾಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಕ್ತ ತಂತ್ರಾಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atv%C4%93rtais_pirmkods" title="Atvērtais pirmkods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atvērtais pirmkods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Open Source" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atvirasis_kodas" title="Atvirasis kodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atvirasis kodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_terbuka" title="Sumber terbuka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumber terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4" title="खुल्ला स्रोत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खुल्ला स्रोत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="オープンソース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オープンソース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85pen_kildekode" title="Åpen kildekode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åpen kildekode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_kjeldekode" title="Open kjeldekode – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Open kjeldekode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source" title="Open Source – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Open Source" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_aberto" title="Código aberto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Código aberto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%C4%B1q_kodl%C4%B1" title="Ashıq kodlı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ashıq kodlı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surs%C4%83_deschis%C4%83" title="Sursă deschisă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sursă deschisă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicha_pukyu" title="Kicha pukyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kicha pukyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Политика открытого кода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политика открытого кода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_soorce" title="Open soorce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Open soorce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_burim_i_hapur" title="Kodi burim i hapur – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kodi burim i hapur" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgenti_aperta" title="Surgenti aperta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Surgenti aperta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Open source" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odprta_koda" title="Odprta koda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odprta koda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="ژێدەرکراوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژێدەرکراوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Отворен код – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отворен код" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreni_kod" title="Otvoreni kod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otvoreni kod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_l%C3%A4hdekoodi" title="Avoin lähdekoodi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin lähdekoodi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ppen_k%C3%A4llkod" title="Öppen källkod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öppen källkod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="திறந்த மூலநிரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திறந்த மூலநிரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA" title="โอเพนซอร์ส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอเพนซอร์ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Матни боз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Матни боз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_kaynak" title="Açık kaynak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Açık kaynak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Політика відкритого коду – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика відкритого коду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="آزاد مصدر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد مصدر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_m%E1%BB%9F" title="Nguồn mở – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguồn mở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93" title="אפענער קאד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפענער קאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" title="开放源代码 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="开放源代码" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For common use, see <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Open_collector#Open_source" title="Open collector">open source (pin configuration)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Source_Initiative.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Source_Initiative.svg/220px-Open_Source_Initiative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Source_Initiative.svg/330px-Open_Source_Initiative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Source_Initiative.svg/440px-Open_Source_Initiative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Open Source Initiative logo</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Open source</b> is <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code,<sup id="cite_ref-Open_Source_Org.,_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_Source_Org.,_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> design documents,<sup id="cite_ref-Diffingo_Solutions_Inc.,_2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diffingo_Solutions_Inc.,_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or content of the product. The <b>open source model</b> is a decentralized <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> model that encourages <a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">open collaboration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinePrietula2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A main principle of <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software development">open source software development</a> is <a href="/wiki/Peer_production" title="Peer production">peer production</a>, with products such as source code, <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>, and documentation freely available to the public. The <a href="/wiki/Open_source_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source movement">open source movement</a> in software began as a response to the limitations of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary code</a>. The model is used for projects such as in <a href="/wiki/Open_source_appropriate_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source appropriate technology">open source appropriate technology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and open source drug discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-business-standard.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business-standard.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OpenWetWare_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenWetWare-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open source promotes universal access via an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">free license</a> to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint.<sup id="cite_ref-LakhaniVonHippel2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakhaniVonHippel2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GerberMolefo2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerberMolefo2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the phrase <i>open source</i> became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms, such as <i>free software</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a></i>, and <i>public domain software</i>. <i>Open source</i> gained hold with the rise of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">open-source software movement</a> arose to clarify <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licensing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain</a>, and consumer issues. </p><p>Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> is available to the general public for use or modification from its original design. Code is released under the terms of a <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software license</a>. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community. Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a>, which supports community projects such as the open-source framework <a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Apache Hadoop</a> and the open-source <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> server <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></div> <p>The sharing of technical information predates the Internet and the personal computer considerably. For instance, in the early years of automobile development a group of capital <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolists</a> owned the rights to a <a href="/wiki/2_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="2 cycle">2-cycle</a> gasoline-engine patent originally filed by <a href="/wiki/George_B._Selden" title="George B. Selden">George B. Selden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carculture_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carculture-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By controlling this patent, they were able to monopolize the industry and force car manufacturers to adhere to their demands, or risk a lawsuit. </p><p>In 1911, independent automaker <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> won a challenge to <a href="/wiki/George_B._Selden#The_Selden_patent" title="George B. Selden">the Selden patent</a>. The result was that the Selden patent became virtually worthless and a new association (which would eventually become the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Vehicle_Manufacturers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association">Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association</a>) was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-carculture_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carculture-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new association instituted a cross-licensing agreement among all US automotive manufacturers: although each company would develop technology and file patents, these patents were shared openly and without the exchange of money among all the manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-carculture_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carculture-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the US entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, 92 Ford patents and 515 patents from other companies were being shared among these manufacturers, without any exchange of money (or lawsuits).<sup id="cite_ref-carculture_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carculture-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early instances of the free sharing of source code include <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s source releases of its <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and other programs in the 1950s and 1960s, and the <a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE</a> user group that formed to facilitate the exchange of software.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated172_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated172-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> researchers used an open "<a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a>" (RFC) process to encourage feedback in early telecommunication network protocols. This led to the birth of the early Internet in 1969. </p><p>The sharing of source code on the Internet began when the Internet was relatively primitive, with software distributed via <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a>. <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>, for example, was first widely distributed by posts to comp.os.linux on the Usenet, which is also where its development was discussed. <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> followed in this model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_source_as_a_term">Open source as a term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Open source as a term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open source as a term emerged in the late 1990s by a group of people in the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> who were critical of the political agenda and moral philosophy implied in the term "free software" and sought to reframe the discourse to reflect a more commercially minded position.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the ambiguity of the term "free software" was seen as discouraging business adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infoworld1983_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoworld1983-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the ambiguity of the word "free" exists primarily in English as it can refer to cost. The group included <a href="/wiki/Christine_Peterson" title="Christine Peterson">Christine Peterson</a>, Todd Anderson, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Augustin" title="Larry Augustin">Larry Augustin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)" title="Jon Hall (programmer)">Jon Hall</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Ockman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Ockman (page does not exist)">Sam Ockman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tiemann" title="Michael Tiemann">Michael Tiemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a>. Peterson suggested "open source" at a meeting<sup id="cite_ref-osihistory_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osihistory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held at <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, in reaction to <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape</a>'s announcement in January 1998 of a source code release for <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Navigator</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> gave his support the following day, and Phil Hughes backed the term in <i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, the founder of the free software foundation (FSF) in 1985, quickly decided against endorsing the term.<sup id="cite_ref-osihistory_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osihistory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rmsdissent_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmsdissent-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FSF's goal was to promote the development and use of free software, which they defined as software that grants users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the code. This concept is similar to open source but places a greater emphasis on the ethical and political aspects of software freedom. Netscape released its source code under the <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Public_License" title="Netscape Public License">Netscape Public License</a> and later under the <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">Mozilla Public License</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muffatto000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muffatto000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raymond was especially active in the effort to popularize the new term. He made the first public call to the free software community to adopt it in February 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-raymondCall_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymondCall-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, he founded The <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-osihistory_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osihistory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term gained further visibility through an event organized in April 1998 by technology publisher <a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Reilly" title="Tim O'Reilly">Tim O'Reilly</a>. Originally titled the "Freeware Summit" and later known as the "Open Source Summit",<sup id="cite_ref-opensourcesummit_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opensourcesummit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the event was attended by the leaders of many of the most important free and open-source projects, including Linus Torvalds, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Wall" title="Larry Wall">Larry Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Behlendorf" title="Brian Behlendorf">Brian Behlendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allman" title="Eric Allman">Eric Allman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tiemann" title="Michael Tiemann">Michael Tiemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Zawinski" title="Jamie Zawinski">Jamie Zawinski</a>, and Eric Raymond. At that meeting, alternatives to the term "free software" were discussed. Tiemann argued for "sourceware" as a new term, while Raymond argued for "open source." The assembled developers took a vote, and the winner was announced at a press conference the same evening.<sup id="cite_ref-opensourcesummit_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opensourcesummit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_economics" title="Open-source economics">Open-source economics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anwendungsgebiete_Open_Source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anwendungsgebiete_Open_Source.svg/220px-Anwendungsgebiete_Open_Source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anwendungsgebiete_Open_Source.svg/330px-Anwendungsgebiete_Open_Source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anwendungsgebiete_Open_Source.svg/440px-Anwendungsgebiete_Open_Source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Area of application of open-source software<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsatzgr%C3%BCnde_Open_Source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Einsatzgr%C3%BCnde_Open_Source.svg/220px-Einsatzgr%C3%BCnde_Open_Source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Einsatzgr%C3%BCnde_Open_Source.svg/330px-Einsatzgr%C3%BCnde_Open_Source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Einsatzgr%C3%BCnde_Open_Source.svg/440px-Einsatzgr%C3%BCnde_Open_Source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Survey on the reasons for using Open Source in 200 Swiss organizations<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some economists agree that open-source is an <a href="/wiki/Information_good" title="Information good">information good</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "knowledge good" with original work involving a significant amount of time, money, and effort. The cost of reproducing the work is low enough that additional users may be added at zero or near zero cost – this is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a> of a product. <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> creates a monopoly so that the price charged to consumers can be significantly higher than the marginal cost of production. This allows the author to recoup the cost of making the original work. Copyright thus creates access costs for consumers who value the work more than the marginal cost but less than the initial production cost. Access costs also pose problems for authors who wish to create a <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative work</a>—such as a copy of a software program modified to fix a bug or add a feature, or a <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remix</a> of a song—but are unable or unwilling to pay the copyright holder for the right to do so. </p><p>Being organized as effectively a "<a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">consumers' cooperative</a>", open source eliminates some of the access costs of consumers and creators of derivative works by reducing the restrictions of copyright. Basic economic theory predicts that lower costs would lead to higher consumption and also more frequent creation of derivative works. Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> host websites where individuals can file for alternative "licenses", or levels of restriction, for their works.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These self-made protections free the general society of the costs of policing copyright infringement. </p><p>Others argue that since consumers do not pay for their copies, creators are unable to recoup the initial cost of production and thus have little economic incentive to create in the first place. By this argument, consumers would lose out because some of the goods they would otherwise purchase would not be available. In practice, content producers can choose whether to adopt a proprietary license and charge for copies, or an open license. Some goods which require large amounts of professional research and development, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a> (which depends largely on patents, not copyright for intellectual property protection) are almost exclusively proprietary, although increasingly sophisticated technologies are being developed on open-source principles.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that open-source development creates enormous value.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the context of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a> design, digital designs are shared for free and anyone with access to digital manufacturing technologies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/RepRap" title="RepRap">RepRap</a> 3D printers) can replicate the product for the cost of materials.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original sharer may receive feedback and potentially improvements on the original design from the <a href="/wiki/Peer_production" title="Peer production">peer production</a> community. </p><p>Many open-source projects have a high economic value. According to the Battery Open Source Software Index (BOSS), the ten economically most important open-source projects are:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-techcrunch.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ranking </th> <th>Project </th> <th>Leading company </th> <th>Market value </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> </td> <td>$16 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td> <td>$2 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oracle_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle (company)">Oracle</a> </td> <td>$1.87 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> </td> <td>NodeSource </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker</a> </td> <td>Docker </td> <td>$1 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cloudera" title="Cloudera">Cloudera</a> </td> <td>$3 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Elasticsearch" title="Elasticsearch">Elasticsearch</a> </td> <td>Elastic </td> <td>$700 million </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Apache_Spark" title="Apache Spark">Spark</a> </td> <td>Databricks </td> <td>$513 million </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> </td> <td>MongoDB </td> <td>$1.57 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium_(software)" title="Selenium (software)">Selenium</a> </td> <td>Sauce Labs </td> <td>$470 million </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The rank given is based on the activity regarding projects in online discussions, on GitHub, on search activity in search engines and on the influence on the labour market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensing_alternatives">Licensing alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Licensing alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></div> <p>Alternative arrangements have also been shown to result in good creation outside of the proprietary license model. Examples include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg/125px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg/188px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg/250px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia is an example of a global application of the open-source model.</figcaption></figure>Creation for its own sake – For example, Wikipedia editors add content for recreation. Artists have a drive to create. Both communities benefit from free starting material.</li> <li>Voluntary after-the-fact donations – used by <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_performer" class="mw-redirect" title="Street performer">street performers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Patron – For example, <a href="/wiki/Open-access" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-access">open-access</a> publishing relies on institutional and government funding of research faculty, who also have a professional incentive to publish for reputation and career advancement. Works of the US government are automatically released into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a> – Give away a limited version for free and charge for a premium version (potentially using a <a href="/wiki/Dual_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual license">dual license</a>).</li> <li>Give away the product and charge something related – charge for support of open-source <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">enterprise software</a>, give away music but charge for concert admission.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Give away work to gain market share – used by artists, in corporate software to spoil a dominant competitor (for example in the <a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">browser wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Android_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Android operating system">Android operating system</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>For own use – Businesses or individual software developers often create software to solve a problem, bearing the full cost of initial creation. They will then open source the solution, and benefit from the improvements others make for their own needs. Communalizing the maintenance burden distributes the cost across more users; <a href="/wiki/Free_rider_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Free rider problem">free riders</a> can also benefit without undermining the creation process.</li> <li>Blockchain based licensing. Developers register their contributions on a blockchain and when usage licenses are generated the revenue is shared through the blockchain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_collaboration">Open collaboration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Open collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></div> <p>The open-source model is a decentralized <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> model that encourages <a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">open collaboration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinePrietula2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<sup id="cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinePrietula2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A main principle of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">open-source software development</a> is <a href="/wiki/Peer_production" title="Peer production">peer production</a>, with products such as source code, <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>, and documentation freely available to the public. The open-source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in <a href="/wiki/Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">open-source appropriate technology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and open-source drug discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-business-standard.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business-standard.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OpenWetWare_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenWetWare-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The open-source model for software development inspired the use of the term to refer to other forms of open collaboration, such as in <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LakhaniVonHippel2003_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakhaniVonHippel2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing lists</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jarvenpaa,_S._L._2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvenpaa,_S._L._2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Online_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Online communities">online communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraj,_S._2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraj,_S._2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open collaboration is also thought to be the operating principle underlining a gamut of diverse ventures, including <a href="/wiki/TEDx" class="mw-redirect" title="TEDx">TEDx</a> and Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-kurzweilai.net_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurzweilai.net-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open collaboration is the principle underlying <a href="/wiki/Peer_production" title="Peer production">peer production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">mass collaboration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikinomics" title="Wikinomics">wikinomics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinePrietula2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was observed initially in open-source software, but can also be found in many other instances, such as in <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LakhaniVonHippel2003_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakhaniVonHippel2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing lists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvenpaa,_S._L._2008_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvenpaa,_S._L._2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet communities,<sup id="cite_ref-Faraj,_S._2011_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraj,_S._2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many instances of <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">open content</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a>. It also explains some instances of <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">collaborative consumption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">open innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinePrietula2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riehle et al. define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">self-organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RiehleEllenberger2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiehleEllenberger2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levine and Prietula define open collaboration as "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike."<sup id="cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevinePrietula2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition captures multiple instances, all joined by similar principles. For example, all of the elements – goods of economic value, open access to contribute and consume, interaction and exchange, purposeful yet loosely coordinated work – are present in an open-source software project, in Wikipedia, or in a user forum or community. They can also be present in a commercial website that is based on <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>. In all of these instances of open collaboration, anyone can contribute and anyone can freely partake in the fruits of sharing, which are produced by interacting participants who are loosely coordinated. </p><p>An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."<sup id="cite_ref-Opensym_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opensym-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-source_license">Open-source license</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Open-source license"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_free-content_licences" title="List of free-content licences">List of free-content licences</a></div> <p>Open source promotes universal access via an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">free license</a> to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint.<sup id="cite_ref-LakhaniVonHippel2003_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakhaniVonHippel2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GerberMolefo2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerberMolefo2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the phrase <i>open source</i> became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms. <i>Open source</i> gained hold in part due to the rise of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">open-source software movement</a> arose to clarify <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licensing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain</a>, and consumer issues. </p><p>An open-source license is a type of <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">license</a> for computer software and other products that allows the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, blueprint or design to be used, modified or shared (with or without modification) under defined terms and conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Popp2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popp2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows end users and commercial companies to review and modify the source code, blueprint or design for their own customization, curiosity or troubleshooting needs. Open-source licensed software is mostly available <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">free</a> of charge, though this does not necessarily have to be the case. Licenses which only permit non-commercial redistribution or modification of the source code for personal use only are generally not considered as open-source licenses. However, open-source licenses may have some restrictions, particularly regarding the expression of respect to the origin of software, such as a requirement to preserve the name of the authors and a copyright statement within the code, or a requirement to redistribute the licensed software only under the same license (as in a <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> license). One popular set of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> licenses are those approved by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) based on their <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a> (OSD). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:121212_2_OpenSwissKnife.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/121212_2_OpenSwissKnife.png/220px-121212_2_OpenSwissKnife.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/121212_2_OpenSwissKnife.png/330px-121212_2_OpenSwissKnife.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/121212_2_OpenSwissKnife.png/440px-121212_2_OpenSwissKnife.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1646" /></a><figcaption>Open-source model application domains</figcaption></figure> <p>Social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source. Advocates in one field often support the expansion of open source in other fields. But <a href="/wiki/Eric_Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Raymond">Eric Raymond</a> and other founders of the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source movement">open-source movement</a> have sometimes publicly argued against speculation about applications outside software, saying that strong arguments for software openness should not be weakened by overreaching into areas where the story may be less compelling. The broader impact of the open-source movement, and the extent of its role in the development of new information sharing procedures, remain to be seen. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Open-source_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source movement">open-source movement</a> has inspired increased <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(humanities)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (humanities)">transparency</a> and liberty in <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> research, for example <a href="/wiki/CAMBIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMBIA">CAMBIA</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the research methodologies themselves can benefit from the application of open-source principles.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also given rise to the rapidly-expanding <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a> movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_software">Computer software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computer software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blender_3.3.0_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blender_3.3.0_screenshot.png/220px-Blender_3.3.0_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blender_3.3.0_screenshot.png/330px-Blender_3.3.0_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blender_3.3.0_screenshot.png/440px-Blender_3.3.0_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, an open-source 3D graphics editor</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> is software which source code is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GNU Image Manipulation Program</a> are examples of open source software. As they do with proprietary software, users must accept the terms of a license when they use open source software—but the legal terms of open source licenses differ dramatically from those of proprietary licenses. </p><p>Open-source code can evolve through community cooperation. These communities are composed of individual programmers as well as large companies. Some of the individual programmers who start an open-source project may end up establishing companies offering products or services incorporating open-source programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples of open-source software products are:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (that much of world's server parks are running)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> (that Wikipedia is based upon)</li> <li>Many more: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of free and open-source software packages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">List of formerly proprietary software</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Google Summer of Code</a>, often abbreviated to GSoC, is an international annual program in which Google awards stipends to contributors who successfully complete a free and open-source software coding project during the summer. GSoC is a large scale project with 202 participating organizations in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are similar smaller scale projects such as the Talawa Project<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> run by the <a href="/wiki/Palisadoes_Foundation" title="Palisadoes Foundation">Palisadoes Foundation</a> (a non profit based in California, originally to promote the use of information technology in Jamaica, but now also supporting underprivileged communities in the US)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open-source-hardware-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Open-source-hardware-logo.svg/125px-Open-source-hardware-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Open-source-hardware-logo.svg/188px-Open-source-hardware-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Open-source-hardware-logo.svg/250px-Open-source-hardware-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Hardware">Open Source Hardware</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a> is hardware which initial specification, usually in a software format, is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the hardware and source code without paying royalties or fees. Open-source hardware evolves through community cooperation. These communities are composed of individual hardware/software developers, hobbyists, as well as very large companies. Examples of open-source hardware initiatives are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Openmoko" title="Openmoko">Openmoko</a>: a family of open-source mobile phones, including the hardware specification and the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a>: an open-source microprocessor family, with architecture specification licensed under <a href="/wiki/GNU_GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU GPL">GNU GPL</a> and implementation under <a href="/wiki/LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>'s <a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a> T1 Multicore processor. Sun has released it under GPL.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>, a microcontroller platform for hobbyists, artists and designers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simputer" title="Simputer">Simputer</a>, an open hardware <a href="/wiki/Handheld_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld computer">handheld computer</a>, designed in India for use in environments where computing devices such as personal computers are deemed inappropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEON" title="LEON">LEON</a>: A family of open-source microprocessors distributed in a library with peripheral <a href="/wiki/IP_core" class="mw-redirect" title="IP core">IP cores</a>, open <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> V8 specification, implementation available under <a href="/wiki/GNU_GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU GPL">GNU GPL</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinkerforge" title="Tinkerforge">Tinkerforge</a>: A system of open-source stackable microcontroller building blocks. Allows control of motors and read out sensors with the programming languages C, C++, C#, Object Pascal, Java, PHP, Python and Ruby over a USB or Wifi connection on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. All of the hardware is licensed under <a href="/wiki/CERN_Open_Hardware_License" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Open Hardware License">CERN OHL</a> (CERN Open Hardware License).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Compute_Project" title="Open Compute Project">Open Compute Project</a>: designs for computer data center including power supply, Intel motherboard, AMD motherboard, chassis, racks, battery cabinet, and aspects of electrical and mechanical design.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenComputeProj_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenComputeProj-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_beverages">Food and beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Food and beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voresol_label_medium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Voresol_label_medium.png/125px-Voresol_label_medium.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Voresol_label_medium.png/188px-Voresol_label_medium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Voresol_label_medium.png/250px-Voresol_label_medium.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vores_%C3%98l" class="mw-redirect" title="Vores Øl">Vores Øl – An Open Source Beer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Dakota_Meyer_sharing_a_beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Barack_Obama_and_Dakota_Meyer_sharing_a_beer.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Dakota_Meyer_sharing_a_beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Barack_Obama_and_Dakota_Meyer_sharing_a_beer.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Dakota_Meyer_sharing_a_beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Barack_Obama_and_Dakota_Meyer_sharing_a_beer.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Dakota_Meyer_sharing_a_beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Meyer" title="Dakota Meyer">Dakota Meyer</a> drinking <a href="/wiki/White_House_Honey_Ale" title="White House Honey Ale">White House Honey Ale</a> in 2011. The recipe is available for free.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some publishers of <a href="/wiki/Open-access" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-access">open-access</a> journals have argued that <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">data</a> from <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a> studies should be freely available to aid <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of people have published creative commons licensed recipe books.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_cola" title="Open-source cola">Open-source colas</a> – cola soft drinks, similar to <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a>, whose recipe is open source and developed by volunteers. The taste is said to be comparable to that of the standard beverages. Most corporations producing beverages hold their formulas as closely guarded secrets.<sup id="cite_ref-octavio1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octavio1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Beer" title="Free Beer">Free Beer</a> (originally <i>Vores Øl</i>) – is an open-source beer created by students at the <a href="/wiki/IT_University_of_Copenhagen" title="IT University of Copenhagen">IT-University</a> in Copenhagen together with <a href="/wiki/Superflex" title="Superflex">Superflex</a>, an artist collective, to illustrate how open-source concepts might be applied outside the digital world.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_content">Digital content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Digital content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OK_LOGO_COLOUR_RGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/OK_LOGO_COLOUR_RGB.svg/125px-OK_LOGO_COLOUR_RGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/OK_LOGO_COLOUR_RGB.svg/188px-OK_LOGO_COLOUR_RGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/OK_LOGO_COLOUR_RGB.svg/250px-OK_LOGO_COLOUR_RGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Open-content projects organized by the Wikimedia Foundation – Sites such as Wikipedia and Wiktionary have embraced the open-content <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> content licenses. These licenses were designed to adhere to principles similar to various open-source software development licenses. Many of these licenses ensure that content remains free for re-use, that source documents are made readily available to interested parties, and that changes to content are accepted easily back into the system. Important sites embracing open-source-like ideals are <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, both of which post many books on which the copyright has expired and are thus in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, ensuring that anyone has free, unlimited access to that content.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_ICEcat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open ICEcat (page does not exist)">Open ICEcat</a> is an open catalog for the IT, CE and Lighting sectors with product data-sheets based on <a href="/wiki/Open_Content_License" title="Open Content License">Open Content License</a> agreement. The digital content are distributed in XML and URL formats.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SketchUp" title="SketchUp">SketchUp</a>'s <a href="/wiki/3D_Warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="3D Warehouse">3D Warehouse</a> is an open-source design community centered around the use of proprietary software that's distributed free of charge.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo_Stratford_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Waterloo Stratford Campus">University of Waterloo Stratford Campus</a> invites students every year to use its three-storey Christie <a href="/wiki/MicroTiles" title="MicroTiles">MicroTiles</a> wall as a digital canvas for their creative work.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pharmaceuticals – There have been several proposals for open-source pharmaceutical development,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the establishment of the Tropical Disease Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria Consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenWetWare_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenWetWare-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Genomics – The term "open-source genomics" refers to the combination of rapid release of sequence data (especially raw reads) and crowdsourced analyses from bioinformaticians around the world that characterised the analysis of the <a href="/wiki/2011_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEMR" title="OpenEMR">OpenEMR</a> – OpenEMR is an ONC-ATB Ambulatory EHR 2011-2012 certified electronic health records and medical practice management application. It features fully integrated electronic health, records, practice management, scheduling, electronic billing, and is the base for many EHR programs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_engineering">Science and engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Science and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg/125px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg/188px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg/250px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></div> <ul><li>Research – The <a href="/wiki/Science_Commons" title="Science Commons">Science Commons</a> was created as an alternative to the expensive legal costs of sharing and reusing scientific works in journals etc.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Research – <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Solar_Outdoors_Test_Field" title="The Open Solar Outdoors Test Field">The Open Solar Outdoors Test Field</a> (OSOTF)<sup id="cite_ref-osotf_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osotf-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a grid-connected <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> test system, which continuously monitors the output of a number of photovoltaic modules and correlates their performance to a long list of highly accurate meteorological readings. The OSOTF is organized under open-source principles – All data and analysis is to be made freely available to the entire photovoltaic community and the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-osotf_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osotf-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Engineering – <a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a>, a form of high-speed transport proposed by entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, which he describes as "an elevated, reduced-pressure tube that contains pressurized capsules driven within the tube by a number of linear electric motors".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction – <a href="/wiki/WikiHouse" title="WikiHouse">WikiHouse</a> is an open-source project for designing and building houses.<sup id="cite_ref-LaBarre_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaBarre-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kingsley_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsley-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Energy research – The <a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Open Energy Modelling Initiative</a> promotes open-source models and open data in energy research and policy advice.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robotics">Robotics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Robotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source robotics</a></div> <p>An open-source robot is a <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> whose blueprints, schematics, or source code are released under an open-source model </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VIA_OpenBook_1_M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VIA_OpenBook_1_M.jpg/125px-VIA_OpenBook_1_M.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VIA_OpenBook_1_M.jpg/188px-VIA_OpenBook_1_M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VIA_OpenBook_1_M.jpg/250px-VIA_OpenBook_1_M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/VIA_OpenBook" title="VIA OpenBook">VIA OpenBook</a> is an open-source hardware laptop reference design.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Open-source principles can be applied to technical areas such as digital communication protocols and data storage formats.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design</a> – which involves applying open-source methodologies to the design of artifacts and systems in the physical world. It is very nascent but has huge potential.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">Open-source appropriate technology</a> (OSAT) refers to technologies that are designed in the same fashion as <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buitenhuis_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buitenhuis-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These technologies must be "<a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a>" (AT) – meaning technology that is designed with special consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economic aspects of the community it is intended for. An example of this application is the use of open-source 3D printers like the <a href="/wiki/RepRap" title="RepRap">RepRap</a> to manufacture appropriate technology.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-source learning (page does not exist)">Teaching</a> – which involves applying the concepts of open source to instruction using a shared web space as a platform to improve upon learning, organizational, and management challenges. An example of an Open-source courseware is the Java Education & Development Initiative (JEDI).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">wikiversity</a>. At the university level, the use of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">open-source-appropriate technology</a> classroom projects has been shown to be successful in forging the connection between science/engineering and social benefit:<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach has the potential to use university students' access to resources and testing equipment in furthering the development of <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a>. Similarly OSAT has been used as a tool for improving <a href="/wiki/Service_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Service learning">service learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There are few examples of business information (methodologies, advice, guidance, practices) using the open-source model, although this is another case where the potential is enormous. <a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a> is close to open source. It uses the <a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">Cathedral model</a> (no mechanism exists for user contribution) and the content must be bought for a fee that is small by business consulting standards (hundreds of British pounds). Various checklists are published by government, banks or accounting firms.</li> <li>An open-source group emerged in 2012 that is attempting to design a firearm that may be downloaded from the internet and "printed" on a <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D Printer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-f20120823_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f20120823-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling itself <a href="/wiki/Defense_Distributed" title="Defense Distributed">Defense Distributed</a>, the group wants to facilitate "a working plastic gun that could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3D printer".<sup id="cite_ref-pcm20120824_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcm20120824-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Agrecol, a German NGO has developed an open-source licence for seeds operating with <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> and created OpenSourceSeeds as a respective service provider. Breeders that apply the license to their new invented material prevent it from the threat of privatisation and help to establish a commons-based breeding sector as an alternative to the commercial sector.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a>, farm equipment and global village construction kit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Open"_versus_"free"_versus_"free_and_open""><span id=".22Open.22_versus_.22free.22_versus_.22free_and_open.22"></span>"Open" versus "free" versus "free and open"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: "Open" versus "free" versus "free and open""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) or <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software#Overview" title="Free and open-source software">free/libre and open-source software</a> (FLOSS) is openly shared source code that is licensed without any restrictions on usage, modification, or distribution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Confusion persists about this definition because the "free", also known as "libre", refers to the freedom of the product, not the price, expense, cost, or charge. For example, "being free to speak" is not the same as "free beer".<sup id="cite_ref-rmsdissent_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmsdissent-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, Richard Stallman argues the "obvious meaning" of term "open source" is that the source code is public/accessible for inspection, without necessarily any other rights granted, although the proponents of the term say the conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a> must be fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Free and open" should not be confused with public ownership (<a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a>), deprivatization (<a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>), anti-privatization (<a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">anti-corporate activism</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparent behavior</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a> (no cost vs no restriction)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></div> <p>Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> is available to the general public for use for any (including commercial) purpose, or modification from its original design. Open-source code is meant to be a collaborative effort, where programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes within the community. Code is released under the terms of a <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software license</a>. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of free and open-source software packages</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a>, a copyright license that makes the source code available with a product <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></i>, as used by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> for open source software</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">Open-source model</a>, a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a>, software which permits the use and modification of its source code</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Open-source software advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">Open-source video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">List of open-source video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_open-source_software" title="Diversity in open-source software">Diversity in open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MapGuide_Open_Source" title="MapGuide Open Source">MapGuide Open Source</a>, a web-based <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">map-making</a> platform to develop and deploy web mapping applications and geospatial web services (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> (OSM), a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">collaborative project</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free</a> editable map of the world).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture,_economy,_manufacturing_and_production"><span id="Agriculture.2C_economy.2C_manufacturing_and_production"></span>Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">Open-source appropriate technology</a> (OSAT), is designed for environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, economic, and community aspects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a>, development of physical products, machines and systems via publicly shared design information, including <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a>, among many others: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a>, improving global living conditions through innovative <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a>, a community developing <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> electronic <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Design_Alliance" title="Open Design Alliance">Open Design Alliance</a>, develops <a href="/wiki/Teigha" class="mw-redirect" title="Teigha">Teigha</a>, a software development platform to create engineering applications including <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Hardware_and_Design_Alliance" title="Open Hardware and Design Alliance">Open Hardware and Design Alliance</a> (OHANDA), sharing open hardware and designs via free online services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a> (OSE), a network of farmers, engineers, architects and supporters striving to manufacture the <a href="/wiki/Global_Village_Construction_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Village Construction Set">Global Village Construction Set</a> (GVCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStructures" title="OpenStructures">OpenStructures</a> (OSP), a <a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular construction</a> model where everyone designs on the basis of one shared geometrical OS grid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_manufacturing" title="Open manufacturing">Open manufacturing</a> or "Open Production" or "Design Global, Manufacture Local", a new <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> production model to openly and collaboratively produce and distribute physical objects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a> (OSArc), emerging procedures in imagination and formation of virtual and real spaces within an inclusive universal infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_cola" title="Open-source cola">Open-source cola</a>, cola soft drinks made to open-sourced recipes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a>, or open hardware, computer hardware, such as microprocessors, that is designed in the same fashion as open source software <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware_projects" title="List of open-source hardware projects">List of open-source hardware projects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_product_development" title="Open-source product development">Open-source product development</a> (OSPD), collaborative product and process openness of open-source hardware for any interested participants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source robotics</a>, physical artifacts of the subject are offered by the open design movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Seed_Initiative" title="Open Source Seed Initiative">Open Source Seed Initiative</a>, open source varieties of crop seeds, as an alternative to patent-protected seeds sold by large agriculture companies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_medicine">Science and medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Science and medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a>, the movement to make scientific research, data and dissemination accessible to all levels of an inquiring society, amateur or professional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Open science data</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a> focused on publishing observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to analyze and reuse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Science_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Science Framework">Open Science Framework</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Open_Science" title="Center for Open Science">Center for Open Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Lab_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Open Source Lab (disambiguation)">Open Source Lab (disambiguation)</a>, several laboratories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-Source_Lab_(book)" title="Open-Source Lab (book)"><i>Open-Source Lab</i> (book)</a>, a 2014 book by Joshua M. Pearce</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Open-notebook science</a>, the practice of making the entire primary record of a <a href="/wiki/Research_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Research project">research project</a> publicly available online as it is recorded</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Physics" title="Open Source Physics">Open Source Physics</a> (OSP), a <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson College</a> project to spread the use of open source code libraries that take care of much of the heavy lifting for physics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Geospatial_Foundation" title="Open Source Geospatial Foundation">Open Source Geospatial Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Open_Source_Agreement" title="NASA Open Source Agreement">NASA Open Source Agreement</a> (NOSA), an <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">OSI</a>-approved <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">List of open-source software for mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">List of open-source bioinformatics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">List of open-source health software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open-source health hardware">List of open-source health hardware</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_film" title="Open-source film">Open-source film</a>, open source movies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_films" title="List of open-source films">List of open-source films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Cinema" title="Open Source Cinema">Open Source Cinema</a>, a collaborative website to produce a documentary film</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a>, commonly describes a spectrum on online publications, forms of innovative publishing of <a href="/wiki/Online_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Online journalism">online journalism</a>, and content voting, rather than the sourcing of news stories by "professional" journalists <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_investigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-source investigation (page does not exist)">Open-source investigation</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crowdsourced_journalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crowdsourced journalism (page does not exist)">crowdsourced journalism</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crowdsourced_investigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crowdsourced investigation (page does not exist)">crowdsourced investigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truther_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Truther (disambiguation)">trutherism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> considered "fringe" by corporate media.</i></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source record label</a>, open source music</li> <li>"Open Source", a 1960s rock song performed by <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mushrooms" title="The Magic Mushrooms">The Magic Mushrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_(radio_show)" title="Open Source (radio show)"><i>Open Source</i> (radio show)</a>, a radio show using open content information gathering methods hosted by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lydon" title="Christopher Lydon">Christopher Lydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_textbook" title="Open textbook">Open textbook</a>, an open copyright licensed textbook made freely available online for students, teachers, and the public</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)#CAD_library" title="Library (computing)">CAD libraries</a> - such as <a href="/wiki/SketchUp" title="SketchUp">SketchUp</a> <a href="/wiki/SketchUp#3D_Warehouse" title="SketchUp">3D Warehouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/GrabCAD" title="GrabCAD">GrabCAD</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> (OSI), an organization dedicated to promote open source</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Software_Institute" title="Open Source Software Institute">Open Source Software Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Open_Source_Software" title="Journal of Open Source Software">Journal of Open Source Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Day" title="Open Source Day">Open Source Day</a>, the dated varies from year to year for an international conference for fans of open solutions from <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Developers%27_Conference" title="Open Source Developers' Conference">Open Source Developers' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs" title="Open Source Development Labs">Open Source Development Labs</a> (OSDL), a non-profit corporation that provides space for open-source project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Drug_Discovery" title="Open Source Drug Discovery">Open Source Drug Discovery</a>, a collaborative drug discovery platform for <a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">neglected tropical diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeknet#SourceForge_and_OSDN" title="Geeknet">Open Source Technology Group</a> (OSTG), news, forums, and other <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> resources for IT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source_in_Kosovo" title="Open source in Kosovo">Open source in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_University_Meetup" title="Open Source University Meetup">Open Source University Meetup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Open_Source_Awards" title="New Zealand Open Source Awards">New Zealand Open Source Awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_security" title="Open security">Open security</a>, application of open source philosophies to computer security</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Information_System" title="Open Source Information System">Open Source Information System</a>, the former name of an American <a href="/wiki/Unclassified" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclassified">unclassified</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> serving the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">U.S. intelligence community</a> with <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source intelligence</a>, since mid-2006 the content of OSIS is now known as <a href="/wiki/Intelink" title="Intelink">Intelink</a>-U while the network portion is known as <a href="/wiki/DNI-U" class="mw-redirect" title="DNI-U">DNI-U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">Open-source intelligence</a>, an intelligence gathering discipline based on information collected from open sources (not to be confused with open-source artificial intelligence such as <a href="/wiki/Mycroft_(software)" title="Mycroft (software)">Mycroft (software)</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of open-source culture in the 20th century resulted from a growing tension between creative practices that involve require access to content that is often <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a>, and restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing access to copyrighted content. The two main ways in which intellectual property laws became more restrictive in the 20th century were extensions to the term of copyright (particularly in the United States) and penalties, such as those articulated in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA), placed on attempts to circumvent anti-piracy technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-copyright1998_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copyright1998-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although artistic appropriation is often permitted under <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair-use</a> doctrines, the complexity and ambiguity of these doctrines creates an atmosphere of uncertainty among cultural practitioners. Also, the protective actions of copyright owners create what some call a "<a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chilling effect</a>" among cultural practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of an "open-source" culture runs parallel to "<a href="/wiki/Free_Culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Culture movement">Free Culture</a>", but is substantively different. <i>Free culture</i> is a term derived from the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a>, and in contrast to that vision of culture, proponents of open-source culture (OSC) maintain that some intellectual property law needs to exist to protect cultural producers. Yet they propose a more nuanced position than corporations have traditionally sought. Instead of seeing intellectual property law as an expression of instrumental rules intended to uphold either natural rights or desirable outcomes, an argument for OSC takes into account diverse goods (as in "the Good life"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) and ends. </p><p>Sites such as <a href="/wiki/CcMixter" title="CcMixter">ccMixter</a> offer up free web space for anyone willing to license their work under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> license. The resulting cultural product is then available to download free (generally accessible) to anyone with an Internet connection.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older, analog technologies such as the telephone or television have limitations on the kind of interaction users can have. </p><p>Through various technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> networks and <a href="/wiki/Blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogs">blogs</a>, cultural producers can take advantage of vast <a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a> to distribute their products. As opposed to traditional media distribution, redistributing digital media on the Internet can be virtually costless. Technologies such as <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">BitTorrent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a> take advantage of various characteristics of the Internet protocol (<a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>) in an attempt to totally decentralize file distribution. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Open politics">Open politics</a> (sometimes known as <i>Open-source politics</i>) is a political process that uses Internet technologies such as blogs, email and polling to provide for a rapid feedback mechanism between political organizations and their supporters. There is also an alternative conception of the term <i>Open-source politics</i> which relates to the development of public policy under a set of rules and processes similar to the open-source software movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a> is similar to open-source politics, but it applies more to the democratic process and promotes the freedom of information.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_political_campaign" title="Open-source political campaign">Open-source political campaigns</a> refer specifically to political campaigns.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_government" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean government">South Korean government</a> wants to increase its use of free and open-source software, to decrease its dependence on proprietary software solutions. It plans to make open standards a requirement, to allow the government to choose between multiple operating systems and web browsers. Korea's Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning is also preparing ten pilots on using open-source software distributions.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open-source ethics is split into two strands: </p> <ul><li>Open-source ethics as an ethical school – Charles Ess and David Berry are researching whether ethics can learn anything from an open-source approach. Ess famously even defined the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Internet_Researchers" title="Association of Internet Researchers">AoIR</a> Research Guidelines as an example of open-source ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Open-source ethics as a professional body of rules – This is based principally on the computer ethics school, studying the questions of ethics and professionalism in the computer industry in general and software development in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></div> <p>Irish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kearney" title="Richard Kearney">Richard Kearney</a> has used the term "open-source <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>" to refer to the way historical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> worked upon this ancient tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_2">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a> formerly referred to the standard journalistic techniques of news gathering and fact checking, reflecting <i><a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source intelligence</a></i>, a similar term used in military intelligence circles. Now, <i>open-source journalism</i> commonly refers to forms of innovative publishing of <a href="/wiki/Online_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Online journalism">online journalism</a>, rather than the sourcing of news stories by a professional journalist. In the 25 December 2006 issue of TIME magazine this is referred to as <a href="/wiki/User_generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="User generated content">user created content</a> and listed alongside more traditional open-source projects such as <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Weblogs</a>, or blogs, are another significant platform for open-source culture. Blogs consist of periodic, reverse chronologically ordered posts, using a technology that makes webpages easily updatable with no understanding of design, code, or <a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">file transfer</a> required. While corporations, political campaigns and other formal institutions have begun using these tools to distribute information, many blogs are used by individuals for personal expression, political organizing, and socializing. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a> or <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a>, use open-source software that is open to the public and can be modified by users to fit their own tastes. Whether the code is open or not, this format represents a nimble tool for people to borrow and re-present culture; whereas traditional websites made the illegal reproduction of culture difficult to regulate, the mutability of blogs makes "open sourcing" even more uncontrollable since it allows a larger portion of the population to replicate material more quickly in the public sphere. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Messageboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Messageboards">Messageboards</a> are another platform for open-source culture. Messageboards (also known as discussion boards or forums), are places online where people with similar interests can congregate and post messages for the community to read and respond to. Messageboards sometimes have moderators who enforce community standards of etiquette such as banning <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spammers</a>. Other common board features are private messages (where users can send messages to one another) as well as chat (a way to have a real time conversation online) and image uploading. Some messageboards use <a href="/wiki/PhpBB" title="PhpBB">phpBB</a>, which is a free open-source package. Where blogs are more about individual expression and tend to revolve around their authors, messageboards are about creating a conversation amongst its users where information can be shared freely and quickly. Messageboards are a way to remove intermediaries from everyday life—for instance, instead of relying on commercials and other forms of advertising, one can ask other users for frank reviews of a product, movie or CD. By removing the cultural middlemen, messageboards help speed the flow of information and exchange of ideas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">open</a> <a href="/wiki/Document_file_format" title="Document file format">document file format</a> for saving and exchanging editable office documents such as text documents (including memos, reports, and books), <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheets</a>, charts, and presentations. Organizations and individuals that store their data in an open format such as OpenDocument avoid being <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">locked into</a> a single software vendor, leaving them free to switch software if their current vendor goes out of business, raises their prices, changes their software, or changes their <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">licensing</a> terms to something less favorable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Open-source_film" title="Open-source film">Open-source movie production</a> is either an open call system in which a changing crew and cast collaborate in movie production, a system in which the result is made available for re-use by others or in which exclusively open-source products are used in the production. The 2006 movie <a href="/wiki/Elephants_Dream" title="Elephants Dream">Elephants Dream</a> is said to be the "world's first open movie",<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created entirely using open-source technology. </p><p>An open-source documentary film has a production process allowing the open contributions of archival material <a href="/wiki/Footage" title="Footage">footage</a>, and other filmic elements, both in unedited and edited form, similar to crowdsourcing. By doing so, on-line contributors become part of the process of creating the film, helping to influence the editorial and visual material to be used in the documentary, as well as its thematic development. The first open-source documentary film is the non-profit <i><a href="/wiki/WBCN_and_the_American_Revolution" title="WBCN and the American Revolution">WBCN and the American Revolution</a></i>, which went into development in 2006, and will examine the role media played in the cultural, social and political changes from 1968 to 1974 through the story of radio station WBCN-FM in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film is being produced by Lichtenstein Creative Media and the non-profit Center for Independent Documentary. Open Source Cinema is a website to create Basement Tapes, a feature documentary about copyright in the digital age, co-produced by the National Film Board of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Open-source_film" title="Open-source film">Open-source film-making</a> refers to a form of film-making that takes a method of idea formation from open-source software, but in this case the 'source' for a filmmaker is raw unedited footage rather than programming code. It can also refer to a method of film-making where the process of creation is 'open' i.e. a disparate group of contributors, at different times contribute to the final piece. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-IPTV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-IPTV (page does not exist)">Open-IPTV</a> is <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> that is not limited to one recording studio, production studio, or cast. Open-IPTV uses the Internet or other means to pool efforts and resources together to create an online community that all contributes to a show. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg/125px-Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg/188px-Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg/250px-Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Open_Educational_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Educational Resources">Open Educational Resources</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the academic community, there is discussion about expanding what could be called the "intellectual commons" (analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>). Proponents of this view have hailed the <a href="/wiki/OpenStax_CNX" title="OpenStax CNX">Connexions</a> Project at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">OpenCourseWare</a> project at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Thacker" title="Eugene Thacker">Eugene Thacker</a>'s article on "open-source DNA", the "Open Source Cultural Database", <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman Khan (educator)">Salman Khan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a> and Wikipedia as examples of applying open source outside the realm of computer software. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Open-source_curriculum" title="Open-source curriculum">Open-source curricula</a> are instructional resources whose digital source can be freely used, distributed and modified. Another strand to the academic community is in the area of research. Many funded research projects produce software as part of their work. Due to the benefits of sharing software openly in scientific endeavours,<sup id="cite_ref-BesançonPeiffer-Smadja2020_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BesançonPeiffer-Smadja2020-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is an increasing interest in making the outputs of research projects available under an open-source license. In the UK the <a href="/wiki/Jisc" title="Jisc">Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)</a> has developed a policy on open-source software. JISC also funds a development service called <a href="/wiki/OSS_Watch" title="OSS Watch">OSS Watch</a> which acts as an advisory service for higher and further education institutions wishing to use, contribute to and develop open-source software. </p><p>On 30 March 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, which included $2 billion over four years to fund the <a href="/wiki/TAACCCT" title="TAACCCT">TAACCCT program</a>, which is described as "the largest OER (open education resources) initiative in the world and uniquely focused on creating curricula in partnership with industry for credentials in vocational industry sectors like manufacturing, health, energy, transportation, and IT".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovation_communities">Innovation communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Innovation communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principle of sharing pre-dates the open-source movement; for example, the free sharing of information has been institutionalized in the scientific enterprise since at least the 19th century. Open-source principles have always been part of the scientific community. The sociologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a> described the four basic elements of the community—universalism (an international perspective), communalism (sharing information), objectivity (removing one's personal views from the scientific inquiry) and organized skepticism (requirements of proof and review) that describe the (idealised) scientific community. </p><p>These principles are, in part, complemented by US law's focus on protecting expression and method but not the ideas themselves. There is also a tradition of publishing research results to the scientific community instead of keeping all such knowledge proprietary. One of the recent initiatives in scientific publishing has been <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open access</a>—the idea that research should be published in such a way that it is free and available to the public. There are currently many open access journals where the information is available free online, however most journals do charge a fee (either to users or libraries for access). The <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> is an international effort with the goal of making all research articles available free on the Internet. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> has recently proposed a policy on "Enhanced Public Access to NIH Research Information". This policy would provide a free, searchable resource of NIH-funded results to the public and with other international repositories six months after its initial publication. The NIH's move is an important one because there is significant amount of public funding in scientific research. Many of the questions have yet to be answered—the balancing of profit vs. public access, and ensuring that desirable standards and incentives do not diminish with a shift to open access. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> was an early contributor eventually donating all his inventions including the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">bifocals</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a> to the public domain. New NGO communities are starting to use the open-source technology as a tool. One example is the Open Source Youth Network started in 2007 in Lisboa by ISCA members.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a> is also a new emerging concept which advocate putting R&D in a common pool. The <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> platform is openly presenting itself as an Open innovation network.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_recreation">Arts and recreation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Arts and recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copyright protection is used in the performing arts and even in athletic activities. Some groups have attempted to remove copyright from such practices.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Russian music composer, scientist and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Pirate_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Pirate Party">Russian Pirate Party</a> member <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Numbers_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Complex Numbers (музыкальная группа)">Victor Argonov</a> presented detailed raw files of his electronic opera "2032"<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under free license <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-NC" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-NC">CC BY-NC 3.0</a> (later relicensed under <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-SA">CC BY-SA 4.0</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This opera was originally composed and published in 2007 by Russian label <a href="/wiki/MC_Entertainment" title="MC Entertainment">MC Entertainment</a> as a commercial product, but then the author changed its status to free. In his blog<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he said that he decided to open raw files (including wav, midi and other used formats) to the public to support worldwide pirate actions against <a href="/wiki/SOPA" class="mw-redirect" title="SOPA">SOPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Information Protection Act">PIPA</a>. Several Internet resources called "2032" the first open-source musical opera in history.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_related_movements">Other related movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other related movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section <b>may need to be cleaned up or summarized</b> because it has been split from/to <i><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notable events and applications that have been developed via the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source community">open source community</a>, and echo the ideologies of the open source movement,<sup id="cite_ref-ref_e_TnL_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_e_TnL-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include the <a href="/wiki/Open_Education_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Education Consortium">Open Education Consortium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, Synthethic Biology, and Wikipedia. The Open Education Consortium is an organization composed of various colleges that support open source and share some of their material online. This organization, headed by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, was established to aid in the exchange of open source educational materials. Wikipedia is a user-generated <a href="/wiki/Internet_encyclopedia_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet encyclopedia project">online encyclopedia</a> with sister projects in academic areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a>—a community dedicated to the creation and exchange of learning materials.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_e_Warger_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_e_Warger-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prior to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> Beta, Project Gutenberg was the first supplier of <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">electronic books</a> and the first free library project.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_e_Warger_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_e_Warger-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Synthetic Biology is a new technology that promises to enable cheap, lifesaving new drugs, as well as helping to yield biofuels that may help to solve our energy problem. Although synthetic biology has not yet come out of its lab stage, it has potential to become industrialized in the near future. To industrialize open source science, there are some scientists who are trying to build their own brand of it.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideologically-related_movements">Ideologically-related movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ideologically-related movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Open-access_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-access movement">open-access movement</a> is a movement that is similar in ideology to the open source movement. Members of this movement maintain that academic material should be readily available to provide help with "future research, assist in teaching and aid in academic purposes." The open-access movement aims to eliminate subscription fees and licensing restrictions of academic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_a4_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_a4-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">free-culture movement</a> is a movement that seeks to achieve a culture that engages in collective freedom via freedom of expression, free public access to knowledge and information, full demonstration of creativity and innovation in various arenas, and promotion of citizen liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeCulture_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeCulture-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> is an organization that "develops, supports, and stewards legal and technical infrastructure that maximizes digital creativity, sharing, and innovation." It encourages the use of protected properties online for research, education, and creative purposes in pursuit of a universal access. Creative Commons provides an infrastructure through a set of copyright licenses and tools that creates a better balance within the realm of "all rights reserved" properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_Commons_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creative_Commons-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Creative Commons license offers a slightly more lenient alternative to "all rights reserved" copyrights for those who do not wish to exclude the use of their material.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Zeitgeist_Movement" title="The Zeitgeist Movement">The Zeitgeist Movement</a> (TZM) is an international social movement that advocates a transition into a <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> "resource-based economy" based on <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> in which monetary incentives are replaced by commons-based ones with everyone <a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">having access</a> to everything (from code to products) as in "open source everything".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While its activism and events are typically focused on media and education, TZM is a major supporter of open source projects worldwide since they allow for uninhibited advancement of science and technology, independent of constraints posed by institutions of patenting and capitalist investment.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P2P Foundation is an "international organization focused on studying, researching, documenting and promoting <a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">peer to peer practices</a> in a very broad sense." Its objectives incorporate those of the open source movement, whose principles are integrated in a larger socio-economic model.<sup id="cite_ref-P2P_Foundation_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P2P_Foundation-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q39162" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q39162">Open source</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_curriculum" title="Open-source curriculum">Open-source curriculum</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Open politics">Open politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_unionism" title="Open-source unionism">Open-source unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_based_on_open_source">Terms based on open source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Terms based on open source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_implementation" title="Open implementation">Open implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_security" title="Open security">Open security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared Source">Shared Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Open_Sources:_Voices_from_the_Open_Source_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution">Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution</a></i> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseconomies_of_scale" title="Diseconomies of scale">Diseconomies of scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary_of_legal_terms_in_technology" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Glossary of legal terms in technology">Glossary of legal terms in technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">Mass collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Open_Source_Org.,_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Open_Source_Org.,_2007_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd">"The Open Source Definition"</a>. <i>Open Source Org</i>. 7 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.org/docs/osd">the original</a> on 11 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Source+Org.&rft.atitle=The+Open+Source+Definition&rft.date=2006-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Fdocs%2Fosd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diffingo_Solutions_Inc.,_2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diffingo_Solutions_Inc.,_2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss">"What is Open Source Software"</a>. <i>Diffingo Solutions Inc</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss">the original</a> on 28 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Open source software differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diffingo+Solutions+Inc.&rft.atitle=What+is+Open+Source+Software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiffingo.com%2Foss%2Fwhyoss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LevinePrietula2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LevinePrietula2013_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinePrietula2013" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, M. J. (2013). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance". <i>Organization Science</i>. <b>25</b> (5): 1414–1433. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.7541">1406.7541</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Forsc.2013.0872">10.1287/orsc.2013.0872</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7039">1047-7039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6583883">6583883</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1096442">1096442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organization+Science&rft.atitle=Open+Collaboration+for+Innovation%3A+Principles+and+Performance&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1414-1433&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6583883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Forsc.2013.0872&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1406.7541&rft.issn=1047-7039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1096442%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Sheen+S.&rft.au=Prietula%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric S.</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym"><i>The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary</i></a></span>. OReilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00108-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00108-7"><bdi>978-0-596-00108-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cathedral+and+the+bazaar%3A+musings+on+Linux+and+Open+Source+by+an+accidental+revolutionary&rft.pub=OReilly&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00108-7&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcathedralbaz00raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce2012_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce2012_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce, Joshua M (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1517361">"The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology"</a>. <i>Environment, Development and Sustainability</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 425–431. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EDSus..14..425P">2012EDSus..14..425P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9">10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1387-585X">1387-585X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment%2C+Development+and+Sustainability&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Open+Source+Appropriate+Technology&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-431&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1387-585X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EDSus..14..425P&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Joshua+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1517361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-business-standard.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-business-standard.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-business-standard.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2009" class="citation news cs1">Menon, Sreelatha (1 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i> – via Business Standard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=%22Science+2.0+is+here+as+CSIR+resorts+to+open+source+drug+research+for+TB%22&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Sreelatha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Findia%2Fnews%2Fsreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders%2F00%2F19%2F350429%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenWetWare-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OpenWetWare_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OpenWetWare_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OpenWetWare_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://openwetware.org/wiki/OSDDMalaria:GSK_Arylpyrrole_Series:Story_so_far" class="extiw" title="openwetware:OSDDMalaria:GSK Arylpyrrole Series:Story so far">"Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria Consortium</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LakhaniVonHippel2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LakhaniVonHippel2003_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LakhaniVonHippel2003_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LakhaniVonHippel2003_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LakhaniVonHippel2003_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakhanivon_Hippel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lakhani, K.R.; von Hippel, E. (June 2003). "How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance". <i>Research Policy</i>. <b>32</b> (6): 923–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0048-7333%2802%2900095-1">10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F70028">1721.1/70028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-7333">0048-7333</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=290305">290305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Policy&rft.atitle=How+Open+Source+Software+Works%3A+Free+User+to+User+Assistance&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=923-943&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F70028&rft.issn=0048-7333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D290305%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0048-7333%2802%2900095-1&rft.aulast=Lakhani&rft.aufirst=K.R.&rft.au=von+Hippel%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GerberMolefo2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GerberMolefo2010_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GerberMolefo2010_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerbeMolefoVan_der_Merwe2010" class="citation book cs1">Gerbe, Aurona; Molefo, Onkgopotse; Van der Merwe, Alta (2010). "Documenting open-source migration processes for re-use". In Kotze, P.; Gerber, A.; van der Merwe, A.; et al. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the SAICSIT 2010 Conference — Fountains of Computing Research</i>. ACM Press. pp. 75–85. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1033.7791">10.1.1.1033.7791</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1899503.1899512">10.1145/1899503.1899512</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-950-3"><bdi>978-1-60558-950-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11970697">11970697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Documenting+open-source+migration+processes+for+re-use&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+SAICSIT+2010+Conference+%E2%80%94+Fountains+of+Computing+Research&rft.pages=75-85&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1033.7791%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11970697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1899503.1899512&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-950-3&rft.aulast=Gerbe&rft.aufirst=Aurona&rft.au=Molefo%2C+Onkgopotse&rft.au=Van+der+Merwe%2C+Alta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeber2004">Weber 2004</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carculture-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carculture_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carculture_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carculture_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carculture_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlink1977" class="citation book cs1">Flink, James J. (1977). <i>The Car Culture</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-56015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-56015-3"><bdi>978-0-262-56015-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Car+Culture&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-262-56015-3&rft.aulast=Flink&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated172-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated172_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherMcKieMancke1983" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James W.; Mancke, Richard B. (1983). <i>IBM and the U.S. Data Processing Industry: An Economic History</i>. Praeger. pp. 172–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-063059-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-063059-0"><bdi>978-0-03-063059-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+and+the+U.S.+Data+Processing+Industry%3A+An+Economic+History&rft.pages=172-9&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-03-063059-0&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Franklin+M.&rft.au=McKie%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Mancke%2C+Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span> IBM unbundled (began charging for) software 23 June 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cozx.com/~dpitts/ibm7090.html">Dave Pitts' IBM 7090 support</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150827134534/http://www.cozx.com/~dpitts/ibm7090.html">Archived</a> 27 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – An example of distributed source: Page contains a link to <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090/94_IBSYS" title="IBM 7090/94 IBSYS">IBM 7090/94 IBSYS</a> source, including <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> and <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> compilers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2002" class="citation journal cs1">O'Mahony, Siobhan Clare (2002). "The emergence of a new commercial actor: Community managed software projects". Stanford, CA: Stanford University: 34–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+a+new+commercial+actor%3A+Community+managed+software+projects&rft.pages=34-42&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Siobhan+Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html">"Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <q>The problem with it is twofold. First, ... the term "free" is very ambiguous ... Second, the term makes a lot of corporate types nervous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goodbye%2C+%22free+software%22%3B+hello%2C+%22open+source%22&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2F~esr%2Fopen-source.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infoworld1983-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infoworld1983_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea1983" class="citation web cs1">Shea, Tom (23 June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yy8EAAAAMBAJ&q=us%20government%20public%20domain%20software&pg=PA31">"Free software – Free software is a junkyard of software spare parts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>. <q><i>"In contrast to commercial software is a large and growing body of free software that exists in the public domain. Public-domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists (also known as "hackers") many of whom are professional programmers in their work life. [...] Since everybody has access to source code, many routines have not only been used but dramatically improved by other programmers."</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Free+software+%E2%80%93+Free+software+is+a+junkyard+of+software+spare+parts&rft.date=1983-06-23&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyy8EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dus%2520government%2520public%2520domain%2520software%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osihistory-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osihistory_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osihistory_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osihistory_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiemann2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tiemann" title="Michael Tiemann">Tiemann, Michael</a> (19 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021001164015/http://www.opensource.org/docs/history.php">"History of the OSI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensource.org/history">the original</a> on 1 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forget+the+Class+War%2C+How+to+Win+the+Fight+Against+the+Elite&rft.date=2013-01-27&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.thezeitgeistmovement.com%2Fblog%2Fstuart-dobson%2Fforget-class-war-how-win-fight-against-elite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Zeitgeist_movement">"Open Source Ecology – Zeitgeist movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Ecology+%E2%80%93+Zeitgeist+movement&rft.pub=Open+Source+Ecology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopensourceecology.org%2Fwiki%2FZeitgeist_movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P2P_Foundation-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P2P_Foundation_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604235707/http://p2pfoundation.net/P2P_Foundation:About">"P2P Foundation:About"</a>. P2P Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://p2pfoundation.net/P2P_Foundation:About/">the original</a> on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P2P+Foundation%3AAbout&rft.pub=P2P+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fp2pfoundation.net%2FP2P_Foundation%3AAbout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenkler2006" class="citation book cs1">Benkler, Yochai (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf"><i>The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Networks%3A+How+Social+Production+Transforms+Markets+and+Freedom&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Benkler&rft.aufirst=Yochai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benkler.org%2FBenkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2008" class="citation book cs1">Berry, David M. (2008). <i>Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source</i>. London:Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745324142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745324142"><bdi>978-0745324142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copy%2C+Rip%2C+Burn%3A+The+Politics+of+Copyleft+and+Open+Source&rft.pub=London%3APluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0745324142&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Karl Fogel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://producingoss.com">Producing Open Source Software</a> (How to run a successful free-software project). Free PDF version available.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanGabriel2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Ron; Gabriel, Richard P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dreamsongs.com/IHE/IHE.html"><i>Innovation Happens Elsewhere: Open Source as Business Strategy</i></a>. Richard P. Gabriel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-889-4"><bdi>978-1-55860-889-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation+Happens+Elsewhere%3A+Open+Source+as+Business+Strategy&rft.pub=Richard+P.+Gabriel&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-889-4&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Gabriel%2C+Richard+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdreamsongs.com%2FIHE%2FIHE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap2006" class="citation book cs1">Dunlap, Isaac Hunter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chandospublishing.com/chandos_publishing_record_detail.php?ID=98"><i>Open Source Database Driven Web Development: A Guide for Information Professionals</i></a>. Oxford: Chandos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84334-161-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84334-161-1"><bdi>978-1-84334-161-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Database+Driven+Web+Development%3A+A+Guide+for+Information+Professionals&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Chandos&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84334-161-1&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Hunter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chandospublishing.com%2Fchandos_publishing_record_detail.php%3FID%3D98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostakis,_V.Bauwens,_M.2014" class="citation book cs1">Kostakis, V.; Bauwens, M. (2014). <i>Network Society and Future Scenarios for a Collaborative Economy</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-41506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-41506-6"><bdi>978-1-137-41506-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Society+and+Future+Scenarios+for+a+Collaborative+Economy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-41506-6&rft.au=Kostakis%2C+V.&rft.au=Bauwens%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://p2pfoundation.net/Network_Society_and_Future_Scenarios_for_a_Collaborative_Economy">(wiki)</a></li> <li>Nettingsmeier, Jörn. "So What? I Don't Hack!" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/11_3/nettingsmeier_dont_hack.html"><i>eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels audio " open source " / Open Source for Audio Application</i></a> (September 2009). Montréal: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation book cs1">Stallman, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society"><i>Free Software Free Society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Software+Free+Society%3A+Selected+essays+of+Richard+M.+Stallman&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.fsf.org%2Fproduct%2Ffree-software-free-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrape2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schrape, Jan-Felix (2019). "Open-source projects as incubators of innovation. From niche phenomenon to integral part of the industry". <i><a href="/wiki/Convergence_(journal)" title="Convergence (journal)">Convergence</a></i>. <b>25</b> (3): 409–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354856517735795">10.1177/1354856517735795</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-8565">1354-8565</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149165772">149165772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Convergence&rft.atitle=Open-source+projects+as+incubators+of+innovation.+From+niche+phenomenon+to+integral+part+of+the+industry&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-427&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149165772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-8565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354856517735795&rft.aulast=Schrape&rft.aufirst=Jan-Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Various authors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/11_3"><i>eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels audio " open source " / Open Source for Audio Application</i></a> (September 2009). Montréal: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li> <li>Various authors. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cecpublic.pbworks.com/OpenSource">Open Source Travel Guide [wiki]</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/11_3"><i>eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels audio " open source " / Open Source for Audio Application</i></a> (September 2009). Montréal: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community" title="Canadian Electroacoustic Community">CEC</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2004" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Steve (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/successofopensou00webe"><i>The Success of Open Source</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01292-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01292-9"><bdi>978-0-674-01292-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Success+of+Open+Source&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01292-9&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuccessofopensou00webe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayRai2013" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Partha Pratim; Rai, Rebika (2013). <i>Open Source Hardware: An Introductory Approach</i>. Lap Lambert Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-659-46591-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-659-46591-8"><bdi>978-3-659-46591-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Hardware%3A+An+Introductory+Approach&rft.pub=Lap+Lambert+Publishing+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-659-46591-8&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Partha+Pratim&rft.au=Rai%2C+Rebika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_on_legal_and_economic_aspects">Literature on legal and economic aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Literature on legal and economic aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenkler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Benkler, Y. (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF">"Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>112</b> (3): 369–446. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0109077">cs/0109077</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1562247">10.2307/1562247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F2974">10535/2974</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-0094">0044-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1562247">1562247</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16684329">16684329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Coase%27s+Penguin%2C+or%2C+Linux+and+The+Nature+of+the+Firm&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-446&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F2974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16684329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1562247&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs%2F0109077&rft.issn=0044-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1562247%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benkler&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benkler.org%2FCoasesPenguin.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryMoss2008" class="citation web cs1">Berry, D.M.; Moss, G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LibreCultureMeditationsOnFreeCulture">"Libre Culture: Meditations on Free Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canada: Pygmalion Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libre+Culture%3A+Meditations+on+Free+Culture&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=Pygmalion+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft.au=Moss%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLibreCultureMeditationsOnFreeCulture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitzerSchröder2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bitzer, J.; Schröder, P.J.H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpio/0512001.html">"The Impact of Entry and Competition by Open Source Software on Innovation Activity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Industrial Organization</i>. EconWPA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Entry+and+Competition+by+Open+Source+Software+on+Innovation+Activity&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bitzer&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+P.J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fwpa%2Fwuwpio%2F0512001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFv._Engelhardt2008" class="citation journal cs1">v. Engelhardt, S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/jrp/jrpwrp/2008-045.html">"The Economic Properties of Software"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jena Economic Research Papers</i>. <b>2</b>: 2008–045.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jena+Economic+Research+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Properties+of+Software&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=2008-045&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=v.+Engelhardt&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fjrp%2Fjrpwrp%2F2008-045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>v. Engelhardt, S. (2008): "Intellectual Property Rights and Ex-Post Transaction Costs: the Case of Open and Closed Source Software", Jena Economic Research Papers 2008-047. (PDF)</li> <li>v. Engelhardt, S. (2008): "Intellectual Property Rights and Ex-Post Transaction Costs: the Case of Open and Closed Source Software", Jena Economic Research Papers 2008-047. (PDF)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFv._EngelhardtSwaminathan2008" class="citation journal cs1">v. Engelhardt, S.; Swaminathan, S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/diw/diwwpp/dp799.html">"Open Source Software, Closed Source Software or Both: Impacts on Industry Growth and the Role of Intellectual Property Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Discussion Papers of Diw Berlin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discussion+Papers+of+Diw+Berlin&rft.atitle=Open+Source+Software%2C+Closed+Source+Software+or+Both%3A+Impacts+on+Industry+Growth+and+the+Role+of+Intellectual+Property+Rights&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=v.+Engelhardt&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Swaminathan%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fdiw%2Fdiwwpp%2Fdp799.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFv._EngelhardtSwaminathan2008" class="citation journal cs1">v. 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Elsevier. pp. 15–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52769-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52769-1"><bdi>978-0-444-52769-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decoding+the+free%2Fopen+source+software+puzzle%3A+A+survey+of+theoretical+and+empirical+contributions&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Open+Source+Software+Development&rft.pages=15-55&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-444-52769-1&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fusi%2Fwpaper%2F424.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiff2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schiff, A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf">"The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Network Economics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 66–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1446-9022.1004">10.2202/1446-9022.1004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2194-5993">2194-5993</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201280221">201280221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Network+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Economics+of+Open+Source+Software%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Early+Literature&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-74&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201280221%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2194-5993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2202%2F1446-9022.1004&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnejournal.com%2Farticles%2Fschiff_software_mar02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz,_M.Takhteyev,_Y.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarz, M.; Takhteyev, Y. (2010). "Half a Century of Public Software Institutions: Open Source as a Solution to the Hold-Up Problem". <i>Journal of Public Economic Theory</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 609–639. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.625.2368">10.1.1.625.2368</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9779.2010.01467.x">10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01467.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-3923">1097-3923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154317482">154317482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economic+Theory&rft.atitle=Half+a+Century+of+Public+Software+Institutions%3A+Open+Source+as+a+Solution+to+the+Hold-Up+Problem&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=609-639&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.625.2368%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154317482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1097-3923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9779.2010.01467.x&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+M.&rft.au=Takhteyev%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w14946">earlier revision</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpagnolettiFederici2011" class="citation journal cs1">Spagnoletti, P.; Federici, T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol29/iss1/15/">"Exploring the Interplay Between FLOSS Adoption and Organizational Innovation"</a>. <i>Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS)</i>. <b>29</b> (15): 279–298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+Association+for+Information+Systems+%28CAIS%29&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Interplay+Between+FLOSS+Adoption+and+Organizational+Innovation&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=279-298&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Spagnoletti&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Federici%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faisel.aisnet.org%2Fcais%2Fvol29%2Fiss1%2F15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2005" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Bruce (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra"><i>Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again</i></a></span>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51196-4"><bdi>978-0-262-51196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Phoenix%3B+Why+the+Information+Economy+Collapsed+and+How+it+Will+Rise+Again&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51196-4&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdigitalphoenixwh00abra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampathkumar" class="citation book cs1">Sampathkumar, K.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JwU71HSkikC"><i>Understanding FOSS Version 4.0 revised</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-184-65469-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-184-65469-1"><bdi>978-8-184-65469-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+FOSS+Version+4.0+revised&rft.isbn=978-8-184-65469-1&rft.aulast=Sampathkumar&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JwU71HSkikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+source" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_source&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Open source</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Open_source" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Open source">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_source" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Open source">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Open_source" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Open source">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Open_source" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Open source">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Open_source" class="extiw" title="v:Open source">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39162" class="extiw" title="d:Q39162">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Open_Source" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Open Source">Open Source</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Use_the_Source" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Use the Source">Use the Source</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template talk:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br />practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information,<br />and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Definition docs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template talk:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intellectual_property_activism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" title="Good Copy Bad Copy">Good Copy Bad Copy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RiP!:_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet%27s_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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