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</button> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-spouses_in_the_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-spouses_in_the_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Non-spouses in the role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-spouses_in_the_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_male_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_male_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Potential male title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_male_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_the_First_Lady" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_the_First_Lady"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Office of the First Lady</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_the_First_Lady-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_and_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_and_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Causes and initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">First Lady of the United States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="السيدة الأولى للولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السيدة الأولى للولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_dama_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Primer dama de los Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer dama de los Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ফার্স্ট লেডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ফার্স্ট লেডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Първа дама на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първа дама на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_dama_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Prva dama Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prva dama Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="First Lady of the United States" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_dama_dels_Estats_Units" title="Primera dama dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera dama dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prif_Foneddiges_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Prif Foneddiges yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prif Foneddiges yr Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_f%C3%B8rstedame" title="USA's førstedame – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USA's førstedame" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="First Lady der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="First Lady der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Πρώτη Κυρία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτη Κυρία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_dama_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Primera dama de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera dama de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Damo_de_Usono" title="Unua Damo de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua Damo de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="بانوی اول ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانوی اول ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_dame_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Première dame des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première dame des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9_%EB%B0%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%9E%90" title="미국의 대통령 배우자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 대통령 배우자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="ԱՄՆ առաջին տիկին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ առաջին տիկին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की प्रथम महिला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की प्रथम महिला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibu_Negara_Amerika_Serikat" title="Ibu Negara Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibu Negara Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lady_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="First lady degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="First lady degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הגברת הראשונה של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגברת הראשונה של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="აშშ-ის პირველი ლედი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის პირველი ლედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_domina_Civitatum_Foederatarum" title="Prima domina Civitatum Foederatarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Prima domina Civitatum Foederatarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_pirm%C4%81_l%C4%93dija" title="ASV pirmā lēdija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV pirmā lēdija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_first_ladyje" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok first ladyje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok first ladyje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="السيدة الاولى للولايات المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السيدة الاولى للولايات المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanita_Pertama_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Wanita Pertama Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wanita Pertama Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="АНУ-ын Тэргүүн хатагтай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын Тэргүүн хатагтай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lady_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="First lady van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="First lady van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="アメリカ合衆国のファーストレディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国のファーストレディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_f%C3%B8rstedame" title="USAs førstedame – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs førstedame" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਮਹਿਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਮਹਿਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira-dama_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Primeira-dama dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira-dama dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Qurama_Shtatlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1%C5%84_birinshi_xan%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Amerika Qurama Shtatlarınıń birinshi xanımı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Amerika Qurama Shtatlarınıń birinshi xanımı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Первая леди США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая леди США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_o_the_Unitit_States" title="First Lady o the Unitit States – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="First Lady o the Unitit States" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First Lady of the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_dama_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Prva dama Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prva dama Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="خانمی یەکەمی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خانمی یەکەمی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Прва дама Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прва дама Сједињених Америчких Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_ensimm%C3%A4inen_nainen" title="Yhdysvaltain ensimmäinen nainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain ensimmäinen nainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_f%C3%B6rsta_dam" title="USA:s första dam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s första dam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் முதல் சீமாட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் முதல் சீமாட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="สุภาพสตรีหมายเลขหนึ่งสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุภาพสตรีหมายเลขหนึ่งสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_First_Lady%27si" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri First Lady'si – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri First Lady'si" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Перша леді США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перша леді США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا کی خاتون اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا کی خاتون اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%87_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_Phu_nh%C3%A2n_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Đệ Nhất Phu nhân Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đệ Nhất Phu nhân Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F" title="ערשטע דאמע פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערשטע דאמע פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="美國第一夫人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國第一夫人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="美国第一夫人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国第一夫人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7166256#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hostess of the White House, usually the president's wife</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a complete list of the first ladies, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">List of first ladies of the United States</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FLOTUS" redirects here. For the Lambchop album, see <a href="/wiki/FLOTUS_(album)" title="FLOTUS (album)"><i>FLOTUS</i> (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">First Lady of the United States</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Melania_Trump%E2%80%99s_Official_White_House_Portrait_(2025)_(much_further_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melania_Trump%E2%80%99s_Official_White_House_Portrait_%282025%29_%28much_further_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Melania_Trump%E2%80%99s_Official_White_House_Portrait_%282025%29_%28much_further_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melania_Trump%E2%80%99s_Official_White_House_Portrait_%282025%29_%28much_further_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Melania_Trump%E2%80%99s_Official_White_House_Portrait_%282025%29_%28much_further_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melania_Trump%E2%80%99s_Official_White_House_Portrait_%282025%29_%28much_further_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Melania_Trump%E2%80%99s_Official_White_House_Portrait_%282025%29_%28much_further_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a><br /></div>since January 20, 2025</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Madam First Lady</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">FLOTUS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">April 30, 1789<span class="noprint"><br />(235 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1789-04-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitehouse.gov/administration/melania-trump">whitehouse<wbr />.gov<wbr />/administration<wbr />/melania-trump</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>first lady of the United States</b> (<b>FLOTUS</b>) is a title typically held by the wife of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never been <a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">codified</a> or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first lady of the United States is the hostess of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. </p><p>Historically, when a president has been unmarried or a widower, he has usually asked a relative to act as White House hostess. While the household always had domestic staff, since the early 20th century, the first lady has been assisted by her event staff, which has grown over the years to include communications, personal, and program staff. Her office is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the First Lady of the United States">Office of the First Lady</a> and is headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/East_Wing" title="East Wing">East Wing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. </p><p>Since the 1900s, the role of first lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the years individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors, from fashion to public opinion on policy, as well as advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Female_empowerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Female empowerment">female empowerment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_title">Origins of the title</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NPG_70_3_Custis_Washington.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NPG_70_3_Custis_Washington.tif/lossy-page1-185px-NPG_70_3_Custis_Washington.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NPG_70_3_Custis_Washington.tif/lossy-page1-278px-NPG_70_3_Custis_Washington.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NPG_70_3_Custis_Washington.tif/lossy-page1-370px-NPG_70_3_Custis_Washington.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4027" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a>, who was referred to as "Lady Washington" during her husband's presidency, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1825</span>; the painting hangs at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the title <i><a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a></i> to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as "Lady", "Mrs. President" and "Mrs. Presidentress"; <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> was often referred to as "Lady Washington". One of the earliest uses of the term "First Lady" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the <i>St. Johnsbury Caledonian</i>, the author, "<a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Mrs. Sigourney</a>", discusses how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George</a> became president. She wrote that "The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolley_Madison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dolley_Madison.jpg/170px-Dolley_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dolley_Madison.jpg/255px-Dolley_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dolley_Madison.jpg/340px-Dolley_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> is said to be the first wife of a president to be referred to as "First Lady" (at her funeral in 1849).</figcaption></figure> <p>According to popular belief, <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> was referred to as first lady in 1849 at her funeral in a eulogy delivered by President <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>; however, no written record of this eulogy exists, nor did any of the newspapers of her day refer to her by that title.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D.C., social circles. The first person to have the title applied to her while she was actually holding the office was <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a>, the niece of <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>; <i>Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</i> used the phrase to describe her in an 1860 article about her duties as White House hostess. Another of the earliest known written examples comes from a November 3, 1863, diary entry of <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Russell" title="William Howard Russell">William Howard Russell</a>, in which he referred to gossip about "the First Lady in the Land", referring to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a>. The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist <a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Ames" title="Mary C. Ames">Mary C. Ames</a> referred to <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Webb Hayes</a> as "the First Lady of the Land" while reporting on the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. The frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes' activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled <i>The First Lady in the Land</i>, popularized the title further. By the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the title later spread from the United States to other nations. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a> took control of her husband's schedule in 1919 after he had a debilitating stroke, one Republican senator labeled her "the Presidentress who had fulfilled the dream of the suffragettes by changing her title from First Lady to Acting First Man".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Nexis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexis">Nexis</a> database, the abbreviation FLOTUS (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) was first used in 1983 by Donnie Radcliffe, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-spouses_in_the_role">Non-spouses in the role</h3></div> <p>Several women (at least thirteen) who were not presidents' wives have served as first lady, as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the first lady herself. In these cases, the position has been filled by a female relative of the president, such as <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson's</a> daughter <a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson#Presidency_(1829–1837)" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson's</a> daughter-in-law <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Yorke Jackson</a> and his wife's niece <a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Bliss" title="Mary Elizabeth Bliss">Mary Elizabeth Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Harrison_McKee" title="Mary Harrison McKee">Mary Harrison McKee</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan#Presidency_(1857–1861)" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan's</a> niece <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>'s sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary Arthur McElroy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland's</a> sister <a href="/wiki/Rose_Cleveland" title="Rose Cleveland">Rose Cleveland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_male_title">Potential male title</h3></div> <p>Each of the 45<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presidents of the United States have been males, and all have either had their wives, or a female hostess, assume the role of first lady. Thus, a male equivalent of the title of first lady has never been needed; in 2016, as <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> became the first woman to win a major party's presidential nomination, questions were raised as to what her husband <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill</a> would be titled if she were to win the presidency. During the campaign, the title of <b>First Gentleman of the United States</b> was most frequently suggested for Bill Clinton, although as a former president himself, he might have been called "Mr. President".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, state governors' male spouses are typically called the first gentleman of their respective state (for example, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Haley_(soldier)" title="Michael Haley (soldier)">Michael Haley</a> was the first gentleman of South Carolina while his wife, <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki</a>, served as governor).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Hillary Clinton lost the election, rendering this a moot point.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> took office as vice president, making her husband <a href="/wiki/Doug_Emhoff" title="Doug Emhoff">Doug Emhoff</a> the first male spouse of a nationally elected officeholder. Emhoff assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Second_Gentleman_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Gentleman of the United States">Second Gentleman of the United States</a> ("gentleman" replacing "lady" in the title) making it likely that any future male spouse of a president will be given the title of first gentleman.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harris would later go on to <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">replace</a> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as the Democratic presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a>. Had Harris' <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">presidential campaign</a> been successful, Emhoff would presumably have been granted this title. However, Harris lost the election, again rendering this a moot point.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg/220px-Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg/330px-Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg/440px-Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2031" /></a><figcaption>First Lady <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a>, joined by Missouri governor <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a>, with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferguson-Florissant_School_District" title="Ferguson-Florissant School District">Ferguson-Florissant School District</a> in October 1991. Mrs. Bush, who championed literacy as first lady, is reading <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bear,_Brown_Bear,_What_Do_You_See%3F" title="Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?">Brown Bear, Brown Bear</a></i> to the children.</figcaption></figure> <p>The position of the first lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society.<sup id="cite_ref-role_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-role-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of the first lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-role_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-role-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship: as public woman (1900–1929); as political celebrity (1932–1961); as political activist (1964–1977); and as political interloper (1980–2001).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital (New York and Philadelphia). This socializing became known as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Court" title="Republican Court">Republican Court</a> and provided elite women with opportunities to play backstage political roles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Martha Washington and <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> were treated as if they were "ladies" of the British royal court.<sup id="cite_ref-role_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-role-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> popularized the first ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every first lady until <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-role_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-role-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president's. She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> led an effort to redecorate and restore the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_first_ladies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Four_first_ladies.jpg/220px-Four_first_ladies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Four_first_ladies.jpg/330px-Four_first_ladies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Four_first_ladies.jpg/440px-Four_first_ladies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>First ladies (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a>, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> and first lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> at the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Clinton Presidential Center</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Many first ladies became significant fashion trendsetters.<sup id="cite_ref-role_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-role-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have exercised a degree of political influence by virtue of being an important advisor to the president.<sup id="cite_ref-role_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-role-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the 20th century, it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote, usually ones that are not politically divisive. It is common for the first lady to hire a staff to support these activities. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a> pioneered environmental protection and beautification.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> encouraged volunteerism and traveled extensively abroad; <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> supported women's rights; <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> aided those with mental disabilities; <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a> drug awareness campaign; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> promoted literacy; <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> sought to reform the healthcare system in the U.S.; <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> supported women's rights groups, and encouraged childhood literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-role_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-role-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> became identified with supporting military families and tackling childhood obesity;<sup id="cite_ref-Michelle_Obama_White_House_Page_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michelle_Obama_White_House_Page-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a> focused her support on military families and <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> history.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current first lady <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> has used her position to help children, including prevention of <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a> and support for those whose lives are affected by drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1964, the incumbent and all living former first ladies are honorary members of the board of trustees of the National Cultural Center, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-board_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-board-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of her husband's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">presidency</a>, Hillary Clinton became the first first lady to seek political office, when she ran for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. During the campaign, her daughter <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea</a> took over much of the first lady's role. Victorious, Clinton served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">junior senator from New York</a> from 2001 to 2009, when she resigned to become President Obama's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretary of state</a>. Later, she was the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">Democratic Party</a> nominee for president in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election</a>, but lost to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_of_the_First_Lady">Office of the First Lady</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First-Ladies_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/First-Ladies_cropped.jpg/220px-First-Ladies_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/First-Ladies_cropped.jpg/330px-First-Ladies_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/First-Ladies_cropped.jpg/440px-First-Ladies_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption>First ladies (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> at the "National Garden Gala, A Tribute to America's First Ladies", May 11, 1994. <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a>, absent due to illness, died 8 days after this photograph was taken.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the First Lady of the United States">Office of the First Lady of the United States</a></div> <p>The Office of the First Lady of the United States is accountable to the first lady for her to carry out her duties as hostess of the White House, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The first lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Social_Secretary" title="White House Social Secretary">White House social secretary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_Floral_Designer" title="White House Chief Floral Designer">chief floral designer</a>. The Office of the First Lady is an entity of the White House Office, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When First Lady Hillary Clinton decided to pursue a run for Senator of New York, she set aside her duties as first lady<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and moved to <a href="/wiki/Chappaqua,_New_York" title="Chappaqua, New York">Chappaqua, New York</a>, to establish state residency.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She resumed her duties as first lady after winning her senatorial campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retained her duties as both first lady and a U.S. senator for the seventeen-day overlap before Bill Clinton's term came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2></div> <p>Established in 1912, the First Ladies Collection has been one of the most popular attractions at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. The original exhibition opened in 1914 and was one of the first at the Smithsonian to prominently feature women. Originally focused largely on fashion, the exhibition now delves deeper into the contributions of first ladies to the and American society. In 2008, "First Ladies at the Smithsonian" opened at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> as part of its reopening year celebration. That exhibition served as a bridge to the museum's expanded exhibition on first ladies' history that opened on November 19, 2011. "The First Ladies" explores the unofficial but important position of first lady and the ways that different women have shaped the role to make their own contributions to the presidential administrations and the nation. The exhibition features 26 dresses and more than 160 other objects, ranging from those of <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, and includes <a href="/wiki/White_House_china" title="White House china">White House china</a>, personal possessions and other objects from the Smithsonian's unique collection of first ladies' materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacqueline_Lee_Bouvier_Kennedy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jacqueline_Lee_Bouvier_Kennedy.gif/170px-Jacqueline_Lee_Bouvier_Kennedy.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jacqueline_Lee_Bouvier_Kennedy.gif/255px-Jacqueline_Lee_Bouvier_Kennedy.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jacqueline_Lee_Bouvier_Kennedy.gif/340px-Jacqueline_Lee_Bouvier_Kennedy.gif 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of Jacqueline Kennedy at the White House</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <p>Some first ladies have garnered attention for their dress and style. <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a>, for instance, became a global fashion icon: her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and imitated by many young women, and she was named to the <a href="/wiki/International_Best_Dressed_List" class="mw-redirect" title="International Best Dressed List">International Best Dressed List</a> Hall of Fame in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mamie Eisenhower was named one of the twelve best-dressed women in the country by the New York Dress Institute every year that she was First Lady. The "Mamie Look" involved a full-skirted dress, charm bracelets, pearls, little hats, and bobbed, banged hair.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michelle Obama also received significant attention for her fashion choices: style writer <a href="/wiki/Robin_Givhan" title="Robin Givhan">Robin Givhan</a> praised her in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>, arguing that the First Lady's style had helped to enhance the public image of the office.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_initiatives">Causes and initiatives</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melania_Trump_meets_with_students_in_the_Kennedy_Garden_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Melania_Trump_meets_with_students_in_the_Kennedy_Garden_01.jpg/220px-Melania_Trump_meets_with_students_in_the_Kennedy_Garden_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Melania_Trump_meets_with_students_in_the_Kennedy_Garden_01.jpg/330px-Melania_Trump_meets_with_students_in_the_Kennedy_Garden_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Melania_Trump_meets_with_students_in_the_Kennedy_Garden_01.jpg/440px-Melania_Trump_meets_with_students_in_the_Kennedy_Garden_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>First lady <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> attending a "Be Best" rally with children</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1920s, many first ladies have become public speakers, adopting specific causes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also became common for the First Lady to hire a staff to support her agenda. Recent causes of the First Lady are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a>: <ul><li>refurbishing of the White House</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a></li> <li>humanitarian efforts</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>: <ul><li>White House restoration and the Arts</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>: <ul><li>Environmental protection and Beautification</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a>: <ul><li>Women's rights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a>", drug awareness</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a>: <ul><li>Childhood literacy</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">Healthcare</a> in the United States</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>: <ul><li>Childhood literacy</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Move!" title="Let's Move!">Let's Move!</a>", reducing childhood obesity</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let_Girls_Learn" class="mw-redirect" title="Let Girls Learn">Let Girls Learn</a>", increasing education for girls</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a>: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Be_Best" title="Be Best">Be Best</a>", cyberbullying awareness</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a>: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Joining_Forces" title="Joining Forces">Joining Forces</a>", military families;</li> <li>White House History</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies:_Influence_%26_Image" title="First Ladies: Influence & Image">First Ladies: Influence & Image</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_National_Historic_Site" title="First Ladies National Historic Site">First Ladies National Historic Site</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Program#First_Spouse_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential $1 Coin Program">First Spouse $1 Coin Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_first_spouses" title="List of current United States first spouses">List of current United States first spouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_United_States" title="Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States">Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_L._Gould" title="Lewis L. Gould">Lewis L. Gould</a>, pioneer scholar on First Ladies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Johnson" title="Dolly Johnson">Dolly Johnson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> were both elected to two non-consecutive terms and, as such, are counted twice, as the 22nd and 24th, and 45th and 47th presidents, respectively. Here, "presidents" refers to the 45 people who have held the office and not the 47 presidencies that have been held.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaroli" class="citation web cs1">Caroli, Betty Boyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/first-lady-United-States-title">"First Lady: United States title"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515184644/https://www.britannica.com/topic/first-lady-United-States-title">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=First+Lady%3A+United+States+title&rft.aulast=Caroli&rft.aufirst=Betty+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ffirst-lady-United-States-title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitchell2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2021" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Zoe (March 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/does-the-first-lady-position-put-ladies-first/">"Does the First Lady Position Put Ladies First?"</a>. <i>Australian Institute of International Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509080206/https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/does-the-first-lady-position-put-ladies-first/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 7, 1838. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Jill+Biden+unveils+a+reimagined+White+House+tour&rft.date=2024-10-25&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F10%2F21%2Fpolitics%2Fjill-biden-unveils-a-reimagined-white-house-tour%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuperville2017" class="citation web cs1">Superville, Darlene (October 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2017-10-09/melania-trump-saying-2-words-more-often-first-lady">"Melania Trump Filling Out Her Agenda as First Lady"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220417/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2017-10-09/melania-trump-saying-2-words-more-often-first-lady">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Melania+Trump+Filling+Out+Her+Agenda+as+First+Lady&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft.aulast=Superville&rft.aufirst=Darlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F2017-10-09%2Fmelania-trump-saying-2-words-more-often-first-lady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-board-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-board_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennedy-center.org/about/kctrustees.html">"The Kennedy Center: Board of Trustees"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814095210/http://www.kennedy-center.org/about/kctrustees.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Center%3A+Board+of+Trustees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennedy-center.org%2Fabout%2Fkctrustees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/">"Executive Office of the President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. December 23, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220405/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Executive+Office+of+the+President&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fadministration%2Feop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-01/05/073r-010500-idx.html">"Hillary Clinton Makes a Historic Move"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220421/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-01/05/073r-010500-idx.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hillary+Clinton+Makes+a+Historic+Move&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2FWPcap%2F2000-01%2F05%2F073r-010500-idx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/24/nyregion/mrs-clinton-to-be-official-new-yorker.html">"Mrs. Clinton to Be Official New Yorker"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 24, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220424/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/24/nyregion/mrs-clinton-to-be-official-new-yorker.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Clinton+to+Be+Official+New+Yorker&rft.date=1999-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F11%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Fmrs-clinton-to-be-official-new-yorker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/10/nyregion/the-race-won-the-senator-elect-resumes-her-first-lady-duties-at-the-white-house.html">"The Race Won, the Senator-Elect Resumes Her First Lady Duties at the White House"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 10, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220351/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/10/nyregion/the-race-won-the-senator-elect-resumes-her-first-lady-duties-at-the-white-house.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Race+Won%2C+the+Senator-Elect+Resumes+Her+First+Lady+Duties+at+the+White+House&rft.date=2000-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F11%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fthe-race-won-the-senator-elect-resumes-her-first-lady-duties-at-the-white-house.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/04/nyregion/a-day-of-firsts-as-mrs-clinton-takes-the-oath.html">"A Day of Firsts As Mrs. Clinton Takes the Oath"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 4, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220431/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/04/nyregion/a-day-of-firsts-as-mrs-clinton-takes-the-oath.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Day+of+Firsts+As+Mrs.+Clinton+Takes+the+Oath&rft.date=2001-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F01%2F04%2Fnyregion%2Fa-day-of-firsts-as-mrs-clinton-takes-the-oath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/small_exhibition.cfm?key=1267&exkey=863&pagekey=864&CFID=9611372&CFTOKEN=75585282">"The First Ladies"</a>. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819165829/http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/small_exhibition.cfm?key=1267&exkey=863&pagekey=864&CFID=9611372&CFTOKEN=75585282">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Ladies&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fsmall_exhibition.cfm%3Fkey%3D1267%26exkey%3D863%26pagekey%3D864%26CFID%3D9611372%26CFTOKEN%3D75585282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712215415/http://www.vanityfair.com/style/the-international-best-dressed-list/hall-of-fame-women">"World's Best Dressed Women"</a>. The International Hall of Fame: Women. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/bestdressed/bestdressed_women?currentPage=1">the original</a> on July 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=World%27s+Best+Dressed+Women&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fculture%2Fbestdressed%2Fbestdressed_women%3FcurrentPage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZilkha2004" class="citation book cs1">Zilkha, Bettina (2004). <i>Ultimate Style: The Best of the Best Dressed List</i>. New York, NY: Assouline. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>69, 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84323-513-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-84323-513-8"><bdi>2-84323-513-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Style%3A+The+Best+of+the+Best+Dressed+List&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E69%2C+90&rft.pub=Assouline&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-84323-513-8&rft.aulast=Zilkha&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibley2016" class="citation book cs1">Sibley, Katherine A. S. (March 14, 2016). <i>A Companion to First Ladies</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118732182" title="Special:BookSources/9781118732182"><bdi>9781118732182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+First+Ladies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.isbn=9781118732182&rft.aulast=Sibley&rft.aufirst=Katherine+A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivhan2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Givhan" title="Robin Givhan">Givhan, Robin</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/11/05/first-lady-fashion-fatigue.html">"First Lady Fashion Fatigue"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118110915/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/11/05/first-lady-fashion-fatigue.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=First+Lady+Fashion+Fatigue&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Givhan&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F11%2F05%2Ffirst-lady-fashion-fatigue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry-GilesBlair2002" class="citation journal cs1">Parry-Giles, Shawn J.; Blair, Diane M. (Winter 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41940289">"The Rise of the Rhetorical First Lady: Politics, Gender Ideology, and Women's Voice, 1789-2002"</a>. <i>Rhetoric and Public Affairs</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">565–</span>599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2003.0011">10.1353/rap.2003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41940289">41940289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144913911">144913911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+and+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Rhetorical+First+Lady%3A+Politics%2C+Gender+Ideology%2C+and+Women%27s+Voice%2C+1789-2002&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E565-%3C%2Fspan%3E599&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144913911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41940289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frap.2003.0011&rft.aulast=Parry-Giles&rft.aufirst=Shawn+J.&rft.au=Blair%2C+Diane+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41940289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_United_States_presidential_spouses_and_first_ladies" title="Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies">Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abrams, Jeanne E. . <i>First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role</i>. New York New York University Press, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-8653-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-8653-1">978-1-4798-8653-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1992" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiessaga200anth"><i>First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents Wives and Their Power 1789–1961</i></a></span>. New York: Quill/William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-11272-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-11272-1"><bdi>978-0-688-11272-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Presidents+Wives+and+Their+Power+1789%E2%80%931961&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Quill%2FWilliam+Morrow&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-688-11272-1&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Carl+Sferrazza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiessaga200anth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0688112722">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220428/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0688112722">Archived</a> January 14, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Tim (Spring 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/womens-history/resources/america%E2%80%99s-first-ladies-twentieth-century-issues-common-core">"America's First Ladies on Twentieth-Century Issues: A Common Core Unit"</a>. <i>History Now</i>. <b>35</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Now&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Ladies+on+Twentieth-Century+Issues%3A+A+Common+Core+Unit&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=35&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-by-era%2Fwomens-history%2Fresources%2Famerica%25E2%2580%2599s-first-ladies-twentieth-century-issues-common-core&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Curriculum unit based on primary sources.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Berkin, Carol, ed. (Spring 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318193544/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/2013-03/america%E2%80%99s-first-ladies">"America's First Ladies"</a>. <i>History Now</i>. <b>35</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/2013-03/america%E2%80%99s-first-ladies">the original</a> on March 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Now&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Ladies&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=35&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-now%2F2013-03%2Famerica%25E2%2580%2599s-first-ladies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> Popular essays by scholars.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöck2009" class="citation book cs1">Böck, Magdalena (2009). <i>The Role of First Ladies: A Comparison Between the US and Europe</i> (eBook ed.). Munich: GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-42153-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-42153-4"><bdi>978-3-640-42153-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+First+Ladies%3A+A+Comparison+Between+the+US+and+Europe&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-640-42153-4&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6ck&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrower2016" class="citation book cs1">Brower, Kate Andersen (2016). <i>First Women: The Grace and Power of America's Modern First Ladies</i>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-243965-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-243965-9"><bdi>978-0-06-243965-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Women%3A+The+Grace+and+Power+of+America%27s+Modern+First+Ladies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-06-243965-9&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Kate+Andersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Boyd_Caroli" title="Betty Boyd Caroli">Caroli, Betty Boyd</a>. "The Role of First Lady" in Graff, Henry F., ed. <i>The presidents: A Reference History</i> (3rd ed. 2002)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeppisch2015" class="citation book cs1">Deppisch, Ludwig M. (2015). <i>The Health of the First Ladies: Medical Histories from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama</i>. McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Health+of+the+First+Ladies%3A+Medical+Histories+from+Martha+Washington+to+Michelle+Obama&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Deppisch&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. "First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s". Environmental Review 10.2 (1986): 77–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3984559">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920195209/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3984559">Archived</a> September 20, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>Lady Bird Johnson and the Environment</i> (UP Kansas, 1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://0-www-jstor-org.avalon.searchmobius.org/stable/j.ctv1p2gjzg">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927141838/https://avalon.searchmobius.org/wamvalidate?url=https%3A%2F%2F0-www-jstor-org.avalon.searchmobius.org%3A443%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1p2gjzg">Archived</a> September 27, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>Helen Taft: Our Musical First Lady</i> (UP Kansas, 2010).</li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Creating the Modern First Lady</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://0-www-jstor-org.avalon.searchmobius.org/stable/j.ctt1bkm6zj">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927141838/https://avalon.searchmobius.org/wamvalidate?url=https%3A%2F%2F0-www-jstor-org.avalon.searchmobius.org%3A443%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1bkm6zj">Archived</a> September 27, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hummer, Jill Abraham. <i>First Ladies and American Women: In Politics and at Home</i> (UP of Kansas, 2017); 269 pages;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugo-LugoBloodsworth-Lugo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lugo-Lugo, Carmen R. & Bloodsworth-Lugo, Mary K. (2011). "Bare Biceps and American (In) Security: Post-9/11 Constructions of Safe(ty), Threat, and the First Black First Lady". <i>Women's Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">200–</span>217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwsq.2011.0030">10.1353/wsq.2011.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85344609">85344609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Bare+Biceps+and+American+%28In%29+Security%3A+Post-9%2F11+Constructions+of+Safe%28ty%29%2C+Threat%2C+and+the+First+Black+First+Lady&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwsq.2011.0030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85344609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lugo-Lugo&rft.aufirst=Carmen+R.&rft.au=Bloodsworth-Lugo%2C+Mary+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> On media images of Michelle Obama.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastan2008" class="citation book cs1">Pastan, Amy (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everest0000step"><i>First Ladies</i></a></span>. London: DK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-7398-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-7398-1"><bdi>978-0-7894-7398-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-7398-1&rft.aulast=Pastan&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverest0000step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> Heavily illustrated.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John B. (2004). <i>Rating The First Ladies: The Women Who Influenced the Presidency</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2608-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2608-9"><bdi>978-0-8065-2608-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rating+The+First+Ladies%3A+The+Women+Who+Influenced+the+Presidency&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2608-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0806526084">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220411/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0806526084">Archived</a> January 14, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Schwartz, Marie Jenkins. <i>Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves</i> (U of Chicago Press, 2017), 420 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroy1997" class="citation book cs1">Troy, Gil (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/affairsofstate00gilt"><i>Affairs of State The Rise and Rejection of the Presidential Couple Since World War II</i></a></span>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684828206" title="Special:BookSources/9780684828206"><bdi>9780684828206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affairs+of+State+The+Rise+and+Rejection+of+the+Presidential+Couple+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780684828206&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faffairsofstate00gilt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> By a leading political historian.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1996" class="citation book cs1">Truman, Margaret (1996). <i>First Ladies: An Intimate Group Portrait of White House Wives</i>. New York: Facett Columbine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-22323-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-449-22323-9"><bdi>978-0-449-22323-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies%3A+An+Intimate+Group+Portrait+of+White+House+Wives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facett+Columbine&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-449-22323-9&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/044922323X">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220522/https://www.amazon.com/dp/044922323X">Archived</a> January 14, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Robert P. (2003). "Toward the Study of the First Lady: The State of Scholarship". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">423–</span>441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2003.tb00038.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2003.tb00038.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Toward+the+Study+of+the+First+Lady%3A+The+State+of+Scholarship&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E441&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2003.tb00038.x&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Lady+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/058_flal.html">Alphabetical List of First Ladies of the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/firstlady">Office of the First Lady</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies">First Lady's Gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstladies.org/">The National First Ladies' Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/small_exhibition.cfm?key=1267&exkey=863&pagekey=864&CFID=9611372&CFTOKEN=75585282">The First Ladies at the Smithsonian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819165829/http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/small_exhibition.cfm?key=1267&exkey=863&pagekey=864&CFID=9611372&CFTOKEN=75585282">Archived</a> August 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Monroe">Elizabeth Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Singleton_Van_Buren" title="Angelica Singleton Van Buren">Angelica Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Harrison" title="Anna Harrison">Anna Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Irwin_Harrison" title="Jane Irwin Harrison">Jane Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian_Tyler" title="Letitia Christian Tyler">Letitia Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cooper_Tyler" title="Priscilla Cooper Tyler">Priscilla Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Taylor" title="Margaret Taylor">Margaret Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Fillmore" title="Abigail Fillmore">Abigail Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Pierce" title="Jane Pierce">Jane Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grant" title="Julia Grant">Julia Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cleveland" title="Rose Cleveland">Rose Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Harrison" title="Caroline Harrison">Caroline Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harrison_McKee" title="Mary Harrison McKee">Mary Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Saxton_McKinley" title="Ida Saxton McKinley">Ida McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Axson_Wilson" title="Ellen Axson Wilson">Ellen Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Harding" title="Florence Harding">Florence Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Grace Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower">Mamie Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as First Lady of the United States">tenure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Lady of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_United_States_presidential_spouses_and_first_ladies" title="Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies">bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_family_of_the_United_States" title="First family of the United States">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Lady_of_the_United_States_firsts" title="List of First Lady of the United States firsts">firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memoirs_by_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of memoirs by first ladies of the United States">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_National_Historic_Site" title="First Ladies National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:First ladies of the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spouses_of_national_leaders150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spouses_of_national_leaders" title="Template:Spouses of national leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spouses_of_national_leaders" title="Template talk:Spouses of national leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spouses_of_national_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spouses of national leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spouses_of_national_leaders150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spouses of national leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republican leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">First ladies<br />and<br />gentlemen<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(may include<br />non-spouses)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Albania" title="First Lady of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Angola" title="First Lady of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Argentina" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Armenia" title="First Lady of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Austria" title="First Lady of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Azerbaijan" title="First Lady of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Bangladesh" title="First Lady of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Belarus" title="First Lady of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Benin" title="First Lady of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Botswana" title="First Lady of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Brazil" title="First Lady of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_Brazil" title="List of first ladies of Brazil">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Bulgaria" title="First Lady of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Cameroon" title="First Lady of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Cape_Verde" title="First Lady of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Chile" title="First Lady of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Bolivia" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Colombia" title="First Lady of Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_Colombia" title="List of first ladies of Colombia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="First Lady of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="First Lady of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Costa_Rica" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Cuba" title="First Lady of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Cyprus" title="First Lady of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="First Lady of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_of_Djibouti" title="First ladies of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="First Lady of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Ecuador" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Egypt" title="First Lady of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_El_Salvador" title="First Lady of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Ethiopia" title="First Lady of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Gabon" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Gambia" title="First Lady of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Georgia_(country)" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Ghana" title="First Lady of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Guatemala" title="First Lady of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Guinea" title="First Lady of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Guyana" title="First Lady of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Haiti" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Honduras" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_India" title="First ladies and gentlemen of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Indonesia" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Israel" title="First Lady of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Ivory_Coast" title="First Lady of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Kazakhstan" title="First Lady of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Kenya" title="First Lady of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Lebanon" title="First Lady of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Lithuania" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Madagascar" title="First Lady of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Malawi" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Maldives" title="First Lady of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Mali" title="First Lady of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Malta" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Mauritius" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Mexico" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Moldova" title="First Lady of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Mongolia" title="First Lady of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Mozambique" title="First Lady of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Myanmar" title="First Lady of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Namibia" title="First Lady of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Nicaragua" title="First Lady of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Nigeria" title="First Lady of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_North_Korea" title="First Lady of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_North_Macedonia" title="First ladies and gentlemen of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Pakistan" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Palau" title="First Lady of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Panama" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Paraguay" title="First Lady of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_Philippines" title="First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Poland" title="First Lady of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Portugal" title="First Lady of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Romania" title="First Lady of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Russia" title="First Lady of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Rwanda" title="First Lady of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Senegal" title="First Lady of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Sierra_Leone" title="First Lady of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Slovakia" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_South_Africa" title="First Lady of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_South_Korea" title="First Lady of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Sri_Lanka" title="First Lady of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Suriname" title="First Lady of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Syria" title="First Lady of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="First Lady of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Tajikistan" title="First Lady of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_Tanzania" title="First ladies and gentlemen of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Timor-Leste" title="First Lady of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Tunisia" title="First Lady of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_of_Turkey" title="First ladies of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Turkmenistan" title="First Lady of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Ukraine" title="First Lady of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Uruguay" title="First Lady of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_of_Uzbekistan" title="First ladies of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Venezuela" title="First Lady of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Zambia" title="First Lady of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Zimbabwe" title="First Lady of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_heads_of_state" title="List of spouses of heads of state">Spouses or<br />companions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_Estonia" title="Spouse of the president of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouses_of_presidents_of_Finland" title="Spouses of presidents of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_or_partners_of_the_president_of_France" title="List of spouses or partners of the president of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_presidents_and_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of spouses of presidents and chancellors of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_chief_executives_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of spouses of chief executives of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_and_partners_of_Icelandic_presidents" title="List of spouses and partners of Icelandic presidents">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_the_president_of_Ireland" title="List of spouses of the president of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_president_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Companion of the president of the Italian Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="Spouse of the president of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_Singapore" title="Spouse of the president of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_the_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of spouses of the heads of state of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_Vietnamese_presidents" title="List of spouses of Vietnamese presidents">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_or_partners_of_the_president_of_France" title="List of spouses or partners of the president of France">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Bhutan" title="Queen of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_royal_consorts" title="List of Belgian royal consorts">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_royal_consorts" title="List of Danish royal consorts">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_of_Japan" title="Empress of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jordanian_royal_consorts" title="List of Jordanian royal consorts">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Luxembourgish_consorts" title="List of Luxembourgish consorts">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Permaisuri_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Permaisuri Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mon%C3%A9gasque_consorts" title="List of Monégasque consorts">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts" title="List of Dutch royal consorts">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_royal_consorts" title="List of Norwegian royal consorts">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Omani_royal_consorts" title="List of Omani royal consorts">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_royal_consorts" title="List of Spanish royal consorts">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_royal_consorts" title="List of Swedish royal consorts">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tongan_royal_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tongan royal consorts">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_royal_consorts" title="List of Thai royal consorts">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts" title="List of British royal consorts">United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth<br />governors-general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_governor-general_of_Australia" title="Spouse of the governor-general of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada" title="Viceregal consort of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_governor-general_of_New_Zealand" title="Spouse of the governor-general of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_heads_of_government" title="List of spouses of heads of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Armenia" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_or_partner_of_the_prime_minister_of_Australia" title="Spouse or partner of the prime minister of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_the_prime_minister_of_Belize" title="List of spouses of the prime minister of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Cambodia" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Canada" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_prime_ministers_of_Croatia" title="List of spouses of prime ministers of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_German_presidents_and_chancellors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of spouses of German presidents and chancellors">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_India" title="Spouse of the prime minister of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the president of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_or_partners_of_the_Taoiseach" title="List of spouses or partners of the Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Israel" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of spouses of prime ministers of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Malaysia" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Mauritius" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Spouse of the prime minister of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_prime_ministers_of_Sweden" title="List of spouses of prime ministers of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="List of spouses of prime ministers of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spouse of the prime minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7166256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata748" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7166256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7166256#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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