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class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietà" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietà"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Proprietà</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietà-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_bosoni_W,_Z_e_l'interazione_debole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_bosoni_W,_Z_e_l'interazione_debole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>I bosoni W, Z e l'interazione debole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_bosoni_W,_Z_e_l'interazione_debole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predizione_teorica_dei_bosoni_W_e_Z" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predizione_teorica_dei_bosoni_W_e_Z"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Predizione teorica dei bosoni W e Z</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predizione_teorica_dei_bosoni_W_e_Z-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interazione_del_bosone_di_Higgs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interazione_del_bosone_di_Higgs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interazione del bosone di Higgs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interazione_del_bosone_di_Higgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osservazioni_dirette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osservazioni_dirette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Osservazioni dirette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osservazioni_dirette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosoni_W_e_supersimmetrie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosoni_W_e_supersimmetrie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bosoni W e supersimmetrie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosoni_W_e_supersimmetrie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bosoni W e Z</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 50 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_en_Z-bosone" title="W- en Z-bosone - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="W- en Z-bosone" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AF" title="بوزونات دبليو وزد - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوزونات دبليو وزد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosones_W_y_Z" title="Bosones W y Z - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bosones W y Z" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_%D1%96_Z-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="W- і Z-базоны - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="W- і Z-базоны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_%D1%96_Z-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="W- і Z-базоны - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="W- і Z-базоны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_%D0%B8_Z_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="W и Z бозони - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="W и Z бозони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="W i Z bozoni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosons_W_i_Z" title="Bosons W i Z - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bosons W i Z" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson_W_a_Z" title="Boson W a Z - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boson W a Z" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_og_Z-bosoner" title="W- og Z-bosoner - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="W- og Z-bosoner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_W_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_Z" title="Μποζόνια W και Z - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μποζόνια W και Z" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="W and Z bosons" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosones_W_y_Z" title="Bosones W y Z - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bosones W y Z" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_ja_Z-boson" title="W- ja Z-boson - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="W- ja Z-boson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_eta_Z_bosoi" title="W eta Z bosoi - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="W eta Z bosoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%AF" title="بوزون‌های دبلیو و زد - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوزون‌های دبلیو و زد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_ja_Z-bosonit" title="W- ja Z-bosonit - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="W- ja Z-bosonit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosons_W_et_Z" title="Bosons W et Z - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bosons W et Z" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos%C3%B3ns_W_e_Z" title="Bosóns W e Z - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bosóns W e Z" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_W_%D7%95-Z" title="בוזוני W ו-Z - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוזוני W ו-Z" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_%E0%A4%B5_Z_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="W व Z बोसॉन - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="W व Z बोसॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="W i Z bozoni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_%C3%A9s_Z-bozonok" title="W- és Z-bozonok - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="W- és Z-bozonok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_%D6%87_Z-%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="W- և Z-բոզոններ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="W- և Z-բոզոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson_W_dan_Z" title="Boson W dan Z - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boson W dan Z" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ウィークボソン - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィークボソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%EC%99%80_Z%EB%B3%B4%EC%86%90" title="W와 Z보손 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="W와 Z보손" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwake_bosone" title="Zwake bosone - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwake bosone" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_ir_Z_bozonai" title="W ir Z bozonai - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="W ir Z bozonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_%D0%B8_Z_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="W и Z бозони - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="W и Z бозони" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson_W_dan_Z" title="Boson W dan Z - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boson W dan Z" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_og_Z-boson" title="W- og Z-boson - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="W- og Z-boson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosons_W_e_Z" title="Bosons W e Z - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bosons W e Z" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sons_W_e_Z" title="Bósons W e Z - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bósons W e Z" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_%D0%B8_Z-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="W- и Z-бозоны - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="W- и Z-бозоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%8A_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84" title="زيڊ پارٽيڪل - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زيڊ پارٽيڪل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="W i Z bozoni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="W and Z bosons" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boz%C3%B3n_W_a_Z" title="Bozón W a Z - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bozón W a Z" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozoni_W_in_Z" title="Bozoni W in Z - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bozoni W in Z" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_%D0%B8_Z_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="W и Z бозони - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="W и Z бозони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_och_Z-bosoner" title="W- och Z-bosoner - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="W- och Z-bosoner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_boson_na_W_at_Z" title="Mga boson na W at Z - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga boson na W at Z" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_ve_Z_bozonlar%C4%B1" title="W ve Z bozonları - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="W ve Z bozonları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_Z_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="W һәм Z бозоннары - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="W һәм Z бозоннары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-_%D1%96_Z-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="W- і Z-бозони - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="W- і Z-бозони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Reindirizzamento da <strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosone_W&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosone W">Bosone W</a></strong>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background:#bfdfff">Bosoni W<sup>±</sup> e Z</th></tr><tr><th>Composizione</th><td><a href="/wiki/Particelle_elementari" class="mw-redirect" title="Particelle elementari">Particelle elementari</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Famiglia</th><td><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">Bosoni</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Gruppo</th><td><a href="/wiki/Bosoni_di_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosoni di gauge">Bosoni di gauge</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Interazioni_fondamentali" title="Interazioni fondamentali">Interazioni</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole">Interazione debole</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Simbolo</th><td><span style="white-space:nowrap">W<sup>±</sup></span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap">Z<sup>0</sup></span> </td></tr><tr><th>Teorizzata</th><td><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a>) </td></tr><tr><th>Scoperta</th><td>Collaborazione <a href="/wiki/UA1" title="UA1">UA1</a> e <a href="/wiki/UA2" title="UA2">UA2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#bfdfff">Proprietà fisiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Massa_a_riposo" title="Massa a riposo">Massa</a></th><td>W: 80,385±0,015 <a href="/wiki/GeV" class="mw-redirect" title="GeV">GeV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a><sup>2</sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lepewwg.web.cern.ch/LEPEWWG/">LEP EWWG Home Page</a><br /> Z: 91,1876±0,0021 <a href="/wiki/GeV" class="mw-redirect" title="GeV">GeV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a><sup>2</sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdglive.lbl.gov/Rsummary.brl?nodein=S044&fsizein=1">PDGLive Particle Summary</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Carica_elementare" title="Carica elementare">Carica elettrica</a></th><td>W<sup>±</sup>: ±1 <a href="/wiki/Carica_elementare" title="Carica elementare">e</a><br /> Z: 0 <a href="/wiki/Carica_elementare" title="Carica elementare">e</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a></th><td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>I <b>bosoni W e Z</b> sono i <a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_gauge" title="Bosone di gauge">bosoni di gauge</a> della <a href="/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole">interazione debole</a>. </p><p>In quanto <a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">bosoni</a> con <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> pari a 1, appartengono alla classe dei <a href="/wiki/Bosone_vettore" title="Bosone vettore">bosoni vettori</a>. Vengono definiti anche <i>bosoni vettori intermedi</i> e <i>astenoni</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietà"><span id="Propriet.C3.A0"></span>Proprietà</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Proprietà" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietà"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esistono due tipi di bosone W, uno con <a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">carica elettrica</a> +1 e l'altro con carica -1 (in unità di carica elettrica elementare), e sono l'uno l'<a href="/wiki/Antiparticella" title="Antiparticella">antiparticella</a> dell'altro. Il bosone Z o (Z<sup>0</sup>) è neutro. Tutti e tre i bosoni sono molto massivi (circa 100 volte più del <a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">protone</a>) e hanno una <a href="/wiki/Vita_media" title="Vita media">vita media</a> breve (3x10<sup>-25</sup> s). La loro massa elevata rende ragione del corto raggio delle interazioni deboli (al contrario, l'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">interazione elettromagnetica</a> ha raggio infinito perché il suo bosone, ovvero il <a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">fotone</a>, è privo di <a href="/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica)">massa</a>). I tre bosoni hanno tutti <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I_bosoni_W,_Z_e_l'interazione_debole"><span id="I_bosoni_W.2C_Z_e_l.27interazione_debole"></span>I bosoni W, Z e l'interazione debole</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione I bosoni W, Z e l'interazione debole" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: I bosoni W, Z e l'interazione debole"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_Negative_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/290px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/435px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/580px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Il <a href="/wiki/Diagramma_di_Feynman" title="Diagramma di Feynman">diagramma di Feynman</a> per il decadimento beta di un neutrone in un protone, un elettrone e un antineutrino elettronico tramite un bosone W.</figcaption></figure> <p>I processi mediati da W<sup>+</sup> e W<sup>-</sup> si dicono processi di corrente di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carica_debole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carica debole (la pagina non esiste)">carica debole</a> in quanto i bosoni possono aumentare o diminuire di un'unità la <a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">carica elettrica</a> della particella generata dal processo rispetto a quella della particella iniziale. Essi possono inoltre cambiare il <a href="/wiki/Sapore_(fisica)" title="Sapore (fisica)">sapore</a> delle particelle coinvolte. I processi in cui interviene Z sono detti processi di <a href="/wiki/Corrente_debole_neutra" title="Corrente debole neutra">corrente debole neutra</a> e non implicano né un cambiamento di <a href="/wiki/Carica_elettrica" title="Carica elettrica">carica elettrica</a> né di <a href="/wiki/Sapore_(fisica)" title="Sapore (fisica)">sapore</a>. Il bosone W è maggiormente conosciuto per il suo ruolo nelle reazioni nucleari, che avvengono tramite <a href="/wiki/Decadimento_beta" title="Decadimento beta">decadimento beta</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Neutroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutroni">neutroni</a> del <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">nucleo atomico</a>, per il quale un <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">neutrone</a> è convertito in un <a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">protone</a> con l'emissione di un <a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettrone</a> (che in questo contesto è detto <a href="/wiki/Particella_%CE%B2" title="Particella β">particella β</a>) e un <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino" title="Antineutrino">antineutrino</a>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{n}}\to {\hbox{p}}+{\hbox{e}}^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>p</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{n}}\to {\hbox{p}}+{\hbox{e}}^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1777ff38be4577a1a4600085bf0e42a8f931066a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.823ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{n}}\to {\hbox{p}}+{\hbox{e}}^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}"></span> </p><p>Il neutrone e il protone non sono particelle fondamentali, bensì composte da tre <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a>; in particolare, il neutrone è formato da due <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">quark down</a> e un <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">quark up</a> (ddu) e il protone da due quark up e un quark down (uud). A questo livello, il decadimento beta è dato dunque da un quark d che cambia sapore e diventa un quark u, con l'emissione di un W<sup>-</sup>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{d}}\to {\hbox{u}}+{\hbox{W}}^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{d}}\to {\hbox{u}}+{\hbox{W}}^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff682a9668088b641032c15357159937e762e3af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.939ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{d}}\to {\hbox{u}}+{\hbox{W}}^{-}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>il quale a sua volta decade immediatamente in un elettrone e un antineutrino elettronico: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hbox{W}}^{-}\to {\hbox{e}}^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>W</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hbox{W}}^{-}\to {\hbox{e}}^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd5137f9b59e7fa855bc0cb2a554aaae05fd9af4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.297ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hbox{W}}^{-}\to {\hbox{e}}^{-}+{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>I processi che coinvolgono Z, lasciando inalterata la carica e il sapore delle particelle, sono di più difficile osservazione e richiedono l'utilizzo di <a href="/wiki/Acceleratori_di_particelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceleratori di particelle">acceleratori di particelle</a> e sofisticati <a href="/wiki/Rivelatore_di_particelle" title="Rivelatore di particelle">rivelatori</a>. La prima evidenza di processi di corrente neutra, ottenuta nella <a href="/wiki/Camera_a_bolle" title="Camera a bolle">camera a bolle</a> <a href="/wiki/Gargamelle" title="Gargamelle">Gargamelle</a> al <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a>, segue di quarant'anni le teorie sul decadimento beta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predizione_teorica_dei_bosoni_W_e_Z">Predizione teorica dei bosoni W e Z</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Predizione teorica dei bosoni W e Z" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Predizione teorica dei bosoni W e Z"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'introduzione dei bosoni W e Z nelle teorie fisiche discende dal tentativo di costruire un modello per descrivere l'interazione debole che fosse simile all'efficace teoria dell'<a href="/wiki/Elettrodinamica_quantistica" title="Elettrodinamica quantistica">elettrodinamica quantistica</a> (sviluppata negli anni cinquanta del <a href="/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo">Novecento</a> per la descrizione dei processi elettromagnetici coerente con la <a href="/wiki/Meccanica_quantistica" title="Meccanica quantistica">meccanica quantistica</a>) e che si riconducesse alla <a href="/wiki/Interazione_di_Fermi" title="Interazione di Fermi">teoria di Fermi dell'interazione debole</a>. Il culmine di questo sforzo si ebbe alla fine degli anni sessanta, quando <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> e <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> proposero la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_elettrodebole" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria elettrodebole">teoria elettrodebole</a>, che vede unificate in un'unica interazione la <a href="/wiki/Forza_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Forza debole">forza debole</a> e quella <a href="/wiki/Forza_elettromagnetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Forza elettromagnetica">elettromagnetica</a>. Tale teoria, oltre a prevedere i bosoni W per mediare il decadimento beta, postulava un secondo bosone vettore, il bosone Z. I risultati del rivelatore Gargamelle al CERN furono la prima valida conferma della teoria elettrodebole. </p><p>Il fatto che i bosoni W e Z siano molto massivi fu uno dei principali ostacoli allo sviluppo della teoria elettrodebole. Essa infatti è una <a href="/wiki/Teoria_di_gauge" title="Teoria di gauge">teoria di gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/SU(2)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(2)">SU(2)</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \otimes }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⊗</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \otimes }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de29098f5a34ee296a505681a0d5e875070f2aea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \otimes }"></span><a href="/wiki/U(1)" class="mw-redirect" title="U(1)">U(1)</a>, ma nelle teorie di gauge i bosoni sono senza massa, come accade per il <a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">fotone</a> nell'elettrodinamica quantistica, descritta da una teoria di gauge <a href="/wiki/U(1)" class="mw-redirect" title="U(1)">U(1)</a>. Il modo in cui si genera una massa senza rinunciare alla <a href="/wiki/Simmetria_di_gauge" title="Simmetria di gauge">simmetria di gauge</a> della teoria è detto <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_simmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di simmetria">rottura spontanea di simmetria</a> e la più accreditata spiegazione di questo processo è il <a href="/wiki/Meccanismo_di_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccanismo di Higgs">meccanismo di Higgs</a>. Tale meccanismo prevede l'esistenza di un'ulteriore particella, il <a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">bosone di Higgs</a>. </p><p>La combinazione della teoria di gauge SU(2)<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \otimes }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⊗</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \otimes }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de29098f5a34ee296a505681a0d5e875070f2aea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \otimes }"></span>U(1) per l'interazione elettrodebole e del meccanismo di Higgs è nota come modello di Glashow-Weinberg-Salam. Per questo lavoro, i tre fisici vinsero il <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Premio Nobel per la fisica">Premio Nobel per la fisica</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> e tale modello costituisce attualmente uno dei pilastri del <a href="/wiki/Modello_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Modello Standard">Modello Standard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interazione_del_bosone_di_Higgs">Interazione del bosone di Higgs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Interazione del bosone di Higgs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Interazione del bosone di Higgs"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consideriamo il gruppo di simmetria introdotto da <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle SU_{L}(2)\times U_{Y}(1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SU_{L}(2)\times U_{Y}(1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d19bb1dfb1ab66c6f71fb3397aae48cf50d6ef8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle SU_{L}(2)\times U_{Y}(1)}"></span>. </p><p>Per effettuare una trasformazione di fase locale di tale gruppo, introduciamo una opportuna <a href="/wiki/Derivata_covariante" title="Derivata covariante">derivata covariante</a>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial _{\mu }\to D_{\mu }=\partial _{\mu }-ig\sum _{a=1}^{3}\tau ^{a}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }^{a}-i{\frac {g'}{2}}YB_{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mi>g</mi> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>Y</mi> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial _{\mu }\to D_{\mu }=\partial _{\mu }-ig\sum _{a=1}^{3}\tau ^{a}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }^{a}-i{\frac {g'}{2}}YB_{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/687b52cbf5babfccfbeb40b17140e7d5341f55e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:40.725ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial _{\mu }\to D_{\mu }=\partial _{\mu }-ig\sum _{a=1}^{3}\tau ^{a}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }^{a}-i{\frac {g'}{2}}YB_{\mu }}"></span> </p><p>Applichiamo semplicemente questa derivata al campo di Higgs definito come: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (x)=\left({\begin{array}{cc}H^{0}\\H^{-}\end{array}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (x)=\left({\begin{array}{cc}H^{0}\\H^{-}\end{array}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9792ee49f4200606fd2fb9afa420ce50017de68" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.41ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (x)=\left({\begin{array}{cc}H^{0}\\H^{-}\end{array}}\right)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{\mu }\phi (x)=\left[\partial _{\mu }-ig\sum _{a=1}^{3}\tau ^{a}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }^{a}-i{\frac {g'}{2}}YB_{\mu }\right]\phi (x)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mi>g</mi> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>Y</mi> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{\mu }\phi (x)=\left[\partial _{\mu }-ig\sum _{a=1}^{3}\tau ^{a}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }^{a}-i{\frac {g'}{2}}YB_{\mu }\right]\phi (x)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e91676a2fd417d9e6caa7531b0cb3ff8c0a9147d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:46.799ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{\mu }\phi (x)=\left[\partial _{\mu }-ig\sum _{a=1}^{3}\tau ^{a}{\vec {W}}_{\mu }^{a}-i{\frac {g'}{2}}YB_{\mu }\right]\phi (x)}"></span> </p><p>Dove <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ^{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ^{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ebbd8a6381855087ff3ea1624a2d14105f5a786" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.36ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ^{a}}"></span> sono le <a href="/wiki/Matrici_di_Pauli" title="Matrici di Pauli">matrici di Pauli</a>, avendo definito i <a href="/wiki/Insieme_di_generatori" title="Insieme di generatori">generatori del gruppo</a> come </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [{\vec {G}}]=\left[{\frac {\vec {\tau }}{2}};{\frac {1}{2}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [{\vec {G}}]=\left[{\frac {\vec {\tau }}{2}};{\frac {1}{2}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/83cbfc383fa64050aebc5531c862524f06bc4fb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.876ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [{\vec {G}}]=\left[{\frac {\vec {\tau }}{2}};{\frac {1}{2}}\right]}"></span> </p><p>Questo comporta la <a href="/wiki/Rottura_spontanea_di_simmetria" title="Rottura spontanea di simmetria">rottura spontanea di simmetria</a> di tutti e quattro i generatori del campo del vuoto: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G^{i}\phi _{VAC}(x)\neq \left(\phi _{VAC}'(x)\right)\qquad i=1...4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≠</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1...4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G^{i}\phi _{VAC}(x)\neq \left(\phi _{VAC}'(x)\right)\qquad i=1...4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c97af9c454af85bbf539dcbe1137c7460d20bd20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:38.057ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G^{i}\phi _{VAC}(x)\neq \left(\phi _{VAC}'(x)\right)\qquad i=1...4}"></span> </p><p>Vogliamo invece che uno dei generatori non acquisti massa, quindi dobbiamo imporre che almeno uno dei generatori tra i quattro verifichi: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'\phi _{VAC}(x)=\left(\phi _{VAC}'(x)\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'\phi _{VAC}(x)=\left(\phi _{VAC}'(x)\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20584d2d3ba0242334ca49a291fd6e8559bc932c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:24.744ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G'\phi _{VAC}(x)=\left(\phi _{VAC}'(x)\right)}"></span> </p><p>quindi </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\begin{array}{cc}1&0\\0&0\end{array}}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}(1+\tau ^{3})={\frac {1}{2}}H_{W}+I_{W}^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\begin{array}{cc}1&0\\0&0\end{array}}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}(1+\tau ^{3})={\frac {1}{2}}H_{W}+I_{W}^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e61e20b5b1fa97febd92fe05157af64148128ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:44.837ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G'={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\begin{array}{cc}1&0\\0&0\end{array}}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}(1+\tau ^{3})={\frac {1}{2}}H_{W}+I_{W}^{3}}"></span> </p><p>Avendo così ridefinito uno dei generatori, dobbiamo ridefinire anche le derivate covarianti e i parametri liberi g e g'. Lo facciamo introducendo un nuovo parametro:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{W}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{W}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb19c1679cf3ac1f8642424293abce1637e5e46e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.045ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{W}}"></span>, l'<a href="/wiki/Angolo_di_Weinberg" title="Angolo di Weinberg">angolo di Weinberg</a>. </p><p>I nuovi parametri saranno: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\sin \theta _{W}=g'\cos \theta _{W}\quad \tan \theta _{W}={\frac {g'}{g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="1em" /> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi>g</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\sin \theta _{W}=g'\cos \theta _{W}\quad \tan \theta _{W}={\frac {g'}{g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c81d922e4ec0e9972a6e1f4627fdda78110eea09" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:34.861ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\sin \theta _{W}=g'\cos \theta _{W}\quad \tan \theta _{W}={\frac {g'}{g}}}"></span> </p><p>Effettuiamo quindi una rotazione unitaria dei campi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{\mu }^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{\mu }^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14a61916feffd46e4917f7f2a6880f1b734cae54" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.562ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{\mu }^{3}}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fe5f2581724819fecf73ea084522e1278fcde4a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.987ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{\mu }}"></span> in modo tale da ottenere che il bosone vettore che moltiplica il nuovo generatore <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}(1+\tau ^{3})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}(1+\tau ^{3})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a1651e4af99ad230d24e36ac8f5611200925df4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.123ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}(1+\tau ^{3})}"></span>, corrisponda proprio al fotone <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9277f5286335ab99c040c9c9151ab752d3bedc49" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.967ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\mu }}"></span>. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{\mu }=\cos \theta _{W}A_{\mu }+\sin \theta _{W}Z_{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{\mu }=\cos \theta _{W}A_{\mu }+\sin \theta _{W}Z_{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/133d4a23221fd89ac43b1b2cfcfeeea053fa8e2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.534ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{\mu }=\cos \theta _{W}A_{\mu }+\sin \theta _{W}Z_{\mu }}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{\mu }^{3}=\sin \theta _{W}A_{\mu }-\cos \theta _{W}Z_{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{\mu }^{3}=\sin \theta _{W}A_{\mu }-\cos \theta _{W}Z_{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fa94666c500dc525631fdaf6f7b6d3b061c5edf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.109ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{\mu }^{3}=\sin \theta _{W}A_{\mu }-\cos \theta _{W}Z_{\mu }}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osservazioni_dirette">Osservazioni dirette</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Osservazioni dirette" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Osservazioni dirette"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg/220px-Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg/330px-Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg/440px-Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_Fisica" class="mw-redirect" title="Premio Nobel per la Fisica">Premio nobel per la fisica 1984</a> assieme a <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> per la rilevazione sperimentale dei bosoni W e Z</figcaption></figure> <p>L'osservazione diretta dei bosoni W e Z è stata possibile solo in seguito alla costruzione di acceleratori abbastanza potenti da produrre queste particelle così massive. Il primo segnale di W si ebbe nel gennaio del <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> grazie all'utilizzo dell'acceleratore SPS (<a href="/wiki/Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">Super Proton Synchrotron</a>) del CERN durante gli esperimenti <a href="/wiki/UA1" title="UA1">UA1</a> (guidato da <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a>) e <a href="/wiki/UA2" title="UA2">UA2</a>, realizzati grazie agli sforzi di una grande collaborazione di scienziati. Pochi mesi più tardi avvenne l'osservazione di Z. Tali risultati sono stati possibili grazie all'introduzione da parte di <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> della tecnica del <a href="/wiki/Raffreddamento_stocastico" title="Raffreddamento stocastico">raffreddamento stocastico</a>. La scoperta fu così sensazionale che Rubbia e van Der Meer furono insigniti del Premio Nobel per la fisica soltanto un anno dopo i loro sforzi, con una tempistica decisamente accelerata rispetto a quelle usuali della Fondazione Nobel. </p><p>La successiva costruzione di <a href="/wiki/Acceleratore_di_particelle" title="Acceleratore di particelle">collisori</a> <a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettrone</a>-<a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">positrone</a> come il <a href="/wiki/Large_Electron-Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron-Positron Collider">Large Electron-Positron Collider</a> (CERN), e lo Stanford Linear Collider (<a href="/wiki/SLAC" title="SLAC">SLAC</a>) e di più potenti collisori protone-antiprotone (come <a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a> al <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>) alla fine degli anni 1980, in grado di raggiungere energie maggiori rispetto a quelle a disposizione con SPS, ha permesso una più elevata produzione dei bosoni W e Z e dunque uno studio più approfondito delle loro proprietà. </p><p>Questi collisori sono stati anche utilizzati, senza successo, per la ricerca di tracce indirette del bosone di Higgs, mentre le tracce di una particella compatibile con tale bosone sono state osservate in esperimenti condotti con il più potente <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC) al <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. </p><p>Un risultato molto importante che si ricava studiando i decadimenti del bosone Z è che esistono solo tre famiglie di neutrini con massa minore di m<sub>Z</sub>/2 e perciò molto probabilmente vi sono solo tre famiglie di fermioni fondamentali: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> elettronico, <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">quark up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">quark down</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">muone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> muonico, <a href="/wiki/Quark_strange" title="Quark strange">quark strange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">quark charm</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">tau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> tauonico, <a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom">quark bottom</a> (o beauty), <a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">quark top</a> (o truth).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bosoni_W_e_supersimmetrie">Bosoni W e supersimmetrie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Bosoni W e supersimmetrie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bosoni W e supersimmetrie"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un problema relativo ai bosoni W<sup>+</sup> è che, secondo il modello di <a href="/wiki/Supersimmetria" title="Supersimmetria">supersimmetria</a> <a href="/wiki/SU(5)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(5)">SU(5)</a>, ad energie di 1 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">TeV</a> un bosone W<sup>+</sup> ha probabilità maggiore di 1 di diffondere un altro bosone W<sup>+</sup>: il che è come dire che, comunque si spari, si farà centro sul bersaglio. Si spera che con l'osservazione del <a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">bosone di Higgs</a> si possa <a href="/wiki/Rinormalizzazione" title="Rinormalizzazione">rinormalizzare</a> la previsione, portando la probabilità a valori minori di 1. </p><p>La stessa teoria prevede che il <a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">protone</a> possa decadere, trasformandosi in un quark ed in un antiquark e un W<sup>+</sup>, più altre particelle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosone_vettore_assiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosone vettore assiale">Bosone vettore assiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosoni_X_e_Y" title="Bosoni X e Y">Bosoni X e Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole">Interazione debole</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:W and Z bosons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:W_and_Z_bosons?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:W_and_Z_bosons?uselang=it">bosoni W e Z</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosoni_W_e_Z&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/">The Review of Particle Physics</a> le informazioni più aggiornate sulle proprietà delle particelle.</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050416075202/http://intranet.cern.ch/Chronological/Announcements/CERNAnnouncements/2003/09-16WZSymposium/Courier/HeavyLight/Heavylight.html">W and Z</a> tra le pagine del CERN</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Particelle"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particelle" title="Template:Particelle"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Particelle" title="Discussioni template:Particelle"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Particelle&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Particella_subatomica" title="Particella subatomica">Particelle in fisica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">Elementari</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">Fermioni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">Quark</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">Up</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">Down</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">Charm</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_strange" title="Quark strange">Strange</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">Top</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom">Bottom</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">Leptoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">Positrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">Muone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antimuone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuone">Antimuone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">Tauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antitauone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitauone">Antitauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_elettronico" title="Neutrino elettronico">Neutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_elettronico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino elettronico">Antineutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_muonico" title="Neutrino muonico">Neutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_muonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino muonico">Antineutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_tauonico" title="Neutrino tauonico">Neutrino tauonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_tauonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino tauonico">Antineutrino tauonico</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">Bosoni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_gauge" title="Bosone di gauge">Gauge</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bosoni W e Z</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_scalare" title="Bosone scalare">Scalari</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Lista_delle_particelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista delle particelle">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Sparticella" title="Sparticella">Sparticelle</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugini</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluino">Gluino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotino">Fotino</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Higgsino" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sfermione" title="Sfermione">Sfermione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosino_(particella)" title="Bosino (particella)">Bosino</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assione" title="Assione">Assione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dilatone" title="Dilatone">Dilatone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitone" title="Gravitone">Gravitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Monopolo_magnetico" title="Monopolo magnetico">Monopolo magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Majorone" title="Majorone">Majorone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tachione" title="Tachione">Tachione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_X_e_Y" title="Bosoni X e Y">Bosoni X e Y</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bosoni W' e Z'">bosoni W' e Z'</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_sterile" title="Neutrino sterile">Neutrino sterile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Preone_(fisica)" title="Preone (fisica)">Preone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fermione_di_Majorana" title="Fermione di Majorana">Fermione di Majorana</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_di_Faddeev-Popov" title="Ghost di Faddeev-Popov">Ghost di Faddeev-Popov</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="3" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/400px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/600px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/800px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Stato_legato" class="mw-redirect" title="Stato legato">Composte</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">Adroni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">Barioni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Iperone_(fisica)" title="Iperone (fisica)">iperoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleone" title="Nucleone">Nucleone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">Protone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">Neutrone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_delta" title="Barione delta">Barione delta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_lambda" title="Barione lambda">Barione lambda</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_sigma" title="Barione sigma">Barione sigma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_Xi" title="Barione Xi">Barione Xi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_omega" title="Barione omega">Barione omega</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone" title="Mesone">Mesoni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Quarkonio" title="Quarkonio">quarkoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Pione" title="Pione">Pione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_rho" title="Mesone rho">Mesone rho</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_eta" title="Mesone eta">Mesoni eta e eta primo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_phi" title="Mesone phi">Mesone phi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_omega" title="Mesone omega">Mesone omega</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_J/Psi" title="Mesone J/Psi">Mesone J/Psi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_upsilon" title="Mesone upsilon">Mesone upsilon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kaone" title="Kaone">Kaone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_B" title="Mesone B">Mesone B</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_D" title="Mesone D">Mesone D</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Adrone_esotico" title="Adrone esotico">Adroni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Particelle_composte_ipotetiche" title="Categoria:Particelle composte ipotetiche">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione_esotico" title="Barione esotico">Barioni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Esaquark" title="Esaquark">Esaquark</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone_esotico" title="Mesone esotico">Mesoni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odderone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odderone (la pagina non esiste)">Odderone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_theta" title="Mesone theta">Mesone theta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_T" title="Mesone T">Mesone T</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Molecola_mesonica" title="Molecola mesonica">Molecola mesonica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pomerone" title="Pomerone">Pomerone</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">Nuclei atomici</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo_esotico" title="Atomo esotico">Atomi esotici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positronio" title="Positronio">Positronio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muonio_(fisica)" title="Muonio (fisica)">Muonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonio">Tauonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pionio" title="Pionio">Pionio</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomolecola" title="Atomolecola">Atomolecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">Molecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Superatomo" title="Superatomo">Superatomo</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticella" title="Quasiparticella">Quasiparticelle</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Droplettone" title="Droplettone">Droplettone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eccitone" title="Eccitone">Eccitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fasone" title="Fasone">Fasone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frattone_(particella)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frattone (particella) (la pagina non esiste)">Frattone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fonone" title="Fonone">Fonone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(fisica)" title="Lacuna (fisica)">Lacuna</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levitone" title="Levitone">Levitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Magnone_(fisica)" title="Magnone (fisica)">Magnone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmarone (la pagina non esiste)">Plasmarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Plasmone" title="Plasmone">Plasmone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polaritone" title="Polaritone">Polaritone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polarone" title="Polarone">Polarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qualunquone" title="Qualunquone">Qualunquone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rotone" title="Rotone">Rotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione" title="Skyrmione">Skyrmione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione_magnetico" title="Skyrmione magnetico">Skyrmione magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone" title="Solitone">Solitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone_di_Davydov" title="Solitone di Davydov">Solitone di Davydov</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spinone_(fisica)" title="Spinone (fisica)">Spinone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Topolaritone" title="Topolaritone">Topolaritone</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_della_scoperta_delle_particelle" title="Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle">Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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