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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Andesitic volcanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andesitic_volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generation_of_melts_in_island_arcs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generation_of_melts_in_island_arcs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Generation of melts in island arcs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generation_of_melts_in_island_arcs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fractional_crystallization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractional_crystallization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fractional crystallization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractional_crystallization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_melting_of_the_crust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_melting_of_the_crust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Partial melting of the crust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_melting_of_the_crust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magma_mixing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magma_mixing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Magma mixing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magma_mixing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_melting_of_metasomatized_mantle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_melting_of_metasomatized_mantle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Partial melting of metasomatized mantle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_melting_of_metasomatized_mantle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_andesite_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_andesite_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable andesite structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_andesite_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Extraterrestrial samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Andesite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesiet" title="Andesiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Andesiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="أنديزيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنديزيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesita" title="Andesita – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Andesita" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="অ্যান্ডিসাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্ডিসাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82" title="Андэзіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Андэзіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Андезит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андезит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesita" title="Andesita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Andesita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesit" title="Andesit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Andesit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesit" title="Andesit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andesit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesiit" title="Andesiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andesiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ανδεσίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανδεσίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesita" title="Andesita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Andesita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezito" title="Andezito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Andezito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesita" title="Andesita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Andesita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="آندزیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آندزیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C3%A9site" title="Andésite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Andésite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aind%C3%A9is%C3%ADt" title="Aindéisít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aindéisít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesita" title="Andesita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Andesita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%82%B0%EC%95%94" title="안산암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안산암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Անդեզիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անդեզիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="एंडेसाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एंडेसाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesit" title="Andesit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Andesit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes%C3%ADt" title="Andesít – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andesít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Andesite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96%D7%99%D7%98" title="אנדזיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדזיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andh%C3%A9sit" title="Andhésit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Andhésit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಡಿಸೈಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಡಿಸೈಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ანდეზიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანდეზიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Андезит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Андезит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesit" title="Andesit – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Andesit" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Андезит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Андезит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezitas" title="Andezitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Andezitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Андезит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Андезит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesiet" title="Andesiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Andesiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%A9" title="安山岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="安山岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesitt" title="Andesitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andesitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesitt" title="Andesitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andesitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesit" title="Andesit – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Andesit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezyt" title="Andezyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Andezyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesito" title="Andesito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Andesito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Андезит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андезит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Andesite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Андезит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Андезит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C3%A9sit" title="Andésit – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Andésit" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesiitti" title="Andesiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Andesiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesit" title="Andesit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andesit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesita" title="Andesita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Andesita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Андезит – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Андезит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Andezit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of volcanic rock</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the extinct cephalopod genus, see <a href="/wiki/Andesites" title="Andesites">Andesites</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Andesite</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">Igneous rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Amygdaloidal_andesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amygdaloidal_andesite.jpg/220px-Amygdaloidal_andesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amygdaloidal_andesite.jpg/330px-Amygdaloidal_andesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amygdaloidal_andesite.jpg/440px-Amygdaloidal_andesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A sample of andesite (dark groundmass) with <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit#List_of_crystal_habits" title="Crystal habit">amygdaloidal</a> vesicles filled with <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a>. Diameter of view is 8 cm.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> (often <a href="/wiki/Andesine" title="Andesine">andesine</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">Magnetites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphene">sphene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Andesite</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">intermediate composition</a>. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>-poor <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and silica-rich <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>. It is fine-grained (<a href="/wiki/Aphanitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanitic">aphanitic</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a> in texture, and is composed predominantly of sodium-rich <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonald-etal-1983-127_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonald-etal-1983-127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andesite is the extrusive equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Plutonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonic">plutonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a>. Characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zones, andesite represents the dominant rock type in <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a>. The average composition of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> is andesitic.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with basalts, andesites are a component of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Martian crust</a>. </p><p>The name <i>andesite</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountain range, where this rock type is found in abundance. It was first applied by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Leopold_von_Buch" title="Christian Leopold von Buch">Christian Leopold von Buch</a> in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_qapf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basalt_qapf.jpg/220px-Basalt_qapf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basalt_qapf.jpg/330px-Basalt_qapf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basalt_qapf.jpg/440px-Basalt_qapf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a> with basalt/andesite field highlighted in yellow. Andesite is distinguished from basalt by SiO<sub>2</sub> > 52%.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAS-Diagramm-andesite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/TAS-Diagramm-andesite.png/300px-TAS-Diagramm-andesite.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/TAS-Diagramm-andesite.png/450px-TAS-Diagramm-andesite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/TAS-Diagramm-andesite.png/600px-TAS-Diagramm-andesite.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption> Andesite is field O2 in the <a href="/wiki/TAS_classification" title="TAS classification">TAS classification</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Andesite is an <a href="/wiki/Aphanitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanitic">aphanitic</a> (fine-grained) to <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a> (coarse-grained) igneous rock that is intermediate in its content of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> and low in <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a>. It has less than 20% quartz and 10% <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoid</a> by volume, with at least 65% of the <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> in the rock consisting of <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>. This places andesite in the <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>/andesite field of the <a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a>. Andesite is further distinguished from basalt by its silica content of over 52%.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philpotts-ague-2009-139-143_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philpotts-ague-2009-139-143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is often not possible to determine the mineral composition of volcanic rocks, due to their very fine grain size, and andesite is then defined chemically as volcanic rock with a content of 57% to 63% silica and not more than about 6% alkali metal oxides. This places the andesite in the O2 field of the <a href="/wiki/TAS_classification" title="TAS classification">TAS classification</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">Basaltic andesite</a>, with a content of 52% to 57% silica, is represented by the O1 field of the TAS classification but is not a distinct rock type in the QAPF classification.<sup id="cite_ref-Philpotts-ague-2009-139-143_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philpotts-ague-2009-139-143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andesite is usually light to dark grey in colour, due to its content of <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonald-etal-1983-127_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonald-etal-1983-127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can exhibit a wide range of shading. Darker andesite can be challenging to distinguish from basalt, but a common <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rule_of_thumb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a>, used away from the laboratory, is that andesite has a <a href="/wiki/Color_index_(geology)" title="Color index (geology)">color index</a> less than 35.<sup id="cite_ref-Philpotts-ague-2009-139_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philpotts-ague-2009-139-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plagioclase in andesite varies widely in sodium content, from <a href="/wiki/Anorthite" title="Anorthite">anorthite</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oligoclase" title="Oligoclase">oligoclase</a>, but is typically <a href="/wiki/Andesine" title="Andesine">andesine</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Anorthite" title="Anorthite">anorthite</a> makes up about 40 <a href="/wiki/Mol%25" class="mw-redirect" title="Mol%">mol%</a> of the plagioclase. The pyroxene minerals that may be present include <a href="/wiki/Augite" title="Augite">augite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeonite" title="Pigeonite">pigeonite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Orthopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopyroxene">orthopyroxene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">Magnetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> are common accessory minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">Alkali feldspar</a> may be present in minor amounts. </p><p>Andesite is usually <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a>, containing larger crystals (<a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">phenocrysts</a>) of plagioclase formed prior to the extrusion that brought the magma to the surface, embedded in a finer-grained <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a>. Phenocrysts of pyroxene or hornblende are also common.<sup id="cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-57_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-57-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These minerals have <a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_reaction_series" title="Bowen's reaction series">the highest melting temperatures</a> of the typical <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> that can crystallize from the melt<sup id="cite_ref-bowen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are therefore the first to form solid crystals. Classification of andesites may be refined according to the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">phenocryst</a>. For example, if hornblende is the principal phenocryst mineral, the andesite will be described as a <i>hornblende andesite</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Andesitic_volcanism">Andesitic volcanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Andesitic volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andesite lava typically has a viscosity of 3.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> <a href="/wiki/Centipoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Centipoise">cP</a> (3.5 × 10<sup>3</sup> Pa⋅s) at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). This is slightly greater than the viscosity of smooth <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter" title="Peanut butter">peanut butter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923,_611_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923,_611-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, andesitic volcanism is often explosive, forming <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">agglomerates</a>. Andesite vents tend to build up <a href="/wiki/Composite_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite volcano">composite volcanoes</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a> characteristic of basalt, with its much lower viscosity resulting from its lower silica content and higher eruption temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg/220px-Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg/330px-Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg/440px-Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Block lava at <a href="/wiki/Cinder_Cone_and_the_Fantastic_Lava_Beds" title="Cinder Cone and the Fantastic Lava Beds">Fantastic Lava Beds near Cinder Cone</a> in Lassen Volcanic National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Block lava flows are typical of andesitic lavas from composite volcanoes. They behave in a similar manner to <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBa%CA%BB%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻaʻā">ʻaʻā</a> flows but their more viscous nature causes the surface to be covered in smooth-sided angular fragments (blocks) of solidified lava instead of clinkers. As with ʻaʻā flows, the molten interior of the flow, which is kept insulated by the solidified blocky surface, advances over the rubble that falls off the flow front. They also move much more slowly downhill and are thicker in depth than ʻaʻā flows.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andesite_pmg_ss_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Andesite_pmg_ss_2006.jpg/220px-Andesite_pmg_ss_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Andesite_pmg_ss_2006.jpg/330px-Andesite_pmg_ss_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Andesite_pmg_ss_2006.jpg/440px-Andesite_pmg_ss_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Photomicrograph of andesite in <a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">thin section</a> (between crossed polarizers)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zarnov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zarnov.jpg/220px-Zarnov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zarnov.jpg/330px-Zarnov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zarnov.jpg/440px-Zarnov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Andesite Mount Žarnov (<a href="/wiki/Vt%C3%A1%C4%8Dnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vtáčnik">Vtáčnik</a>), Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andesite_pillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Andesite_pillar.jpg/250px-Andesite_pillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Andesite_pillar.jpg/330px-Andesite_pillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Andesite_pillar.jpg/500px-Andesite_pillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Andesite pillar in Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generation_of_melts_in_island_arcs">Generation of melts in island arcs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Generation of melts in island arcs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though andesite is common in other tectonic settings, it is particularly characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent plate margins</a>. Even before the <a href="/wiki/Plate_Tectonics_Revolution" title="Plate Tectonics Revolution">Plate Tectonics Revolution</a>, geologists had defined an <i><a href="/wiki/Andesite_line" title="Andesite line">andesite line</a></i> in the western Pacific that separated <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> of the central Pacific from andesite further west. This coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a> at the western boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magmatism" title="Magmatism">Magmatism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arc</a> regions comes from the interplay of the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducting plate</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mantle_wedge" title="Mantle wedge">mantle wedge</a></i>, the wedge-shaped region between the subducting and overriding plates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996170–177_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996170–177-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of convergent margins dominated by andesite is so characteristic of the Earth's unique <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonics</a> that the Earth has been described as an "andesite planet".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During subduction, the subducted <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> is subjected to increasing pressure and temperature, leading to <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">Hydrous</a> minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> (which are present in the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_lithosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic lithosphere">oceanic lithosphere</a>) dehydrate as they change to more stable, anhydrous forms, releasing water and soluble elements into the overlying wedge of mantle. Fluxing water into the wedge lowers the <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus (chemistry)">solidus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> material and causes partial melting.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the lower density of the partially molten material, it rises through the wedge until it reaches the lower boundary of the overriding plate. Melts generated in the mantle wedge are of basaltic composition, but they have a distinctive enrichment of soluble elements (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> (K), <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> (Ba), and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (Pb)) which are contributed from sediment that lies at the top of the subducting plate. Although there is evidence to suggest that the subducting oceanic crust may also melt during this process, the relative contribution of the three components (crust, sediment, and wedge) to the generated basalts is still a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basalt thus formed can contribute to the formation of andesite through fractional crystallization, partial melting of crust, or magma mixing, all of which are discussed next. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genesis">Genesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intermediate volcanic rocks are created via several processes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">Fractional crystallization</a> of a mafic parent magma.</li> <li>Partial melting of crustal material.</li> <li>Magma mixing between felsic <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolitic</a> and mafic <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> magmas in a magma reservoir</li> <li>Partial melting of metasomatized mantle</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractional_crystallization">Fractional crystallization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fractional crystallization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Basalt-andesite-rhyolite_association"></span> To achieve andesitic composition via <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallization</a>, a basaltic magma must crystallize specific minerals that are then removed from the melt. This removal can take place in a variety of ways, but most commonly this occurs by crystal settling. The first minerals to crystallize and be removed from a basaltic parent are <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphiboles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996172–177_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996172–177-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mafic minerals settle out of the magma, forming mafic cumulates.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is geophysical evidence from several arcs that large layers of mafic cumulates lie at the base of the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once these mafic minerals have been removed, the melt no longer has a basaltic composition. The silica content of the residual melt is enriched relative to the starting composition. The <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> contents are depleted. As this process continues, the melt becomes more and more evolved eventually becoming andesitic. Without continued addition of mafic material, however, the melt will eventually reach a <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolitic</a> composition. This produces the characteristic basalt-andesite-rhyolite association of island arcs, with andesite the most distinctive rock type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996172–177_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996172–177-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_melting_of_the_crust">Partial melting of the crust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Partial melting of the crust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partially molten basalt in the mantle wedge moves upwards until it reaches the base of the overriding crust. Once there, the basaltic melt can either <a href="/wiki/Underplating" class="mw-redirect" title="Underplating">underplate</a> the crust, creating a layer of molten material at its base, or it can move into the overriding plate in the form of <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a>. If it underplates the crust, the basalt can (in theory) cause partial melting of the lower crust due to the transfer of heat and volatiles. Models of heat transfer, however, show that arc basalts emplaced at temperatures 1100–1240 °C cannot provide enough heat to melt lower crustal <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basalt can, however, melt <a href="/wiki/Pelite" title="Pelite">pelitic</a> upper crustal material.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magma_mixing">Magma mixing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Magma mixing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In continental arcs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, magma often pools in the shallow crust creating magma chambers. Magmas in these reservoirs become evolved in composition (dacitic to rhyolitic) through both the process of fractional crystallization and partial melting of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time as crystallization continues and the system loses heat, these reservoirs cool. In order to remain active, magma chambers must have continued recharge of hot basaltic melt into the system. When this basaltic material mixes with the evolved rhyolitic magma, the composition is returned to andesite, its intermediate phase.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of magma mixing is provided by the presence of phenocrysts in some andesites that are not in chemical equilibrium with the melt in which they are found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_melting_of_metasomatized_mantle">Partial melting of metasomatized mantle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Partial melting of metasomatized mantle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-magnesium andesites (<i><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">boninites</a></i>) in island arcs may be primitive andesites, generated from metasomatized mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental evidence shows that depleted mantle rock exposed to alkali fluids such as might be given off by a subducting slab generates magma resembling high-magnesium andesites.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996176_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996176-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_andesite_structures">Notable andesite structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable andesite structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-01.jpg/250px-Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-01.jpg/330px-Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-01.jpg/500px-Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Andesite stupas at <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n-21.jpg/220px-Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n-21.jpg/330px-Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n-21.jpg/440px-Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Andesite retaining wall at <a href="/wiki/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n" title="Sacsayhuamán">Sacsayhuamán</a> citadel, Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>Notable <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasonry</a> structures built with andesite include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in Java, Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n" title="Sacsayhuamán">Sacsayhuamán</a> citadel in Peru<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Sun" title="Gate of the Sun">Gate of the Sun</a> in Bolivia<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Templo Mayor</a> ruins and other historic buildings in Mexico City, built from andesite and <a href="/wiki/Tezontle" title="Tezontle">Tezontle</a> <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesite</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_samples">Extraterrestrial samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, researchers revealed that andesite was found in two meteorites (numbered GRA 06128 and GRA 06129) that were discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Graves_Nunataks" class="mw-redirect" title="Graves Nunataks">Graves Nunataks</a> icefield during the US <a href="/wiki/ANSMET" title="ANSMET">Antarctic Search for Meteorites</a> 2006/2007 field season. This possibly points to a new mechanism to generate andesite crust.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with basalts, andesites are a component of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Martian crust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of distinctive steep-sided domes on <a href="/wiki/Venus_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (planet)">Venus</a> suggests that andesite may have been erupted from large magma chambers where crystal settling could take place.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">List of rock types</a> – List of rock types recognized by geologists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">Metamorphism</a> – Change of minerals in pre-existing rocks without melting into liquid magma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a> – Uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite#Origin" title="Granite">Origins of granite</a> – Type of igneous rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a> – Textural form of igneous rock with large grained crystals in a fine matrix</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/andesite">"andesite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=andesite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fandesite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndesite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macdonald-etal-1983-127-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macdonald-etal-1983-127_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macdonald-etal-1983-127_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonaldAbbottPeterson1983" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Gordon A.; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, frank L. (1983). <i>Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii</i> (2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824808320" title="Special:BookSources/0824808320"><bdi>0824808320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+in+the+sea+%3A+the+geology+of+Hawaii&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=127&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0824808320&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Agatin+T.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+frank+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndesite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudnickFountain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rudnick, Roberta L.; Fountain, David M. (1995). "Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective". <i>Reviews of Geophysics</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>309. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995RvGeo..33..267R">1995RvGeo..33..267R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F95RG01302">10.1029/95RG01302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Nature+and+composition+of+the+continental+crust%3A+A+lower+crustal+perspective&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F95RG01302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995RvGeo..33..267R&rft.aulast=Rudnick&rft.aufirst=Roberta+L.&rft.au=Fountain%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndesite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "andesite". <i>Glossary of geology</i> (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0922152349" title="Special:BookSources/0922152349"><bdi>0922152349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=andesite&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+geology.&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=American+Geological+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0922152349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndesite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_BasStreckeisen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. 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href="http://www.nsf-margins.org/Eugene_PDF/SubFac_abstract_Gaetani.pdf">Experimental and Theoretical Constraints on Peridotite Partial Melting in the Mantle Wedge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084623/http://www.nsf-margins.org/Eugene_PDF/SubFac_abstract_Gaetani.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208203514/http://geology.csupomona.edu/alert/igneous/texture.htm">Igneous Rock Textures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Igneous_rocks" title="Template talk:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_igneous_rocks_classified_by_silicon_dioxide_content79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> classified by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> content</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Type</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">Ultramafic</a><br /><45% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a><br />45–52% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a><br />52–63% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a>–<a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a><br />63–69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a><br />>69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">Subvolcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">Plutonic rocks</a>:</b> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase (Dolerite)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andesite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Microdiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Microgranodiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Microgranite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volcanoes521" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volcanoes" title="Template:Volcanoes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volcanoes" title="Template talk:Volcanoes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanoes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanoes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volcanoes521" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">Complex volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoexplosion" title="Cryptoexplosion">Cryptovolcanic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">Fissure vent</a></li> <li>Lava cone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">Mud volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">Parasitic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic cone">Pyroclastic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield" title="Pyroclastic shield">Pyroclastic shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somma_volcano" title="Somma volcano">Somma volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tossol" title="Tossol">Tossol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">Volcanic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_tremor" title="Harmonic tremor">Harmonic tremor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/90px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/135px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/180px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">Agglomerate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">Basaltic andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Cinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">Lapilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucitite" title="Leucitite">Leucitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_fall" title="Pyroclastic fall">Pyroclastic fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_volcanoes" title="Lists of volcanoes">Lists of volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">Eruptions by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">Volcanic belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">Volcanic field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field" title="Polygenetic volcanic field">polygenetic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" title="Category:Volcanoes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volcanoes">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Volcanoes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Volcanoes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181908#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181908#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181908#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4142389-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Andesite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88003494">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Andésite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119946083">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Andésite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119946083">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575816">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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