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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Ancient Greeks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infantry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Infantry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_gunpowder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_gunpowder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Introduction of gunpowder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_gunpowder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Mexico_and_South_America_(Pre-Colombia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Mexico_and_South_America_(Pre-Colombia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>West Mexico and South America (Pre-Colombia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Mexico_and_South_America_(Pre-Colombia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hunting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gymnastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_myth_and_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_myth_and_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In myth and legend</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_myth_and_legend-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In myth and legend subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_myth_and_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Related weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spere" title="Spere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Spere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AD" title="رمح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رمح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanza" title="Lanza – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lanza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanza" title="Llanza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llanza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimbuku" title="Mimbuku – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mimbuku" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niz%C9%99" title="Nizə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nizə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="বর্শা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্শা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%A9" title="Һөңгө – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөңгө" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дзіда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F)" title="Дзіда (зброя) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзіда (зброя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Копие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Копие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koplje" title="Koplje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koplje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llan%C3%A7a" title="Llança – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llança" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83" title="Сăнă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăнă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kop%C3%AD" title="Kopí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kopí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfumo" title="Pfumo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pfumo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaywffon" title="Gwaywffon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwaywffon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyd" title="Spyd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spyd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speer" title="Speer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Speer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda" title="Oda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%85" title="Δόρυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δόρυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Пезэмкс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пезэмкс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanza" title="Lanza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lanza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanco" title="Lanco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lanco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantza" title="Lantza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lantza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نیزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance" title="Lance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear" title="Spear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanza" title="Lanza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lanza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owh%C3%A1n" title="Owhán – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Owhán" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD" title="창 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Նիզակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիզակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="भाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koplje" title="Koplje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koplje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombak" title="Tombak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tombak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancea" title="Lancea – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lancea" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spj%C3%B3t" title="Spjót – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spjót" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_(arma)" title="Lancia (arma) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lancia (arma)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbak" title="Tumbak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tumbak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლახვარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლახვარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Найза – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Найза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkuki" title="Mkuki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Шы (оружие) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шы (оружие)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikongo" title="Dikongo – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Dikongo" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Найза – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Найза" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasta" title="Hasta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hasta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7%C4%93ps" title="Šķēps – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķēps" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ietis" title="Ietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaer" title="Spaer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spaer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likong%C3%A1" title="Likongá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likongá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerely" title="Gerely – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerely" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Копје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Копје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefona" title="Lefona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lefona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="കുന്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുന്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembing" title="Lembing – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lembing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhan%C3%A7a" title="Lhança – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhança" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Жад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B6" title="လှံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လှံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speer" title="Speer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Speer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A7%8D" title="槍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="槍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyd" title="Spyd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyd" title="Spyd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C3%A7a" title="Lança – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lança" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayza" title="Nayza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nayza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਭਾਲਾ (ਬਰਛਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਲਾ (ਬਰਛਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="برچھا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برچھا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82%C3%B3cznia" title="Włócznia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włócznia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C3%A7a" title="Lança – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lança" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suli%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Suliță – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suliță" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuki" title="Chuki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chuki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%91" title="Копьё – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Копьё" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%A5%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Үҥүү – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үҥүү" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtiza" title="Shtiza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtiza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD" title="හෙල්ල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හෙල්ල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear" title="Spear – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spear" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%80%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="ڀالو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڀالو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopija" title="Kopija – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kopija" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopje" title="Kopje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kopje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waran" title="Waran – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waran" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Копље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Копље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koplje" title="Koplje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koplje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbak" title="Tumbak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tumbak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keih%C3%A4s" title="Keihäs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keihäs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spjut" title="Spjut – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spjut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="ஈட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spears" and "Spearman" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spear_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spear (disambiguation)">Spear (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spears_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spears (disambiguation)">Spears (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spearman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spearman (disambiguation)">Spearman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spear" title="Special:EditPage/Spear">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spear%22">"Spear"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spear%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spear%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spear%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spear%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spear%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoplite_with_spear_from_Greco%E2%80%93Persian_Wars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hoplite_with_spear_from_Greco%E2%80%93Persian_Wars.png/170px-Hoplite_with_spear_from_Greco%E2%80%93Persian_Wars.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="455" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hoplite_with_spear_from_Greco%E2%80%93Persian_Wars.png/255px-Hoplite_with_spear_from_Greco%E2%80%93Persian_Wars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Hoplite_with_spear_from_Greco%E2%80%93Persian_Wars.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Spear-armed <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> from <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>spear</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">polearm</a> consisting of a shaft, usually of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, with a pointed head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">fire hardened</a> spears, or it may be made of a more durable material fastened to the shaft, such as <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. The most common design for hunting and/or warfare, since ancient times has incorporated a metal spearhead shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">diamond</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">leaf</a>. The heads of fishing spears usually feature multiple sharp <a href="/wiki/Tine_(structural)" title="Tine (structural)">points</a>, with or without barbs. </p><p>Spears can be divided into two broad categories: those designed for thrusting as a melee weapon (including weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Lances" class="mw-redirect" title="Lances">lances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>) and those designed for throwing as a <a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">ranged weapon</a> (usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a>). </p><p>The spear has been used throughout human history as a weapon for hunting and/or fishing and for warfare. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a>, it is one of the earliest and most widespread tools ever developed by early humans. As a weapon, it may be wielded with either one or two hands.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used in virtually every conflict up until the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, where even to this day, it lives on in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a> fixed onto the muzzle of a <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long gun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spear" class="extiw" title="wikt:spear">spear</a></i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spere" class="extiw" title="wikt:spere">spere</a></i>, from the Proto-Germanic <i>speri</i>, from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root <i>*sper-</i> "spear, pole". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spear manufacture and use is not confined to humans. It is also practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Western_chimpanzee" title="Western chimpanzee">western chimpanzee</a>. Chimpanzees near <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9dougou" title="Kédougou">Kédougou</a>, Senegal have been observed to create spears by breaking straight limbs off trees, stripping them of their bark and side branches, and sharpening one end with their teeth. They then used the weapons to hunt <a href="/wiki/Galago" title="Galago">galagos</a> sleeping in hollows.<sup id="cite_ref-Pruetz1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruetz1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clacton_Spear_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Clacton_Spear_02.jpg/172px-Clacton_Spear_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Clacton_Spear_02.jpg/258px-Clacton_Spear_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Clacton_Spear_02.jpg/344px-Clacton_Spear_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1388" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Clacton_Spear" title="Clacton Spear">Clacton Spear</a>, a spear point from about 400,000 years ago, and the oldest known spear, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesa_Verde_spear_and_knife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mesa_Verde_spear_and_knife.jpg/212px-Mesa_Verde_spear_and_knife.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mesa_Verde_spear_and_knife.jpg/318px-Mesa_Verde_spear_and_knife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mesa_Verde_spear_and_knife.jpg/424px-Mesa_Verde_spear_and_knife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hunting spear and knife, from <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clacton_Spear" title="Clacton Spear">Clacton Spear</a> found in England and the <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen spears</a> found in present-day <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> document that wooden spears have been used for hunting since at least 400,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 study from the site of <a href="/wiki/Kathu_Archaeological_Complex" title="Kathu Archaeological Complex">Kathu Pan</a> in South Africa suggests that hominids, possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>, may have developed the technology of hafted stone-tipped spears in Africa about 500,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood does not preserve well, however, and Craig Stanford, a primatologist and professor of anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, has suggested that the discovery of spear use by chimpanzees means that early humans may have used wooden spears before this.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From circa 200,000 BC onwards, Middle <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> humans began to make complex stone blades with flaked edges which were used as spear heads. These stone heads could be fixed to the spear shaft by gum or resin or by bindings made of animal sinew, leather strips or vegetable matter. During this period, a clear difference remained between spears designed to be thrown and those designed to be used in hand-to-hand combat. By the <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> period (c. 15,000–9500 BC), spear-throwers similar to the later <a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">atlatl</a> were in use.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png/220px-Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png/330px-Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png/440px-Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> spearmen advancing in close formation with large shields – <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_the_Vultures" title="Stele of the Vultures">Stele of the Vultures</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2450 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ancient_Greeks">Ancient Greeks</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Greeks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warrior_spear_CdM_Paris_DeRidder299.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Warrior_spear_CdM_Paris_DeRidder299.jpg/170px-Warrior_spear_CdM_Paris_DeRidder299.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Warrior_spear_CdM_Paris_DeRidder299.jpg/255px-Warrior_spear_CdM_Paris_DeRidder299.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Warrior_spear_CdM_Paris_DeRidder299.jpg/340px-Warrior_spear_CdM_Paris_DeRidder299.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>Athenian warrior wielding a spear in battle</figcaption></figure> <p>The spear is the main weapon of the warriors of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. The use of both a single thrusting spear and two throwing spears are mentioned. It has been suggested that two styles of combat are being described; an early style, with thrusting spears, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean Greece">Mycenaean</a> period in which the Iliad is set, and, anachronistically, a later style, with throwing spears, from Homer's own <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 7th century BC, the Greeks evolved a new close-order infantry formation, the <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanx formation">phalanx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key to this formation was the <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a>, who was equipped with a large, circular, bronze-faced shield (<a href="/wiki/Aspis" title="Aspis">aspis</a>) and a 210–270 cm (7–9 ft) spear with an iron head and bronze butt-spike (<a href="/wiki/Dory_(spear)" title="Dory (spear)">doru</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hoplite phalanx dominated warfare among the Greek City States from the 7th into the 4th century BC. </p><p>The 4th century saw major changes. One was the greater use of <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">peltasts</a>, light infantry armed with spear and javelins.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other was the development of the <a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissa</a>, a two-handed pike 550 cm (18 ft) in length, by the <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Phillip_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip of Macedon">Phillip of Macedon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pike phalanx, supported by peltasts and cavalry, became the dominant mode of warfare among the Greeks from the late 4th century onward<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until Greek military systems were supplanted by the Roman legions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ancient_Romans">Ancient Romans</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_soldier_175_aC_in_northern_province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Roman_soldier_175_aC_in_northern_province.jpg/170px-Roman_soldier_175_aC_in_northern_province.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Roman_soldier_175_aC_in_northern_province.jpg/255px-Roman_soldier_175_aC_in_northern_province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Roman_soldier_175_aC_in_northern_province.jpg/340px-Roman_soldier_175_aC_in_northern_province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>Re-enactor outfitted as a Late Roman legionary carrying a <i><a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pilum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">pre-Marian</a> Roman armies, the first two lines of battle, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hastati" title="Hastati">hastati</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Principes" title="Principes">principes</a></i>, often fought with a sword called a <i><a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">gladius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pila</a></i>, heavy javelins that were specifically designed to be thrown at an enemy to pierce and foul a target's shield. Originally the <i><a href="/wiki/Principes" title="Principes">principes</a></i> were armed with a short spear called a <i><a href="/wiki/Hasta_(spear)" title="Hasta (spear)">hasta</a></i>, but these gradually fell out of use, eventually being replaced by the gladius. The third line, the <i><a href="/wiki/Triarii" title="Triarii">triarii</a></i>, continued to use the <i>hasta</i>. </p><p>From the late 2nd century BC, all <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">legionaries</a> were equipped with the <i>pilum</i>. The <i>pilum</i> continued to be the standard legionary spear until the end of the 2nd century AD. <i><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxilia</a></i>, however, were equipped with a simple hasta and, perhaps, javelins or darts. During the 3rd century AD, although the <i>pilum</i> continued to be used, legionaries usually were equipped with other forms of throwing and thrusting spear, similar to <i>auxilia</i> of the previous century. By the 4th century, the <i>pilum</i> had effectively disappeared from common use.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late period of the Roman Empire, the spear became more often used because of its anti-cavalry capacities as the barbarian invasions were often conducted by people with a developed culture of cavalry in warfare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the spear and shield continued to be used by nearly all Western European cultures. Since a medieval spear required only a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> along the sharpened edges (most of the spear-tip was wrought iron), it was an economical weapon. Quick to manufacture, and needing less <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">smithing</a> skill than a sword, it remained the main weapon of the common soldier. The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, for instance, although often portrayed with an <a href="/wiki/Viking_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking axe">axe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a> in hand, were armed mostly with spears,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were their <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, or continental contemporaries. Spears eventually evolved into lances; this is where the lance depiction comes from.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a good majority of Medieval weapons being spears they became integrated into many war tactics. Spears were very commonly used while providing a defensive block. When men on horses tried to get by these blocks, they would often be killed by the spears that could poke through the shield walls. Spears became more common than swords and axes because of how cheap, long, and fast spears were made. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Infantry">Infantry</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Infantry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_soldier_holding_a_spear_and_wearing_a_helmet._Detail_of_a_basalt_relief_from_the_palace_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_at_Hadatu,_Syria._744-727_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Assyrian_soldier_holding_a_spear_and_wearing_a_helmet._Detail_of_a_basalt_relief_from_the_palace_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_at_Hadatu%2C_Syria._744-727_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Assyrian_soldier_holding_a_spear_and_wearing_a_helmet._Detail_of_a_basalt_relief_from_the_palace_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_at_Hadatu%2C_Syria._744-727_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Assyrian_soldier_holding_a_spear_and_wearing_a_helmet._Detail_of_a_basalt_relief_from_the_palace_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_at_Hadatu%2C_Syria._744-727_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian soldier holding a spear and wearing a helmet. Detail of a basalt relief from the palace of Tiglath-pileser III at Hadatu, Syria. 744–727 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <p>Broadly speaking, spears were either designed to be used in melee, or to be thrown. Within this simple classification, there was a remarkable range of types. For example, M. J. Swanton identified thirty different spearhead categories and sub-categories in early Saxon England.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most medieval spearheads were generally leaf-shaped. Notable types of early medieval spears include the <i><a href="/wiki/Angon" title="Angon">angon</a></i>, a throwing spear with a long head similar to the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pilum</a></i>, used by the Franks and Anglo-Saxons, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winged_spear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winged spear (page does not exist)">winged (or lugged) spear</a>, which had two prominent wings at the base of the spearhead, either to prevent the spear penetrating too far into an enemy or to aid in spear fencing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally a Frankish weapon, the winged spear also was popular with the Vikings. It would become the ancestor of later medieval polearms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(weapon)" title="Partisan (weapon)">partisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spetum" title="Spetum">spetum</a>. </p><p>The thrusting spear also has the advantage of reach, being considerably longer than other weapon types. Exact spear lengths are hard to deduce as few spear shafts survive archaeologically, but 180–240 cm (6–8 ft) would seem to have been the average length. Some nations were noted for their long spears, including the Scots and the Flemish. Spears usually were used in tightly ordered formations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shield_wall" title="Shield wall">shield wall</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Schiltron" title="Schiltron">schiltron</a>. To resist cavalry, spear shafts could be planted against the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Wallace drew up his schiltrons in a circle at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_(1298)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Falkirk (1298)">Battle of Falkirk</a> in 1298 to deter charging cavalry;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was a widespread tactic sometimes known as the "crown" formation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Randolph,_1st_Earl_of_Moray" title="Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray">Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray</a> used a circular schiltron on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a>. However, the rectangular schiltron was much more common and was used by King <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> on the second day of the Battle of Bannockburn and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Byland" title="Battle of Old Byland">Battle of Old Byland</a> when he defeated English armies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throwing spears became rarer as the Middle Ages drew on, but survived in the hands of specialists such as the Catalan <a href="/wiki/Almogavars" title="Almogavars">Almogavars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were commonly used in Ireland until the end of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spears began to lose fashion among the infantry during the 14th century, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">polearms</a> that combined the thrusting properties of the spear with the cutting properties of the axe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberd</a>. Where spears were retained they grew in length, eventually evolving into <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>, which would be a dominant infantry weapon in the 16th and 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cavalry">Cavalry</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cavalry spears were originally the same as infantry spears and were often used with two hands or held with one hand overhead. In the 12th century, after the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a> and a high-cantled saddle, the spear became a decidedly more powerful weapon. A mounted knight would secure the <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a> by holding it with one hand and tucking it under the armpit (the <i>couched lance</i> technique)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In combination with a <a href="/wiki/Lance_rest" title="Lance rest">lance rest</a>, this allowed all the momentum of the horse and knight to be focused on the weapon's tip, whilst still retaining accuracy and control. This use of the spear spurred the development of the <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a> as a distinct weapon that was perfected in the medieval sport of <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th century, tactical developments meant that knights and men-at-arms often fought on foot. This led to the practice of shortening the lance to about 150 cm (5 ft) to make it more manageable.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As dismounting became commonplace, specialist polearms such as the <a href="/wiki/Pollaxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollaxe">pollaxe</a> were adopted by knights and this practice ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introduction_of_gunpowder">Introduction of gunpowder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Introduction of gunpowder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pikeniere_Wallenstein-Festspiele_Memmingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pikeniere_Wallenstein-Festspiele_Memmingen.jpg/220px-Pikeniere_Wallenstein-Festspiele_Memmingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pikeniere_Wallenstein-Festspiele_Memmingen.jpg/330px-Pikeniere_Wallenstein-Festspiele_Memmingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pikeniere_Wallenstein-Festspiele_Memmingen.jpg/440px-Pikeniere_Wallenstein-Festspiele_Memmingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>German reenactors of pikemen</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of both the long, two-handed <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> firearms in Renaissance Europe saw an ever-increasing focus on integrated infantry tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those infantry not armed with these weapons carried variations on the polearm, including the <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">bill</a>. At the start of the Renaissance, cavalry remained predominantly lance-armed; <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">gendarmes</a> with the heavy knightly lance and lighter cavalry with a variety of lighter lances. By the 1540s, however, pistol-armed cavalry called <a href="/wiki/Reiter" title="Reiter">reiters</a> were beginning to make their mark. Cavalry armed with pistols and other lighter firearms, along with a sword, had virtually replaced lance armed cavalry in Western Europe by the beginning of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the spear proper was rendered obsolete on the battlefield. Its last flowering was the half-pike or <a href="/wiki/Spontoon" title="Spontoon">spontoon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a shortened version of the pike carried by officers of various ranks. While originally a weapon, this came to be seen more as a badge of office, or <i>leading staff</i> by which troops were directed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The half-pike, sometimes known as a boarding pike, was also used as a weapon on board ships until the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spear" title="Special:EditPage/Spear">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dervish,_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dervish%2C_1913.jpg/134px-Dervish%2C_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dervish%2C_1913.jpg/201px-Dervish%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dervish%2C_1913.jpg/268px-Dervish%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="2210" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An Arab Sufi ascetic carrying a short <a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">assegai</a> in 1913.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bedouin_warrior.jpg/250px-Bedouin_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bedouin_warrior.jpg/375px-Bedouin_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bedouin_warrior.jpg/500px-Bedouin_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6932" data-file-height="5427" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Arab warrior carrying a long hunting <a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">az-zaġāyah</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1914</span>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Muslim warriors used a spear that was called an <i><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">az-zaġāyah</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> pronounced it <i>zaġāya</i>, but the English term, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> via <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, is "<a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">assegai</a>". It is a polearm used for throwing or hurling, usually a light spear or javelin made of hard wood and pointed with a forged iron tip. The <i>az-zaġāyah</i> played an important role during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquest</a> as well as during later periods, well into the 20th century. A longer pole <i>az-zaġāyah</i> was being used as a hunting weapon from horseback. The <i>az-zaġāyah</i> was widely used. It existed in various forms in areas stretching from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, although these places already had their own variants of the spear. This javelin was the weapon of choice during the <i><a href="/wiki/Fulani_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani jihad">Fulani jihad</a></i> as well as during the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> in Sudan. It is still being used by certain wandering Sufi ascetics <i>(<a href="/wiki/Derwish" class="mw-redirect" title="Derwish">Derwishes</a>)</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_Gou_Bronze_spearhead-IMG_4424-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zhu_Gou_Bronze_spearhead-IMG_4424-black.jpg/112px-Zhu_Gou_Bronze_spearhead-IMG_4424-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zhu_Gou_Bronze_spearhead-IMG_4424-black.jpg/168px-Zhu_Gou_Bronze_spearhead-IMG_4424-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zhu_Gou_Bronze_spearhead-IMG_4424-black.jpg/224px-Zhu_Gou_Bronze_spearhead-IMG_4424-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spear with inscription, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_spearheads,_Shang_Dynasty.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bronze_spearheads%2C_Shang_Dynasty.JPG/172px-Bronze_spearheads%2C_Shang_Dynasty.JPG" decoding="async" width="172" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bronze_spearheads%2C_Shang_Dynasty.JPG/258px-Bronze_spearheads%2C_Shang_Dynasty.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bronze_spearheads%2C_Shang_Dynasty.JPG/344px-Bronze_spearheads%2C_Shang_Dynasty.JPG 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> spear heads</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Chinese</a> spear (<a href="/wiki/Qiang_(spear)" title="Qiang (spear)">Qiang</a> 槍) is popularly known as the "king of weapons". The spear is listed in the group of the four major weapons (along with the <a href="/wiki/Gun_(staff)" title="Gun (staff)">gun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">staff</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dao_(Chinese_sword)" title="Dao (Chinese sword)">dao</a> (a single-edged blade similar to a <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabre</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Jian" title="Jian">jian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>)).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spears were used first as hunting weapons amongst the ancient Chinese. They became popular as infantry weapons during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> era, when spearmen were used as especially highly disciplined soldiers in organized group attacks. When used in formation fighting, spearmen would line up their large rectangular or circular shields in a shieldwall manner. The Qin also employed long spears (more akin to a pike) in formations similar to Swiss pikemen in order to ward off cavalry. The Han Empire would use similar tactics as its Qin predecessors. Halberds, polearms, and dagger axes were also common weapons during this time. </p><p>Spears were also common weaponry for Warring States, Qin, and Han era cavalry units. During these eras, the spear would develop into a longer lance-like weapon used for cavalry charges. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spear_Jinsha.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Spear_Jinsha.JPG/220px-Spear_Jinsha.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Spear_Jinsha.JPG/330px-Spear_Jinsha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Spear_Jinsha.JPG/440px-Spear_Jinsha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze spears, notice the ears on the side of the socket.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many words in Chinese that would be classified as a spear in English. The <i>Mao</i> is the predecessor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(spear)" title="Qiang (spear)">Qiang</a></i>. The first bronze <i>Mao</i> appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>. This weapon was less prominent on the battlefield than the <i>ge</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dagger-axe" title="Dagger-axe">dagger-axe</a>). In some archaeological examples two tiny holes or ears can be found in the blade of the spearhead near the socket, these holes were presumably used to attach tassels, much like modern day <a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">wushu</a> spears. </p><p>In the early <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a>, the <i>Mao</i> appeared to have a relatively short shaft as well as a relatively narrow shaft as opposed to <i>Mao</i> in the later Shang and <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> period. Some <i>Mao</i> from this era are heavily decorated as is evidenced by a <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> <i>Mao</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Shu_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (state)">Ba Shu</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Han dynasty the <i>Mao</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ji_(polearm)" title="Ji (polearm)">Ji</a></i> (戟 <i>Ji</i> can be loosely defined as a halberd) rose to prominence in the military. Interesting to note is that the amount of iron Mao-heads found exceeds the number of bronze heads. By the end of the Han dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a>) the process of replacement of the iron <i>Mao</i> had been completed and the bronze <i>Mao</i> had been rendered completely obsolete. After the Han dynasty toward the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties the <i>Mao</i> used by cavalry were fitted with much longer shafts, as is mentioned above. During this era, the use of the <i>Shuo</i> (矟) was widespread among the footmen. The <i>Shuo</i> can be likened to a pike or simply a long spear.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_pirate_spear_hmsL4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chinese_pirate_spear_hmsL4.jpg/220px-Chinese_pirate_spear_hmsL4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chinese_pirate_spear_hmsL4.jpg/330px-Chinese_pirate_spear_hmsL4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chinese_pirate_spear_hmsL4.jpg/440px-Chinese_pirate_spear_hmsL4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>A later period <i>qiang</i></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Tang dynasty, the popularity of the <i>Mao</i> declined and was replaced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(spear)" title="Qiang (spear)">Qiang</a></i> (枪). The Tang dynasty divided the <i>Qiang</i> in four categories: "一曰漆枪，二曰木枪，三曰白杆枪，四曰扑头枪。” Roughly translated the four categories are: Qi (a kind of wood) Spears, Wooden Spears, Bai Gan (A kind of wood) Spears and Pu Tou Qiang. The Qiang that were produced in the Song and Ming dynasties consisted of four major parts: Spearhead, Shaft, End Spike and Tassel. The types of Qiang that exist are many. Among the types there are cavalry Qiang that were the length of one <i>zhang</i> (approximately 320 cm or 10 ft), Litte-Flower Spears (Xiao Hua Qiang 小花枪) that are the length of one person and their arm extended above his head, double hooked spears, single hooked spears, ringed spears and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some confusion as to how to distinguish the <i>Qiang</i> from the <i>Mao</i>, as they are obviously very similar. Some people say that a <i>Mao</i> is longer than a <i>Qiang</i>, others say that the main difference is between the stiffness of the shaft, where the <i>Qiang</i> would be flexible and the <i>Mao</i> would be stiff. Scholars seem to lean toward the latter explanation more than the former. Because of the difference in the construction of the <i>Mao</i> and the <i>Qiang</i>, the usage is also different, though there is no definitive answer as to what exactly the differences are between the <i>Mao</i> and the <i>Qiang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Razakars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Razakars.jpg/185px-Razakars.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Razakars.jpg/278px-Razakars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Razakars.jpg/370px-Razakars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Razakars during Operation Polo</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spear_man_in_raghoba_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Spear_man_in_raghoba_camp.jpg/139px-Spear_man_in_raghoba_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Spear_man_in_raghoba_camp.jpg/209px-Spear_man_in_raghoba_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Spear_man_in_raghoba_camp.jpg/278px-Spear_man_in_raghoba_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Engraving of a <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> soldier with spear by <a href="/wiki/James_Forbes_(artist)" title="James Forbes (artist)">James Forbes</a>, 1813.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Spears are known as <b>Bhala</b> in Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spears in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian society">Indian society</a> were used both in missile and non-missile form, both by cavalry and foot-soldiers. Mounted spear-fighting was practiced using with a 300 cm (10 ft), ball-tipped wooden lance called a <i>bothati</i>, the end of which was covered in dye so that hits may be confirmed. Spears were constructed from a variety of materials such as the <i>sang</i> made completely of steel, and the <i>ballam</i> which had a bamboo shaft. </p><p>The Arab presence in Sindh and the Mameluks of Delhi introduced the <a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Middle Eastern javelin</a> into India. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> wielded a type of spear for infantrymen which had a club integrated into the spearhead, and a pointed butt end. Other spears had forked blades, several spear-points, and numerous other innovations. One particular spear unique to India was the <i>vita</i> or corded lance. </p><p>Used by the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Army" title="Maratha Army">Maratha Army</a>, it had a rope connecting the spear with the user's wrist, allowing the weapon to be thrown and pulled back. The <i><a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">Vel</a></i> is a type of spear or lance, originated in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a>, primarily used by <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sikh <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihangs</a> sometimes carry a spear even today. Spears were used in conflicts and training by armed paramilitary units such as the <a href="/wiki/Razakar" title="Razakar">razakars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizams</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> as late as the second half of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spear" title="Special:EditPage/Spear">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estampe-p1000685.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Estampe-p1000685.jpg/170px-Estampe-p1000685.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Estampe-p1000685.jpg/255px-Estampe-p1000685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Estampe-p1000685.jpg/340px-Estampe-p1000685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a> print of a samurai general holding a yari in his right hand</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hoko_yari" title="Hoko yari">hoko</a> spear was used in ancient Japan sometime between the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, but it became unpopular as early <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> often acted as <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">horseback archers</a>. Medieval Japan employed spears again for infantrymen to use, but it was not until the 11th century in that samurai began to prefer spears over bows. Several polearms were used in the Japanese theatres; the <a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">naginata</a> was a glaive-like weapon with a long, curved blade popularly among the samurai and the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Buddhist warrior-monks</a>, often used against cavalry; the <a href="/wiki/Yari" title="Yari">yari</a> was a longer polearm, with a straight-bladed spearhead, which became the weapon of choice of both the samurai and the <a href="/wiki/Ashigaru" title="Ashigaru">ashigaru</a> (footmen) during the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sengoku Period">Warring States Era</a>; the horseback samurai used shorter yari for his single-armed combat; on the other hand, ashigaru infantries used long yari (similar with European <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a>) for their massed combat formation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spear" title="Special:EditPage/Spear">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native-Warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Native-Warrior.jpg/170px-Native-Warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Native-Warrior.jpg/255px-Native-Warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Native-Warrior.jpg/340px-Native-Warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Filipino warrior holding a <i>Sibat</i> (spear) in the Boxer Codex.</figcaption></figure> <p>Filipino spears (<a href="/wiki/Sibat" title="Sibat">sibat</a>) were used as both a weapon and a tool throughout the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It is also called a <i>bangkaw</i> (after the <a href="/wiki/Bankaw_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankaw Revolt">Bankaw Revolt</a>.), <i>sumbling</i> or <i>palupad</i> in the islands of <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. Sibat are typically made from rattan, either with a sharpened tip or a head made from metal. These heads may either be single-edged, double-edged or barbed. Styles vary according to function and origin. For example, a sibat designed for fishing may not be the same as those used for hunting. </p><p>The spear was used as the primary weapon in expeditions and battles against neighbouring island kingdoms and it became famous during the 1521 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a>, where the chieftain <a href="/wiki/Lapu_Lapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapu Lapu">Lapu Lapu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> fought against Spanish forces led by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> who was subsequently killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zulu_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zulu_warrior.jpg/170px-Zulu_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zulu_warrior.jpg/255px-Zulu_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zulu_warrior.jpg/340px-Zulu_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> man with <a href="/wiki/Iklwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Iklwa">iklwa</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The various types of the <a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">assegai</a> (a light spear or <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> and pointed with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> or fire-hardened tip) were used throughout Africa and it was the most common weapon used before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a> tribes of South Africa were renowned for their use of the assegai. <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> invented a shorter stabbing spear with a 30 cm (1 ft) shaft and a larger, broader blade one foot (0.3m) long. This weapon is otherwise known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Iklwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Iklwa">iklwa</a></i> or <i>ixwa</i>, after the sound that was heard as it was withdrawn from the victim's wound.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional spear was not abandoned, but was used to <a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">range attack</a> enemy formations before closing in for <a href="/wiki/Close_quarters_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Close quarters battle">close quarters battle</a> with the iklwa. This tactical combination originated during <a href="/wiki/Shaka#Social_and_military_revolution" title="Shaka">Shaka's military reforms</a>. This weapon was typically used with one hand while the off hand held a <a href="/wiki/Cowhide" title="Cowhide">cowhide</a> <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a> for protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to most armies of their period, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> forces were centered around the use of the spear.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In battle, spearmen would be armed with a <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>-tipped spear (dja) and shield (ikem), which were used in elaborate formations much like Greek and Roman forces. Before the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> invasion into Egypt, wooden spears were used, which were prone to splinter, but the influx of a new population brought innovations around bronze technology. Unlike other cultures who wielded spears at this time, the Egyptians did not treat their <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a> (around 1 meter to 3.3 feet long)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as disposable, using them both for thrusting and throwing.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Mexico_and_South_America_(Pre-Colombia)"><span id="West_Mexico_and_South_America_.28Pre-Colombia.29"></span>West Mexico and South America (Pre-Colombia)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: West Mexico and South America (Pre-Colombia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As advanced <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> was largely unknown in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian America</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Western Mexico and South America</a>, most weapons in <a href="/wiki/Meso-America" class="mw-redirect" title="Meso-America">Meso-America</a> were made of wood or <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>. This did not mean that they were less lethal, as obsidian may be sharpened to become many times sharper than steel.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meso-American spears varied greatly in shape and size. While the Aztecs preferred the sword-like <a href="/wiki/Macuahuitl" title="Macuahuitl">macuahuitl</a> clubs for fighting,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the advantage of a far-reaching thrusting weapon was recognised, and a large portion of the army would carry the <a href="/wiki/Tepoztopilli" title="Tepoztopilli">tepoztopilli</a> into battle.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tepoztopilli was a polearm, and to judge from depictions in various Aztec codices, it was roughly the height of a man, with a broad wooden head about twice the length of the users' palm or shorter, edged with razor-sharp obsidian blades which were deeply set in grooves carved into the head, and cemented in place with <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> or plant resin as an adhesive. The tepoztopilli was able both to thrust and slash effectively. </p><p>Throwing spears also were used extensively in Meso-American warfare, usually with the help of an <a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">atlatl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throwing spears were typically shorter and more stream-lined than the tepoztopilli, and some had obsidian edges for greater penetration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_smoky_day_at_the_Sugar_Bowl--Hupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A_smoky_day_at_the_Sugar_Bowl--Hupa.jpg/129px-A_smoky_day_at_the_Sugar_Bowl--Hupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A_smoky_day_at_the_Sugar_Bowl--Hupa.jpg/194px-A_smoky_day_at_the_Sugar_Bowl--Hupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A_smoky_day_at_the_Sugar_Bowl--Hupa.jpg/258px-A_smoky_day_at_the_Sugar_Bowl--Hupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Hupa" title="Hupa">Hupa</a> native American man with his spear – <i>by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sheriff_Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sheriff Curtis">Edward Sheriff Curtis</a>, 1923</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spear_Case,_late_19th_century,_26.792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Spear_Case%2C_late_19th_century%2C_26.792.jpg/255px-Spear_Case%2C_late_19th_century%2C_26.792.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Spear_Case%2C_late_19th_century%2C_26.792.jpg/383px-Spear_Case%2C_late_19th_century%2C_26.792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Spear_Case%2C_late_19th_century%2C_26.792.jpg/510px-Spear_Case%2C_late_19th_century%2C_26.792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Spear Case</i>, Crow (Native American), late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Typically, most spears made by Native Americans were created from materials surrounding their communities. Usually, the shaft of the spear was made with a wooden stick while the head of the spear was fashioned from arrowheads, pieces of metal such as copper, or a bone that had been sharpened. Spears were a preferred weapon by many since it was inexpensive to create, could more easily be taught to others, and could be made quickly and in large quantities. </p><p>Native Americans used the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">buffalo pound</a> method to kill buffalo, which required a hunter to dress as a buffalo and lure one into a ravine where other hunters were hiding. Once the buffalo appeared, the other hunters would kill him with spears. A variation of this technique, called the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">buffalo jump</a>, was when a runner would lead the animals towards a cliff. As the buffalo got close to the cliff, other members of the tribe would jump out from behind rocks or trees and scare the buffalo over the cliff. Other hunters would be waiting at the bottom of the cliff to spear the animal to death.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunting">Hunting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spear_fishing_Peru_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Spear_fishing_Peru_cropped.jpg/220px-Spear_fishing_Peru_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Spear_fishing_Peru_cropped.jpg/330px-Spear_fishing_Peru_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Spear_fishing_Peru_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Peruvian fisherman <a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">spearfishing</a> with a multi-pronged spear</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest forms of killing prey for humans, hunting game with a spear and <a href="/wiki/Spear_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear fishing">spear fishing</a> continues to this day as both a means of catching food and as a cultural activity. Some of the most common prey for early humans were <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a> which were hunted with various kinds of spear. One theory for the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event#Hunting_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary extinction event</a> was that most of these animals were hunted to extinction by humans with spears. Even after the invention of other hunting weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">sling</a>, the spear continued to be used, either as a projectile weapon or used by hand, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">bear hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">boar hunting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boar_Spear_MET_14.25.305_006jan2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Boar_Spear_MET_14.25.305_006jan2015.jpg/110px-Boar_Spear_MET_14.25.305_006jan2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Boar_Spear_MET_14.25.305_006jan2015.jpg/165px-Boar_Spear_MET_14.25.305_006jan2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Boar_Spear_MET_14.25.305_006jan2015.jpg/220px-Boar_Spear_MET_14.25.305_006jan2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A boar-spear with a bar</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Barred spears: A barred spear has a crossbar beneath the blade, to prevent too deep a penetration of the spear into an animal. The bar may be forged as part of the spearhead or may be more loosely tied by means of loops below the blade. Barred spears are known from the Bronze Age, but the first historical record of their use in Europe is found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> in the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples also are shown in Roman art. In the Middle Ages, a winged or lugged war-spear was developed (<a href="#Infantry">see above</a>), but the later Middle Ages saw the development of specialised types, such as the boar-spear and the bear-spear.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boar-spear could be used both on foot or horseback.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">Harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">Trident</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_revival">Modern revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spear hunting fell out of favor in most of Europe in the 18th century, but continued in Germany, enjoying a revival in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spear <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> is still practiced in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals taken are primarily wild <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, although trophy animals as large as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Buffalo">Cape Buffalo</a> have been hunted with spears. <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">Alligators</a> are hunted in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> with a type of <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gymnastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the gymnastic exercises performed by the ancient Greeks was the throwing of a spear, referred to as ἀκυντισμός.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_myth_and_legend">In myth and legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In myth and legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odin_rides_to_Hel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odin_rides_to_Hel.jpg/220px-Odin_rides_to_Hel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odin_rides_to_Hel.jpg/330px-Odin_rides_to_Hel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odin_rides_to_Hel.jpg/440px-Odin_rides_to_Hel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>The Norse god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, carrying the spear <a href="/wiki/Gungnir" title="Gungnir">Gungnir</a> on his ride to <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like many weapons, a spear may also be a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of power. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> would symbolically destroy a dead warrior's spear either to prevent its use by another or as a sacrificial offering. </p><p>In classical Greek mythology <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>' bolts of lightning may be interpreted as a symbolic spear. Some would carry that interpretation to the spear that frequently is associated with <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, interpreting her spear as a symbolic connection to some of Zeus' power beyond the <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a> once he rose to replacing other deities in the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a>. Athena was depicted with a spear prior to that change in myths, however. <a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a>'s wedding-gift to <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> when he married the nymph <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> in classical Greek mythology, was an ashen spear as the nature of ashwood with its straight grain made it an ideal choice of wood for a spear. </p><p>The Romans and their early enemies would force prisoners to walk underneath a 'yoke of spears', which humiliated them. The yoke would consist of three spears, two upright with a third tied between them at a height which made the prisoners stoop.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the arrangement has a <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magical</a> origin, a way to trap evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>subjugate</i> has its origins in this practice<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="'bring under the yoke' would most naturally refer to oxen, etc (and nothing in the etymonline.com article cited for the latin etymology mentions this practice at all) (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (from Latin <i>sub</i> = under, <i>jugum</i> = yoke<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In Norse mythology, the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>'s spear (named <a href="/wiki/Gungnir" title="Gungnir">Gungnir</a>) was made by the sons of Ivaldi. It had the special property that it never missed its mark. During the War with the Vanir, Odin symbolically threw Gungnir into the Vanir host. This practice of symbolically casting a spear into the enemy ranks at the start of a fight was sometimes used in historic clashes, to seek Odin's support in the coming battle.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i>, the haft of Gungnir is said to be from the "World-Tree" <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other spears of religious significance are the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Spear_Luin" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear Luin">Lúin of Celtchar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believed by some to have vast mystical powers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Frazer">Sir James George Frazer</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noted the phallic nature of the spear and suggested that in the Arthurian legends the spear or lance functioned as a symbol of male fertility, paired with the <a href="/wiki/Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grail">Grail</a> (as a symbol of female fertility). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gombak_Selangor_Batu-Caves-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gombak_Selangor_Batu-Caves-01.jpg/170px-Gombak_Selangor_Batu-Caves-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gombak_Selangor_Batu-Caves-01.jpg/255px-Gombak_Selangor_Batu-Caves-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gombak_Selangor_Batu-Caves-01.jpg/340px-Gombak_Selangor_Batu-Caves-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="5694" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the Hindu God of War, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a>, holding his primary weapon, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">Vel</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hindu god of war <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a> is worshipped by <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> in the form of the spear called <i><a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">Vel</a></i>, which is his primary weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>spear</i> is also used (in a somewhat archaic manner) to describe the male line of a family, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Distaff" title="Distaff">distaff</a> or female line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenonuhoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenonuhoko">Amenonuhoko</a>, spear of <a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izanami" title="Izanami">Izanami</a>, creator gods in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1e_Bulg" title="Gáe Bulg">Gáe Bulg</a>, spear of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAchulainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúchulainn">Cúchulainn</a>, hero in <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a></li> <li>Gáe Buide and Gáe Derg, spears of <a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_Ua_Duibhne" title="Diarmuid Ua Duibhne">Diarmuid Ua Duibhne</a> which could inflict wounds that none can recover from</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Dragon_Crescent_Blade" title="Green Dragon Crescent Blade">Green Dragon Crescent Blade</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Guan_dao" class="mw-redirect" title="Guan dao">guan dao</a> wielded by General <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungnir" title="Gungnir">Gungnir</a>, spear of <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, a god in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a>, said to be the spear that pierced the side of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li>Pelian Spear, a spear that only <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> could wield, inherited from his father <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a> from an ash tree on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Pelion">Mount Pelion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur#Arthur's_other_weapons" title="Excalibur">Rhongomyniad</a> referred to simply as Ron ("spear") in Geoffrey of Monmouth's <i>History of Britain</i>, the spear of King Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="p. 71 is not in the range 268–273. Should it be 271? (January 2020)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fei#In_Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Zhang Fei">Serpent Spear</a> wielded by General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fei" title="Zhang Fei">Zhang Fei</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear_of_Fuchai" title="Spear of Fuchai">Spear of Fuchai</a>, the spear used by <a href="/wiki/Goujian" title="Goujian">Goujian</a>'s arch-rival, <a href="/wiki/King_Fuchai_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuchai of Wu">King Fuchai of Wu</a>, in China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear_of_Lugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear of Lugh">Spear of Lugh</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a>, a god in <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">Trident</a>, a three-pronged fishing spear associated with a number of <a href="/wiki/Water_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Water deity">water deities</a>, including the Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Nethuns" title="Nethuns">Nethuns</a>, Greek <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, and Roman <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a>, a three-pronged spear wielded by the Hindu deities <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">Vel</a>, a flattened broad tipped spear used by the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_spears" title="List of types of spears">List of types of spears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_weapons">Related weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Related weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow (weapon)">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">Atlatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(missile)" title="Dart (missile)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaive" title="Glaive">Glaive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontos_(weapon)" title="Kontos (weapon)">Kontos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">Lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">Naginata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">Pilum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">Polearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear_thrower" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear thrower">Spear thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">Woomera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spear&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces. How The Professionals Fight And Win. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p.502-Tactics And Techniques, Survival. Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997. ISBN 1-85487-675-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, William. <i>50 Weapons That Changed Warfare</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hurstwic.org&rft.atitle=Hurstwic%3A+Viking+Spear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurstwic.org%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Fmanufacturing%2Ftext%2Fviking_spear.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1973" class="citation book cs1">Swanton, M.J. (1973). <i>The Spearheads of the Anglo-Saxon Settlement</i>. London: Royal Archaeological Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spearheads+of+the+Anglo-Saxon+Settlement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Archaeological+Institute&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1968" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Paul (1968). <i>Armour and weapons</i>. London: Herbert Jenkins. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armour+and+weapons&rft.place=London&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Herbert+Jenkins&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steppes" title="Battle of Steppes">Battle of Steppes</a>, 1213. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Sir Charles</a> (1991) [1924]. <i>The Art of War in the Middle Ages</i>. Vol. 1. London: Greenhill Books. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-100-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-100-5"><bdi>978-1-85367-100-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-100-5&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Sir+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1986" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Andrew (1986). <i>William Wallace</i>. Edinburgh: John Donald. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-154-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-154-3"><bdi>978-0-85976-154-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Wallace&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-154-3&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbruggen1997" class="citation book cs1">Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). <i>The Art of Warfare in Western Europe in the Middle Ages</i> (2nd. ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 184–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-630-9"><bdi>978-0-85115-630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Warfare+in+Western+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=184-5&rft.edition=2nd.&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-630-9&rft.aulast=Verbruggen&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1988" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Ronald McNair (1988). <i>Robert the Bruce, King of Scots</i>. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. pp. 148, 158–159, 202–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+the+Bruce%2C+King+of+Scots&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=148%2C+158-159%2C+202-203&rft.pub=Peter+Bedrick+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ronald+McNair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2000" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Paul (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anistor.gr/english/enback/v004.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We have met Devils!': The Almogavars of James I and Peter III of Catalonia–Aragon"</a>. <i>Anistoriton</i>. <b>004</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anistoriton&rft.atitle=%27We+have+met+Devils%21%27%3A+The+Almogavars+of+James+I+and+Peter+III+of+Catalonia%E2%80%93Aragon&rft.volume=004&rft.date=2000-09&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anistor.gr%2Fenglish%2Fenback%2Fv004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1993" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Ian (1993). <i>The Irish Wars 1485–1603</i>. Oxford: Osprey. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-280-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-280-6"><bdi>978-1-85532-280-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Wars+1485%E2%80%931603&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-280-6&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2001" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Thomas (2001). <i>The Renaissance at War</i>. London: Cassel & Co. pp. 60–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35270-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35270-8"><bdi>978-0-304-35270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=60-72&rft.pub=Cassel+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35270-8&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Helen (2004). <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 102–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-76331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-76331-5"><bdi>978-0-333-76331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=102-3&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-333-76331-5&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Sébastien Nadot, <i>Rompez les lances ! Chevaliers et tournois au Moyen Age</i>, Paris, ed. Autrement, 2010. (<i>Couch your lances ! Knights and tournaments in the Middle Ages</i>...)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson (2004), p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson (2004), p101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold (2001), pp.66–72, 78–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold (2001), pp.92–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakeshott1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Oakeshott" title="Ewart Oakeshott">Oakeshott, Ewart</a> (1980). <i>European Weapons and Armour</i>. Guildford & London: Lutterworth Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-2126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-2126-5"><bdi>978-0-7188-2126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Weapons+and+Armour&rft.place=Guildford+%26+London&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-2126-5&rft.aulast=Oakeshott&rft.aufirst=Ewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakeshott (1980), p.55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakeshott (1980), p.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imperialcombatarts.com/spear-training--265383068321433.html">"Spear Training | Spear Fighting | 枪矛厹"</a>. <i>Imperial Combat Arts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+Combat+Arts&rft.atitle=Spear+Training+%26%23124%3B+Spear+Fighting+%26%23124%3B+%E6%9E%AA+%E7%9F%9B+%E5%8E%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimperialcombatarts.com%2Fspear-training--265383068321433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="中国古代冷兵器1" class="citation book cs1">郑, 轶伟 (2007). <i>中国古代冷兵器</i>. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80740-220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80740-220-6"><bdi>978-7-80740-220-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%86%B7%E5%85%B5%E5%99%A8&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-7-80740-220-6&rft.aulast=%E9%83%91&rft.aufirst=%E8%BD%B6%E4%BC%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="中国古代冷兵器2" class="citation book cs1">郑, 轶伟 (2007). <i>中国古代冷兵器</i>. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80740-220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80740-220-6"><bdi>978-7-80740-220-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%86%B7%E5%85%B5%E5%99%A8&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-7-80740-220-6&rft.aulast=%E9%83%91&rft.aufirst=%E8%BD%B6%E4%BC%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="中国古代冷兵器3" class="citation book cs1">郑, 轶伟 (2007). <i>中国古代冷兵器</i>. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80740-220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80740-220-6"><bdi>978-7-80740-220-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%86%B7%E5%85%B5%E5%99%A8&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-7-80740-220-6&rft.aulast=%E9%83%91&rft.aufirst=%E8%BD%B6%E4%BC%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Marindin, Ed., Hasta</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1981" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, Peter (1981). <i>Greece and Rome at War</i>. London: Macdonald Phoebus. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-356-06798-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-356-06798-8"><bdi>978-0-356-06798-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+and+Rome+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Macdonald+Phoebus&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-356-06798-8&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Cary and A. D. Nock. "Magic Spears". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 21, No. 3/4 (June–October 1927), pp. 122–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=subjugation">"subjugation"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=subjugation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dsubjugation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley-Holland1982" class="citation book cs1">Crossley-Holland, Kevin (1982). <i>The Norse Myths</i>. London: Penguin. pp. 51, 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006056-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006056-0"><bdi>978-0-14-006056-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norse+Myths&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51%2C+197&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-14-006056-0&rft.aulast=Crossley-Holland&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhr0215/large/index.html">"Score: BHR0215"</a>. <i>Dlib.indiana.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dlib.indiana.edu&rft.atitle=Score%3A+BHR0215&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fvariations%2Fscores%2Fbhr0215%2Flarge%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._A._Livingstone2006" class="citation book cs1">E. A. Livingstone, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t95.e3317"><i>Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861442-5"><bdi>978-0-19-861442-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861442-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt95.e3317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKillop2004" class="citation book cs1">MacKillop, James (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t70.e3094"><i>Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i></a>. Oxford Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860967-4"><bdi>978-0-19-860967-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Celtic+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+Reference&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860967-4&rft.aulast=MacKillop&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt70.e3094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3623/3623-h/3623-h.htm">"The Golden Bough"</a> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Bough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3623%2F3623-h%2F3623-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClothey1978" class="citation book cs1">Clothey, Fred W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&q=vel+tamil+weapon&pg=PA192"><i>The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027976321" title="Special:BookSources/9789027976321"><bdi>9789027976321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Murukan%CC%B2%3A+The+History+and+Meaning+of+a+South+Indian+God&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789027976321&rft.aulast=Clothey&rft.aufirst=Fred+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AevljBmCRQC%26q%3Dvel%2Btamil%2Bweapon%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. K. Ford, "On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh", in <i>Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies</i> 30 (1983), pp.268–273 at p.71; R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans, <i>Culhwch and Olwen. 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