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<li id="toc-Founding_and_feuds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_and_feuds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding and feuds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_feuds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genpei_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genpei_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Genpei War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genpei_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th–14th_centuries_and_the_rise_of_Zen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th–14th_centuries_and_the_rise_of_Zen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>13th–14th centuries and the rise of Zen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th–14th_centuries_and_the_rise_of_Zen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sengoku-jidai_and_the_rise_of_the_Ikkō-Ikki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sengoku-jidai_and_the_rise_of_the_Ikkō-Ikki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sengoku-jidai and the rise of the Ikkō-Ikki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sengoku-jidai_and_the_rise_of_the_Ikkō-Ikki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Weapons and dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Sōhei</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Sōhei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3hei" title="Sóhei – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sóhei" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C" title="سوهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3hei" title="Szóhei – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szóhei" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohei" title="Sohei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sohei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E5%85%B5" title="僧兵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="僧兵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Сохэй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сохэй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sōhei" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Сохей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сохей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E5%85%B5_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="僧兵 (日本) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="僧兵 (日本)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buddhist warrior monks In medieval and feudal Japan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg/170px-Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg/255px-Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg/340px-Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>The <i>sōhei</i> <a href="/wiki/Benkei" title="Benkei">Benkei</a> with <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Sōhei</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E5%85%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:僧兵">僧兵</a></span></span>, "monk soldiers", "warrior monks"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span> were <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Warrior_monk" title="Warrior monk">warrior monks</a> of both <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Classical_Japan" title="History of Japan">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan" title="History of Japan">feudal Japan</a>. At certain points in history, they held considerable power, obliging the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">military governments</a> to collaborate. </p><p>The prominence of the <i>sōhei</i> rose in parallel with the ascendancy of the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school's influence between the 10th and 17th centuries. The warriors protected land and intimidated rival schools of Buddhism, becoming a significant factor in the spread of Buddhism and the development of different schools during the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>sōhei</i> shared many similarities with the European <a href="/wiki/Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">lay brothers</a>, members of a <a href="/wiki/Monastic_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic order">monastic order</a> who might not have been ordained. Much like the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, the warrior monks of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">crusading orders</a>, <i>sōhei</i> did not operate as individuals, or even as members of small, individual temples, but rather as warriors in a large extended brotherhood or monastic order. The home <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">temple</a> of a <i>sōhei</i> monastic order might have had several, if not dozens or a hundred, smaller <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>, training halls, and subordinate temples connected to it. A famous <i>sōhei</i> monastery is <a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a>, just outside <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, while <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nara_(city)" title="Nara (city)">Nara</a> also fielded a large <i>sōhei</i> army. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_feuds">Founding and feuds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding and feuds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/200px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/300px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/400px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyasiddhi">Jōjitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosso">Hosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanron">Sanron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusha-shū (Buddhism)">Kusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States#Zen" title="Buddhism in the United States">Zen in the US</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dben" title="Rōben">Rōben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8De" title="Myōe">Myōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkei_(monk)" title="Jōkei (monk)">Jōkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enni" title="Enni">Enni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishan_Yining" title="Yishan Yining">Issan Ichinei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku" title="Hasegawa Tōhaku">Hasegawa Tōhaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anrakuan_Sakuden" title="Anrakuan Sakuden">Sakuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkai" title="Tenkai">Tenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensh%C5%8D_Murakami" title="Senshō Murakami">Murakami Senshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Nishida Kitarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Shaku Sōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Suzuki Shunryū</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art_in_Japan" title="Buddhist art in Japan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">Honji suijaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongen" title="Gongen">Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nenbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Daimoku</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D" title="Kaichō">Kaichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjin" title="Kanjin">Kanjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senjafuda" title="Senjafuda">Senjafuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">Gozan Bungaku</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Japanese Buddhism">Glossary of Japanese Buddhism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Warrior monks first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when bitter political feuds began between different temples, different subsects of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a>, over imperial appointments to the top temple positions in the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dkan" title="Sōkan">sōkan</a> system (<i>zasu</i> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_abbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist abbot">Buddhist abbot</a>). Much of the fighting over the next four centuries was over these sorts of political feuds, and centered around the temples of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmi_Province" title="Ōmi Province">Ōmi</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mii-dera" title="Mii-dera">Mii-dera</a>, the four largest temples in the country. </p><p>The first armed conflict broke out in 949, when 56 monks from Tōdai-ji staged a protest at the residence of a Kyoto official, over an appointment that displeased them. Protests of this sort continued through the 10th century, often breaking out into brawls in which some participants would be killed. In 970, following a dispute between Enryaku-ji and the <a href="/wiki/Yasaka_Shrine" title="Yasaka Shrine">Yasaka Shrine</a> of Kyoto, the former established the first standing army of warrior monks. It is not entirely clear whether this standing army consisted of monks from Enryaku-ji or was more like a mercenary army, since <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgen" title="Ryōgen">Ryōgen</a>, the abbot who established this army, also established a code of monastic conduct that prevented monks from leaving Mount Hiei during their twelve-year training, from covering their faces, and from carrying weapons. </p><p>Beginning in 981, there were a number of armed conflicts between Enryaku-ji and Mii-dera, each the head temple of a different sub-sect of <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>. These disputes were, as before, over political appointments and dishonorable etiquette. More often than not, these were cases of members of one faction being chosen as the abbot of the other faction's temple, and the monks would protest. This continued, on and off, once stopping for as long as 40 years, through the 11th and into the 12th century. The armies became larger and the violence increased, until in 1121 and 1141 Mii-dera was burned to the ground by monks from Enryaku-ji. Other temples became embroiled in the conflicts as well, and Enryaku-ji and Mii-dera united against Kōfuku-ji, and, another time, against <a href="/wiki/Kiyomizu-dera" title="Kiyomizu-dera">Kiyomizu-dera</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genpei_War">Genpei War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genpei War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Special:EditPage/Sōhei">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the end of the 12th century, Japan was plunged into the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a> and, while the feuds between the temples did not end, they became subsumed by larger events. The warring <a href="/wiki/Minamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Minamoto">Minamoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taira" class="mw-redirect" title="Taira">Taira</a> clans both tried to obtain the aid of the warrior monks of Nara and Kyoto, adding the temples' forces to the clans' already mighty armies of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Kiyomori" title="Taira no Kiyomori">Taira no Kiyomori</a> sent generous gifts of rice and silk to Enryaku-ji, ensuring they would not help his enemies, the Minamoto, who had allied themselves with the monks of Mii-dera. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uji_(1180)" title="Battle of Uji (1180)">Battle of Uji</a> in 1180, one of the more famous battles in which <i>sōhei</i> participated, the monks of Mii-dera, along with a force of Minamoto samurai, tried to defend the bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Uji_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji River">Uji River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in</a>, a temple behind it, from an attacking Taira force. The monks pulled up the planks of the bridge to impair the ability of the horse mounted samurai to cross. The warrior monks stood their ground with bow and arrow, <i><a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">naginata</a>,</i> sword and dagger, but were ultimately defeated. Following his victory, Taira no Kiyomori ordered that revenge be taken upon the monks that opposed him. Mii-dera was burned to the ground once again, as were many of the temples of Nara. Only the Enryaku-ji escaped unscathed. </p><p>Three years later, when <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshinaka" title="Minamoto no Yoshinaka">Minamoto no Yoshinaka</a> betrayed his clan by storming into Kyoto, setting the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_H%C5%8Dj%C5%ABjidono" title="Siege of Hōjūjidono">Hōjōji Palace</a> aflame and kidnapping <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Emperor Go-Shirakawa</a>, he was opposed by many of the monks of Kyoto, including those from Mount Hiei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th–14th_centuries_and_the_rise_of_Zen"><span id="13th.E2.80.9314th_centuries_and_the_rise_of_Zen"></span>13th–14th centuries and the rise of Zen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 13th–14th centuries and the rise of Zen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Special:EditPage/Sōhei">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the Genpei War, the monasteries, to a large extent, turned their attention to rebuilding, first physically, and then politically. Their political influence grew stronger through peaceful means, and the warrior monks played only very minor roles in the wars of the 13th and 14th centuries. Violent conflict between the temples still occurred on occasion, once again over political and spiritual appointments, and related matters. </p><p>During the wars of the <a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a> took in the rebel <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a>, and offered him sanctuary. Emperor Go-Daigo, along with his son, and the help of the <i>sōhei</i> of Mount Hiei, launched a brief rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a> took power shortly afterwards, and supported <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> over the other <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> sects, drawing the ire of the warrior monks. Over the course of the 1340s–1360s a number of conflicts erupted between the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> sect temples, and those of Zen, especially <a href="/wiki/Nanzen-ji" title="Nanzen-ji">Nanzen-ji</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sengoku-jidai_and_the_rise_of_the_Ikkō-Ikki"><span id="Sengoku-jidai_and_the_rise_of_the_Ikk.C5.8D-Ikki"></span>Sengoku-jidai and the rise of the Ikkō-Ikki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sengoku-jidai and the rise of the Ikkō-Ikki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Special:EditPage/Sōhei">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a>, starting in 1467, was the prelude to over a century of civil war in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and the stimulus for a reorganization of the warrior monks. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a> of the 13th century, the Ōnin War was fought primarily in Kyoto, and thus the warrior monks could no longer remain non-violent and neutral. </p><p>In addition, a new breed of warrior monks was forming in the countryside. Where the monks of Mount Hiei had subscribed to the teachings of the Tendai sect, these new groups, calling themselves <a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a>, followed the dictates of the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> sect of beliefs. They were essentially coalitions of religious fundamentalist priests, farmers, and families, who were willing to literally fight for their beliefs. <i>Ikkō-ikki</i> translates to something like "devoted league", but also had the connotation of "single-minded riots". In 1488, their leader <a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a>, incited an uprising against samurai rule, and secured <a href="/wiki/Kaga_Province" title="Kaga Province">Kaga Province</a> for the Ikkō-ikki. From there they spread, establishing themselves in <a href="/wiki/Nagashima,_Mie" title="Nagashima, Mie">Nagashima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishiyama_Hongan-ji" title="Ishiyama Hongan-ji">Ishiyama Hongan-ji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikawa_Province" title="Mikawa Province">Mikawa Province</a>. Their growing power base was eventually to attract the attention of warlords like <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>, who recognized their opposition to samurai rule, their determination, their strength, and their numbers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enryakuji1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Enryakuji1.jpg/220px-Enryakuji1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Enryakuji1.jpg/330px-Enryakuji1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Enryakuji1.jpg/440px-Enryakuji1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Oda Nobunaga forces setting fire to Enryaku-ji and massacring the monks in the 1571 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mount_Hiei" title="Siege of Mount Hiei">Siege of Mount Hiei</a> (depiction in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ehon_taik%C5%8Dki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehon taikōki">Ehon taikōki</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Tokugawa Ieyasu attacked the Ikkō-ikki of Mikawa in 1564, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azukizaka_(1564)" title="Battle of Azukizaka (1564)">Battle of Azukizaka</a>, and failed to defeat the Ikkō-ikki, but returned shortly afterwards with a contingent of warrior monks from his own religious sect, <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a>, and, after defeating the Ikkō adherents in battle, burned all their temples to the ground. As Oda Nobunaga rose to power at the end of the 1560s, the monks of Enryaku-ji regained their military might, and fought a number of skirmishes in the streets of Kyoto against a new rival sect, <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>. They eventually burned all of Kyoto's Nichiren temples to the ground, and then sought allies among the local lords (<i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i>). Unfortunately for them, the <a href="/wiki/Azai_clan" title="Azai clan">Azai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asakura_clan" title="Asakura clan">Asakura clans</a> they allied with were enemies of Oda Nobunaga. Beginning on September 29, 1571, Nobunaga's army of 30,000 led the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mount_Hiei" title="Siege of Mount Hiei">Siege of Mount Hiei</a>, destroying Enryaku-ji and massacring thousands. Though it was rebuilt, the standing army of warrior monks would never be reconstituted after this devastation. </p><p>Nobunaga then moved on to fighting the Ikkō-ikki in their fortresses of Nagashima and Ishiyama Hongan-ji (see <a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Nagashima" title="Sieges of Nagashima">Sieges of Nagashima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishiyama_Hongan-ji_War" title="Ishiyama Hongan-ji War">Ishiyama Hongan-ji War</a>). In the summer of 1574, with the help of former pirate <a href="/wiki/Kuki_Yoshitaka" title="Kuki Yoshitaka">Kuki Yoshitaka</a>, Nobunaga essentially blockaded the Ikkō fortresses and starved them into submission. The 20,000 inhabitants of the fortress went up in flames along with their home. Two years later, Nobunaga returned to the Ishiyama Hongan-ji, which he had failed to take earlier. At the two <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Kizugawaguchi" title="Battles of Kizugawaguchi">Battles of Kizugawaguchi</a>, Nobunaga defeated his enemies, the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_clan" title="Mōri clan">Mōri clan</a>, who had naval control over the area. The Ikkō were finally forced to surrender in 1580. </p><p>In the 1580s and 1590s, various factions of warrior monks sided with either Tokugawa Ieyasu or his rival <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, fighting in a number of battles and skirmishes. When Tokugawa Ieyasu finally defeated the last of his enemies and took control of the country in 1603, the time of the warrior monks finally came to an end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_dress">Weapons and dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Weapons and dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Special:EditPage/Sōhei">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Fighting_Monk,_Military_Costumes_in_Old_Japan..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Fighting_Monk%2C_Military_Costumes_in_Old_Japan..jpg/170px-A_Fighting_Monk%2C_Military_Costumes_in_Old_Japan..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Fighting_Monk%2C_Military_Costumes_in_Old_Japan..jpg/255px-A_Fighting_Monk%2C_Military_Costumes_in_Old_Japan..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Fighting_Monk%2C_Military_Costumes_in_Old_Japan..jpg/340px-A_Fighting_Monk%2C_Military_Costumes_in_Old_Japan..jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><i>Sōhei</i> weapons and dress during the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Sōhei</i> were quite varied in their armament. The <i><a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">naginata</a></i> is the weapon most often associated with them, though in legend as well as history many warrior monks are known to have been proficient with everything from <i><a href="/wiki/Yari" title="Yari">yari</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">yumi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">tachi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a></i>. Many fought on horseback, and many with the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi" title="Ō-yoroi">ō-yoroi</a></i> armor of the samurai. </p><p>Warrior monks, like most other Buddhist monks of related sects, wore a series of <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a>-like robes in layers, one over the other, usually white underneath, and tan or saffron yellow on top; this style has changed very little since the introduction of Buddhism to Japan in the 7th century. Footwear traditionally consisted of <i><a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">tabi</a></i> socks and <i><a href="/wiki/Geta_(footwear)" title="Geta (footwear)">geta</a></i> (wooden clogs), or <i><a href="/wiki/Waraji" title="Waraji">waraji</a></i> (straw sandals). Warrior monks would often fold and tie the white headcowl to cover more of their head, or would substitute a <i><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">hachimaki</a></i> headband. Finally, many warrior monks would wear some form of samurai armor. </p><p>The <i>sōhei</i> employed a variety of weapons. The <i><a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)" title="Obi (sash)">obi</a></i>, or belt, of the kimono would often be supplemented with a heavier sash, so a sword could be slung from it. The long <i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">tachi</a></i> was probably the most common sword, though many monks may have carried <i>tantō</i> as well. Many monks were also accomplished archers, and used <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>-and-<a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> bows, called <i><a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">daikyū</a>,</i> with bamboo arrows. The most traditional weapon of the monk, however, was the <i>naginata</i>, a weapon much like the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Guandao" title="Guandao">guandao</a> or <a href="/wiki/Podao" title="Podao">podao</a>, European <a href="/wiki/Glaive" title="Glaive">glaive</a> or the Russian <a href="/wiki/Sovnya" title="Sovnya">sovnya</a>. The <i>sōhei</i> were also trained to use the heavy <a href="/wiki/Kanab%C5%8D" title="Kanabō">kanabō</a>, which was a large club forged of solid iron. Although deadly, this weapon was generally used to defeat an opponent without bloodshed. </p><p>The Ikkō-ikki monks of the 16th century, due largely to their origins as countryside mobs, were far more varied in their armor and armament. Many wore the more traditional monk robes, with varying degrees and types of armor. Many wore various sorts of helmets, while many others opted for the straw hat and cloak of a peasant. <i>Naginata</i> remained very common, along with a variety of swords and daggers, and a limited number of <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Saika_Ikki" title="Saika Ikki">Saika Ikki</a> being a notable exception, as they are mainly composed of musketeers and gunsmiths as per <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Magoichi" title="Suzuki Magoichi">Suzuki Magoichi</a>'s standard of having an all-musketeer army). Finally, while not truly armor nor armament, a very common item wielded by the mobs of Ikkō-ikki monk warriors was a banner with a Buddhist slogan written upon it. One of the more common slogans was the <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nenbutsu</a>, "Hail <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a>!" (<i>Namu Amida Butsu</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Monk">Shaolin Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamabushi" title="Yamabushi">Yamabushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benkei" title="Benkei">Benkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochi-in_no_Tajima" title="Gochi-in no Tajima">Gochi-in no Tajima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dz%C5%8Din_In%27ei" title="Hōzōin In'ei">Hōzōin In'ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichirai" title="Ichirai">Ichirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsutsui_J%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D_Meish%C5%AB" title="Tsutsui Jōmyō Meishū">Tsutsui Jōmyō Meishū</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6">4-7674-2015-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamien Keown, A Dictionary of Buddhism: Sōhei, A Dictionary of Buddhism 2004, originally published by Oxford University Press 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.Gort,_Jensen,_H._M._Vroom2005" class="citation book cs1">D.Gort, Jensen, H. M. Vroom, Jerald, Henry, Hendrick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXZCQIZ3RwcC&q=Sohei+&pg=PA151"><i>Probing The Depths Of Evil And Good: Multireligious Views and Case Studies</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042022310" title="Special:BookSources/9042022310"><bdi>9042022310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probing+The+Depths+Of+Evil+And+Good%3A+Multireligious+Views+and+Case+Studies&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9042022310&rft.aulast=D.Gort%2C+Jensen%2C+H.+M.+Vroom&rft.aufirst=Jerald%2C+Henry%2C+Hendrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXZCQIZ3RwcC%26q%3DSohei%2B%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C5%8Dhei" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolphson2007" class="citation book cs1">Adolphson, Mikael S. (2007). <i>The Teeth and Claws of the Buddha. Monastic Warriors and Sōhei in Japanese History</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3064-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-3064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teeth+and+Claws+of+the+Buddha.+Monastic+Warriors+and+S%C5%8Dhei+in+Japanese+History&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%E2%80%98i+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3064-9&rft.aulast=Adolphson&rft.aufirst=Mikael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C5%8Dhei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleine,_Christoph2006" class="citation book cs1">Kleine, Christoph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gko.uni-leipzig.de/fileadmin/user_upload/religionswissenschaft/Kleine__-__Evil_Monks_with_Good_Intentions.pdf"><i>Evil monks with good intentions? In Michael Zimmermann, Hui Ho Chiew (eds), Buddhism and violence</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lumbini International Research Institute. pp. 65–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99946-933-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99946-933-1-3"><bdi>978-99946-933-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evil+monks+with+good+intentions%3F+In+Michael+Zimmermann%2C+Hui+Ho+Chiew+%28eds%29%2C+Buddhism+and+violence&rft.pages=65-98&rft.pub=Lumbini+International+Research+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-99946-933-1-3&rft.au=Kleine%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gko.uni-leipzig.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Freligionswissenschaft%2FKleine__-__Evil_Monks_with_Good_Intentions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C5%8Dhei" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2003" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2003). <i>Japanese Warrior Monks AD 949-1603</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-573-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-573-0"><bdi>978-1-84176-573-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Warrior+Monks+AD+949-1603&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-573-0&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C5%8Dhei" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Template:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Template talk:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese weapons, armour and equipment</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword" title="Japanese sword">Swords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chokut%C5%8D" title="Chokutō">Chokutō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtanuki" title="Dōtanuki">Dōtanuki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunt%C5%8D" title="Guntō">Guntō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">Katana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kodachi" title="Kodachi">Kodachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagamaki" title="Nagamaki">Nagamaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninjat%C5%8D" title="Ninjatō">Ninjatō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cdachi" title="Ōdachi">Ōdachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikomizue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikomizue">Shikomizue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">Tachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">Tantō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsurugi_(sword)" title="Tsurugi (sword)">Tsurugi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wakizashi" title="Wakizashi">Wakizashi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_swords" title="Glossary of Japanese swords">Glossary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horimono" title="Horimono">Horimono</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings" title="Japanese sword mountings">Sword mountings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_polishing" title="Japanese sword polishing">Sword polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_swordsmithing" title="Japanese swordsmithing">Swordsmithing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tameshigiri" title="Tameshigiri">Tameshigiri</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Knives and daggers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabutowari" title="Kabutowari">Kabutowari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiken_(dagger)" title="Kaiken (dagger)">Kaiken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunai" title="Kunai">Kunai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoroi-d%C5%8Dshi" title="Yoroi-dōshi">Yoroi-dōshi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Polearms and spears</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bisento" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisento">Bisento</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoko_yari" title="Hoko yari">Hoko yari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama-yari" title="Kama-yari">Kama-yari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">Naginata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sasumata" title="Sasumata">Sasumata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodegarami" title="Sodegarami">Sodegarami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torimono_sand%C5%8Dgu" title="Torimono sandōgu">Torimono sandōgu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsukub%C5%8D" title="Tsukubō">Tsukubō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yari" title="Yari">Yari</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Practice weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bokken" title="Bokken">Bokken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iait%C5%8D" title="Iaitō">Iaitō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinai" title="Shinai">Shinai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinken" title="Shinken">Shinken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suburit%C5%8D" title="Suburitō">Suburitō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanren_b%C5%8D" title="Tanren bō">Tanren bō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">Armour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_armours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary armours of Japan">Auxiliary armours</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dgu" title="Bōgu">Bōgu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D_(armour)" title="Dō (armour)">Dō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D-maru" title="Dō-maru">Dō-maru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haramaki_(armour)" title="Haramaki (armour)">Haramaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabuto" title="Kabuto">Kabuto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuta_(armour)" title="Karuta (armour)">Karuta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kikko_(Japanese_armour)" title="Kikko (Japanese armour)">Kikko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusari_(Japanese_mail_armour)" title="Kusari (Japanese mail armour)">Kusari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men-yoroi" title="Men-yoroi">Men-yoroi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi" title="Ō-yoroi">Ō-yoroi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangu_(armour)" title="Sangu (armour)">Sangu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatami_(Japanese_armour)" title="Tatami (Japanese armour)">Tatami</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigandine" title="Brigandine">Brigandine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_(armor)" title="Lame (armor)">Lame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">Lamellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminar_armour" title="Laminar armour">Laminar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_plate_armour" title="Mail and plate armour">Mail and plate armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundoshi" title="Fundoshi">Fundoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">Hachimaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">Hakama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyahan" title="Kyahan">Kyahan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shitagi" title="Shitagi">Shitagi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">Tabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uwa-obi" title="Uwa-obi">Uwa-obi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waraji" title="Waraji">Waraji</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Samurai accoutrements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abumi_(stirrup)" title="Abumi (stirrup)">Abumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daish%C5%8D" title="Daishō">Daishō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horo_(cloak)" title="Horo (cloak)">Horo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaginawa" title="Kaginawa">Kaginawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate-bukuro" title="Kate-bukuro">Kate-bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubi_bukuro" title="Kubi bukuro">Kubi bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kura_(saddle)" title="Kura (saddle)">Kura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchi-bukuro" title="Uchi-bukuro">Uchi-bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yebira" title="Yebira">Yebira</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chain and rope weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chigiriki" title="Chigiriki">Chigiriki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubotan" title="Kubotan">Kubotan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusarigama" title="Kusarigama">Kusarigama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusari-fundo" title="Kusari-fundo">Kusari-fundo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyoketsu-shoge" title="Kyoketsu-shoge">Kyoketsu-shoge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rope_dart" title="Rope dart">Jōhyō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Clubs and truncheons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabutowari" title="Kabutowari">Hachiwari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jitte" title="Jitte">Jitte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanab%C5%8D" title="Kanabō">Kanabō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tekkan" title="Tekkan">Tekkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_fan" title="Japanese war fan">Tessen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Staff weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8D" title="Bō">Bō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanb%C5%8D" title="Hanbō">Hanbō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D" title="Jō">Jō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%8D" title="Tanbō">Tanbō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yubi-bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yubi-bo">Yubi-bo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Projectile and throwing weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_Japan" title="Artillery of Japan">Artillery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukiya" title="Fukiya">Fukiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makibishi" title="Makibishi">Makibishi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyumi">Oyumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken">Shuriken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">Ya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">Yumi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Firearms_of_Japan" title="Firearms of Japan">Firearms</a> and guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baj%C5%8D-zutsu" title="Bajō-zutsu">Bajō-zutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bo-hiya" title="Bo-hiya">Bo-hiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cdzutsu" title="Ōdzutsu">Ōdzutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(gun)" title="Tanegashima (gun)">Tanegashima</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Improvised and other weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama (weapon)">Kama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiseru" title="Kiseru">Kiseru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metsubushi" title="Metsubushi">Metsubushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ono_(axe)" title="Ono (axe)">Ono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuchi" title="Ōtsuchi">Ōtsuchi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shobo" title="Shobo">Shobo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suntetsu" title="Suntetsu">Suntetsu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Signal devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_fan" title="Japanese war fan">Gunbai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hata-jirushi" title="Hata-jirushi">Hata-jirushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horagai" title="Horagai">Horagai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabura-ya_(Japanese_signal_arrow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabura-ya (Japanese signal arrow)">Kabura-ya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nobori" title="Nobori">Nobori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saihai" title="Saihai">Saihai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sashimono" title="Sashimono">Sashimono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uma-jirushi" title="Uma-jirushi">Uma-jirushi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Users</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashigaru" title="Ashigaru">Ashigaru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period_police" title="Edo period police">Edo period police</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunoichi" title="Kunoichi">Kunoichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">Ninja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onna-musha" title="Onna-musha">Onna-musha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">Rōnin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinsengumi" title="Shinsengumi">Shinsengumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sōhei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamabushi" title="Yamabushi">Yamabushi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_armour" title="Category:Japanese armour">Japanese armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weapons_of_Japan" title="Category:Weapons of Japan">Weapons of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_swords" title="Category:Japanese swords">Japanese swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(crafts:_swords)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: swords)">National Treasure swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_Japan" title="Category:Military equipment of Japan">Military equipment of Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475695#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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