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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Napoleon's invasion of Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Shevardino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Shevardino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Battle of Shevardino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Shevardino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bagration's_flèches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bagration's_flèches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bagration's <span><i>flèches</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bagration's_flèches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_attacks_on_the_Raevsky_redoubt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_attacks_on_the_Raevsky_redoubt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First attacks on the Raevsky redoubt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_attacks_on_the_Raevsky_redoubt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cossack_raid_on_the_northern_flank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cossack_raid_on_the_northern_flank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cossack raid on the northern flank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cossack_raid_on_the_northern_flank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_attack_on_Raevsky_redoubt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_attack_on_Raevsky_redoubt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Final attack on Raevsky redoubt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_attack_on_Raevsky_redoubt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utitsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utitsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Utitsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utitsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon's_refusal_to_commit_the_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon's_refusal_to_commit_the_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Napoleon's refusal to commit the Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon's_refusal_to_commit_the_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>End of the battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_the_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle End of the battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attrition_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attrition_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Attrition warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attrition_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyrrhic_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrrhic_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pyrrhic victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrrhic_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Borodino</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="معركة بورودينو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بورودينو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodino_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Borodino döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Borodino döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="بورودینو دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بورودینو دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Барадзінская бітва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Барадзінская бітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Барадзінская бітва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Барадзінская бітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бородинска битка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бородинска битка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бородиногой байлдаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бородиногой байлдаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Borodin%C3%B3" title="Batalla de Borodinó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Borodinó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%83" title="Бородино патĕнчи çапăçу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бородино патĕнчи çапăçу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Borodina" title="Bitva u Borodina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Borodina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Borodino" title="Brwydr Borodino – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Borodino" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Borodino" title="Slaget ved Borodino – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Borodino" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Borodino" title="Schlacht bei Borodino – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Borodino" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodino_lahing" title="Borodino lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Borodino lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μάχη του Μποροντίνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Μποροντίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Borodin%C3%B3" title="Batalla de Borodinó – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Borodinó" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Borodino" title="Batalo de Borodino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Borodino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodinoko_Gudua" title="Borodinoko Gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Borodinoko Gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88" title="نبرد بورودینو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد بورودینو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_la_Moskova" title="Bataille de la Moskova – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de la Moskova" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%94%94%EB%85%B8_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="보로디노 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보로디노 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Բորոդինոյի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բորոդինոյի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="बोरोडीनो का युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोरोडीनो का युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Borodina" title="Bitka kod Borodina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Borodina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Borodino" title="Batalio di Borodino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Borodino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Borodino" title="Pertempuran Borodino – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Borodino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Borodino" title="Battaglia di Borodino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Borodino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="קרב בורודינו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב בורודינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ბოროდინოს ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოროდინოს ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бородино шайқасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бородино шайқасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_Vorotunense" title="Proelium Vorotunense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium Vorotunense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodinas_kauja" title="Borodinas kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Borodinas kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodino_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Borodino mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Borodino mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaja_de_Borodino" title="Battaja de Borodino – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Battaja de Borodino" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borogyin%C3%B3i_csata" title="Borogyinói csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Borogyinói csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Битка кај Бородино – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Бородино" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="معركة بورودينو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة بورودينو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Borodino" title="Slag bij Borodino – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Borodino" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8E%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ボロジノの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボロジノの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Borodino" title="Slaget ved Borodino – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Borodino" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Borodino" title="Slaget ved Borodino – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget ved Borodino" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodino_jangi" title="Borodino jangi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Borodino jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Borodino" title="Bitwa pod Borodino – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Borodino" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Borodino" title="Batalha de Borodino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Borodino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Borodino" title="Bătălia de la Borodino – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Borodino" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="хорошая статья"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бородинское сражение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бородинское сражение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battagghia_di_Borodinu" title="Battagghia di Borodinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Battagghia di Borodinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Borodinu" title="Bitka pri Borodinu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Borodinu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бородинска битка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бородинска битка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Borodina" title="Bitka kod Borodina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Borodina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodinon_taistelu" title="Borodinon taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Borodinon taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Borodino" title="Slaget vid Borodino – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Borodino" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Бородино бәрелеше – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бородино бәрелеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="ยุทธการที่โบโรดีโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่โบโรดีโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodino_Muharebesi" title="Borodino Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Borodino Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бородінська битва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бородінська битва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Borodino" title="Trận Borodino – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Borodino" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%BE%85%E5%AD%A3%E8%AB%BE%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="博羅季諾戰役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博羅季諾戰役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1812 battle during the French invasion of Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Borodino" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Borodino_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Borodino (disambiguation)">Borodino (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the World War II battle that was part of the Battle of Moscow, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Borodino_Field" title="Battle at Borodino Field">Battle at Borodino Field</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Borodino</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/312px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png" decoding="async" width="312" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/468px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/624px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of Moscow, 7th September 1812</i><br />(painting by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune" title="Louis-François Lejeune">Louis-François Lejeune</a></i></span>, 1822)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a>: 7 September 1812</li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a>: 26 August 1812</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Borodino_(village),_Mozhaysky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Borodino (village), Mozhaysky District, Moscow Oblast">Borodino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Borodino&params=55_31_N_35_49_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°49′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.517°N 35.817°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.517; 35.817</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> French victory (see <a href="#Aftermath">§ Aftermath</a>)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> French occupation of Moscow</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></span></b></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Poland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li><li><span data-sort-value="Bavaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li><li><span data-sort-value="Württemberg"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Saxony"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></span></li><li><span data-sort-value="Hesse"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span></b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">L.-A. Berthier</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">J.-B. Bessières</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">L.-N. Davout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Jean-Gabriel_de_Caulaincourt" title="Auguste-Jean-Gabriel de Caulaincourt">Jean Caulaincourt</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bonamy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Bonamy (page does not exist)">Charles Bonamy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Auguste_Bonnamy_de_Bellefontaine" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles-Auguste Bonnamy de Bellefontaine">fr</a>]</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">E. de Beauharnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">J.-A. Junot</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Saxony_before_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Thielmann" title="Johann von Thielmann">J. von Thielmann</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Toll" title="Karl Wilhelm von Toll">K. W. von Toll</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Yermolov" title="Aleksey Yermolov">Aleksey Yermolov</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Tuchkov" title="Nikolay Tuchkov">Nikolay Tuchkov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">L. A. von Bennigsen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_von_Baggovut" title="Karl Gustav von Baggovut">K. F. Baggovut</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Raevsky" title="Nikolay Raevsky">Nikolay Raevsky</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Miloradovich" title="Mikhail Miloradovich">Mikhail Miloradovich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Dokhturov" title="Dmitry Dokhturov">Dmitry Dokhturov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Platov" title="Matvei Platov">Matvei Platov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ivanovich_Ostermann-Tolstoy" title="Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy">A. I. Osterman-Tolstoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>103,000–135,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2014383_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2014383-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <i>…see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Opposing_forces">§ Opposing forces</a></i></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>125,000–160,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2014383_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2014383-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <i>…see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Opposing_forces">§ Opposing forces</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 28,000–35,000 killed, wounded or captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007209_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />50 generals<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>…see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Casualties">§ Casualties</a></i></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 40,000–53,000 killed, wounded or captured<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShvedov_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShvedov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />27 generals<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>…see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Casualties">§ Casualties</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/450px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/600px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.695%;left:69.132%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Borodino"><img alt="Battle of Borodino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output 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(1812)">Vilna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1812)" title="Siege of Riga (1812)">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">1st Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inkovo" title="Battle of Inkovo">Inkovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swolna" title="Battle of Swolna">Swolna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="First Battle of Krasnoi">1st Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dahlenkirchen" title="Battle of Dahlenkirchen">Dahlenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shevardino" title="Battle of Shevardino">Shevardino</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Borodino</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mozhaysk_(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mozhaysk (1812) (page does not exist)">Mozhaysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zvenigorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zvenigorod (page does not exist)">Zvenigorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ustyluh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ustyluh (page does not exist)">Ustyluh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Vitebsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Vitebsk (page does not exist)">2nd Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaskowa" title="Battle of Liaskowa">Liaskowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowo_Schwerschen" title="Battle of Nowo Schwerschen">Nowo Schwerschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolkowisk" title="Battle of Wolkowisk">Wolkowisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaidanowo" title="Battle of Kaidanowo">Kaidanowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">2nd Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borisov" title="Battle of Borisov">Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loschniza" title="Battle of Loschniza">Loschniza</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pleshchenitsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pleshchenitsy (page does not exist)">Pleshchenitsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 304px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 140px; width: 304px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 304px; height: 140px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="304" data-height="140" data-zoom="4" data-lat="54.6" data-lon="29.5" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/54.6/29.5/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,4,54.6,29.5,304x140.png?lang=en" width="304" height="140" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,4,54.6,29.5,304x140@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Карта" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -82px; left: 0px; width: 304px; height: 304px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 63px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 122px; left: 291px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 122px; left: 194px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 96px; left: 242.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 95.875px; left: 288px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 500km<br />300miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 98.94991885973px; left: 47.465671136319px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 101.94991885973px; left: 43.965671136319px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Pultusk</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 98.94991885973px; left: 54.965671136319px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">15</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 81.266203807243px; left: 102.66691047801px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 84.266203807243px; left: 121.16691047801px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Gorodeczno</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 81.266203807243px; left: 110.16691047801px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">14</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 81.266203807243px; left: 102.66691047801px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno"><img alt="Battle of Gorodechno 12 August 1812: Schwarzenberg's Austrians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 104.63561949773px; left: 65.558770461257px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 107.63561949773px; left: 84.058770461257px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Drohiczyn</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 104.63561949773px; left: 73.058770461257px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">13</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 48.964239029468px; left: 61.410034310316px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #808000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 46.964239029468px; left: 68.910034310316px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #808000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Tauroggen</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 48.964239029468px; left: 68.910034310316px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">12</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 48.964239029468px; left: 61.410034310316px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Yorck_von_Wartenburg" title="Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg"><img alt="Tauroggen 30 December 1812: Ludwig Yorck's Prussians sign the Convention of Tauroggen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 13.831421586034px; left: 82.268957735881px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #808000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 16.831421586034px; left: 100.76895773588px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #808000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Riga</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 13.831421586034px; left: 89.768957735881px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">11</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 13.831421586034px; left: 82.268957735881px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1812)" title="Siege of Riga (1812)"><img alt="Siege of Riga 24 July – 18 December 1812: Macdonald's Prussians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 52.393996374096px; left: 56.685084805077px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #808000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 55.393996374096px; left: 53.185084805077px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #808000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Tilsit</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 52.393996374096px; left: 64.185084805077px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">10</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 107.65219681756px; left: 46.658972440302px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 110.65219681756px; left: 43.158972440302px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Warsaw</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 107.65219681756px; left: 54.158972440302px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">9</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 67.551299847906px; left: 131.24709285116px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 70.551299847906px; left: 149.74709285116px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Berezina</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 67.551299847906px; left: 138.74709285116px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">8</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 67.551299847906px; left: 131.24709285116px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina"><img alt="Battle of Berezina 26–29 November 1812: Napoleon, Chichagov, Wittgenstein, Kutuzov only pursuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 53.601018209862px; left: 224.7088989182px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 56.601018209862px; left: 243.2088989182px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Maloyaroslavets</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 53.601018209862px; left: 232.2088989182px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">7</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 53.601018209862px; left: 224.7088989182px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets"><img alt="Battle of Maloyaroslavets 24 October 1812: Kutuzov, Napoleon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 38.790923713216px; left: 238.19229140876px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 36.790923713216px; left: 245.69229140876px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Moscow</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 38.790923713216px; left: 245.69229140876px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 38.790923713216px; left: 238.19229140876px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow"><img alt="Moscow 14 September to 19 October 1812: Napoleon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 43.486699088726px; left: 217.33336798319px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 41.486699088726px; left: 224.83336798319px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Borodino</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 43.486699088726px; left: 224.83336798319px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 58.610921364871px; left: 173.70249279579px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 61.610921364871px; left: 192.20249279579px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Smolensk</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 58.610921364871px; left: 181.20249279579px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 58.610921364871px; left: 173.70249279579px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)"><img alt="Battle of Smolensk 16 August 1812: Napoleon November 1812: Napoleon's retreat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 50.176412211444px; left: 152.22125894759px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 48.176412211444px; left: 159.72125894759px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Vitebsk</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 50.176412211444px; left: 159.72125894759px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 50.176412211444px; left: 152.22125894759px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)"><img alt="Battle of Vitebsk 26 July 1812: Napoleon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 60.207550212448px; left: 95.8675928973px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #7A0101; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 58.207550212448px; left: 103.3675928973px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #7A0101; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Vilna</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 60.207550212448px; left: 103.3675928973px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 56.009653118417px; left: 79.964104318692px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #7A0101; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 54.009653118417px; left: 87.464104318692px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #7A0101; font-size: 8px; font-weight:normal;"> Kowno</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 56.009653118417px; left: 87.464104318692px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 268px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/54.6/29.5/en" data-zoom="5" data-lat="54.6" data-lon="29.5" data-overlays="["_5f2c321d98d26f9f2f5484870d6b95568b784989"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> current battle</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:olive; color:black;"> </span> Prussian corps</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:maroon; color:white;"> </span> Napoleon</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:navy; color:white;"> </span> Austrian corps</div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Borodino</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>bataille de la Moskova</i> - "Battle of Moscow"; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Russian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[bərədʲɪˈno]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place near the village of <a href="/wiki/Borodino_(village),_Mozhaysky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Borodino (village), Mozhaysky District, Moscow Oblast">Borodino</a> on 7 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 26 August] 1812<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuehn2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuehn2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleon's invasion of Russia</a>. The <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i></span></i> won the battle against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>, but failed to gain a <a href="/wiki/Decisive_victory" title="Decisive victory">decisive victory</a> and suffered tremendous losses. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> fought against General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>, whom the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> had appointed to replace <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Barclay de Tolly</a> on 29 August [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17 August] 1812 after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Battle of Smolensk</a>. After the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon remained on the battlefield with his army; the Imperial Russian forces retreated in an orderly fashion southwards. Because the Imperial Russian army had weakened the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span></i>, they allowed the <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">French occupation of Moscow</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth tactics</a> on their own population to trap Napoleon and his men with their own largest city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span></i> to completely destroy the Imperial Russian army, and in particular Napoleon's reluctance to deploy his <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Imperial Guard</a> due to Napoleon's wishes to negotiate with Alexander to make him join against the British, has been widely criticised <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by historians as a large blunder, as it allowed the Imperial Russian army to continue its retreat into territory increasingly hostile to the French. </p><p>Approximately a quarter of a million soldiers were involved in the battle, and it was the bloodiest single day of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Napoleon himself summed up the battle and its ambiguous outcome, writing, "The French showed themselves worthy of victory and the Russians of being invincible."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia"><span id="Napoleon.27s_invasion_of_Russia"></span>Napoleon's invasion of Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Napoleon's invasion of Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></div> <p>Napoleon with the French <i>Grande Armée</i> began his invasion of Russia on 24 June 1812 by crossing the <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Niemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990166_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990166-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his Russian army was outnumbered by far, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bogdanovich_Barclay_de_Tolly" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly">Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly</a> successfully used a "delaying operation", defined as an operation in which a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy's momentum and inflicting maximum damage on the enemy without, in principle, becoming decisively engaged,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_DoD2021_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_DoD2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a <a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">defence in depth</a> by retreating further eastwards into Russia without giving battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990220_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990220-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Battle of Smolensk</a>, the Tsar replaced the unpopular Barclay de Tolly with Kutuzov, who on 18 August took over the army at <a href="/wiki/Tsaryovo-Zaymishche" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaryovo-Zaymishche">Tsaryovo-Zaymishche</a> and ordered his men to prepare for battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990235_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990235-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kutuzov understood that Barclay's decision to retreat had been correct, but the Tsar, the Russian troops and Russia could not accept further retreat. A battle had to occur in order to preserve the morale of the soldiers and the nation. He then ordered not another retreat eastwards but a search for a battleground eastwards to <a href="/wiki/Gzhatsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gzhatsk">Gzhatsk</a> on 30 August, thus using Barclay's delaying operation again, by which time the ratio of French to Russian forces had shrunk from 3:1 to 5:4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990237_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990237-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main part of Napoleon's army had entered Russia with 286,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990259_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990259-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the time of the battle was reduced mostly through starvation and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg/306px-Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg/459px-Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg/612px-Vereshchagin_Napoleon_near_Borodino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Napoleon I on the Borodino Heights</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a> (1897)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kutuzov's army established a defensive line near the village of <a href="/wiki/Borodino_(village),_Mozhaysky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Borodino (village), Mozhaysky District, Moscow Oblast">Borodino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990238_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990238-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Borodino field was too open and had too few natural obstacles to protect the Russian center and the left flank, it was chosen because it blocked both Smolensk–Moscow roads and because there were simply no better locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting on 3 September, Kutuzov strengthened the line with earthworks, including the Raevski redoubt (named after <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Raevsky" title="Nikolay Raevsky">Nikolay Raevsky</a>) in the center-right of the line and three open, arrow-shaped "<a href="/wiki/Bagration_fl%C3%A8ches" title="Bagration flèches">Bagration flèches</a>" (named after <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a>) on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Shevardino">Battle of Shevardino</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Shevardino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shevardino" title="Battle of Shevardino">Battle of Shevardino</a></div> <p>The initial Russian position, which stretched south of the new Smolensk Highway (Napoleon's expected route of advance), was anchored on its left by a pentagonal earthwork redoubt erected on a mound near the village of Shevardino.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian generals soon realized that their left wing was too exposed and vulnerable,<sup id="cite_ref-lvq_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> so the Russian line was moved back from this position, but the Redoubt remained manned, Kutuzov stating that the fortification was manned simply to delay the advance of the French forces. Historian <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Buturlin" title="Dmitry Buturlin">Dmitry Buturlin</a> reports that it was used as an observation point to determine the course of the French advance. Historians Witner and Ratch, and many others, reported it was used as a fortification to threaten the French right flank, despite being beyond the effective reach of guns of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chief of Staff of the Russian <a href="/wiki/First_Western_Army" title="First Western Army">1st Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Yermolov_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Yermolov (general)">Aleksey Yermolov</a>, related in his memoirs that the Russian left was shifting position when the French Army arrived sooner than expected; thus, the Battle of Shevardino became a delaying effort to shield the redeployment of the Russian left. The construction of the redoubt and its purpose is disputed by historians to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflict began on September 5 when Marshal <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>'s French forces met Konovnitsyn's Russians in a massive cavalry clash, the Russians eventually retreating to the Kolorzkoi Cloister when their flank was threatened. Fighting resumed the next day but Konovnitsyn again retreated when Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a>' Fourth Corps arrived, threatening his flank. The Russians withdrew to the Shevardino Redoubt, where a pitched battle ensued. Murat led <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marie_Antoine_Champion_de_Nansouty" title="Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty">Nansouty</a>'s First Cavalry Corps and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Pierre_Montbrun" title="Louis-Pierre Montbrun">Montbrun</a>'s Second Cavalry Corps, supported by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dominique_Compans" title="Jean Dominique Compans">Compans</a>'s Division of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a>'s First Infantry Corps against the redoubt. Simultaneously, Prince <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a>'s Polish infantry attacked the position from the south. Fighting was heavy and very fierce, as the Russians refused to retreat until Kutuzov personally ordered them to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-lvq_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The French captured the redoubt, at a cost of 4,000–5,000 French and 6,000 Russian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200747_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200747-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small redoubt was destroyed and covered by the dead and dying of both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200745_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200745-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unexpected French advance from the west and the fall of the Shevardino redoubt threw the Russian formation into disarray. Since the left flank of their defensive position had collapsed, Russian forces withdrew to the east, constructing a makeshift position centered around the village of Utitsa. The left flank of the Russian position was thus ripe for a flanking attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoker2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_opposing_forces_in_the_Battle_of_Borodino" title="Estimates of opposing forces in the Battle of Borodino">Estimates of opposing forces in the Battle of Borodino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_order_of_battle_(1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army order of battle (1812)">Russian Army order of battle (1812)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg/306px-Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg/459px-Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg/612px-Peter_von_Hess_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle of Borodino</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a>, 1843. In the center it shows Bagration after being wounded.</figcaption></figure> <p>A series of reforms to the Russian army had begun in 1802, creating regiments of three battalions, each battalion having four companies. The defeats of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a> led to important additional reforms, though continuous fighting in the course of three wars with France, two with <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and two with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had not allowed time for these to be fully implemented and absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200757_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200757-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A divisional system was introduced in 1806, and corps were established in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200757_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200757-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussian influence may be seen in the organizational setup. By the time of Borodino the Russian army had changed greatly from the force which met the French in 1805–1807.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Russian forces present at the battle included 180 infantry battalions, 164 cavalry squadrons, 20 <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> regiments and 55 artillery batteries (637 artillery pieces). In total, the Russians fielded 155,200 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200752_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200752-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 10,000 Cossacks as well as 33,000 Russian militiamen in the area who did not participate in the battle. After the battle the militia units were broken up to provide reinforcements to depleted regular infantry battalions. Of the 637 Russian artillery pieces, 300 were held in reserve and many of these were never committed to the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998392_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998392-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Alexander Mikaberidze, the French army remained the finest army of its day by a good margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200753_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200753-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast French military resources in manpower, horsepower, and firepower along with fusion of the legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> with the formations of the French revolution and Napoleon's reforms had transformed it into a military machine that had dominated Europe by 1799. Each corps of the French army was in fact its own mini-army capable of independent action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200753_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200753-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being the finest army of its day in 1812, the French military was in decline since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> due to spending military resources in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, and losing the many French veterans in battles such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aspern">Battle of Aspern</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a> </p><p>French forces included 214 battalions of infantry, 317 squadrons of cavalry and 587 artillery pieces totaling 128,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990479_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990479-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the French <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Imperial Guard</a>, which consisted of 30 infantry battalions, 27 cavalry squadrons and 109 artillery pieces – a total of 18,500 troops – never committed to action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200752_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200752-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position">Position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Detailed battle maps</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg/306px-Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg/459px-Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg/612px-Battle_of_Borodino_0630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Situation about 06:30</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_0930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Battle_of_Borodino_0930.jpg/306px-Battle_of_Borodino_0930.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Battle_of_Borodino_0930.jpg/459px-Battle_of_Borodino_0930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Battle_of_Borodino_0930.jpg/612px-Battle_of_Borodino_0930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="922" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Situation about 09:30</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_1600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Battle_of_Borodino_1600.jpg/306px-Battle_of_Borodino_1600.jpg" decoding="async" width="306" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Battle_of_Borodino_1600.jpg/459px-Battle_of_Borodino_1600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Battle_of_Borodino_1600.jpg/612px-Battle_of_Borodino_1600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Situation about 16:00</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(by West Point Military Academy)</div></div></div></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>, although the Russian left was on marginally higher ground, this was but a superficial matter and did not provide much of a defensive advantage. The positioning of the Russian right was such that for the French the left seemed an obvious choice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200726_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200726-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian position at Borodino consisted of a series of disconnected earthworks running in an arc from the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a> on the right, along its tributary, the Kolocha (whose steep banks added to the defense), and towards the village of Utitsa on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thick woods interspersed along the Russian left and center (on the French side of the Kolocha) made the deployment and control of French forces difficult, aiding the defenders. The Russian center was defended by the Raevsky Redoubt, a massive open-backed earthwork mounting nineteen 12-pounder cannons which had a clear field of fire all the way to the banks of the Kolocha stream.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kutuzov was very concerned that the French might take the New Smolensk Road around his positions and on to Moscow<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200726_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200726-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so placed the more powerful 1st Army under Barclay on the right, in positions which were already strong and virtually unassailable by the French. The 2nd Army under Bagration was expected to hold the left. The fall of Shevardino unanchored the Russian left flank but Kutuzov did nothing to change these initial dispositions despite the repeated pleas of his generals to redeploy their forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, when the action began and became a defensive rather than an offensive battle for the Russians, their heavy preponderance in artillery was wasted on a right wing that would never be attacked, while the French artillery did much to help win the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Toll" title="Karl Wilhelm von Toll">Karl Wilhelm von Toll</a> and others would make attempts to cover up their mistakes in this deployment and later attempts by historians would compound the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200777_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200777-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Clausewitz also complained about Toll's dispositions being so narrow and deep that needless losses were incurred from artillery fire. The Russian position therefore was just about 8 kilometres (5 mi) long with about 80,000 of the 1st Army on the right and 34,000 of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Western_Army" title="Second Western Army">2nd Army</a> on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200779_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200779-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bagration's_flèches"><span id="Bagration.27s_fl.C3.A8ches"></span>Bagration's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">flèches</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bagration's flèches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bagration_fl%C3%A8ches" title="Bagration flèches">Bagration flèches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg/310px-Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg/465px-Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg/620px-Lejb_Guard_Litov_attack_at_Borodino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Leib-Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Leib-Guard">Leib-Guard</a> attacking at Borodino</figcaption></figure> <p>The first area of operations was on the <a href="/wiki/Bagration_fl%C3%A8ches" title="Bagration flèches">Bagration <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">flèches</i></span></a>, as had been predicted by both Barclay de Tolly and Bagration. Napoleon, in command of the French forces, made errors similar to those of his Russian adversary, deploying his forces inefficiently and failing to exploit the weaknesses in the Russian line. Despite Marshal Davout's suggestion of a maneuver to outflank the weak Russian left, the Emperor instead ordered Davout's First Corps to move directly forward into the teeth of the defense, while the flanking maneuver was left to the weak Fifth Corps of Prince Poniatowski.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_05.jpg/310px-Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_05.jpg/465px-Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_05.jpg/620px-Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marie_Antoine_Champion_de_Nansouty" title="Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty">Nansouty</a>'s heavy cavalry attacks squares of Russian guardsmen to the left of Semyanovskaya (background) to support <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Ney</a>'s attack. Detail from the <i><a href="/wiki/Borodino_Panorama" class="mw-redirect" title="Borodino Panorama">Borodino Panorama</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">Franz Roubaud</a>, 1912.</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial French attack was aimed at seizing the three Russian positions collectively known as the Bagration <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">flèches</a></i></span>, three arrowhead-shaped, open-backed earthworks which arced out to the left <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">en échelon</i></span> in front of the Kolocha stream. These positions helped support the Russian left, which had no terrain advantages. There was much to be desired in the construction of the flèches, one officer noting that the ditches were much too shallow, the <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasures</a> open to the ground, making them easy to enter, and that they were much too wide, exposing infantry inside them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200781_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200781-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">flèches</i></span> were supported by artillery from the village of Semyanovskaya, whose elevation dominated the other side of the Kolocha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle began at 06:00 with the opening of the 102-gun French grand battery against the Russian center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990245_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990245-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davout sent Compans's Division against the southernmost of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">flèches</i></span>, with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie,_Count_Dessaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Marie, Count Dessaix">Dessaix</a>'s Division echeloned out to the left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were opposed by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Semyonovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov">Vorontsov</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Neverovsky" title="Dmitry Neverovsky">Neverovsky</a>'s divisions. When Compans exited the woods on the far bank of the Kolocha, he was hit by massed Russian cannon fire; both Compans and Dessaix were wounded, but the French continued their assault.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davout, seeing the confusion, personally led the 57th Line Regiment (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Terrible</i></span>) forward until he had his horse shot from under him; he fell so hard that General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Barth%C3%A9lemot_Sorbier" title="Jean-Barthélemot Sorbier">Sorbier</a> reported him as dead. General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Rapp</a> arrived to replace him, only to find Davout alive and leading the 57th forward again. Rapp then led the 61st Line Regiment forward when he was wounded (for the 22nd time in his career).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 07:30, Davout had gained control of the three <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">flèches</i></span>. Prince Bagration quickly led a counterattack that threw the French out of the positions, only to have Marshal <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a> lead a charge by the 24th Regiment that retook them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not enamoured of Barclay, Bagration turned to him for aid, ignoring Kutuzov altogether; Barclay, to his credit, responded quickly, sending three guard regiments, eight <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadier</a> battalions and twenty-four 12-pounder cannon at their best pace to bolster Semyаnovskaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Toll and Kutuzov moved the Guard Reserve units forward as early as 09:00 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007107_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007107-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roubaud_fleshes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Roubaud_fleshes.jpg/310px-Roubaud_fleshes.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Roubaud_fleshes.jpg/465px-Roubaud_fleshes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Roubaud_fleshes.jpg/620px-Roubaud_fleshes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Ney's infantry push Russian <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadiers</a> back from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">flèches</i></span> (which can be seen from the rear in the background). Detail from the <i>Borodino Panorama</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the confused fighting, French and Russian units moved forward into impenetrable smoke and were smashed by artillery and musketry fire that was horrendous even by Napoleonic standards. Infantry and cavalrymen had difficulty maneuvering over the heaps of corpses and masses of wounded. Murat advanced with his cavalry around the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">flèches</i></span> to attack Bagration's infantry, but was confronted by General <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Duka" title="Ilya Duka">Duka's</a> 2nd <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassier</a> Division supported by Neverovsky's infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2021_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French carried out seven assaults against the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">flèches</i></span> and each time were beaten back in fierce close combat. Bagration in some instances was personally leading counterattacks, and in a final attempt to push the French completely back he got hit in the leg by cannonball splinters somewhere around 11:00 hours. He insisted on staying on the field to observe Duka's decisive cavalry attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2021_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This counter-punch drove Murat to seek the cover of allied Württemberger infantry. Barclay's reinforcements, however, were sent into the fray only to be torn to pieces by French artillery, leaving <a href="/wiki/Louis_Friant" title="Louis Friant">Friant</a>'s Division in control of the Russian forward position at 11:30. Dust, smoke, confusion and exhaustion all combined to keep the French commanders on the field (Davout, Ney and Murat) from comprehending that all the Russians before them had fallen back, were in confusion, and ripe for the taking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990247_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990247-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2nd Army's command structure fell apart as Bagration was removed from the battlefield and the report of his being hit quickly spread and caused morale to collapse. Napoleon, who had been sick with a cold and was too far from the action to really observe what was going on, refused to send his subordinates reinforcements. He was hesitant to release his last reserve, the Imperial Guard, so far from France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990247_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990247-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_attacks_on_the_Raevsky_redoubt">First attacks on the Raevsky redoubt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First attacks on the Raevsky redoubt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_04.jpg/310px-Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_04.jpg/465px-Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_04.jpg/620px-Battle_of_Borodino_panorama_-_detail_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Saxon cuirassiers and Polish lancers of <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Fay_de_La_Tour-Maubourg" title="Victor de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg">Latour-Maubourg</a>'s cavalry corps clash with Russian cuirassiers. The rise of Raevsky redoubt is on the right, the steeple of Borodino church in the background. Detail from the <i>Borodino Panorama</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prince Eugène de Beauharnais advanced his corps against Borodino, rushing the village and capturing it from the <a href="/wiki/Egersky_Guards_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Egersky Guards Regiment">Russian Guard Jägers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourtoulle200033_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourtoulle200033-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the advancing columns rapidly lost their cohesion; shortly after clearing Borodino, they faced fresh Russian assault columns and retreated back to the village. General <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Joseph_Delzons" title="Alexis Joseph Delzons">Delzons</a> was posted to Borodino to prevent the Russians retaking it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990248_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990248-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Antoine_Morand" title="Charles Antoine Morand">Morand</a>'s division then crossed to the north side of the Semyenovka stream, while the remainder of Eugène's forces traversed three bridges across the Kolocha to the south, placing them on the same side of the stream as the Russians. He then deployed most of his artillery and began to push the Russians back toward the Raevsky redoubt. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Broussier" title="Jean-Baptiste Broussier">Broussier</a> and Morand's divisions then advanced together with furious artillery support. The redoubt changed hands as Barclay was forced to personally rally Paskevitch's routed regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990249_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990249-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kutuzov ordered Yermolov to take action; the general brought forward three horse artillery batteries that began to blast the open-ended redoubt, while the 3rd Battalion of the Ufa Regiment and two <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Jäger</span></span> regiments brought up by Barclay rushed in with the bayonet to eliminate Bonami's Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990249_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990249-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian reinforcements' assault returned the redoubt to Russian control. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_of_Raevsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Battery_of_Raevsky.jpg/310px-Battery_of_Raevsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Battery_of_Raevsky.jpg/465px-Battery_of_Raevsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Battery_of_Raevsky.jpg/620px-Battery_of_Raevsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>French and Russian cavalry clash behind the Raevsky redoubt. Details from Roubaud's panoramic painting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Eugène's artillery continued to pound Russian support columns, while Marshals Ney and Davout set up a crossfire with artillery positioned on the Semyonovskaya heights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990250_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990250-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barclay countered by moving the Prussian General <a href="/wiki/Duke_Eugen_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_(1788%E2%80%931857)" title="Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1788–1857)">Eugen</a> over to the right to support <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Miloradovich" title="Mikhail Miloradovich">Miloradovich</a> in his defense of the redoubt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French responded to this move by sending forward General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Barth%C3%A9lemot_Sorbier" title="Jean-Barthélemot Sorbier">Sorbier</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Imperial Guard</a> artillery. Sorbier brought forth 36 artillery pieces from the Imperial Guard Artillery Park and also took command of 49 horse artillery pieces from <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marie_Antoine_Champion_de_Nansouty" title="Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty">Nansouty</a>'s Ist Cavalry Corps and <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Fay_de_La_Tour-Maubourg" title="Victor de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg">La Tour Maubourg</a>'s IV Cavalry Corps, as well as of Viceroy Eugène's own artillery, opening up a massive artillery barrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2003126_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2003126-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Barclay brought up troops against an attacking French brigade, he described it as "a walk into <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990250_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990250-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the height of the battle, Kutuzov's subordinates were making all of the tactical decisions for him; according to Colonel Carl von Clausewitz, famous for his work <i><a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a></i>, the Russian commander "seemed to be in a trance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the death of General Kutaisov, Chief of Artillery, most of the Russian cannon sat useless on the heights to the rear and were never ordered into battle, while the French artillery wreaked havoc on the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cossack_raid_on_the_northern_flank">Cossack raid on the northern flank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cossack raid on the northern flank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borodino-Desarno-Large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Borodino-Desarno-Large.jpg/310px-Borodino-Desarno-Large.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Borodino-Desarno-Large.jpg/465px-Borodino-Desarno-Large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Borodino-Desarno-Large.jpg/620px-Borodino-Desarno-Large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>General Uvarov behind French lines, by <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Joseph_Desarnod" title="Auguste-Joseph Desarnod">Auguste-Joseph Desarnod</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of the battle at around 07:30, <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Cossack">Don Cossack</a> patrols from <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Platov" title="Matvei Platov">Matvei Platov</a>'s <i>pulk</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="unexplained jargon (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had discovered a ford across the Kolocha river, on the extreme Russian right (northern) flank. Seeing that the ground in front of them was clear of enemy forces, Platov saw an opportunity to go around the French left flank and into the enemy's rear. He at once sent one of his aides to ask for permission from Kutuzov for such an operation. Platov's aide was lucky enough to encounter Colonel von Toll, an enterprising member of Kutuzov's staff, who suggested that General Uvarov's 1st Cavalry Corps be added to the operation and at once volunteered to present the plan to the commander-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-lvq_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Together, they went to see Kutuzov, who nonchalantly gave his permission. There was no clear plan and no objectives had been drawn up, the whole manoeuvre being interpreted by both Kutuzov and Uvarov as a feint. Uvarov and Platov thus set off, having just around 8,000 cavalrymen and 12 guns in total, and no infantry support. As Uvarov moved southwest and south and Platov moved west, they eventually arrived in the undefended rear of Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène</a>'s IV Corps. This was towards midday, just as the Viceroy was getting his orders to conduct another assault on the Raevski redoubt.<sup id="cite_ref-lvq_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The sudden appearance of masses of enemy cavalry so close to the supply train and the Emperor's headquarters caused panic and consternation, prompting Eugène to immediately cancel his attack and pull back his entire Corps westwards to deal with the alarming situation. Meanwhile, the two Russian cavalry commanders tried to break what French infantry they could find in the vicinity. Having no infantry of their own, the poorly coordinated Russian attacks came to nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-lvq_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unable to achieve much else, Platov and Uvarov moved back to their own lines and the action was perceived as a failure by both Kutuzov and the Russian General Staff (chief –9 <a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Bennigsen</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolovtsov1900710_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolovtsov1900710-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). As it turned out, the action had the utmost importance in the outcome of the battle, as it delayed the attack of the IV Corps on the Raevski redoubt for a critical two hours. During these two hours, the Russians were able to reassess the situation, realize the terrible state of <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Bagration" class="mw-redirect" title="Piotr Bagration">Bagration</a>'s 2nd Army and send reinforcements to the front line. Meanwhile, the retreat of Viceroy Eugène's Corps had left <a href="/wiki/Louis-Pierre_Montbrun" title="Louis-Pierre Montbrun">Montbrun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/II_Cavalry_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="II Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)">II French Cavalry Corps</a> to fill the gap under the most murderous fire, which used up and demoralized these cavalrymen, greatly reducing their combat effectiveness. The delay contradicted a military principle the Emperor had stated many times: "Ground I may recover, time never".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2003122–129_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2003122–129-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cossack raid contributed to Napoleon's later decision not to commit his Imperial Guard to battle.<sup id="cite_ref-lvq_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_attack_on_Raevsky_redoubt">Final attack on Raevsky redoubt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final attack on Raevsky redoubt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam-Borodino_French_cuirassiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adam-Borodino_French_cuirassiers.jpg/310px-Adam-Borodino_French_cuirassiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adam-Borodino_French_cuirassiers.jpg/465px-Adam-Borodino_French_cuirassiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adam-Borodino_French_cuirassiers.jpg/620px-Adam-Borodino_French_cuirassiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassiers</a> charge into the Raevsky redoubt.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 14:00, Napoleon renewed the assault against the redoubt, as Broussier's, Morand's and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a>'s divisions launched a massive frontal attack, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Aim%C3%A9_Chastel" title="Louis Pierre Aimé Chastel">Chastel</a>'s light cavalry division on their left and the II Reserve Cavalry Corps on their right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russians sent Likhachov's 24th Division into the battle, who fought bravely under Likhachov's motto: "Brothers, behind us is <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>!" But the French troops approached too close for the cannons to fire, and the cannoneers fought a pitched close-order defence against the attackers.<sup id="cite_ref-lvq_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Jean-Gabriel_de_Caulaincourt" title="Auguste-Jean-Gabriel de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Watier" title="Pierre Watier">Watier</a>'s cuirassier division to lead the assault. Barclay saw Eugène's preparations for the assault and attempted to counter it, moving his forces against it. The French artillery, however, began bombarding the assembling force even as it gathered. Caulaincourt led Watier's cuirassiers in an assault on the opening at the back of the redoubt; he was killed as the charge was beaten off by fierce Russian musketry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990252_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990252-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Thielmann" title="Johann von Thielmann">Thielmann</a> then led eight Saxon and two Polish cavalry squadrons against the back of the redoubt, while officers and sergeants of his command actually forced their horses through the redoubt's embrasures, sowing confusion amongst the defenders and allowing the French cavalry and infantry to take the position. The battle had all but ended, with both sides so exhausted that only the artillery was still at work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 15:30, the Raevsky redoubt fell with most of the 24th Division's troops. General Likhachov was captured by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1972131_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1972131-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the French attempts to break through further were thwarted by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Guard" title="Russian Imperial Guard">Russian Guard Cavalry</a>, which charged and repelled the French assault.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utitsa">Utitsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Utitsa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third area of operations was around the village of Utitsa. The village was at the southern end of the Russian positions and lay along the old Smolensk road. It was rightly perceived as a potential weak point in the defense as a march along the road could turn the entire position at Borodino. Despite such concerns the area was a tangle of rough country thickly covered in heavy brush well suited for deploying light infantry. The forest was dense, the ground marshy, and Russian Jaegers were deployed there in some numbers. Russian General <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Tuchkov" title="Nikolay Tuchkov">Nikolay Tuchkov</a> had some 23,000 troops but half were untrained Opolchenye (militia) armed only with pikes and axes and not ready for deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007136_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007136-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poniatowski had about 10,000 men, all trained and eager to fight, but his first attempt did not go well. It was at once realized the massed troops and artillery could not move through the forest against Jaeger opposition so had to reverse to Yelnya and then move eastward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007136_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007136-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuchkov had deployed his 1st Grenadier Division in line backing it with the 3rd division in battalion columns. Some four regiments were called away to help defend the redoubts that were under attack and another two <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Jäger</span></span> regiments were deployed in the Utitsa woods, weakening the position. </p><p>The Polish contingent contested control of Utitsa village and Utitsa <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">mound</a>, capturing them with their first attempt. Tuchkov later ejected the French forces from mound and village by 08:00, and was mortally wounded while leading this counter-attack. General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a> led the Westphalians to join the attack and again captured Utitsa village, which was set on fire by the departing Russians. After the village's capture, Russians and Poles continued to skirmish and cannonade for the rest of the day without much progress. The heavy <a href="/wiki/Undergrowth" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergrowth">undergrowth</a> greatly hindered Poniatowski's efforts but eventually he came near to cutting off the Russian left from the rest of the Russian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990254_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990254-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Barclay sent help in the form of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_von_Baggovut" title="Karl Gustav von Baggovut">Karl Gustav von Baggovut</a> with Konovnitsyn in support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990254_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990254-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baggovut took command of the Russian left flank in place of the wounded Tuchkov. Any hope of real progress by the Poles was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007137_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007137-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon's_refusal_to_commit_the_Guard"><span id="Napoleon.27s_refusal_to_commit_the_Guard"></span>Napoleon's refusal to commit the Guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Napoleon's refusal to commit the Guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards 15:00, after hours of resistance, the Russian army was in dire straits, but the French forces were exhausted and had neither the necessary stamina nor will to carry out another assault. Both armies were exhausted after the battle and the Russians withdrew from the field the following day. Borodino represented the last Russian effort at stopping the French advance on Moscow, which fell a week later. At this crucial juncture, Murat's <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Daniel_Belliard" title="Augustin Daniel Belliard">Augustin Daniel Belliard</a> rode straight to the Emperor's Headquarters and, according to General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Paul,_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur" title="Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur">Ségur</a> who wrote an account of the campaign, told him that the Russian line had been breached, that the road to <a href="/wiki/Mozhaysk" title="Mozhaysk">Mozhaysk</a>, behind the Russian line, was visible through the gaping hole the French attack had pierced, that an enormous crowd of runaways and vehicles were hastily retreating, and that a final push would be enough to decide the fate of the Russian army and of the war. Generals <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daru" title="Pierre Daru">Daru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Dumas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Empire" title="Marshal of the Empire">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Berthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexandre Berthier">Louis Alexandre Berthier</a> also joined in and told the Emperor that everyone thought the time had come for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Guard</a> to be committed to battle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Given the ferocity of the Russian defense, everyone was aware that such a move would cost the lives of thousands of Guardsmen, but it was thought that the presence of this prestigious unit would bolster the morale of the entire army for a final decisive push. A notable exception was Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Bessières</a>, commander of the Guard cavalry, who was one of the very few senior generals to strongly advise against the intervention of the Guard. As the general staff were discussing the matter, General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Rapp</a>, a senior <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a></i></span> to the Emperor, was being brought from the field of battle, having been wounded in action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapp immediately recommended to the Emperor that the Guard be deployed for action at which the Emperor is said to have retorted: "I will most definitely not; I do not want to have it blown up. I am certain of winning the battle without its intervention."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determined not to commit this valuable final reserve so far away from France, Napoleon rejected another such request, this time from Marshal <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Ney</a>. Instead, he called the commander of the "<a href="/wiki/Young_Guard_(Napoleon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Guard (Napoleon)">Young Guard</a>", Marshal <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Mortier</a> and instructed him to guard the field of battle without moving forward or backward, while at the same time unleashing a massive cannonade with his 400 guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigeard2004585_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeard2004585-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_battle">End of the battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: End of the battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napoleon went forward to see the situation from the former Russian front lines shortly after the redoubts had been taken. The Russians had moved to the next ridge-line in much disarray; however, that disarray was not clear to the French, with dust and haze obscuring the Russian dispositions. Kutuzov ordered the Russian Guard to hold the line and so it did. All of the artillery that the French army had was not enough to move it. Those compact squares made good artillery targets and the Russian Guard stood in place from 4 pm to 6 pm unmoving under its fire, resulting in huge casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007224_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007224-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All he could see were masses of troops in the distance and thus nothing more was attempted. Neither the attack, which relied on brute force, nor the refusal to use the Guard to finish the day's work, showed any brilliance on Napoleon's part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990256_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990256-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kutuzov_fili.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kutuzov_fili.jpg/310px-Kutuzov_fili.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kutuzov_fili.jpg/465px-Kutuzov_fili.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kutuzov_fili.jpg/620px-Kutuzov_fili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>M. I. Kutuzov and his staff in the <a href="/wiki/Council_at_Fili" title="Council at Fili">meeting at Fili village</a>, when Kutuzov decided that the Russian army had to retreat from Moscow. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kivshenko" title="Aleksey Kivshenko">Aleksey Kivshenko</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>, the Prussian historian and future author of <i><a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> both noted that the poor positioning of the Russian troops had particularly hobbled the defense. Barclay communicated with Kutuzov in order to receive further instructions. According to <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Wolzogen" title="Ludwig von Wolzogen">Ludwig von Wolzogen</a> (in an account dripping with sarcasm), the commander was found a half-hour away on the road to Moscow, encamped with an entourage of young nobles and grandly pronouncing he would drive Napoleon off the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his bluster, Kutuzov knew from dispatches that his army had been too badly hurt to fight a continuing action the following day. He knew exactly what he was doing: by fighting the pitched battle, he could now retreat with the Russian army still intact, lead its recovery, and force the weakened French forces to move even further from their bases of supply. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">dénouement</i></span> became a textbook example of what a hold logistics placed upon an army far from its center of supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990256_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990256-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 8, the Russian army moved away from the battlefield in twin columns, allowing Napoleon to occupy Moscow and await for five weeks a Russian surrender that would never come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990236_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990236-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kutuzov would proclaim over the course of several days that the Russian Army would fight again before the walls of Moscow. In fact, a site was chosen near <a href="/wiki/Poklonnaya_Gora" class="mw-redirect" title="Poklonnaya Gora">Poklonnaya Gora</a> within a few miles of Moscow as a battle site. However, the Russian Army had not received enough reinforcements, and it was too risky to cling to Moscow at all costs. Kutuzov understood that the Russian people never wanted to abandon Moscow, the city which was regarded as Russia's "second capital" (after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, where Tsar and the Russian government resided); however he also believed that the Russian Army did not have enough forces to protect that city. Kutuzov called for a council of war in the afternoon of 13 September at <a href="/wiki/Council_at_Fili" title="Council at Fili">Fili</a> village. In a heated debate that split the council five to four in favour of giving battle, Kutuzov, after listening to each General, endorsed retreat. Thus passed the last chance of battle before Moscow was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-lvq_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007221_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007221-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not unusual for a pivotal battle of this era to be difficult to document. Similar difficulties exist with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> or battles of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> in North America, while the Battle of Borodino offers its own particular challenges to accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been repeatedly subjected to overtly political uses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004xv_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004xv-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal accounts of the battle frequently magnified an individual's own role or minimised those of rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200713_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200713-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The politics of the time were complex and complicated by ethnic divisions between native Russian nobility and those having second and third-generation <a href="/wiki/Russian_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Germans">German descent</a>, leading to rivalry for positions in command of the army. Not only does a historian have to deal with the normal problem of a veteran looking back and recalling events as he or she would have liked them to have been, but in some cases outright malice was involved. Nor was this strictly a Russian event, as bickering and sabotage were known amongst the French marshals and their reporting generals. To "lie like a bulletin" was a recognised phrase amongst his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerold1969125_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerold1969125-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilippart181367_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippart181367-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not just a French affair either, with Kutuzov in particular promoting misinformation that has continued to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further distortions occurred during the Soviet years, when an adherence to a "formula" was the expectation during the Stalin years and for some time after that. The over-reliance of western histories on the battle and of the campaign on French sources has been noted by later historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The views of historians of the outcome of the battle changed with the passage of time and the changing political situations surrounding them. Kutuzov proclaimed a victory both to the army and to Emperor Alexander. While many a general throughout history claimed victory out of defeat (<a href="/wiki/Ramses_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II of Egypt">Ramses II of Egypt</a> did so), in this case Kutuzov was commander-in-chief of the entire Russian army: an army that, despite the huge losses, considered itself undefeated. Announcing a defeat would have removed Kutuzov from command, and damaged the morale of the soldiers. While Alexander was not deceived by the announcement, it gave him the justification needed to allow Kutuzov to march his army off to rebuild the Russian forces and later complete the near utter destruction of the French army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007201_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007201-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, what was said by Kutuzov and those supporting his views was allowed to pass into the histories of the time unchecked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Histories during the Soviet era raised the battle to a mythic contest with serious political overtones. They depicted Kutuzov as a master tactician, directing every move on the battlefield with the precision of a ballet master directing his troupe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007xi-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kutuzov's abilities on the battlefield were, in the eyes of his contemporaries and fellow Russian generals, far more complex; they were often described in less than flattering terms. Noted author and historian <a href="/wiki/David_G._Chandler" title="David G. Chandler">David G. Chandler</a> writing in 1966, echoes the Soviet-era Russian histories in several ways, asserting that General Kutuzov remained in control of the battle throughout, e.g. by ordering counter-moves to Napoleon's tactics personally rather than Bagration and Barclay doing so, and putting aside personal differences to overcome any dispositional mistakes. Neither is the tent scene played out; instead Kutuzov remains with the army. Chandler also has the Russian army in much better shape moving to secondary prepared positions and seriously considering attacking the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1966806_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1966806-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later historians Riehn and Mikaberidze have Kutuzov leaving most of the battle to Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, leaving early in the afternoon and relaying orders from his camp 30 minutes from the front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007198,_224_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007198,_224-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kutuzov's dispositions for the battle are described as clearly mistaken, by leaving the right far too strong and the left much too weak. Only the fact that Bagration and Barclay cooperated fully saved the Russian army, doing much to mitigate the bad positioning overall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007224_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007224-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing would be more damning than 300 artillery pieces standing silent on the Russian right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998392_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998392-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur_-_Dead_soldiers_of_the_Grand_Arm%C3%A9e_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur_-_Dead_soldiers_of_the_Grand_Arm%C3%A9e_%28color%29.jpg/310px-Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur_-_Dead_soldiers_of_the_Grand_Arm%C3%A9e_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur_-_Dead_soldiers_of_the_Grand_Arm%C3%A9e_%28color%29.jpg/465px-Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur_-_Dead_soldiers_of_the_Grand_Arm%C3%A9e_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur_-_Dead_soldiers_of_the_Grand_Arm%C3%A9e_%28color%29.jpg/620px-Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur_-_Dead_soldiers_of_the_Grand_Arm%C3%A9e_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Dead soldiers of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span> on the Kolocha river bridge, by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur" title="Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur">Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The fighting involved around 250,000 troops and left at least 68,000 killed and wounded, making Borodino the deadliest single-day battle of the Napoleonic Wars and one of the bloodiest single-day battles in <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a> until the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a> in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The casualties of the battle were staggering: according to French General Staff Inspector P. Denniee, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span> lost approximately 28,000 soldiers: 6,562 (including 269 officers) were reported as dead, 21,450 as wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenniee1842_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenniee1842-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But according to French historian Aristid Martinien,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinien1899_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinien1899-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least 460 French officers (known by name) were killed in battle. In total, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span> lost 1,928 officers dead and wounded, including 49 generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinien1899_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinien1899-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of slain included French Generals of Division <a href="/wiki/Auguste-Jean-Gabriel_de_Caulaincourt" title="Auguste-Jean-Gabriel de Caulaincourt">Auguste-Jean-Gabriel de Caulaincourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Pierre_Montbrun" title="Louis-Pierre Montbrun">Louis-Pierre Montbrun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Tharreau" title="Jean Victor Tharreau">Jean Victor Tharreau</a> and Generals of Brigade <a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Claude Antoine Compère">Claude Antoine Compère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Auguste_Damas" title="François Auguste Damas">François Auguste Damas</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_Jean_Aubry_Huard_de_Saint-Aubin" title="Léonard Jean Aubry Huard de Saint-Aubin">Léonard Jean Aubry Huard de Saint-Aubin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Lanab%C3%A8re" title="Jean Pierre Lanabère">Jean Pierre Lanabère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanislas_Marion" title="Charles Stanislas Marion">Charles Stanislas Marion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Marchand_Plauzonne" title="Louis Auguste Marchand Plauzonne">Louis Auguste Marchand Plauzonne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Louis_Romeuf" title="Jean Louis Romeuf">Jean Louis Romeuf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998391_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998391-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suffering a wound on the Borodino battlefield was effectively a death sentence, as French forces did not possess enough food for the healthy, much less the sick; consequently, equal numbers of wounded soldiers starved to death, died of their injuries, or perished through neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990261_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990261-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The casualties were for a single day of battle, while the Russian figures are for the 5th and the 7th, combined. Using the same accounting method for both armies brings the actual French Army casualty count to 34,000–35,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007209_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the French and Russians suffered terrible casualties during the fighting, losing over a third of their armies. Some 52,000 Russian troops were reported as dead, wounded or missing, including 1,000 prisoners; some 8,000 men were separated from their units and returned over the next few days, bringing the total Russian losses to 44,000. Twenty-two Russian generals were killed or wounded, including <a href="/wiki/Prince_Bagration" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Bagration">Prince Bagration</a>, who died of his wounds on 24 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Dyer" title="Gwynne Dyer">Gwynne Dyer</a> compared the carnage at Borodino to "a fully-loaded <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">747</a> crashing, with no survivors, every 5 minutes for eight hours". Taken as a one-day battle in the scope of the Napoleonic conflict, this was the bloodiest battle of this series of conflicts with combined casualties between 72,000 and 73,000. The next nearest battle would be <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a>, at about 55,000 for the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007217_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007217-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French lost about roughly the same number of soldiers. However, the Russian Empire, being a massive country with a huge population, could relieve these losses quickly whilst Napoleon could not. Therefore, both sides had their victories and defeats, with none reaching a decisive goal. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of this battle, the figures would be deliberately inflated or underplayed by the generals of both sides attempting to lessen the impact the figures would have on public opinion both during aftermath of the battle or, for political reasons, later during the Soviet period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007208_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007208-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attrition_warfare">Attrition warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attrition warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Battle of Borodino is classified as a victory for Napoleon since the Russians were pushed back from their initial defensive positions, The battle was undoubtedly a moral success for the Russians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023272_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023272-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kutuzov retreated from the battlefield on 8 September, and Napoleon and his men <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">managed to capture Moscow</a>; the fierce defense of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> devastated the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i></span> to such an extent that it caused the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Army_(1804%E2%80%931815)" title="French Imperial Army (1804–1815)">army</a>'s force to become <i>impuissant</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the city was actually used as bait to lure and trap the French forces. When Napoleon and his men visited the city, he found that it was <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">burnt</a> and abandoned upon his arrival. While Napoleon was in Moscow, he sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">tsar</a> who was residing in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> demanding that he surrender and accept defeat. Napoleon received no response. Whilst patiently waiting for an answer from the tsar, as soon as the cold winter and snowfall started to form, Napoleon, realizing what was happening, attempted to escape the country with his men. Seeing that they were fleeing, the Imperial Russian army launched a massive attack on the French. <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition warfare</a> was used by Kutuzov by burning Moscow's resources, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> by the Cossacks against any kind of transport and <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> by the peasants against foraging. <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare_against_Napoleon" title="Attrition warfare against Napoleon">This kind of warfare</a> weakened the French army at its most vulnerable point: <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a>, as it was unable to pillage Russian land, which was insufficiently populated nor cultivated,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990144_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990144-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that starvation became the most dangerous enemy long before the cold joined in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990138_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990138-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feeding of horses by supply trains was extremely difficult, as a ration for a horse weighs about ten times as much as one for a man. It was tried in vain to feed and water all the horses by foraging expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1873chapter_5.14_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1873chapter_5.14-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the more than 600,000 soldiers who invaded the Russian Empire, fewer than 100,000 returned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyrrhic_victory">Pyrrhic victory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pyrrhic victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most scholars and contemporaries describe Borodino as a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victory</a>. Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Sokolov" title="Oleg Sokolov">Oleg Sokolov</a> posits that Borodino constituted a Pyrrhic victory for the French, which would ultimately cost Napoleon the war and his crown, although at the time none of this was apparent to either side. Sokolov adds that the decision to not commit the Guard saved the Russians from an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a>-style defeat and quotes <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Empire" title="Marshal of the Empire">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a>, one of Napoleon's finest strategists, who analyzed the battle and concluded that an intervention of the Guard would have torn the Russian army to pieces and allowed Napoleon to safely follow his plans to take winter quarters in Moscow and resume his successful campaign in spring or offer the Tsar acceptable peace terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Digby Smith</a> calls Borodino 'a draw' but believes that posterity proved Napoleon right in his decision to not commit the Guard so far away from his homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2003146_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2003146-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duffy" title="Christopher Duffy">Christopher Duffy</a>, the battle of Borodino could be seen as a new <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torgau" title="Battle of Torgau">Battle of Torgau</a>, in which both of the sides sustained terrible losses but neither could achieve their tactical goals, and the battle itself did not have a clear result,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy197211_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy197211-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1985217_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1985217-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although both sides claimed the battle as their own victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes2006174_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes2006174-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in what had become a war of attrition, the battle was just one more source of losses to the French when they were losing two men to one. Both the French and the Russians suffered terribly but the Russians had reserve troops, and a clear logistical advantage. The French Army supplies came over a long road lined with hostile forces. According to Riehn, so long as the Russian Army existed the French continued to lose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This victory of Napoleon was not decisive, but it allowed the French emperor <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">to occupy Moscow</a> to await a surrender that would never come. The capture of Moscow proved a Pyrrhic victory, since the Russians had no intention of negotiating with Napoleon for peace. Historian Riehn notes that the Borodino victory allowed Napoleon to move on to Moscow, where – even allowing for the arrival of reinforcements – the French Army only possessed a maximum of 95,000 men, who would be ill-equipped to win a battle due to a lack of supplies and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main part of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span> suffered more than 90,000 casualties by the time of the Moscow retreat (see Minard's map); <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> ensured that only about 10,000 men of the main force returned across the Russian border alive. Furthermore, although the Russian army suffered heavy casualties in the battle, it regrouped by the time of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow; it soon began to interfere with the French withdrawal and made it a catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004530_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004530-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:3329px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_part_of_panorama_by_Franz_Roubaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz Roubaud panorama Battle of Borodino"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_of_Borodino_part_of_panorama_by_Franz_Roubaud.jpg/3321px-Battle_of_Borodino_part_of_panorama_by_Franz_Roubaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="3321" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Battle_of_Borodino_part_of_panorama_by_Franz_Roubaud.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_part_of_panorama_by_Franz_Roubaud.jpg" title="File:Battle of Borodino part of panorama by Franz Roubaud.jpg"> </a></div>Franz Roubaud panorama <i>Battle of Borodino</i></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_reenactment_of_1812_battle_near_Borodino_2011_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Historical_reenactment_of_1812_battle_near_Borodino_2011_2.jpg/310px-Historical_reenactment_of_1812_battle_near_Borodino_2011_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Historical_reenactment_of_1812_battle_near_Borodino_2011_2.jpg/465px-Historical_reenactment_of_1812_battle_near_Borodino_2011_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Historical_reenactment_of_1812_battle_near_Borodino_2011_2.jpg/620px-Historical_reenactment_of_1812_battle_near_Borodino_2011_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Historical reenactment of 1812 battle near Borodino, 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-ruble-coin_1987_Borodino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1-ruble-coin_1987_Borodino.jpg/170px-1-ruble-coin_1987_Borodino.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1-ruble-coin_1987_Borodino.jpg/255px-1-ruble-coin_1987_Borodino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1-ruble-coin_1987_Borodino.jpg/340px-1-ruble-coin_1987_Borodino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1987 <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> commemorative coin, reverse</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> composed his <i><a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a></i> to commemorate the battle. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karol_Kurpi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Kurpiński">Karol Kurpiński</a> composed his "Grand Symphony Imagining a Battle", also known as "The Battle of Mozhaysk Symphony" to commemorate the Battle.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle was famously described by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i>: "After the shock that had been received, the French army was still able to crawl to Moscow; but there, without any new efforts on the part of the Russian troops, it was doomed to perish, bleeding to death from the mortal wound received at Borodino".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy1949481_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1949481-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle is depicted in <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk" title="Sergei Bondarchuk">Sergei Bondarchuk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(film_series)" title="War and Peace (film series)">film adaptation of Tolstoy's novel</a>, which in Part III devotes 35 minutes to a monumental depiction of the battle, using 12,000 Soviet troops.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrator in the film makes the claim that the moral victory of the Russian side led directly to the end of Napoleon's empire. </p><p>Poet <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a> romanticized the battle in his poem <i><a href="/wiki/Borodino_(poem)" title="Borodino (poem)">Borodino</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A huge panorama representing the battle was painted by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">Franz Roubaud</a> for the centenary of Borodino in 1912 and installed on the <a href="/wiki/Poklonnaya_Hill" title="Poklonnaya Hill">Poklonnaya Hill</a> in Moscow to mark the 150th anniversary of the event in 1962 by Soviet authorities. </p><p>In Russia, the Battle of Borodino is reenacted yearly on the first Sunday of September and commemorated as a <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Military_Honour" title="Days of Military Honour">Day of Military Honour</a>. </p><p>On the battlefield itself, the Bagration <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">flèches</i></span> are preserved; a modest monument has been constructed in honour of the French soldiers who fell in the battle. </p><p>A commemorative one-ruble coin was released in the Soviet Union in 1987 to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, and four million were minted.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a> <a href="/wiki/3544_Borodino" title="3544 Borodino">3544 Borodino</a>, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Stepanovich_Chernykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh">Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh</a> in 1977, was named after the village of Borodino.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmadel2003298_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmadel2003298-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since May 1813, at least 29 ships have been named <i>Borodino</i> after the battle (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_named_Borodino" title="List of ships named Borodino">List of ships named <i>Borodino</i></a>), and many others after participants in the battle: 24 ships in honor of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>, 18 ships in honor of <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Platov" title="Matvei Platov">Matvei Platov</a>, 15 ships in honor of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a>, 33 ships in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, four ships in honor of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Davydov" title="Denis Davydov">Denis Davydov</a>, two ships each in honor of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a>; and one ship each in honor of the officers of the Marine Guards crew I. P. Kartsov, N. P. Rimsky-Korsakov and M. N. Lermontov; <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Semyonovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov">Prince Vorontsov</a>, generals <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Yermolov_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Yermolov (general)">Yermolov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Raevsky" title="Nikolay Raevsky">Raevsky</a>, Marshal of the Empire <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychkov2020_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERychkov2020-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte">Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_French_invasion_of_Russia" title="List of battles of the French invasion of Russia">List of battles of the French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Vuich" title="Nikolay Vuich">Nikolay Vuich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shevich" title="Ivan Shevich">Ivan Shevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Miloradovich" title="Andrei Miloradovich">Andrei Miloradovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Ratkov" title="Avram Ratkov">Avram Ratkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Adamovich" title="Ivan Adamovich">Ivan Adamovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bogdanov" title="Nikolay Bogdanov">Nikolay Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Duka" title="Ilya Duka">Ilya Duka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Emmanuel" title="Georgi Emmanuel">Georgi Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ivanovich_Ivelich" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Ivanovich Ivelich">Peter Ivanovich Ivelich</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Some Russian data</b>: 50,000–58,000; <b>French documents</b>: circa 30,000;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroitsky2024_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroitsky2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Napoleon's report</b>: 10,000 (a propaganda embellishment, as per Napoleon)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199269_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199269-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Napoleon's General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Paul,_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur" title="Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur">Ségur</a></b> claimed in his <a href="/wiki/Memoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs">memoirs</a> that the French lost around 40,000 men killed and wounded, but it was written <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">under the Bourbons</a> and, in Alexey Vasilyev's view, Ségur's desire to honour France's new masters is palpable, despite the fact that this information is "not without reputed objectivity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199269,_71_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199269,_71-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />As Vasilyev writes, <b>in Russian literature</b> the figure of 58,478 French casualties is very often found. It was calculated on the basis of data published in 1813 by order of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a>. The calculations are based on the Swiss adventurer <b>Alexander Schmidt's</b> information, who in October 1812 defected to the Russians and pretended to be a major, allegedly serving in the personal chancellery of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Berthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexandre Berthier">Marshal Berthier</a>. According to the official <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bulgakov" title="Alexander Bulgakov">Alexander Bulgakov</a>, interrogated Schmidt, the latter, "thanks to his extraordinary memory… calculated all the losses wounded and killed, which suffered this army in all the battles preceding the <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">occupation of Moscow</a>." Count Rostopchin, apparently interested in overstating the enemy's losses, did not notice the mass of absurdities contained in Schmidt's data, and hastened to publicise them under the guise of trophy documents. Of the many errors found in the information of the Swiss, it is enough to point out one. Among the corps that fought at Borodino, he named the <a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="VII Corps (Grande Armée)">7th (Saxon) Corps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Reynier" title="Jean Reynier">General Reynier</a>, allegedly lost in this battle 5,095 people. In fact, this corps could not have taken part in the Battle of Borodino, as at that time it was operating in <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>. If Schmidt really served in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i></span> headquarters, he certainly should have known about this fact, as Vasilyev observes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199271_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199271-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And as M. Kazantsev pointed out, using Vasilyev's findings, this figure (58,478) is "<i>hugely</i> far from the truth" and "a figment of Schmidt's imagination"; it is "most likely that the French actually lost about 30,000 men on the day".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazantsev1999Vasilyev199269_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazantsev1999Vasilyev199269-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>V. N. Zemtsov</b> <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Земцов, Владимир Николаевич">(ru)</a> estimated French losses from 5 to 7 September at 38,500 men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZemtsov2001260–265_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemtsov2001260–265-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – appropriately, losses also beyond the Borodino battle itself and include <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shevardino" title="Battle of Shevardino">Battle of Shevardino</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">12 killed, 38 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023273_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">39,312 (5–7 September); casualties of <a href="/wiki/Irregular_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular troops">irregular troops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> are not given and, in addition, it is incomplete data also due to lack of information on some <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular army</a> units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELvov_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELvov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />There are casualty figures in the literature ranging from 38,500 to 58,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELvov_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELvov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 38,500 men (identical to Zemtsov's assessment of French losses on 5–7 September), e.g., data from the September statement where there is an undercount or an error. 58,000 is the figure coming from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky" title="Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky">Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky</a>. Shvedov's research notes the imperfections in Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky's estimate, for example, this estimate erroneously omits the <a href="/wiki/Second_Western_Army" title="Second Western Army">2nd Army</a>'s losses in the December statement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShvedov_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShvedov-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"40,000 to 50,000"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroitsky2024_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroitsky2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4 killed, 23 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023273_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Бopoди́нcкoe cpaже́ниe</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Borodínskoye srazhéniye</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bataille de <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">la Moskova</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Napoleon was in the habit of issuing regular bulletins describing his campaigns.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer2014383-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2014383_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer2014383_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwyer2014">Dwyer 2014</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990255_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004287_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2004">Zamoyski 2004</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007209-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007209_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007209_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroitsky2024-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroitsky2024_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroitsky2024_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTroitsky2024">Troitsky 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199269-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199269_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasilyev1992">Vasilyev 1992</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199269,_71-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199269,_71_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasilyev1992">Vasilyev 1992</a>, pp. 69, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199271-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasilyev199271_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasilyev1992">Vasilyev 1992</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazantsev1999Vasilyev199269-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazantsev1999Vasilyev199269_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazantsev1999">Kazantsev 1999</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVasilyev1992">Vasilyev 1992</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemtsov2001260–265-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZemtsov2001260–265_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZemtsov2001">Zemtsov 2001</a>, pp. 260–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023273-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023273_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023273_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFЕгоршина2023">Егоршина 2023</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELvov-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELvov_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELvov_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLvov">Lvov</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShvedov-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShvedov_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShvedov_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShvedov">Shvedov</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuehn2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuehn2008_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuehn2008">Kuehn 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990253_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Parkinson, <i>The Fox of the North</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foxofnorth00park/page/157/mode/1up?view=theater">p. 157</a> (New York, <a href="/wiki/David_McKay_Publications" title="David McKay Publications">David McKay Co.</a>, 1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990166-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990166_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_DoD2021-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_DoD2021_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUS_DoD2021">US DoD 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990220-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990220_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990235-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990235_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990237-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990237_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990259-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990259_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990238-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990238_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990243_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990244_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200733_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lvq-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lvq_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvq_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvq_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvq_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvq_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvq_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvq_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lvq_33-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn_Thị_ThưLê_Phụng_Hoàng1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn Thị Thư; Lê Phụng Hoàng (1997). 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200757_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200752-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200752_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200752_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998392-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998392_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998392_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200753-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200777_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200779-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200779_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200781-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200781_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990245-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990245_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990246_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007107-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007107_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2021-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2021_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2021_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2021">Mikaberidze 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990247-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990247_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990247_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourtoulle200033-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourtoulle200033_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourtoulle2000">Hourtoulle 2000</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990248-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990248_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990249-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990249_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990249_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990250-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990250_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990250_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990251_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2003126-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2003126_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2003">Smith 2003</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolovtsov1900710-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolovtsov1900710_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolovtsov1900">Polovtsov 1900</a>, p. 710.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2003122–129-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2003122–129_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2003">Smith 2003</a>, pp. 122–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990252-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990252_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1972131-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1972131_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1972">Duffy 1972</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007136-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007136_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007136_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990254-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990254_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990254_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007137-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007137_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolov2005454–455_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSokolov2005">Sokolov 2005</a>, pp. 454–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeard2004585-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigeard2004585_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPigeard2004">Pigeard 2004</a>, p. 585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007224-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze200713_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerold1969125-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerold1969125_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerold1969">Herold 1969</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippart181367-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilippart181367_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilippart1813">Philippart 1813</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007201-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007201_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1966806-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1966806_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1966">Chandler 1966</a>, p. 806.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007198,_224-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007198,_224_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, pp. 198, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Roberts "Napoleon", p. 604 of paperback version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenniee1842-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenniee1842_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenniee1842">Denniee 1842</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinien1899-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinien1899_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinien1899_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinien1899">Martinien 1899</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998391-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998391_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990261-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990261_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007217-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007217_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007208-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2007208_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2007">Mikaberidze 2007</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023272-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023272_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFЕгоршина2023">Егоршина 2023</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Battle of Borodino: The History and Legacy of Napoleon's Pyrrhic Victory during the Invasion of Russia</i>. Charles River Editors.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Borodino%3A+The+History+and+Legacy+of+Napoleon%27s+Pyrrhic+Victory+during+the+Invasion+of+Russia&rft.pub=Charles+River+Editors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2018" class="citation web cs1">Atkins, Harry (July 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-battle-of-borodino/">"10 Facts About the Battle of Borodino"</a>. <i>History Hit</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Hit&rft.atitle=10+Facts+About+the+Battle+of+Borodino&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhit.com%2Ffacts-about-the-battle-of-borodino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2021" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Robert (20 April 2021). <i>Borodino Field 1812 and 1941: How Napoleon and Hitler Met Their Matches Outside Moscow</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750995955" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750995955"><bdi>978-0750995955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borodino+Field+1812+and+1941%3A+How+Napoleon+and+Hitler+Met+Their+Matches+Outside+Moscow&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.isbn=978-0750995955&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite2012" class="citation book cs1">Haythornthwaite, Philip (2012). <i>Borodino 1812: Napoleon's great gamble</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849086967" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849086967"><bdi>978-1849086967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borodino+1812%3A+Napoleon%27s+great+gamble&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1849086967&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Clausewitz1995" class="citation book cs1">von Clausewitz, Carl (1995). <i>The Campaign Of 1812 In Russia</i>. Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306806506" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306806506"><bdi>978-0306806506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaign+Of+1812+In+Russia&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0306806506&rft.aulast=von+Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Clausewitz2016" class="citation book cs1">von Clausewitz, Carl (2016). <i>The Campaigns of 1812 in Russia: A Prussian Officer's Account From the Russian Imperial Headquarters</i>. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848328297" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848328297"><bdi>978-1848328297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+1812+in+Russia%3A+A+Prussian+Officer%27s+Account+From+the+Russian+Imperial+Headquarters&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1848328297&rft.aulast=von+Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalowskiNorth2020" class="citation book cs1">Lalowski, Marek Tadeusz; North, Jonathan (2020). <i>Polish Eyewitnesses to Napoleon's 1812 Campaign: Advance and Retreat in Russia</i>. Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526782618" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526782618"><bdi>978-1526782618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Eyewitnesses+to+Napoleon%27s+1812+Campaign%3A+Advance+and+Retreat+in+Russia&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1526782618&rft.aulast=Lalowski&rft.aufirst=Marek+Tadeusz&rft.au=North%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990144-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990144_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990138-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990138_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1873chapter_5.14-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausewitz1873chapter_5.14_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClausewitz1873">Clausewitz 1873</a>, chapter 5.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2003146-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2003146_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2003">Smith 2003</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy197211-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy197211_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1972">Duffy 1972</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1985217-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1985217_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1985">Duffy 1985</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes2006174-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes2006174_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFremont-Barnes2006">Fremont-Barnes 2006</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehn1990285_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehn1990">Riehn 1990</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004530-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamoyski2004530_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZamoyski2004">Zamoyski 2004</a>, p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historiaposzukaj.pl/wiedza,muzyka,140,muzyka_kurpinski_-_mozajsk_1812_galop_koni_brzek_szabel_salwy_armatnie.html">"Muzyka: Kurpiński – Możajsk 1812. Galop koni, brzęk szabel, salwy armatnie"</a>. <i>Muzyka: Bitwa pod Możajskiem (Borodino), Karol Kurpiński – Muzyka: Kurpiński – Możajsk 1812. Galop koni, brzęk szabel, salwy armatnie – Muzyka – Wiedza – Historian: Poszukaj</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muzyka%3A+Bitwa+pod+Mo%C5%BCajskiem+%28Borodino%29%2C+Karol+Kurpi%C5%84ski+%E2%80%93+Muzyka%3A+Kurpi%C5%84ski+%E2%80%93+Mo%C5%BCajsk+1812.+Galop+koni%2C+brz%C4%99k+szabel%2C+salwy+armatnie+%E2%80%93+Muzyka+%E2%80%93+Wiedza+%E2%80%93+Historian%3A+Poszukaj&rft.atitle=Muzyka%3A+Kurpi%C5%84ski+%E2%80%93+Mo%C5%BCajsk+1812.+Galop+koni%2C+brz%C4%99k+szabel%2C+salwy+armatnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiaposzukaj.pl%2Fwiedza%2Cmuzyka%2C140%2Cmuzyka_kurpinski_-_mozajsk_1812_galop_koni_brzek_szabel_salwy_armatnie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1949481-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy1949481_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1949">Tolstoy 1949</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White 1986, p. 764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stihi-rus.ru/1/Lermontov/11-1.htm">Text of <i>Borodino</i></a> in Russian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mint.hobby.ru/pm032.htm">Добро пожаловать на сервер "Монетный двор"</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmadel2003298-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmadel2003298_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmadel2003">Schmadel 2003</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERychkov2020-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERychkov2020_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRychkov2020">Rychkov 2020</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2007" class="citation book cs1">Bell, David Avrom (2007). <i>The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It</i>. Houghton, Mifflin and company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Total+War%3A+Napoleon%27s+Europe+and+the+Birth+of+Warfare+as+We+Know+It&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+company&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David+Avrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambray1823" class="citation book cs1">Chambray, George de (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredelexpd00chamgoog"><i>Histoire de l'expédition de Russie</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27exp%C3%A9dition+de+Russie&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Chambray&rft.aufirst=George+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredelexpd00chamgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Chandler" title="David G. Chandler">Chandler, David</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan"><i>The Campaigns of Napoleon</i></a>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0025236608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0025236608"><bdi>978-0025236608</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0025236608&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampaignsofnapol00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1999" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David G. (1999). <i>Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. Ware, UK: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-203-6"><bdi>978-1-84022-203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=Ware%2C+UK&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-203-6&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandlerNafziger1988" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David; <a href="/wiki/George_Nafziger" title="George Nafziger">Nafziger, George F.</a> (1988). <i>Napoleon's Invasion of Russia</i>. Novato CA: Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-661-6"><bdi>978-0-89141-661-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Invasion+of+Russia&rft.place=Novato+CA&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-661-6&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Nafziger%2C+George+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausewitz1873" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz, Carl von</a> (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/OnWar1873/BK6ch26.html"><i>On War</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+War&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clausewitz.com%2Freadings%2FOnWar1873%2FBK6ch26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenniee1842" class="citation book cs1">Denniee, P. (1842). <i>Itineraire de l'Empereur Napoleon</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraire+de+l%27Empereur+Napoleon&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Denniee&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ayrault_Dodge" title="Theodore Ayrault Dodge">Dodge, Theodore Ayrault</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonhistoryo04dodg"><i>Napoleon; a History of the Art of War: From the beginning of the Peninsular war to the end of the Russian campaign, with a detailed account of the Napoleonic wars</i></a>. Riverside Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1871048285" title="Special:BookSources/978-1871048285"><bdi>978-1871048285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3B+a+History+of+the+Art+of+War%3A+From+the+beginning+of+the+Peninsular+war+to+the+end+of+the+Russian+campaign%2C+with+a+detailed+account+of+the+Napoleonic+wars&rft.pub=Riverside+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1871048285&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Ayrault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonhistoryo04dodg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge1907" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1907). <i>Napoleon; a History of the Art of War: Great captains</i>. Houghton, Mifflin and company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3B+a+History+of+the+Art+of+War%3A+Great+captains&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Ayrault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duffy" title="Christopher Duffy">Duffy, Christopher</a> (1972). <i>Borodino and the War of 1812</i>. London: Cassell & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35278-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35278-4"><bdi>978-0-304-35278-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borodino+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35278-4&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1985" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Christopher (1985). <i>Frederick the Great: A Military Life</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great%3A+A+Military+Life&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Philip (2014). <i>Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power 1799–1815</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Emperor%3A+Napoleon+in+Power+1799%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Dyer" title="Gwynne Dyer">Dyer, Gwynne</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/war00dyer"><i>War</i></a></span>. Crown Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-55615-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-55615-3"><bdi>978-0-517-55615-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War&rft.pub=Crown+Pub&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-517-55615-3&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Gwynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwar00dyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-Barnes2006" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006). <i>The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a political, social, and military history</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+the+French+revolutionary+and+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+a+political%2C+social%2C+and+military+history&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Haythornthwaite" title="Philip Haythornthwaite">Haythornthwaite, Philip</a> (2012). <i>Borodino 1812; Napoleon's great gamble</i>. Osprey Publishing; Campaign Series #246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-696-7"><bdi>978-1-84908-696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borodino+1812%3B+Napoleon%27s+great+gamble&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing%3B+Campaign+Series+%23246&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-696-7&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerold1969" class="citation book cs1">Herold, J. Christopher (1969). <i>The Mind of Napoleon, A Selection from His Written and Spoken Words</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08523-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08523-0"><bdi>0-231-08523-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Napoleon%2C+A+Selection+from+His+Written+and+Spoken+Words&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-231-08523-0&rft.aulast=Herold&rft.aufirst=J.+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne, Alistair</a> (1998). <i>How Far from Austerlitz?: Napoleon 1805–1815</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18724-8"><bdi>978-0-312-18724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Far+from+Austerlitz%3F%3A+Napoleon+1805%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-18724-8&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourtoulle2000" class="citation book cs1">Hourtoulle, F.G. (2000). <i>Borodino: The Moskova. The Battle for the Redoubts</i>. Paris: Histoire & Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-908182-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-908182-96-5"><bdi>978-2-908182-96-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borodino%3A+The+Moskova.+The+Battle+for+the+Redoubts&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+Collections&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-908182-96-5&rft.aulast=Hourtoulle&rft.aufirst=F.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazantsev1999" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kazantsev, Mikhail (1999), <i>О тактическом плане Кутузова в Бородинском сражении</i> (in Russian), 1812 год</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=1812+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kazantsev&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuehn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kuehn, John T. (26 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/251445">"The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon Against Kutuzov (review)"</a>. <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 1295–1296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.0.0141">10.1353/jmh.0.0141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-7795">1543-7795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161057504">161057504</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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V., <i>О потерях Российской армии в сражении при Бородино 24–26 августа 1812 года</i> (in Russian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE+24%E2%80%9326+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1812+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.aulast=Lvov&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Markham" title="David Markham">Markham, David</a> (2005). <i>Napoleon for Dummies</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9798-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9798-5"><bdi>978-0-7645-9798-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+for+Dummies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7645-9798-5&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinien1899" class="citation book cs1">Martinien, A. 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London: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-404-9"><bdi>978-1-84884-404-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Borodino%3A+Napoleon+Against+Kutuzov&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-404-9&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2021" class="citation web cs1">Mikaberidze (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/bagration/c_bagration12.html">"Peter Bagration: The Best Georgian General of the Napoleonic Wars: Chapter 12: Borodino – the Final Glory"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Campaigns+Vol.2%3A+Bulletins+del+la+Grand+Armee&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=Philippart&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.19114%2Fpage%2Fn197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigeard2004" class="citation book cs1">Pigeard, Alain (2004). <i>Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon</i>. Tallandier, Bibliothèque Napoléonienne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84734-073-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-84734-073-4"><bdi>2-84734-073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+batailles+de+Napol%C3%A9on&rft.pub=Tallandier%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Napol%C3%A9onienne&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-84734-073-4&rft.aulast=Pigeard&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolovtsov1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polovtsov" title="Alexander Polovtsov">Polovtsov, Alexander</a> (1900). <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Biographical_Dictionary" title="Russian Biographical Dictionary">Russian Biographical Dictionary</a></i>. Vol. II: Алексинский – Бестужев-Рюмин. Saint Petersburg: Типография Главного Управления Уделов.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Polovtsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazin1966" class="citation book cs1">Razin, Eugene A. (1966). <i>История военного искусства (History of Military Art)</i>. 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McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070527317" title="Special:BookSources/978-0070527317"><bdi>978-0070527317</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2832-9"><bdi>978-0-7432-2832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Wellington%3A+the+Battle+of+Waterloo+and+the+great+commanders+who+fought+it&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2832-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (2015). <i>Napoleon the Great</i>. National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141032016" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141032016"><bdi>978-0141032016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+the+Great&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0141032016&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRychkov2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rychkov, S. Yu. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/clausewitz-at-war.htm">"The historical memory about the participants of the Borodino battle in the names of ships"</a>. <i>Patriotic War of 1812 About the Liberation Campaigns of the Russian Army of 1813–1814. Sources. Monuments. Problems. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yandex.ru/search/?text=Бородинский%20музей%20«Invincible%20Napoleon»%3A%20память%20об%20участнике%20Бородинского%20сражения%20императоре%20Наполеоне%20I%20в%20названиях%20кораблей.%20К%20200-летию%20со%20дня%20смерти%20французского%20императора&lr=21646&clid=9582">"Invincible Napoleon – the memory of the participant in the battle of Borodino, Emperor Napoleon I in the names of the ships. On the 200th anniversary of the death of theemperor of the french"</a>. <i>Patriotic War of 1812 About the Liberation Campaigns of the Russian Army of 1813–1814. Sources. Monuments. Problems. Materials of the XXIII International Scientific Conference, 3–5 September</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patriotic+War+of+1812+About+the+Liberation+Campaigns+of+the+Russian+Army+of+1813%E2%80%931814.+Sources.+Monuments.+Problems.+Materials+of+the+XXIII+International+Scientific+Conference%2C+3%E2%80%935+September&rft.atitle=Invincible+Napoleon+%E2%80%93+the+memory+of+the+participant+in+the+battle+of+Borodino%2C+Emperor+Napoleon+I+in+the+names+of+the+ships.+On+the+200th+anniversary+of+the+death+of+theemperor+of+the+french&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Rychkov&rft.aufirst=S.+Yu.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyandex.ru%2Fsearch%2F%3Ftext%3D%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2520%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%2520%C2%ABInvincible%2520Napoleon%C2%BB%253A%2520%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C%2520%D0%BE%D0%B1%2520%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%2520%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%2520%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%2520%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%2520%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%2520I%2520%D0%B2%2520%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85%2520%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.%2520%D0%9A%2520200-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E%2520%D1%81%D0%BE%2520%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2520%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%2520%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%2520%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%26lr%3D21646%26clid%3D9582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_D._Schmadel" title="Lutz D. 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V., <i>Численность и потери русской армии в Бородинском сражении</i> (in Russian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.aulast=Shvedov&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Smith, Digby</a> (1998). <i>The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-276-7"><bdi>978-1-85367-276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenhill+Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-276-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Digby (2003). <i>Charge! Great Cavalry Charges of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-541-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-541-6"><bdi>978-1-85367-541-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charge%21+Great+Cavalry+Charges+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-541-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolov2005" class="citation book cs1">Sokolov, Oleg (2005). <i>L'armée de Napoléon</i>. Éditions Commios. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9518364-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9518364-1-9"><bdi>978-2-9518364-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27arm%C3%A9e+de+Napol%C3%A9on&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Commios&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-9518364-1-9&rft.aulast=Sokolov&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoker2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stoker_(historian)" title="Donald Stoker (historian)">Stoker, Donald</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/clausewitz-at-war.htm">"Clausewitz at War"</a>. <i>Military History Quarterly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Clausewitz+at+War&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fclausewitz-at-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy, Leo</a> (1949). <i>War and Peace</i>. Garden City: International Collectors Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace&rft.place=Garden+City&rft.pub=International+Collectors+Library&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroitsky2003" class="citation book cs1">Troitsky, Nikolai (2003). <i>Фельдмаршал Кутузов: Мифы и Факты (Field Marshal Kutuzov: Myths and Facts)</i>. Moscow: Центрполиграф.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B+%28Field+Marshal+Kutuzov%3A+Myths+and+Facts%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Troitsky&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroitsky2024" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Troitsky, N. A. (7 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/c/borodinskoe-srazhenie-1812-f96ce2/?v=9686354">"Бородинское сражение 1812"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia#Electronic_version" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+1812&rft.btitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Troitsky&rft.aufirst=N.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fc%2Fborodinskoe-srazhenie-1812-f96ce2%2F%3Fv%3D9686354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_DoD2021" class="citation web cs1">US DoD (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militaryfactory.com/dictionary/military-terms-defined.asp?term_id=1581">"delaying operation (US DoD Definition)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=delaying+operation+%28US+DoD+Definition%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=US+DoD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryfactory.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmilitary-terms-defined.asp%3Fterm_id%3D1581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasilyev1992" class="citation journal cs1">Vasilyev, Alexey (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/B-001-028-254-1992-06-07-PDF/page/n35">"Лукавая цифирь авантюриста. Потери подлинные и придуманные"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rodina_(magazine)" title="Rodina (magazine)">Rodina</a></i> (5/6): 68–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rodina&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=68-71&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Vasilyev&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FB-001-028-254-1992-06-07-PDF%2Fpage%2Fn35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1986" class="citation journal cs1">White, Peter T. (June 1986). "The World of Tolstoy". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. <b>169</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+World+of+Tolstoy&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1986-06&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamoyski2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Zamoyski, Adam</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moscow1812napole00zamo"><i>Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March</i></a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061075582" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061075582"><bdi>978-0061075582</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow+1812%3A+Napoleon%27s+Fatal+March&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0061075582&rft.aulast=Zamoyski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoscow1812napole00zamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZemtsov2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zemtsov, Vladimir (2001). <i>Битва при Москве-реке: Армия Наполеона в Бородинском сражении</i> (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Рейттаръ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785806700484" title="Special:BookSources/9785806700484"><bdi>9785806700484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%3A+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8A&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9785806700484&rft.aulast=Zemtsov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЕгоршина2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Егоршина, Петрова (2023). <bdi lang="ru">История русской армии</bdi> [<i>The history of the Russian Army</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-699-42397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-699-42397-2"><bdi>978-5-699-42397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Edition+of+the+Russian+Imperial+Library&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-699-42397-2&rft.aulast=%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Borodino" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Borodino&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Borodino" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Borodino">Borodino</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtj.com/archives/lejeune1.htm">First-hand account of the battle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois,_Baron_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-François, Baron Lejeune">Louis-François, Baron Lejeune</a> a French aide-de-camp</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Borodino_battle.htm">Borodino: maps, diagrams, illustrations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406022904/http://diaryrh.ru/historical-photos/borodino/">The celebration of the centennial anniversary of Victory in the Patriotic war of 1812. Emperor Nicholas II on Borodinsky celebrations 1912.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allworldwars.com/The%20Batlle%20of%20Borodino%20September%207%201812.html">The Battle of Borodino, situation at 12.30 p.m. Visual tour of Borodino Panorama by Franz A. Roubaud</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igoralekseev.com/blog/photo/bitva-pri-borodino-bataille-de-borodino-ou-de-la-moskowa/"><i>The battle of Borodino reconstruction. 195 Anniversary Photos</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123020726/http://www.igoralekseev.com/blog/photo/bitva-pri-borodino-bataille-de-borodino-ou-de-la-moskowa/">Archived</a> 2016-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/812ICA.pdf">French Army, Battle of Borodino, 5–7 September 1812 (George Nafziger collection)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/812ICB.pdf">Russian Army, Battle of Borodino, 5–7 September 1812 (George Nafziger collection)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126130722/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/812ICB.pdf">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Borodino" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Battle of Mesoten</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Napoleonic Wars</b><br />Battle of Borodino </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">French occupation of Moscow</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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