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<span>Prince of Orange</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prince_of_Orange-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prince of Orange subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prince_of_Orange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Youth_and_early_military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_and_early_military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Youth and early military career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_and_early_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>King of the Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_of_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King of the Netherlands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_of_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principal_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Principal changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Southern_Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_of_the_Southern_Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Revolt of the Southern Provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Southern_Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_changes_and_abdication_in_later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_changes_and_abdication_in_later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Constitutional changes and abdication in later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_changes_and_abdication_in_later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours and Arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_Arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and Arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William I of the Netherlands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_van_Nederland" title="Willem I van Nederland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Willem I van Nederland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فيليم الأول ملك هولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيليم الأول ملك هولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_I" title="Вілем I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вілем I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_I_(%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вилем I (Нидерландия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилем I (Нидерландия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Ia%C3%B1_an_Izelvroio%C3%B9" title="Willem Iañ an Izelvroioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Willem Iañ an Izelvroioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillem_I_dels_Pa%C3%AFsos_Baixos" title="Guillem I dels Països Baixos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillem I dels Països Baixos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_I._Nizozemsk%C3%BD" title="Vilém I. Nizozemský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilém I. Nizozemský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_1._af_Nederlandene" title="Vilhelm 1. af Nederlandene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vilhelm 1. af Nederlandene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I._(Niederlande)" title="Wilhelm I. (Niederlande) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm I. (Niederlande)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89_%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Γουλιέλμος Α΄ των Κάτω Χωρών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιέλμος Α΄ των Κάτω Χωρών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_I_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Guillermo I de los Países Bajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillermo I de los Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmo_la_1-a_(Nederlando)" title="Vilhelmo la 1-a (Nederlando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilhelmo la 1-a (Nederlando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilen_I.a_Herbehereetakoa" title="Gilen I.a Herbehereetakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilen I.a Herbehereetakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="ویلم یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلم یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Ier_(roi_des_Pays-Bas)" title="Guillaume Ier (roi des Pays-Bas) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guillaume Ier (roi des Pays-Bas)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_fan_de_Nederlannen" title="Willem I fan de Nederlannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Willem I fan de Nederlannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillerme_I_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Guillerme I dos Países Baixos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guillerme I dos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%9F%BC_1%EC%84%B8" title="빌럼 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌럼 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_la_1ma_di_Nederlando" title="Willem la 1ma di Nederlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Willem la 1ma di Nederlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_dari_Belanda" title="Willem I dari Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Willem I dari Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_I_dei_Paesi_Bassi" title="Guglielmo I dei Paesi Bassi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmo I dei Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="וילם הראשון, מלך הולנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילם הראשון, מלך הולנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B_I_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98)" title="ვილემ I (ნიდერლანდები) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილემ I (ნიდერლანდები)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="I Виллем – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Виллем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_I_(rex_Nederlandiae)" title="Gulielmus I (rex Nederlandiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus I (rex Nederlandiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villems_I" title="Villems I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Villems I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABllem_I._vun_Holland_(1772)" title="Wëllem I. vun Holland (1772) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wëllem I. vun Holland (1772)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Vilmos_holland_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Vilmos holland király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Vilmos holland király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="विलेम पहिला, नेदरलँड्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विलेम पहिला, नेदरलँड्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="فيلم الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_dari_Belanda" title="Willem I dari Belanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Willem I dari Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_der_Nederlanden" title="Willem I der Nederlanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Willem I der Nederlanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A01%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E7%8E%8B)" title="ウィレム1世 (オランダ王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィレム1世 (オランダ王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_I_av_Nederland" title="Vilhelm I av Nederland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vilhelm I av Nederland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_I_av_Nederland" title="Vilhelm I av Nederland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vilhelm I av Nederland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_(kr%C3%B3l_Niderland%C3%B3w)" title="Wilhelm I (król Niderlandów) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm I (król Niderlandów)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_I_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Guilherme I dos Países Baixos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilherme I dos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_al_%C8%9A%C4%83rilor_de_Jos" title="Willem I al Țărilor de Jos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Willem I al Țărilor de Jos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_I" title="Виллем I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виллем I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_o_the_Netherlands" title="William I o the Netherlands – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="William I o the Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William I of the Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viliam_I._(Holandsko)" title="Viliam I. (Holandsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viliam I. (Holandsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_I_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Вилем I од Холандије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилем I од Холандије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_od_Nizozemske" title="Willem I od Nizozemske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Willem I od Nizozemske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_I_(Alankomaat)" title="Vilhelm I (Alankomaat) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vilhelm I (Alankomaat)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_I_av_Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Vilhelm I av Nederländerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vilhelm I av Nederländerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நெதர்லாந்தின் முதலாம் வில்லியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெதர்லாந்தின் முதலாம் வில்லியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้าวิลเลิมที่ 1 แห่งเนเธอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าวิลเลิมที่ 1 แห่งเนเธอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Willem" title="I. Willem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Willem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_I" title="Віллем I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віллем I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Willem I của Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Willem I của Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiy%C3%A5me_1%C3%AE_d%27_Orandje" title="Wiyåme 1î d' Orandje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Wiyåme 1î d' Orandje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_van_de_Nederlandn" title="Willem I van de Nederlandn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Willem I van de Nederlandn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD)" title="威廉一世 (荷蘭) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉一世 (荷蘭)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0)" title="威廉一世 (尼德兰) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉一世 (尼德兰)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2079957#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22William+I+of+the+Netherlands%22">"William I of the Netherlands"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22William+I+of+the+Netherlands%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22William+I+of+the+Netherlands%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22William+I+of+the+Netherlands%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22William+I+of+the+Netherlands%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22William+I+of+the+Netherlands%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">William I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_I_of_the_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_I_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/220px-William_I_of_the_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_I_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/330px-William_I_of_the_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_I_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/440px-William_I_of_the_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="7613" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">William in ceremonial robes, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paelinck" title="Joseph Paelinck">Joseph Paelinck</a>, 1819</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Netherlands">King of the Netherlands</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">16 March 1815 – 7 October 1840</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_the_Dutch_monarch" title="Inauguration of the Dutch monarch">Inauguration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1815</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Louis_Bonaparte" title="Napoléon Louis Bonaparte">Louis II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">King of Holland</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Prince_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands">Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1813 – 16 March 1815</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself as King</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Orange-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Orange-Nassau">Prince of Orange</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9 April – 12 July 1806,<br />19 October 1813 – <span class="nowrap">31 May 1815</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nassau-Orange-Fulda" title="Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda">Prince of Nassau-Orange-Fulda</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1803 – <span class="nowrap">27 October 1806</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)">Duke of Limburg</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">5 September 1839 – <span class="nowrap">7 October 1840</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">King of Dutch East Indies</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1816–1840</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1772-08-24</span>)</span>24 August 1772<br /><a href="/wiki/Huis_ten_Bosch" title="Huis ten Bosch">Huis ten Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1843<span style="display:none">(1843-12-12)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)">Nieuwe Kerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_of_Prussia,_Queen_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina of Prussia</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1791; died 1837)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_d%27Oultremont" title="Henrietta d'Oultremont">Henrietta d'Oultremont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic</a>)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1841)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Frederick of the Netherlands">Prince Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Pauline_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau">Princess Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marianne_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Marianne of the Netherlands">Marianne, Princess Albert of Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_William_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William I's signature"><img alt="William I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Signature_of_William_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg/125px-Signature_of_William_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Signature_of_William_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg/188px-Signature_of_William_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Signature_of_William_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg/250px-Signature_of_William_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> (incomplete) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Veurne_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Veurne (1793) (page does not exist)">Battle of Veurne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincelles" title="Battle of Lincelles">Battle of Lincelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menin_(1793)" title="Battle of Menin (1793)">Battle of Menin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge_(1793)" title="Siege of Maubeuge (1793)">Siege of Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Landrecies_(1794)" title="Siege of Landrecies (1794)">Siege of Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gosselies" title="Battle of Gosselies">Battle of Gosselies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lambusart" title="Battle of Lambusart">Battle of Lambusart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Battle of Jena–Auerstedt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William I</b> (Willem Frederik; 24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Netherlands">King of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a> from 1815 until his abdication in 1840. </p><p>Born as the son of <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a>, the last stadtholder of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Wilhelmina of Prussia</a>, William experienced significant political upheavals early in life. He fought against the French invasion during the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders campaign</a>, and after the Batavian Revolution in 1795, his family went into exile. He briefly ruled the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda before Napoleon's conquests forced him out of power. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1813, William returned to the Netherlands, where he was invited to assume the role of Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands. </p><p>In 1815, William proclaimed himself king of the Netherlands and concurrently became the grand duke of Luxembourg. His reign saw the adoption of a new constitution, which granted him extensive powers, and he was a strong proponent of economic development, founding several universities and promoting trade. However, his efforts to impose the Reformed faith and the Dutch language in the southern provinces, combined with economic grievances, sparked the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> in 1830. Unable to suppress the rebellion, William ultimately accepted Belgian independence in 1839 under the Treaty of London. </p><p>William's later years were marked by dissatisfaction with constitutional changes and personal reasons, leading to his abdication in 1840 in favor of his son, King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a>. He spent his final years in Berlin, where he died in 1843. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William was the son of <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Wilhelmina of Prussia</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders campaign</a>, he commanded the Dutch troops and fought against the French invasion. The family went into exile in London in 1795 following the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a>. As compensation for the loss of his father's possessions in the Low Countries, William was appointed ruler of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nassau-Orange-Fulda" title="Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda">Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda</a> in 1803. When <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> invaded Germany in 1806, William fought on the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> side and was deposed upon French victory. With the death of his father in 1806, he became <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a> and ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Orange-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Orange-Nassau">Principality of Orange-Nassau</a>, which he also lost the same year after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</a> and subsequent creation of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. He spent the following years in exile in Prussia. In 1813, following Napoleon's defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, the Orange-Nassau territories were restored to William; he also accepted the offer to become <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands</a>. </p><p>William proclaimed himself king of the Netherlands in 1815. In the same year, he concluded a treaty with King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a> in which he ceded the Orange-Nassau to Prussia in exchange for becoming the new grand duke of Luxembourg. As king, he adopted a new constitution, presided over strong economic and industrial progress, promoted trade and founded the universities of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">Liège</a>. The imposition of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Reformed faith</a> and the Dutch language, as well as feelings of economic inequity, caused widespread resentment in the southern provinces and led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> in 1830. William failed to crush the rebellion and in 1839 he accepted the independence of Belgium in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a>. </p><p>William's disapproval of changes to the constitution, the loss of Belgium and his intention to marry <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_d%27Oultremont" title="Henrietta d'Oultremont">Henrietta d'Oultremont</a>, a Roman Catholic, led to his decision to abdicate in 1840. His eldest son acceded to the throne as King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a>. William died in 1843 in Berlin at the age of 71. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prince_of_Orange">Prince of Orange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prince of Orange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_Frederik_(1772-1843),_prins_van_Oranje-Nassau_(later_koning_Willem_I),_als_kind_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1476.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje-Nassau_%28later_koning_Willem_I%29%2C_als_kind_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1476.jpeg/170px-Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje-Nassau_%28later_koning_Willem_I%29%2C_als_kind_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1476.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje-Nassau_%28later_koning_Willem_I%29%2C_als_kind_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1476.jpeg/255px-Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje-Nassau_%28later_koning_Willem_I%29%2C_als_kind_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1476.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje-Nassau_%28later_koning_Willem_I%29%2C_als_kind_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1476.jpeg/340px-Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje-Nassau_%28later_koning_Willem_I%29%2C_als_kind_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1476.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of William (1775)</figcaption></figure> <p>King William I's parents were the last <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Wilhelmina of Prussia</a>. Until 1806, William was formally known as William VI, Prince of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between 1806 and 1813 also as Prince of Orange. In <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> on 1 October 1791, William married his maternal first cousin <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_of_Prussia,_Queen_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands">(Frederica Louisa) Wilhelmina of Prussia</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>. She was the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II of Prussia</a>. After Wilhelmina died in 1837, William married Countess <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_d%27Oultremont" title="Henrietta d'Oultremont">Henrietta d'Oultremont</a> (28 February 1792, in <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> – 26 October 1864, in <a href="/wiki/File:Schloss-Rahe-Terrasse.png" title="File:Schloss-Rahe-Terrasse.png">Schloss Rahe</a>), created countess of Nassau, on 17 February 1841, also in Berlin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_and_early_military_career">Youth and early military career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Youth and early military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JongeWillemImetbroerFrederik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/JongeWillemImetbroerFrederik.jpg/170px-JongeWillemImetbroerFrederik.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/JongeWillemImetbroerFrederik.jpg/255px-JongeWillemImetbroerFrederik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/JongeWillemImetbroerFrederik.jpg/340px-JongeWillemImetbroerFrederik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Young William and his brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau">Frederick</a> in 1790</figcaption></figure> <p>As eldest son of the <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a>, William was informally referred to as <i>Erfprins</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hereditary Prince) by contemporaries from his birth until the death of his father in 1806 to distinguish him from William V. </p><p>Like his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau">Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau</a> he was tutored by the Swiss mathematician <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> and the Dutch historian <a href="/wiki/Herman_Tollius" title="Herman Tollius">Herman Tollius</a>. They were both tutored in the military arts by General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Stamford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Stamford (page does not exist)">Frederick Stamford</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Patriottentijd" title="Patriottentijd">Patriot revolt</a> had been suppressed in 1787, he in 1788–89 attended the military academy in <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> which was considered an excellent military school, together with his brother. In 1790 he visited a number of foreign courts like the one in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> capital Berlin, where he first met his future wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> </p><p>William subsequently studied briefly at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a>. In 1790 he was appointed a general of infantry in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a> of which his father was <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a>, and he was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State of the Netherlands">Council of State of the Netherlands</a>. In November 1791 he took his new bride to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a> had declared war on the Dutch Republic in February 1793, William was appointed commander-in-chief of the <i>veldleger</i> (mobile army) of the States Army (his father remained the nominal head of the armed forces).<sup id="cite_ref-Bas_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> As such he commanded the troops that took part in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders Campaign</a> of 1793–95. He took part in the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Veurne" title="Veurne">Veurne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menin_(1793)" title="Battle of Menin (1793)">Menin</a> (where his brother was wounded) in 1793, and commanded during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Landrecies_(1794)" title="Siege of Landrecies (1794)">Siege of Landrecies (1794)</a>, whose fortress surrendered to him. In May 1794 he had replaced general <a href="/wiki/Franz_Wenzel,_Graf_von_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Franz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg">Kaunitz</a> as commander of the combined Austro-Dutch forces on the instigation of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> who apparently had a high opinion of him.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270">: 270 </span></sup> William was victorious at the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gosselies" title="Battle of Gosselies">Gosselies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lambusart" title="Battle of Lambusart">Lambusart</a> and proved to be an able commander, but the French armies ultimately proved too strong, and the general allied leadership too inept. Despite a well-executed attack by William on the French left, the allied army under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg</a> was finally defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a>. The French first entered Dutch <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">Brabant</a> which they dominated after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boxtel" title="Battle of Boxtel">Battle of Boxtel</a>. When in the winter of 1794–95 the rivers in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine delta</a> froze over, the French breached the southern <a href="/wiki/Hollandic_Water_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic Water Line">Hollandic Water Line</a> and the situation became militarily untenable. In many places Dutch revolutionaries took over the local government. After the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution_in_Amsterdam" title="Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam">Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam</a> on 18 January 1795 the stadtholder decided to flee to Britain, and his sons accompanied him. (On this last day in Holland his father relieved William honorably of his commands). The next day the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> was proclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 341–365, 374–404, 412">: 341–365, 374–404, 412 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the departure to Britain the hereditary prince went back to the continent, where his brother was assembling former members of the States Army in <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> for a planned invasion into the Batavian Republic in the summer of 1795. However, the neutral Prussian government forbade this.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231–235">: 231–235 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1799, William landed in the current <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> as part of an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland">Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland</a>. The hereditary prince was instrumental in fomenting a mutiny on the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Navy" title="Batavian Navy">Batavian naval</a> squadron in the <a href="/wiki/Vlieter_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlieter Incident">Vlieter</a>, resulting in the surrender of the ships without a fight to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, which accepted the surrender in the name of the stadtholder. Not all the local Dutch population, however, was pleased with the arrival of the prince. One local <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangist</a> was even executed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hoped-for popular uprising failed to materialise. After several minor battles the hereditary prince was forced to leave the country again after the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alkmaar" title="Convention of Alkmaar">Convention of Alkmaar</a>. The mutineers of the Batavian fleet, with their ships, and a large number of deserters from the Batavian army accompanied the retreating British troops to Britain. There William formed the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Dutch_Brigade" title="King's Dutch Brigade">King's Dutch Brigade</a> with these troops, a military unit in British service, that swore oaths of allegiance to the British king, but also to the States General, defunct since 1795, "whenever those would be reconstituted."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brigade trained on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> in 1800 and was eventually used by the British in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241–265">: 241–265 </span></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">peace</a> was concluded between <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> and the French Republic under <a href="/wiki/First_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul">First Consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> the Orange exiles were at their nadir. The Dutch Brigade was dissolved on 12 July 1802. Many members of the brigade went home to the Batavian Republic, thanks to an amnesty. The surrendered ships of the Batavian Navy were not returned, due to an agreement between the stadtholder and the British government of 11 March 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 329–330">: 329–330 </span></sup> Instead the stadtholder was allowed to sell them to the Royal Navy for an appreciable sum.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stadtholder, feeling betrayed by the British, left for Germany. The hereditary prince, having a more flexible mind, went to visit Napoleon at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">St. Cloud</a> in 1802. He apparently charmed the First Consul, and was charmed by him. Napoleon raised hopes for William that he might have an important role in a reformed Batavian Republic. Meanwhile, William's brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a>, neutral at the time, promoted a Franco-Prussian convention of 23 May 1802, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>, that gave the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orange">House of Orange</a> a few <a href="/wiki/Abbatial" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbatial">abbatial</a> domains in Germany, that were combined to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nassau-Orange-Fulda" title="Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda">Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda</a> by way of indemnification for its losses in the Batavian Republic. The stadtholder gave this principality immediately to his son.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 452">: 452 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_Frederik_(1772-1843),_erfprins_van_Oranje-Nassau._Later_koning_Willem_I._Genaamd_%27Het_mantelportret%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4113.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_erfprins_van_Oranje-Nassau._Later_koning_Willem_I._Genaamd_%27Het_mantelportret%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4113.jpeg/170px-Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_erfprins_van_Oranje-Nassau._Later_koning_Willem_I._Genaamd_%27Het_mantelportret%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4113.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_erfprins_van_Oranje-Nassau._Later_koning_Willem_I._Genaamd_%27Het_mantelportret%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4113.jpeg/255px-Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_erfprins_van_Oranje-Nassau._Later_koning_Willem_I._Genaamd_%27Het_mantelportret%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4113.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_erfprins_van_Oranje-Nassau._Later_koning_Willem_I._Genaamd_%27Het_mantelportret%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4113.jpeg/340px-Willem_Frederik_%281772-1843%29%2C_erfprins_van_Oranje-Nassau._Later_koning_Willem_I._Genaamd_%27Het_mantelportret%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4113.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>William Frederick, Prince of Orange in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1805–1810</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">war</a> broke out between the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> and Prussia in 1806, William supported his Prussian relatives, though he was nominally a French vassal. He received command of a Prussian division which took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Battle of Jena–Auerstedt</a>. The Prussians lost that battle and William was forced to surrender his troops rather ignominiously at <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a> the day after the battle. He was made a prisoner of war, but was <a href="/wiki/Parole#Prisoners_of_war" title="Parole">paroled</a> soon. Napoleon punished him for his betrayal, however, by taking away his principality. As a parolee, William was not allowed to take part in the hostilities anymore. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Peace of Tilsit</a> William received a pension from France in compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 454–469, 471, 501">: 454–469, 471, 501 </span></sup> </p><p>In the same year, 1806, his father, the Prince of Orange died, and William not only inherited the title, but also his father's claims on the inheritance embodied in the Nassau lands. This would become important a few years later, when developments in Germany coincided to make William the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst</a> (Prince) of a diverse assembly of Nassau lands that had belonged to other branches of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a>. </p><p>But before this came about, in 1809 tensions between <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> and France became intense, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a>. William did not hesitate to join the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Austrian_Army_(1806-1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Austrian Army (1806-1867)">Austrian army</a> as a <i>Feldmarschalleutnant</i> (major-general) in May 1809<sup id="cite_ref-Bas2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 516">: 516 </span></sup> As a member of the staff of the Austrian supreme commander, Archduke <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Charles</a> he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a>, where he was wounded in the leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 520–523">: 520–523 </span></sup> </p><p>Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> played a central role in the restoration of the Netherlands. Prince William VI (as he was now known), who had been living in exile in Prussia, met with Alexander I in March 1813. Alexander promised to support William and help restore an independent Netherlands with William as king. Russian troops in the Netherlands participated with their Prussian allies in restoring the dynasty. Dynastic considerations of marriage between the royal houses of Great Britain and the Netherlands, assured British approval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return">Return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalender_bij_eeuwfeest_aankomst_van_de_prins_van_Oranje_te_Scheveningen,_1813-1913_1813_-_1913._Aankomst_van_den_prins_van_Oranje_te_Scheveningen_op_20_Novr._1813_(titel_op_object),_RP-R-1913-83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kalender_bij_eeuwfeest_aankomst_van_de_prins_van_Oranje_te_Scheveningen%2C_1813-1913_1813_-_1913._Aankomst_van_den_prins_van_Oranje_te_Scheveningen_op_20_Novr._1813_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-R-1913-83.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kalender_bij_eeuwfeest_aankomst_van_de_prins_van_Oranje_te_Scheveningen%2C_1813-1913_1813_-_1913._Aankomst_van_den_prins_van_Oranje_te_Scheveningen_op_20_Novr._1813_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-R-1913-83.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kalender_bij_eeuwfeest_aankomst_van_de_prins_van_Oranje_te_Scheveningen%2C_1813-1913_1813_-_1913._Aankomst_van_den_prins_van_Oranje_te_Scheveningen_op_20_Novr._1813_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-R-1913-83.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption>Landing of William in <a href="/wiki/Scheveningen" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a> on 30 November 1813</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inhuldiging_van_den_Souvereinen_Vorst_Willem_I._in_de_Nieuwe_Kerk_van_Amsterdam,_(R._Vinkeles)_Afb_010097007655.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Inhuldiging_van_den_Souvereinen_Vorst_Willem_I._in_de_Nieuwe_Kerk_van_Amsterdam%2C_%28R._Vinkeles%29_Afb_010097007655.jpg/220px-Inhuldiging_van_den_Souvereinen_Vorst_Willem_I._in_de_Nieuwe_Kerk_van_Amsterdam%2C_%28R._Vinkeles%29_Afb_010097007655.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Inhuldiging_van_den_Souvereinen_Vorst_Willem_I._in_de_Nieuwe_Kerk_van_Amsterdam%2C_%28R._Vinkeles%29_Afb_010097007655.jpg/330px-Inhuldiging_van_den_Souvereinen_Vorst_Willem_I._in_de_Nieuwe_Kerk_van_Amsterdam%2C_%28R._Vinkeles%29_Afb_010097007655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Inhuldiging_van_den_Souvereinen_Vorst_Willem_I._in_de_Nieuwe_Kerk_van_Amsterdam%2C_%28R._Vinkeles%29_Afb_010097007655.jpg/440px-Inhuldiging_van_den_Souvereinen_Vorst_Willem_I._in_de_Nieuwe_Kerk_van_Amsterdam%2C_%28R._Vinkeles%29_Afb_010097007655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2726" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>Inauguration of William as sovereign Prince of the Netherlands in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> on 30 March 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>After Napoleon's defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a> (October 1813), the French troops retreated to France from all over Europe. The Netherlands had been annexed to the French Empire by Napoleon in 1810. But now city after city was evacuated by the French occupation troops. In the ensuing power vacuum a number of former Orangist politicians and former Patriots formed a provisional government in November 1813. Although a large number of the members of the provisional government had helped drive out William V 18 years earlier, it was taken for granted that his son would have to head any new government. They also agreed it would be better in the long term for the Dutch to restore him themselves, rather than have the Great Powers impose him on the country. The Dutch population were pleased with the departure of the French, who had ruined the Dutch economy, and this time welcomed the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 634–642">: 634–642 </span></sup> </p><p>After having been invited by the <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Triumvirate of 1813</a>, on 30 November 1813 William disembarked from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1781)" title="HMS Warrior (1781)">HMS <i>Warrior</i></a> and landed at <a href="/wiki/Scheveningen" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a> beach, only a few yards from the place where he had left the country with his father 18 years before, and on 6 December the provisional government offered him the title of <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>. William refused, instead proclaiming himself "<a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands</a>". He also wanted the rights of the people to be guaranteed by "a wise constitution".<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 643">: 643 </span></sup> </p><p>The constitution offered William extensive, nearly absolute powers: ministers were only responsible to him, while a unicameral parliament (the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>) exercised only limited power. He was inaugurated as sovereign prince in the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)">New Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> on 30 March 1814. In August 1814, he was appointed Governor-General of the former <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a> (more or less modern-day Belgium) by the Allied Powers who occupied that country, ruling them on behalf of Prussia. He was also made <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a>, having received that territory in return for trading his hereditary German lands to Prussia and the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Prince_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg">Duke of Nassau</a>. The Great Powers had already agreed via the secret <a href="/wiki/Eight_Articles_of_London" title="Eight Articles of London">Eight Articles of London</a> to unite the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> into a single kingdom, it was believed that this would help keep France in check. With the de facto addition of the Austrian Netherlands and Luxembourg to his realm, William had fulfilled his family's three-century dream of uniting the Low Countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_the_Netherlands">King of the Netherlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: King of the Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_1770-Koning_Willem_I_ten_voeten_uit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SA_1770-Koning_Willem_I_ten_voeten_uit.jpg/170px-SA_1770-Koning_Willem_I_ten_voeten_uit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SA_1770-Koning_Willem_I_ten_voeten_uit.jpg/255px-SA_1770-Koning_Willem_I_ten_voeten_uit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SA_1770-Koning_Willem_I_ten_voeten_uit.jpg/340px-SA_1770-Koning_Willem_I_ten_voeten_uit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of William I (1816)</figcaption></figure> <p>Feeling threatened by Napoleon, who had escaped from <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, William proclaimed the Netherlands a kingdom on 16 March 1815 at the urging of the powers gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. His son, the future king <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a>, fought as a commander at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>. After Napoleon had been sent into exile, William adopted a new constitution which included many features of the old constitution, such as extensive royal powers. He was formally confirmed as hereditary ruler of what was known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> at the Congress of Vienna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_changes">Principal changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Principal changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> was divided into two chambers. The <i>Eerste Kamer</i> (First Chamber or Senate or House of Lords) was appointed by the king. The <i>Tweede Kamer</i> (Second Chamber or House of Representatives or House of Commons) was elected by the Provincial States, which were in turn chosen by <a href="/wiki/Census_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Census suffrage">census suffrage</a>. The 110 seats were divided equally between the north and the south, although the population of the north (2 million) was significantly less than that of the south (3.5 million). The States General's primary function was to approve the king's laws and decrees. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">constitution</a> contained many present-day Dutch political institutions; however, their functions and composition have changed greatly over the years. </p><p>The constitution was accepted in the north, but not in the south. The under-representation of the south was one of the causes of the Belgian Revolution. Referendum turnout was low, in the southern provinces, but William interpreted all abstentions to be <i>yes</i> votes. He prepared a lavish inauguration for himself in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, where he gave the people copper coins (leading to his first nickname, <i>the Copper King</i>). </p><p>The spearhead of King William's policies was economic progress. As he founded many trade institutions, his second nickname was <i>the King-Merchant</i>. In 1822, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Belgique" title="Société Générale de Belgique">Algemeene Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter Begunstiging van de Volksvlijt</a>, which would become one of the most important institutions of Belgium after its independence. Industry flourished, especially in the South. In 1817, he also founded three universities in the southern provinces, such as a new <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">University of Leuven</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent">University of Ghent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a>. The northern provinces, meanwhile, were the centre of trade. This, in combination with the colonies (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Dutch Gold Coast</a>) created great wealth for the kingdom. However, the money flowed into the hands of Dutch directors. Only a few Belgians managed to profit from the economic growth. Feelings of economic inequity were another cause of the Belgian uprising. </p><p>William was also determined to create a unified people, even though the north and the south had drifted far apart culturally and economically since the south was reconquered by Spain after the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a> of 1581. The north was commercial, Protestant and entirely Dutch-speaking; the south was industrial, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and divided between Dutch and French-speakers. </p><p>Officially, a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> existed in the kingdom. However, William himself was a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Reformed Church</a>. This led to resentment among the people in the mostly Catholic south. William had also devised controversial language and school policies. Dutch was imposed as the official language in (the Dutch-speaking region of) <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>; this angered French-speaking aristocrats and industrial workers. Schools throughout the kingdom were required to instruct students in the Reformed faith and the Dutch language. Many in the south feared that the king sought to extinguish Catholicism and the French language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_of_the_Southern_Provinces">Revolt of the Southern Provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revolt of the Southern Provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_7521-Portret_van_Willem_I_(1772-1843)._Koning_der_Nederlanden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SA_7521-Portret_van_Willem_I_%281772-1843%29._Koning_der_Nederlanden.jpg/170px-SA_7521-Portret_van_Willem_I_%281772-1843%29._Koning_der_Nederlanden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SA_7521-Portret_van_Willem_I_%281772-1843%29._Koning_der_Nederlanden.jpg/255px-SA_7521-Portret_van_Willem_I_%281772-1843%29._Koning_der_Nederlanden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SA_7521-Portret_van_Willem_I_%281772-1843%29._Koning_der_Nederlanden.jpg/340px-SA_7521-Portret_van_Willem_I_%281772-1843%29._Koning_der_Nederlanden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of William I (1833)</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1830 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Daniel Auber</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/La_muette_de_Portici" title="La muette de Portici">La muette de Portici</a></i>, about the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">repression of Neapolitans</a>, was staged in Brussels. Performances of this opera seemed to crystallize a sense of nationalism and "Hollandophobia" in Brussels, and spread to the rest of the south. Rioting ensued, chiefly aimed at the kingdom's unpopular justice minister, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Felix_van_Maanen" title="Cornelis Felix van Maanen">Cornelis Felix van Maanen</a>, who lived in Brussels. An infuriated William responded by sending troops to repress the riots. However, the riots had spread to other southern cities. The riots quickly became popular uprisings. An independent state of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> emerged out of the 1830 Revolution. </p><p>The next year, William sent his sons <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William</a>, the Prince of Orange,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Frederick of the Netherlands">Frederick</a> to invade the new state. Although initially victorious in this <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days' Campaign">Ten Days' Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army" title="Royal Netherlands Army">Royal Netherlands Army</a> was forced to retreat after the threat of French <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">intervention</a>. Some support for the <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Orange</a> dynasty (chiefly among the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a>) persisted for years, but the Dutch never regained control over Belgium. William nevertheless continued the war for eight years. His economic successes became overshadowed by a perceived mismanagement of the war effort. High costs of the war came to burden the Dutch economy, fueling public resentment. In 1839, William was forced to end the war. The United Kingdom of the Netherlands was dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London (1839)</a> and the northern part continued as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. It was not renamed, however, as the "United"-prefix had never been part of its official name, but rather was retrospectively added by historians for descriptive purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_changes_and_abdication_in_later_life">Constitutional changes and abdication in later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constitutional changes and abdication in later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_I_Apeldoorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Willem_I_Apeldoorn.jpg/170px-Willem_I_Apeldoorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Willem_I_Apeldoorn.jpg/255px-Willem_I_Apeldoorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Willem_I_Apeldoorn.jpg/340px-Willem_I_Apeldoorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Willem I of the Netherlands by Pieter Puype (1913) in <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Constitutional changes were initiated in 1840 because the terms which involved the United Kingdom of the Netherlands had to be removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These constitutional changes also included the introduction of judicial <a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">ministerial responsibility</a>. Although the policies remained uncontrolled by parliament, the prerogative was controllable now. The very conservative William could not live with these constitutional changes. This, the disappointment about the loss of Belgium, and his intention to marry <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_d%27Oultremont" title="Henrietta d'Oultremont">Henrietta d'Oultremont</a> (paradoxically both "Belgian" and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a>) made him wish to <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicate</a>. He fulfilled this intent on 7 October 1840 and his eldest son acceded to the throne as King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a>. William I died in 1843 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> at the age of 71. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his wife <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_of_Prussia,_Queen_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina</a>, King William I had six children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands"><i>Willem</i> Frederik George Lodewijk</a> (b. The Hague, 6 December 1792 – d. Tilburg, 17 March 1849) later King William II of the Netherlands from 1840. Married Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Anna Pavlovna of Russia">Anna Pavlovna of Russia</a>.</li> <li>Stillborn son (<a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, England, 18 August 1795).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Frederick of the Netherlands">Willem <i>Frederik</i> Karel</a> (b. Berlin, 28 February 1797 – d. Wassenaar, 8 September 1881), married on 21 May 1825 his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Prussia_(1808%E2%80%931870)" title="Princess Louise of Prussia (1808–1870)">Louise</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Pauline_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau">Wilhelmina Frederika Louise <i>Pauline</i> Charlotte</a> (b. Berlin, 1 March 1800 – d. Freienwalde, 22 December 1806).</li> <li>Stillborn son (Berlin, 30 August 1806).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marianne_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Marianne of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina Frederika Louise Charlotte <i>Marianne</i></a> (b. Berlin, 9 May 1810 – d. Schloss Reinhartshausen bei Erbach, 29 May 1883), married on 14 September 1830 with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Prussia_(1809%E2%80%931872)" title="Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872)">Prince Albert of Prussia</a>. They divorced in 1849.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_Arms">Honours and Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honours and Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <ul><li>Founder and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_William" title="Military Order of William">Military Order of William</a>, <i>30 April 1815</i></li> <li>Founder and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a>, <i>29 September 1815</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/21px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/32px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/42px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="525" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a>, <i>14 April 1813</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: 876th <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>5 July 1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li>648th Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, <i>10 August 1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a>, <i>16 August 1814</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand Cross (military), <i>2 January 1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Order of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>8 February 1787</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil,_and_the_Algarves" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves">Portugal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Three_Orders" title="Sash of the Three Orders">Sash of the Three Orders</a>, <i>October 1825</i><sup id="cite_ref-Agraciamentos_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agraciamentos-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></span>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Order of St. Stephen</a>, <i>1837</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Order of the White Falcon</a>, <i>20 November 1839</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" align="center" width="80%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_(1815-1907).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg/199px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg/300px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg/399px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_%281815-1907%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="25%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_King_Willem_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Willem_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg/200px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Willem_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Willem_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg/300px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Willem_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Willem_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg/400px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Willem_I_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Royal coat of arms of King William I </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Royal monogram </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch monarchs family tree">Dutch monarchs family tree</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of William I of the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/John_William_Friso,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Friso, Prince of Orange">John William Friso, Prince of Orange</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV, Prince of Orange</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Landgravine_Marie_Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel">Princess Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Anne, Princess Royal</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>William I of the Netherlands</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_William_of_Prussia" title="Prince Augustus William of Prussia">Prince Augustus William of Prussia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea_of_Hanover" title="Sophia Dorothea of Hanover">Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Albert_II,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Luise_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Antoinette_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The family name changed from "Nassau-Dietz" to "Orange-Nassau" when <a href="/wiki/John_William_Friso,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Friso, Prince of Orange">John William Friso, Prince of Orange</a> claimed the inheritance of Prince <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of Orange</a> in 1702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <i><a href="/wiki/Erbprinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbprinz">Erbprinz</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>freule</i> (baroness) <a href="/wiki/Judith_van_Dorth" title="Judith van Dorth">Judith Van Dorth tot Holthuizen</a>; see Schama, p. 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The States General were the sovereign power in the defunct Dutch Republic; the troops of the States Army had also sworn loyalty to the States General and not the stadtholder.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This had become a courtesy title for the Dutch crown prince under the new kingdom.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFoissy,_M.1830" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Foissy, M. (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lafamillebonapa00foisgoog"><i>La famille Bonaparte depuis 1264</i></a> (in French). Paris: Vergne. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lafamillebonapa00foisgoog/page/n109">101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+famille+Bonaparte+depuis+1264&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Vergne&rft.date=1830&rft.au=Foissy%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flafamillebonapa00foisgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bas_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBas1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bas" title="François de Bas">Bas, François de</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=livrAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:KR2VRpMN5HgC"><i>Prins Frederik Der Nederlanden en Zijn Tijd, vol. 1</i></a>. H. A. M. Roelants, 1887<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prins+Frederik+Der+Nederlanden+en+Zijn+Tijd%2C+vol.+1&rft.pub=H.+A.+M.+Roelants%2C+1887&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Bas&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlivrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3AKR2VRpMN5HgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schama-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schama_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schama_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schama_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schama_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1992). <i>Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813</i>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72949-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72949-6"><bdi>0-679-72949-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriots+and+Liberators.+Revolution+in+the+Netherlands+1780%E2%80%931813&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-679-72949-6&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bas2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bas2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas2_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBas1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bas" title="François de Bas">Bas, François de</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SzrAAAAMAAJ&q=Prins+Frederik+der+Nederlanden+en+zijn+tijd%2C+Volume+2"><i>Prins Frederik der Nederlanden en zijn tijd, Volume 2</i></a>. H. A. M. Roelants, 1891<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prins+Frederik+der+Nederlanden+en+zijn+tijd%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=H.+A.+M.+Roelants%2C+1891&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Bas&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SzrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DPrins%2BFrederik%2Bder%2BNederlanden%2Ben%2Bzijn%2Btijd%252C%2BVolume%2B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2002" class="citation book cs1">James, W. M. (2002). <i>The Naval History of Great Britain: During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Vol. 2 1797–1799</i> (reprint ed.). Stackpole books. pp. 309–310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+History+of+Great+Britain%3A+During+the+French+Revolutionary+and+Napoleonic+Wars.+Vol.+2+1797%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=309-310&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Stackpole+books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPer_Nordenvall1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Per Nordenvall (1998). <i>Kungliga Serafimerorden: 1748–1998</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Kungl. Maj:ts Orden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-630-6744-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-630-6744-7"><bdi>91-630-6744-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kungliga+Serafimerorden%3A+1748%E2%80%931998&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Kungl.+Maj%3Ats+Orden&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=91-630-6744-7&rft.au=Per+Nordenvall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0002229471&search=&lang=en">"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro"</a>, <i>Guía Oficial de España</i> (in Spanish), 1842, p. 73<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caballeros+de+la+insigne+orden+del+tois%C3%B3n+de+oro&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+Oficial+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1842&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0002229471%26search%3D%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n141/mode/2up">p. 52</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n269/mode/2up">p. 178</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n273/mode/2up">p. 182</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler</i> (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm II. ernannte Ritter" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=22">p. 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agraciamentos-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agraciamentos_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragança2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10576008">"Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota"</a> [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. <i>Pro Phalaris</i> (in Portuguese). <b>9–10</b>: 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Phalaris&rft.atitle=Agraciamentos+Portugueses+Aos+Pr%C3%ADncipes+da+Casa+Saxe-Coburgo-Gota&rft.volume=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vicente+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10576008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">"A Szent István Rend tagjai"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</i> (1843), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183829/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_12_0017.tif">p. 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA17">17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA88">88</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=17%2C+88&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caraway, David Todd. "Retreat from Liberalism: William I, Freedom of the Press, Political Asylum, and the Foreign Relations of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814–1818" PhD dissertation, U. of Delaware, 2003, 341 pp. Abstract: <i>Dissertation Abstracts International</i> 2003, Vol. 64 Issue 3, p. 1030</li> <li>Kossmann, E. H. <i>The Low Countries 1780–1940</i> (1978) ch 3–4</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/William I., King of the Netherlands"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/William_I.,_King_of_the_Netherlands">"William I., King of the Netherlands" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 669–670.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+I.%2C+King+of+the+Netherlands&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=669-670&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_I_of_the_Netherlands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William I of the Netherlands">William I of the Netherlands</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/encyclopedie/geschiedenis/koningen-en-koninginnen/willem-i-koning-%281772-1843%29/">Willem I, Koning (1772-1843)</a> at the Dutch Royal House website</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>William I of the Netherlands </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 24 August 1772</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 12 December 1843</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Dutch royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a> </b><br />1806–1815 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Nassau">Count of Nassau</a> </b><br />1840–43 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">due to <a href="/wiki/German_mediatization" class="mw-redirect" title="German mediatization">German mediatization</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nassau-Orange-Fulda" title="Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda">Prince of Nassau-Orange-Fulda</a> </b><br />1803–06 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Confiscated </b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">due to creation <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Orange-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Orange-Nassau">Prince of Orange-Nassau</a> </b><br />1806, 1813–15 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Abolished </b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Louis_Bonaparte" title="Napoléon Louis Bonaparte">Louis II</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Holland">King of Holland</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Prince_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands">Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands</a> </b><br />1813–15 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Netherlands">King</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Prince_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands">Sovereign Prince</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Netherlands">King of the Netherlands</a> </b><br />1815–40 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Luxembourg">Duke of Luxembourg</a> </b></i></small> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a> </b><br />1815–40 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Duke of Limburg</a> </b></i></small> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)">Duke of Limburg</a> </b><br />1839–40 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Monarchs of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Monarchs of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of monarchs of the Netherlands">Monarchs of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a><br />(1806–1810)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Louis_Bonaparte" title="Napoléon Louis Bonaparte">Louis II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg/80px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg/160px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a><sup>1</sup><br />(1815–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1. See also the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands</a> (1813-1815) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1839).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1354)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Luxemburg">County of Luxemburg</a> (963–1354)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Elder House of Luxembourg</a> <br />(963–1136)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigfried,_Count_of_the_Ardennes" title="Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes">Siegfried</a> <small>(963–998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry V, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I</a> <small>(998–1026)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II</a> <small>(1026–1047)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselbert_of_Luxembourg" title="Giselbert of Luxembourg">Giselbert</a> <small>(1047–1059)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad I</a> <small>(1059–1086)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry III, Count of Luxembourg">Henry III</a> <small>(1086–1096)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="William, Count of Luxembourg">William I</a> <small>(1096–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad II</a> <small>(1131–1136)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1136–1189)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg">Henry IV</a> <small>(1136–1189)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> <br />(1196–1197)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto</a> <small>(1196–1197)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1197–1247)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermesinde,_Countess_of_Luxembourg" title="Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg">Ermesinde</a> <small>(1197–1247), <i>with</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Bar" title="Theobald I, Count of Bar">Theobald</a> <small>(1197–1214), <i>and then</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waleran_III,_Duke_of_Limburg" title="Waleran III, Duke of Limburg">Waleran</a> <small>(1214–1226)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1247–1354)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> <small>(1247–1281)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a> <small>(1281–1288)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> <small>(1288–1313)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I</a> <small>(1313–1346)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1346–1353)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1353–1354)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Duchy_of_Luxemburg_(1354–1794)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Duchy of Luxemburg</a> (1354–1794)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1354–1443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1354–1383)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a> <small>(1383–1388)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a> <small>(1388–1411)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Elizabeth of Görlitz">Elisabeth</a> <small>(1411–1443) <i>with</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Anthony, Duke of Brabant">Anthony</a> <small>(1411–1415), <i>and then</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">John II</a> <small>(1418–1425)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> <br />(1443–1482)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip I</a> <small>(1443–1467)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles II</a> <small>(1467–1477)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /> (1482–1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip II</a> <small>(1482–1506)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> <small>(1506–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip III</a> <small>(1556–1598)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> <small>(1621–1665)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles IV</a> <small>(1665–1700)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> <br />(1700–1712)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> <small>(1700–1712)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a><br /> (1712–1713)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a> <small>(1712–1713)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> <br />(1713–1780)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <small>(1713–1740)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Mary II</a> <small>(1740–1780)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> <br />(1780–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a> <small>(1780–1790)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> <small>(1790–1792)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> <small>(1792–1794)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg_(since_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (since 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a><br /> (1815–1890)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William I</a> (1815–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a> (1840–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> (1849–1890)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/100px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/150px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/200px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a> <br />(1890–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolphe</a> (1890–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">William IV</a> (1905–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Marie-Adélaïde</a> (1912–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Charlotte</a> (1919–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean</a> (1964–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> (since 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belgian_Revolution_and_the_independence_of_Belgium_(1830–1839)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Template:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Template talk:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belgian_Revolution_and_the_independence_of_Belgium_(1830–1839)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> and the independence of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (1830–1839)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Belgian Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Orangism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_muette_de_Portici" title="La muette de Portici">La muette de Portici</a></i> (August 1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Braban%C3%A7onne" title="La Brabançonne">La Brabançonne</a></i> (August 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government of Belgium</a> (September 1830 – February 1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="National Congress of Belgium">National Congress of Belgium</a> (November 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution of Belgium</a> (February 1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">First Belgian monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasme_Louis_Surlet_de_Chokier" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier">Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>; February 1831 – July 1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a>; July 1831 – December 1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Niellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Niellon (page does not exist)">Charles Niellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dechet" title="Alexandre Dechet">Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_M%C3%A9rode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric de Mérode (page does not exist)">Frédéric de Mérode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Van_Halen" title="Juan Van Halen">Juan Van Halen</a><br /><small>(see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="List of members of the National Congress of Belgium">List of members of the National Congress</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gendebien" title="Alexandre Gendebien">Alexandre Gendebien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolly" title="André Jolly">André Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Potter" title="Louis de Potter">Louis de Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Sylvain Van de Weyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feuillien_de_Coppin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feuillien de Coppin (page does not exist)">Feuillien de Coppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_M%C3%A9rode" title="Félix de Mérode">Félix de Mérode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Vanderlinden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Vanderlinden (page does not exist)">Joseph Vanderlinden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Van_der_Linden_d%27Hooghvorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">de Gerlache Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Constantin_de_Gerlache" title="Étienne Constantin de Gerlache">Étienne Constantin de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de Brouckère">Charles de Brouckère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gendebien" title="Alexandre Gendebien">Alexandre Gendebien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Goblet_d%27Alviella" title="Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella">Albert Goblet d'Alviella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Sylvain Van de Weyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Lebeau I Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lebeau" title="Joseph Lebeau">Joseph Lebeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Sauvage" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne de Sauvage">Étienne de Sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de Brouckère">Charles de Brouckère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Devaux" title="Paul Devaux">Paul Devaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Prince William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days' Campaign">Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1832)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1832)">Siege of Antwerp (1832)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830" title="London Conference of 1830">London Conference of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Eighteen_Articles" title="Treaty of the Eighteen Articles">Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London (1839)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht_(1843)" title="Treaty of Maastricht (1843)">Treaty of Maastricht (1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Rhine" title="Iron Rhine">Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Monuments and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Martyrs_of_the_1830_Revolution" title="Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution">Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Column" title="Congress Column">Congress Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Guard_Merit_Medal" title="Civic Guard Merit Medal">Civic Guard Merit Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830_Star_of_Honour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1830 Star of Honour (page does not exist)">1830 Star of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross_(Belgium)" title="Iron Cross (Belgium)">Iron Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_Volunteers%27_Commemorative_Cross" title="1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross">1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2079957#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2079957#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2079957#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117602532">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42645467">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39145856969722920793">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/313412/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjMgCQXdwxQJWbq7FHwdXq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119312700">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92114097">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135384781">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135384781">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20181016221&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068686943">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000059090">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810665795905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/189131">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270079205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14044000">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355762">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/349552">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/40606283">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/60114993">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/01504879">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119312700.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119312700">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085993743">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10575791">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vq6dkp">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/162829">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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