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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buenos Aires truce and Callao revolt</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buenos_Aires_truce_and_Callao_revolt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buenos Aires truce and Callao revolt subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buenos_Aires_truce_and_Callao_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olañeta's_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olañeta's_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Olañeta's rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olañeta's_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayacucho_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayacucho_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ayacucho campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ayacucho_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ayacucho campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ayacucho_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_disposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_disposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Battle disposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_disposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitulation_of_Ayacucho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitulation_of_Ayacucho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Capitulation of Ayacucho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitulation_of_Ayacucho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories_about_the_Battle_of_Ayacucho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories_about_the_Battle_of_Ayacucho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Conspiracy theories about the Battle of Ayacucho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories_about_the_Battle_of_Ayacucho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bolivian Declaration of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_origin_of_the_name_of_Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_origin_of_the_name_of_Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The origin of the name of Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_origin_of_the_name_of_Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolívar's_acknowledgement_of_Sucre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolívar's_acknowledgement_of_Sucre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bolívar's acknowledgement of Sucre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolívar's_acknowledgement_of_Sucre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Ayacucho</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="معركة أياكوتشو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة أياكوتشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_d%27Ayacucho" title="Batalla d'Ayacucho – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla d'Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaku%C3%A7o_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Ayakuço döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ayakuço döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_d%27Ayacucho" title="Batalla d'Ayacucho – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla d'Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Ayacucha" title="Bitva u Ayacucha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Ayacucha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Ayacucho" title="Slaget ved Ayacucho – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Ayacucho" title="Schlacht bei Ayacucho – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayacucho_lahing" title="Ayacucho lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ayacucho lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Ayacucho" title="Batalla de Ayacucho – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Ayacucho" title="Batalo de Ayacucho – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayacuchoko_gudua" title="Ayacuchoko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ayacuchoko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Ayacucho" title="Bataille d'Ayacucho – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille d'Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B9%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Այակուչոյի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այակուչոյի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Ayacucho" title="Battaglia di Ayacucho – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="აიაკუჩოს ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აიაკუჩოს ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_Ayacuchense" title="Proelium Ayacuchense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium Ayacuchense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaku%C4%8Do_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Ajakučo mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ajakučo mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Ayacucho" title="Slaget ved Ayacucho – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Ayacucho" title="Bitwa pod Ayacucho – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Ayacucho" title="Batalha de Ayacucho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Ayacucho" title="Bătălia de la Ayacucho – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BE" title="Битва при Аякучо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Аякучо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Битка код Ајакуча – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Ајакуча" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Ayacucha" title="Bitka kod Ayacucha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Ayacucha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayacuchon_taistelu" title="Ayacuchon taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ayacuchon taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Ayacucho" title="Slaget vid Ayacucho – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BE" title="Битва при Аякучо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Аякучо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Ayacucho" title="Trận Ayacucho – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Ayacucho" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Ayacucho&params=13_2_33_S_74_7_54_W_region:PE_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°2′33″S</span> <span class="longitude">74°7′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.04250°S 74.13167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-13.04250; -74.13167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1824 battle of the Peruvian War of Independence</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Ayacucho</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg/300px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg/450px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg/600px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span><br />The <i>Battle of Ayacucho,</i> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Herrera_Toro" title="Antonio Herrera Toro">Antonio Herrera Toro</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9 December 1824</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Quinua,_Peru" title="Quinua, Peru">Quinua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intendancy_of_Huamanga" title="Intendancy of Huamanga">Huamanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Patriot victory<br /> </p> <ul><li>Capitulation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_of_Peru" title="Royal Army of Peru">Royal Army of Peru</a> under command of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes" title="José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes">Viceroy la Serna</a> <small>(siege of the bastions of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_colonial_Chile" title="Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile">Chiloé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callao_District" title="Callao District">Callao</a> are extended until 1826)</small></li> <li>Consolidation of the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Republic">Peruvian Republic</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Governments_(Spanish_American_independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriot Governments (Spanish American independence)">Patriots</a>:</b><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)">Royalists</a>:</b><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Chilo%C3%A9" title="Governorate of Chiloé">Governorate of Chiloé</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia"><img alt="Gran Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio de Sucre</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru_%281822-1825%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Agustín Gamarra</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes" title="José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes">José la Serna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>) <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Canterac" title="José de Canterac">José de Canterac</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5,780<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–8,500<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 6,906–9,310<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 979 killed and wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2,500 killed and wounded <br /> 2,000–3,000 captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peruvian_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence"><span class="wrap">Peruvian War of Independence</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Autonomous uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goyeneche_campaign_in_Upper_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goyeneche campaign in Upper Peru (page does not exist)">Goyeneche campaign</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Goyeneche_en_el_Alto_Per%C3%BA_(1809)" class="extiw" title="es:Campaña de Goyeneche en el Alto Perú (1809)">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Tacna_rebellion" title="1811 Tacna rebellion">1st Tacna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu%C3%A1nuco_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huánuco rebellion (page does not exist)">Huánuco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Hu%C3%A1nuco" class="extiw" title="es:Rebelión de Huánuco">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1813_Tacna_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1813 Tacna rebellion (page does not exist)">2nd Tacna</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Tacna_de_1813" class="extiw" title="es:Rebelión de Tacna de 1813">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Camiara (page does not exist)">Camiara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Camiara" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Camiara">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_Rebellion_of_1814" title="Cuzco Rebellion of 1814">Cuzco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huanta_(1814)" title="Battle of Huanta (1814)">Huanta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chacaltaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chacaltaya (page does not exist)">Chacaltaya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Chacaltaya" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Chacaltaya">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Apacheta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Apacheta (page does not exist)">Apacheta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_la_Apacheta" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de la Apacheta">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Matar%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Matará (page does not exist)">Matará</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Matar%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Matará">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Umachiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Umachiri (page does not exist)">Umachiri</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Umachiri" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Umachiri">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aymaraes_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aymaraes rebellion (page does not exist)">Aymaraes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Aymaraes_(1818)" class="extiw" title="es:Rebelión de Aymaraes (1818)">es</a>]</span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Southern liberation campaign</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paracas_landing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paracas landing (page does not exist)">Paracas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desembarco_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Desembarco de San Martín">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Arenales_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Arenales campaign (page does not exist)">1st Arenales</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_campa%C3%B1a_de_Arenales_a_la_sierra_del_Per%C3%BA" class="extiw" title="es:Primera campaña de Arenales a la sierra del Perú">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Arenales_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Arenales campaign (page does not exist)">2nd Arenales</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_campa%C3%B1a_de_Arenales_a_la_sierra_del_Per%C3%BA" class="extiw" title="es:Segunda campaña de Arenales a la sierra del Perú">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aznapuquio_mutiny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aznapuquio mutiny (page does not exist)">Aznapuquio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciamiento_de_Aznapuquio" class="extiw" title="es:Pronunciamiento de Aznapuquio">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ataura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ataura (page does not exist)">Ataura</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Ataura" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Ataura">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Quiapata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Quiapata (page does not exist)">Quiapata</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Quiapata" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Quiapata">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miller campaign (page does not exist)">Miller campaign</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Miller_a_los_puertos_intermedios" class="extiw" title="es:Campaña de Miller a los puertos intermedios">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Callao" title="First siege of Callao">1st Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quito_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quito campaign (page does not exist)">Quito campaign</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_Auxiliadora_de_Santa_Cruz_a_Quito" class="extiw" title="es:Expedición Auxiliadora de Santa Cruz a Quito">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ica" title="Battle of Ica">Ica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Paras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Paras (page does not exist)">Paras</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Paras" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Paras">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Caucato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Caucato (page does not exist)">Caucato</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Caucato" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Caucato">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intermedios_campaign" title="First Intermedios campaign">1st Intermedios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torata" title="Battle of Torata">Torata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moquegua" title="Battle of Moquegua">Moquegua</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Northern liberation campaign</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Maynas" title="War of Independence of Maynas">Maynas War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Higos_Urco" title="Battle of Higos Urco">1st Higos Urco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Higos_Urco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Higos Urco (page does not exist)">2nd Higos Urco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Habana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Habana (page does not exist)">Habana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Campaigns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Campaigns (page does not exist)">Colombian intervention</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1as_del_Sur" class="extiw" title="es:Campañas del Sur">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconcillo_mutiny" title="Balconcillo mutiny">Balconcillo mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermedios_campaign" title="Second Intermedios campaign">2nd Intermedios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zepita" title="Battle of Zepita">Zepita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Arequipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Arequipa (page does not exist)">Arequipa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Arequipa" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Arequipa">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Falsuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Falsuri (page does not exist)">Falsuri</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Falsuri" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Falsuri">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao_uprising" title="Callao uprising">Callao mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ola%C3%B1eta_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olañeta rebellion (page does not exist)">Olañeta rebellion</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Ola%C3%B1eta" class="extiw" title="es:Rebelión de Olañeta">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Junín">Junín</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bellavista_(1824)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bellavista (1824) (page does not exist)">Bellavista</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Bellavista_(Per%C3%BA)" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Bellavista (Perú)">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Corpahuaico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Corpahuaico (page does not exist)">Corpahuaico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Corpahuaico" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Corpahuaico">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayacucho</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Last bastions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Sucre_in_Upper_Peru" title="Campaign of Sucre in Upper Peru">Sucre campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Callao" title="Second siege of Callao">2nd Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_Chilo%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquest of Chiloé (page does not exist)">Conquest of Chiloé</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_de_Chilo%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="es:Conquista de Chiloé">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Naval campaigns</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown%27s_Pacific_Ocean_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown's Pacific Ocean Expedition (page does not exist)">Brown's Expedition</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_corsaria_de_Brown_al_Pac%C3%ADfico" class="extiw" title="es:Expedición corsaria de Brown al Pacífico">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochrane_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochrane campaign (page does not exist)">Cochrane campaign</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Thomas_Cochrane" class="extiw" title="es:Campaña de Thomas Cochrane">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guruceta_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guruceta campaign (page does not exist)">Guruceta campaign</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_auxiliar_de_Roque_Guruceta_al_Pac%C3%ADfico" class="extiw" title="es:Expedición auxiliar de Roque Guruceta al Pacífico">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Battle_of_Callao_(1824)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Battle of Callao (1824) (page does not exist)">Naval Blockade of Callao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_naval_del_Callao_(1824)" class="extiw" title="es:Combate naval del Callao (1824)">es</a>]</span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Ayacucho</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Batalla de Ayacucho</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[baˈtaʎa<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>aʝaˈkuʃo]</a></span>) was a decisive military encounter during the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a>. This battle secured the independence of Peru and ensured independence for the rest of belligerent South American states. In Peru it is considered the end of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> in this country, although the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a> continued through 1825 in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a> and the siege of the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fortifications_of_colonial_Chile" title="Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile">fortresses Chiloé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callao_District" title="Callao District">Callao</a> eventually ended in 1826. </p><p>At the end of 1824, <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)">Royalists</a> still had control of most of the south of Peru as well as of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Felipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Felipe">Real Felipe</a> fortress in the port of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>. On 9 December 1824, the Battle of Ayacucho (Battle of La Quinua) took place between Royalist and Independentist forces at <a href="/wiki/Pampas_de_Ayacucho_Historic_Sanctuary" title="Pampas de Ayacucho Historic Sanctuary">Pampa de Ayacucho</a> (or Quinua), a few kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Quinua,_Peru" title="Quinua, Peru">Quinua</a>. Independentist forces were led by <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>'s lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna" class="mw-redirect" title="José de la Serna">José de la Serna</a> was wounded, and after the battle second commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Canterac" title="José de Canterac">José de Canterac</a> signed the final capitulation of the Royalist army. </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a> celebrates the anniversary of this battle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1820, Spain underwent a political upheaval, beginning with a revolt against the king, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a>. An expedition of 20,000 soldiers was to be sent to <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (roughly the present-day territories of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>) to help the royalists of America, but instead, they revolted with the encouragement of General <a href="/wiki/Rafael_del_Riego" title="Rafael del Riego">Rafael Riego</a>. In the subsequent weeks the revolt spread, and King Ferdinand was forced to restore the liberal <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Spanish Constitution of 1812</a>, which he had suppressed six years earlier. The revolt meant Spain no longer had reinforcements to send to America, which in turn eventually forced the royalist armies of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">viceroyalties</a> of Peru and New Spain (today's <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>), which had held back the Spanish-American revolution until then, to deal with the patriot forces on their own. The royalists in each viceroyalty, however, took different paths. </p><p>In New Spain, after the royalists defeated the insurgents, they proclaimed a negotiated separation from Liberal Spain to create a new monarchical state. This was done through the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala" title="Plan of Iguala">Plan of Iguala</a>, which they negotiated with the remaining patriots, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a>, which they negotiated with the new head of government, <a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA" title="Juan O'Donojú">Juan O'Donojú</a>. Further south, however, the absence of reinforcements due to Riego's revolt allowed <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Governments_(Spanish_American_independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriot Governments (Spanish American independence)">Patriot forces</a> to make progress. The defeat of the royalist expedition into Chile under <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Osorio" title="Mariano Osorio">Mariano Osorio</a> and advances into Peru made by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> left Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquis_of_Viluma" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquis of Viluma">Joaquín de la Pezuela</a> politically discredited. The viceroy was overthrown on 29 January 1821, in Asnapukyu <i>(Aznapuquio)</i>, in a coup by General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna_e_Hinojosa" class="mw-redirect" title="José de la Serna e Hinojosa">José de la Serna</a>; the royalist general proclaimed his adherence to the restored Spanish Constitution in the "Proclamation of Aznapuquio" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Intimación de Aznapuquio</i>). </p><p>The Patriots started the new year with a promising victory. At <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">Cerro de Pasco</a> they defeated a Peruvian royalist army commanded by La Serna. However, the royalists had received solid military training. Their first victory came against the patriot army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Trist%C3%A1n" title="Domingo Tristán">Domingo Tristán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Agustín Gamarra</a> in campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Ica_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica Region">Ica Region</a>. A year later, San Martín had withdrawn from the scene after the <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil_Conference" title="Guayaquil Conference">Guayaquil conference</a>, and Royalist forces had smashed <a href="/wiki/Rudecindo_Alvarado" title="Rudecindo Alvarado">Rudecindo Alvarado</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liberating_Expedition_of_Peru" title="Liberating Expedition of Peru">Liberating Expedition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torata" title="Battle of Torata">Battles of Torata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moquegua" title="Battle of Moquegua">Moquegua</a>. The year 1823 ended with the La Serna destroying another patriot army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Agustín Gamarra</a> in yet another open campaign in <a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a>, which started with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zepita" title="Battle of Zepita">Battle of Zepita</a> and resulted in the occupation of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> on 8 August. After scattering Santa Cruz's isolated troops, La Serna recaptured <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> after beating <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombian</a> force on 10 October. Sucre decided to evacuate the Gran Colombian troops, setting sail on 10 October 1823, saving himself and his troops, although losing the best of his cavalry. Viceroy La Serna ended the campaign after reaching <a href="/wiki/Oruro,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruro, Bolivia">Oruro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a>. </p><p>On the political front, the last remnants of optimism among patriots faded away with accusations of treason against Peruvian presidents <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva_Ag%C3%BCero" title="José de la Riva Agüero">José de la Riva Agüero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bernardo de Tagle">José Bernardo de Tagle</a>. Riva Agüero deported <a href="/wiki/Deputy_(legislator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy (legislator)">deputies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peruvian Congress</a> and organized another congress in <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a>. After being found guilty of high treason by the Peruvian Congress<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was banished to Chile. <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> in turn considered this treasonous. Tagle, who had earlier ordered all armies under his command to support Bolívar against the royalist enemy, was now pursued by Bolívar, who was looking to capture and execute him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tagle took shelter with the royalists in the besieged fortress of Callao. </p><p>Nevertheless, by the end of 1823, the situation had also become critical for those who defended the king's cause. In spite of the impressive military triumphs, Bolívar's request for reinforcements from Colombia made him a threat to the royalist army. Both sides prepared for the confrontation they knew was coming: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Viceroy la Serna for his part, without direct communications with the Peninsula, with the most sad news of the state of the Metropolis [Spain] […] and reduced to its own and exclusive resources, but nobly trusting in his subordinates' decision, union, loyalty and fortune, hurried the reorganization of his troops and prepared for the fight with the giant of Costafirme [Venezuela] that he saw coming soon. Another triumph for Spanish armies in that situation would make the Castilian flag wave again with unmatchable glory even to Ecuador; but another fate was already irrevocably written in the books of destiny."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buenos_Aires_truce_and_Callao_revolt">Buenos Aires truce and Callao revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buenos Aires truce and Callao revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Rufino_Blanco_Fombona" title="Rufino Blanco Fombona">Rufino Blanco Fombona</a> says that "By 1824, <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a> had made a pact with the Spanish, obstructing the Ayacucho Campaign":<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 4 July 1823 Buenos Aires made a truce with Spanish commissionaires (Preliminary Peace Convention (1823)) that required it to send negotiators to other South American governments before it would take effect.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stipulated that hostilities would cease 60 days after its ratification and that the truce would last a year and a half; meanwhile, a definitive peace and friendship would be negotiated. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gregorio_de_Las_Heras" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Gregorio de Las Heras">Juan Gregorio de Las Heras</a> met in <a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a> with Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Baldomero Espartero</a>, but did not reach an agreement. Among other measures taken by the viceroy to contain the imminent rebellion, on 10 January 1824 <a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Casimiro Olañeta">Casimiro Olañeta</a> was ordered: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<i>I warn Your Excellency that you should not arrange any expedition in any direction over down provinces without my express order because, besides, they are having a meeting in Salta trying to negotiate, General Las Heras on Government of Buenos Aires’ side and Brigadier Espartero on this superior Government's side (...)</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rivadavia – who believed that the project would establish peace – paralyzed the authorities of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a> (today's Bolivia), refused assistance, and withdrew the garrisons of advance posts near the border,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the detriment of the cause of the Peruvian patriots. The Irish military historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Florencio_O%27Leary" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Florencio O'Leary">Daniel Florencio O'Leary</a> was of the opinion that with the truce "Buenos Aires (had) implicitly withdrawn from the struggle",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "the Buenos Aires Government's pacts with the Spanish, were to the detriment of the American cause".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 January 1824, Bolívar fell terribly ill in <a href="/wiki/Pativilca" title="Pativilca">Pativilca</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_de_%C3%81lzaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix de Álzaga (page does not exist)">Félix de Álzaga</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_%C3%81lzaga" class="extiw" title="es:Félix de Álzaga">es</a>]</span>, plenipotentiary minister of <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> arrived in Lima, asked Peru to adhere to the truce, but the Peruvian Congress rejected it. Nevertheless, beginning on 4 February 1824, various quarters of Callao mutinied, leading to the whole Argentine infantry of the <i>Expedición Libertadora</i>, together with some Chileans, Peruvians and Colombians (nearly two thousand men) going over to the royalists,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raising the Spanish flag and handing over the fortresses of Callao. The mounted <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadier</a> regiment of the Andes also revolted in <a href="/wiki/Lurin_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurin District">Lurin</a> on 14 February: two squadrons went over to the Callao to join the mutiny, but when they noticed that they had joined the royalists, a hundred of them, with their regiment commanders, went to Lima to join the independentists. The unit was then reorganized by General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Necochea" title="Mariano Necochea">Mariano Necochea</a>. In the midst of these events,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the minister of Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mosquera" title="Joaquín Mosquera">Joaquín Mosquera</a> "fearing the ruin of our army" asked Bolivar "and what do you plan to do now?". Bolívar, in a decided manner, answered: "Triumph!". </p><p>The events at El Callao extended the war until 1826, and had the immediate result that Lima was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Canterac" title="José de Canterac">José de Canterac</a>. It is said that had there been military action against Bolívar on 26 May, it "would have given the final blow to independence in this part of America".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olañeta's_rebellion"><span id="Ola.C3.B1eta.27s_rebellion"></span>Olañeta's rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Olañeta's rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_del_conde_de_los_Andes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Retrato_del_conde_de_los_Andes.jpg/220px-Retrato_del_conde_de_los_Andes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Retrato_del_conde_de_los_Andes.jpg/330px-Retrato_del_conde_de_los_Andes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Retrato_del_conde_de_los_Andes.jpg/440px-Retrato_del_conde_de_los_Andes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Last <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of Perú">Viceroy of Perú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna_e_Hinojosa" class="mw-redirect" title="José de la Serna e Hinojosa">José de la Serna e Hinojosa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Condado_de_los_Andes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condado de los Andes (page does not exist)">Count of the Andes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of 1824, the entire royalist army of Upper Peru revolted, led by royalist <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Pedro Antonio Olañeta">Pedro Antonio Olañeta</a>, against the liberal Viceroy of Peru, after receiving the news that the constitutional government had fallen in Spain. King Ferdinand VII of Spain and his absolutist followers recovered control of the government, supported by 132,000 French soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> army, and they would control Spain until 1830. Rafael del Riego was <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> on 7 November 1823, and the other leaders of the liberal movement were executed, outlawed, or exiled from Spain. On 1 October 1823, Ferdinand decreed the abolition of everything approved during the prior three years of constitutional government, which included annulling the appointment of La Serna as viceroy of Peru. The purge of the constitutionalists of Peru seemed absolute. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Pedro Antonio Olañeta">Olañeta</a> then ordered an attack of the Upper Peruvian royalists on the constitutionalists in the Peruvian viceroyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Serna changed his plans and went to the coast to fight Bolívar. He sent <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Jerónimo Valdés">Jerónimo Valdés</a> with 5,000 men across the <a href="/wiki/Desaguadero_River_(Bolivia_and_Peru)" title="Desaguadero River (Bolivia and Peru)">Desaguadero River</a>, which he did on 22 January 1824, in order to drive them to <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> against his former subordinate "because there are indications of a meditated treason, joining the dissidents of Buenos Aires". <i>Memorias para la historia de las armas españolas en el Perú</i> ("Memories of the history of the Spanish armies in Peru") by peninsular official Andrés García Camba (1846) detailed the radical change that the events in Upper Peru produced in the viceroy's defensive plans. After the battles of Tarabuquillo, Sala, Cotagaita, and finally La Lava on 17 August 1824, the royalist forces of both the Viceroyalty of Peru (liberals) and of the provinces of Upper Peru (absolutists) were decimated. </p><p>Bolivar, hearing of Olañeta's actions, took advantage of the dismantling of the royalist defences and "moved the whole month of May to Jauja", to face <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Canterac" title="José de Canterac">José de Canterac</a>, who was isolated in Junín on 6 August 1824. Unrelenting prosecution of the war began, and 2700 royalists deserted and went over to the independentists. On 7 October 1824, with his troops before the gates of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, Bolívar gave General Sucre command of the new battlefront, which followed the course of the <a href="/wiki/Apur%C3%ADmac_River" title="Apurímac River">Apurímac River</a>, and withdrew to Lima to negotiate more loans to keep the war going in Peru, and to receive a Colombian division of 4000 men from <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">José Antonio Páez</a>, which would arrive after Ayacucho.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolívar_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolívar-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ayacucho_campaign">Ayacucho campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ayacucho campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Ayacucho">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_marical_de_ayacucho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gran_marical_de_ayacucho.jpg/200px-Gran_marical_de_ayacucho.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Gran_marical_de_ayacucho.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><i>Grand Marshal of Ayacucho</i>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The defeat of Canterac forced La Serna to bring <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Jerónimo Valdés">Jerónimo Valdés</a> in from <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> on a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forced_march" class="extiw" title="wikt:forced march">forced march</a> with his troops. The royalist generals debated their plans. In spite of the signs of support from within the besieged <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, the viceroy rejected a direct assault because of his army's lack of training, having been enlarged by the massive return of peasants a few weeks earlier. Instead, he intended to cut Sucre's <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a> through march and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/countermarch" class="extiw" title="wikt:countermarch">countermarch</a> maneuvers, which led to the encounter in Ayacucho along the Andean range. The royalists planned a quick strike which they made on 3 December in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Corpahuaico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Corpahuaico (page does not exist)">Battle of Corpahuaico</a> or Matará, where they cost the liberator army more than 500 casualties and much of its ammunition and artillery, vs their own losses of only 30 men. However, Sucre and his adjutant managed to keep his troops organized and prevented the viceroy from exploiting this success. Although he had suffered great losses of men and materiel, Sucre kept the <a href="/wiki/United_Liberating_Army_of_Peru" title="United Liberating Army of Peru">United Army</a> in an orderly retreat, and always situated it in secure positions that were difficult to access, such as <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a> fields. </p><p>In his memoirs, <i>In the Service of the Republic of Peru</i>, General <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(Peruvian_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Miller (Peruvian general)">Guillermo Miller</a> explained the point of view of the independentists. Besides Bolívar and Sucre, the United Army drew on a large body of experienced soldiers; for example, the rifles battalion of the army of Colombia was composed of European troops, mostly British volunteers. This unit was substantially damaged at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpahuaico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpahuaico (page does not exist)">Corpahuaico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Corpahuaico" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Corpahuaico">es</a>]</span>. Among its ranks were veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American Wars</a>, and individuals such as the Anglo-German major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Sowersby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Sowersby (page does not exist)">Carlos Sowersby</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Sowersby" class="extiw" title="es:Carlos Sowersby">es</a>]</span>, a veteran of the 1812 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a> against <a href="/wiki/Napole%C3%B3n_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleón Bonaparte">Napoleón Bonaparte</a> in Russia. A number of <a href="/wiki/British_Legions" title="British Legions">British</a> and Irish volunteer officers fought with Bolívar's forces in Ayacucho, including general <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(Peruvian_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Miller (Peruvian general)">William Miller</a>. But the bulk of the foreign troops, who had taken part in most of the campaign, remained at the rear in reserve during this battle.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royalists had exhausted their resources in a marching war without achieving a decisive victory against the liberator army. Because of the extremely harsh conditions in the Andes, both armies felt the effects of disease and desertion. The royalist commanders positioned themselves in the heights of <a href="/wiki/Kunturkunka" title="Kunturkunka">Kunturkunka</a>, a good defensive position but one they couldn't hold for long, given that they had food supplies for less than five days. This would mean certain defeat upon the arrival of the expected Colombian reinforcements. The royalist army had to make a desperate decision: the Battle of Ayacucho was about to begin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_disposition">Battle disposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle disposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho_order_of_battle" title="Battle of Ayacucho order of battle">Battle of Ayacucho order of battle</a></div> <p>Debate exists regarding the number of troops on each side, but both armies initially had similar forces (8,500 independents vs. 9,310 royalists), however these numbers dropped over the next weeks until the day of the battle, when there were perhaps 5,780 independentists vs. 6,906 royalists. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Batalla_de_Ayacucho1.jpg/290px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Batalla_de_Ayacucho1.jpg/435px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Batalla_de_Ayacucho1.jpg/580px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Ayacucho</figcaption></figure> <p><b>United Liberation Army</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Commander:</b> Marshal <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a></li> <li><b>Chief of High Command</b> – General <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Agustín Gamarra</a></li> <li><b>Cavalry</b> – General <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Miller" title="Guillermo Miller">William Miller</a></li> <li><i>First Division</i> – General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova" title="José María Córdova">José María Córdoba</a> (2,300 men)</li> <li><i>Second Division</i> – General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_La_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="José de La Mar">José de La Mar</a> (1,580 men)</li> <li><i>Reserve</i> – General <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Lara" title="Jacinto Lara">Jacinto Lara</a> (1,700 men)</li></ul> <p>Before the battle began, de Sucre addressed his troops assembled in the field: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Soldiers, South America's destiny depends on today's efforts; another day of glory will crown your admirable perseverance. Soldiers, Long live the Liberator! Long live Bolívar, the Savior of Peru!"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><b>Antonio José de Sucre</b></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our line formed an angle; the right, composed by the battalions of Bogotá, Boltijeros (sic) (<a href="/wiki/Voltigeurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltigeurs">Voltigeurs</a>), Pichincha and Caracas, of the first division of Colombia, under command of senior general Córdova. The left, by the battalions 1.° 2.° 3.° and the Peruvian legion, with the <a href="/wiki/Hussars_of_Junin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussars of Junin">hussars of Junin</a>, under senior general La Mar. On the centre, the grenadiers and hussars of Colombia, with general Miller; and in reserve the <a href="/wiki/Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifles">Rifles</a>, Vencedor and Bargas (sic) Battalions, of the first division of Colombia, under command of senior general Lara.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><b>Parte de la batalla de Ayacucho</b><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Marshal Sucre does not mention in this part the mounted grenadiers of Río de la Plata. General Miller in his <i>Memoirs of General Miller: in the service of the republic of Peru</i> described the composition of the armies under Sucre: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><b>Córdova Division (on the right):</b> Bogotá, Caracas, Voltigeur Regiment, Pichincha.<br /> <b>Miller Cavalry (in the centre):</b> Junin <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussars</a>, Colombia Grenadiers, Colombian Hussars, Buenos Ayres Grenadiers cavalry regiments.<br /> <b>La Mar Division (on the left):</b> Peruvian Legion, N° 1, 2, N° 3 infantry battalions.<br /> </p> <p><b>Lara Division (in reserve):</b> Vargas, Vencedores, Rifle Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Miller's assertion that the Junín Hussars were in his division<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contradicts what Sucre said in the part. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolutions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Revolutions)">Royalist Army of Perú</a></b> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_cross_burgundy_lessercoat.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_cross_burgundy_lessercoat.PNG/200px-Flag_cross_burgundy_lessercoat.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Flag_cross_burgundy_lessercoat.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Royal Army</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Commander:</b> <a href="/wiki/Viceroy#Spanish_Empire" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna" class="mw-redirect" title="José de la Serna">José de la Serna</a></li> <li><b>Chief of the High Command</b> – Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Canterac" title="José de Canterac">José de Canterac</a></li> <li><b>Cavalry Commander</b> – Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Ferraz" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentín Ferraz">Valentín Ferraz</a></li> <li><i>Vanguard Division</i> – General <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Jerónimo Valdés">Jerónimo Valdés</a> (2,006 men)</li> <li><i>First Division</i> – General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Antonio_Monet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Antonio Monet (page does not exist)">Juan Antonio Monet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Monet" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Antonio Monet">es</a>]</span> (2,000 men)</li> <li><i>Second Division</i> – General Alejandro González Villalobos (1,700 men)</li> <li><i>Reserve Division</i> – General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Carratal%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Carratalá (page does not exist)">José Carratalá</a> (1,200 men)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Spanish quickly moved their troops down, getting to the gaps to our left the battalions Cantabria, Centro, Castro, 1° Imperial and two Hussar squadrons with a six pieces battery, strengthening too much the attack on that zone. On the center, formed the battalions Burgos, Infante, Victoria, Guias and 2° of the first Regiment, supporting the left of these ones with the three squadrons of the Union, San Carlos, the four of the Guards Grenadiers and the five pieces of artillery already situated; and over the heights to our left the battalions 1 and 2 of Gerona, 2° Imperial, 1° of the first Regiment, Fernandinos, and the squadron of Viceroy's Alaberderos Grenadiers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle">Battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CroquisAyacucho.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CroquisAyacucho.JPG/350px-CroquisAyacucho.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="528" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CroquisAyacucho.JPG/525px-CroquisAyacucho.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/CroquisAyacucho.JPG 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the Battle of Ayacucho.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>Royalists positions in the night from 8 to 9</li><li>Preparatory maneuver for the royalist attack</li><li>March of battalions under colonel Rubín de Celis</li><li>Maneuver and attack of Monet division</li><li>Attack of Valdés’ vanguard over the house occupied by the independentists</li><li>Charge of royalist cavalry</li><li value="13">and dispersion of Gerona battalions by the royalist reserve</li><li value="11">Battalion Ferdinand VII, last royalist reserve</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The plan, devised by Canterac, envisaged that the vanguard division would flank the enemy force, crossing the river Pampas to secure the units to the left of Sucre. Meanwhile, the rest of the royalist army would descend frontally from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunturkunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunturkunk (page does not exist)">Condorcunca</a> hill, abandoning its defensive position on the high ground and charging against the main body of the enemy, which they expected to be disorganized. The 'Gerona' and 'Ferdinand VII' battalions served as reserves, deployed in a second line to be sent in wherever they were required. </p><p>Sucre immediately realized the risky nature of the royalists' maneuver, which became clear as the royalists found themselves moving onto an exposed slope, unable to protect their movements. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova" title="José María Córdova">José María Córdova</a>'s division, supported by Miller's cavalry, strafed the disorganized bulk of royalist troops, incapable of forming into battle-lines and descending in waves from the mountain. As the attack started, Independentist general Córdova uttered his famous words "<i>Division, armas a discreción, de frente, paso de vencedores</i>" (<i>Division, arms at ease; at the pace of victors, forward!</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paso_de_Vencedores_por_Francisco_Antonio_Cano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Paso_de_Vencedores_por_Francisco_Antonio_Cano.jpg/220px-Paso_de_Vencedores_por_Francisco_Antonio_Cano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Paso_de_Vencedores_por_Francisco_Antonio_Cano.jpg/330px-Paso_de_Vencedores_por_Francisco_Antonio_Cano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Paso_de_Vencedores_por_Francisco_Antonio_Cano.jpg/440px-Paso_de_Vencedores_por_Francisco_Antonio_Cano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7334" data-file-height="4772" /></a><figcaption> <i>Paso de Vencedores</i> by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Cano" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Antonio Cano">Francisco Antonio Cano</a> shows General José María Córdova leading the 2nd Colombian division into their assault. </figcaption></figure> <p>Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rub%C3%ADn_de_Celis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Rubín de Celis (page does not exist)">Joaquín Rubín de Celis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rub%C3%ADn_de_Celis" class="extiw" title="es:Joaquín Rubín de Celis">es</a>]</span>, who commanded the first royalist regiment, had to protect the artillery, which was pulled by mules. He moved forward carelessly into the plain, where his unit was exposed and badly mauled. He himself was killed during the attack by Córdova's division, whose effective fire on the royalist formations pushed back the scattered fighters of Villalobos’ Second Division. </p><p>Seeing the misfortune suffered by his left flank, royalist general Monet, without waiting for his cavalry to form in the plain, crossed the ravine and led his First division against Córdova, managing to form two of his battalions into battle order but, suddenly attacked by the independents' division, he was surrounded before the rest of his troops could also form into battle order; during these events Monet was wounded and three of his commanders killed; the scattered divisions of the royalists dragged with them the masses of militia. The royalist cavalry under <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Ferraz_y_Barrau" title="Valentín Ferraz y Barrau">Valentín Ferraz y Barrau</a> charged upon the enemy squadrons that pursued Monet's broken left but the confusion and the crossfire from the infantry, caused heavy casualties to Ferraz's horsemen, whose survivors were forced to hastily leave the battlefield. </p><p>At the other end of the line, the Independentist Second Division of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_La_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="José de La Mar">José de La Mar</a> plus the Third Division of <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Lara" title="Jacinto Lara">Jacinto Lara</a> altogether stopped the assault made by the veterans of Valdés’ vanguard, who had launched themselves to take an isolated building occupied by some independentist companies. Although defeated at first, the independentists were soon reinforced and went back to the attack, eventually helped by the victorious Córdova's division. </p><p>Seeing the confusion in the royalist lines, Viceroy La Serna and the other commanders tried to regain control of the battle and reorganize the scattered and fleeing men. General Canterac himself led the reserve division across the plain; however, the 'Gerona' battalions were not the same veterans who fought in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torata" title="Battle of Torata">Torata</a> and Moquegua. In Olañeta's rebellion these divisions lost almost all their veterans and even their former commander, Cayetano Ameller, and this unit, composed of raw recruits, quickly scattered before it met the enemy. The 'Ferdinand VII' battalion followed, after a feeble resistance. By one o'clock the viceroy had been wounded and made prisoner, along with many of his officers. Even though Valdés’ division was still fighting to the right of his front, the battle was a victory for independentists. Independentist casualties, according to Sucre, were 370 killed and 609 wounded, and the royalists lost about 1800 dead and 700 wounded. </p><p>With the remnants of his division, Valdés managed to retreat to the hill held by his rearguard, where he joined 200 cavalrymen who had gathered around general Canterac and some scattered soldiers from royalist divisions, whose fleeing and demoralized men shot and killed their own officers, who were trying to regroup them). The now heavily reduced force had no hope of defeating the independentist army. With the main body of the royal army destroyed and the viceroy himself in the hands of his enemies, royalist leaders surrendered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitulation_of_Ayacucho">Capitulation of Ayacucho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capitulation of Ayacucho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junin_Patch_2sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Junin_Patch_2sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Award patch given to officers who took part of the 1823-24 Peruvian Campaign.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Ayacucho1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Ayacucho1.jpg/250px-Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Ayacucho1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Ayacucho1.jpg/375px-Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Ayacucho1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Ayacucho1.jpg/500px-Capitulaci%C3%B3n_de_Ayacucho1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="2879" /></a><figcaption><i>Surrender at Ayacucho</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Hernández (painter)">Daniel Hernández</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>With Viceroy de la Serna seriously injured, the agreement between the two sides was negotiated by royalist commander Canterac and general Sucre. Canterac wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<i>Don José Canterac, Lieutenant general of the Royal Armies of HM the King, responsible commander of the Superior command of Peru due to the imprisonment and injury in today's battle of the great lord Viceroy don José de La Serna, having listened to the gathered senior generals and chiefs of the Spanish army, filling in every sense all that has been demanded their reputation in the bloody day of Ayacucho and in the whole war in Peru, have had to give up the battlefield to the independent troops; and having to conciliate at the same time the surviving forces’ honour, and for the decrease of this country's misfortunes, I believed it convenient to discuss and negotiate with senior division general of the Republic of Colombia, Antonio José de Sucre, chief commander of the Peruvian United Army of Liberation</i>".</p></blockquote> <p>The principal terms of the agreement were: </p> <ul><li>The royalist army under command of viceroy La Serna agreed to end hostilities.</li> <li>Remaining royalist soldiers were to remain in the Callao fortresses.</li> <li>The Peruvian republic should pay the debt to the countries that gave military contributions to the independence movement.</li></ul> <p>In Lima, Bolívar summoned the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Panama" title="Congress of Panama">Congress of Panama</a>, on 7 December, to unite the new independent countries. The project was ratified by <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> only. Four years later, due to the personal ambitions of many of its generals and the absence of a united vision that foresaw South America as a single nation, Gran Colombia would end up splitting into the countries that exist today in South America, frustrating Bolívar's dream of union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories_about_the_Battle_of_Ayacucho">Conspiracy theories about the Battle of Ayacucho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories about the Battle of Ayacucho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish historian Juan Carlos Losada calls the surrender of the royalists the "Ayacucho betrayal".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He says that the result of the battle had already been agreed between opposing commanders, arguing that Juan Antonio Monet was responsible for the agreement: "the main characters kept a deep pact of silence and, therefore, we can only speculate, although with little risk of being wrong" (Page 254). He argues that a capitulation without battle would have been undoubtedly judged as treason, but defeat allowed the losing commanders to retain their honour. </p><p>The theory assumes that liberal-minded commanders in the royalist army preferred an independentist victory to the triumph of an absolutist authoritarian Spain. In the conspiracy-minded atmosphere of the time, several commanders were accused of belonging to the Freemasons, as were independentist leaders, and certainly did not sympathise with king Ferdinand VII's ideas, considering him a tyrannical absolutist monarch. Spanish commander Andrés García Camba says in his memoirs that returning Spanish officers, latter known as "<a href="/wiki/Ayacuchos" title="Ayacuchos">ayacuchos</a>", were unjustly accused of betrayal upon their arrival to Spain, being told by one general, in an accusatory manner, "sirs, in this case we suffered a Masonic defeat"; the veterans replied - "it was lost, my general, in the way battles are lost".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Ayacucho">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Congresos_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Palacio_de_Congresos_Bolivia.jpg/250px-Palacio_de_Congresos_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Palacio_de_Congresos_Bolivia.jpg/375px-Palacio_de_Congresos_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Palacio_de_Congresos_Bolivia.jpg/500px-Palacio_de_Congresos_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><i>Palacio de Congresos</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the victory at Ayacucho, following strict orders from Bolívar, general Sucre entered Upper Peru (today's <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>) on 25 February 1825. Besides having orders to immediately install an independent administration, he was to give an appearance of legality to a process that Upper Peruvians themselves had already started. Royalist general <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Pedro Antonio Olañeta">Pedro Antonio Olañeta</a> stayed in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>, where by January he received the "Union" Infantry Battalion coming from <a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a> under the command of Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Valdez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Valdez (page does not exist)">José María Valdez</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Valdez" class="extiw" title="es:José María Valdez">es</a>]</span>. Olañeta then summoned a war council, which agreed to continue the resistance in the name of Ferdinand VII. Next, Olañeta sent to the <a href="/wiki/Cotagaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotagaita">Cotagaita</a> fortress the "Chichas" Battalion under Colonel Medinacelli, and Valdez to <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Chuquisaca</a> with the "Union" Infantry Battalion and loyalist militias. Olañeta himself marched toward <a href="/wiki/Vitichi" title="Vitichi">Vitichi</a> with 60,000 pieces of gold from the <a href="/wiki/National_Mint_of_Bolivia" title="National Mint of Bolivia">coinage factory</a> in Potosí. But for the Spanish military personnel in Upper Peru, it was too little too late, as all-out <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> warfare had raged in this part of the continent since 1821. </p><p>However, in <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a> the First Battalion of the "Ferdinand VII" Infantry Regiment, led by Colonel José Martínez, rebelled and sided with the independence movement, to be followed later by the Second Battalion of the "Ferdinand VII" Infantry Regiment in <a href="/wiki/Vallegrande" title="Vallegrande">Vallegrande</a>, resulting in the forced resignation of Brigadier Francisco Aguilera on 12 February. Royalist colonel José Manuel Mercado occupied <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a> on 14 February, as <a href="/wiki/Chayanta_Municipality" title="Chayanta Municipality">Chayanta</a> stayed in the hands of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Arraya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Arraya (page does not exist)">Pedro Arraya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Arraya" class="extiw" title="es:Pedro Arraya">es</a>]</span>, with the "Santa Victoria" (Holy Victory) cavalry squadrons and the "Dragones Americanos" (American Dragoons), and in Chuquisaca the "Dragones de la Frontera" (Frontier Dragoons) cavalry squadron under colonel Francisco López claimed victory for the independence forces on 22 February. At this point, the majority of the royalist troops of Upper Peru refused to continue fighting against Sucre's powerful army. Colonel Medinacelli with 300 soldiers also revolted against Olañeta, and on 2 April 1825, they faced each other in the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Tumusla" title="Tumusla">Tumusla</a>, which ended with the death of Olañeta. A few days later, on 7 April, general José María Valdez surrendered in Chequelte to general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez_de_Urdininea" title="José María Pérez de Urdininea">José María Pérez de Urdininea</a>, putting an end to the war in Upper Peru and signalling victory to the local independence movement, which had been active since 1811. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence">Bolivian Declaration of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bolivian Declaration of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_treaty_of_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Independence_treaty_of_Bolivia.jpg/220px-Independence_treaty_of_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Independence_treaty_of_Bolivia.jpg/330px-Independence_treaty_of_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Independence_treaty_of_Bolivia.jpg/440px-Independence_treaty_of_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Bolivian Independence Act</i> at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_de_la_Libertad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa de la Libertad (page does not exist)">Casa de la Libertad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sucre reconvened the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a> in Chuquisaca on 8 July 1825; it declared the complete independence of Upper Peru, as a republic. Assembly president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Serrano" title="José Mariano Serrano">José Mariano Serrano</a>, together with a commission, wrote the "Independence Act of the Upper Peruvian Departments" dated 6 August 1825, in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Junín">Battle of Junín</a> won by Bolivar. Independence was declared by seven representatives from Charcas, 14 from Potosí, 12 from <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, 13 from Cochabamba and two from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz</a>. The Declaration of Independence, written by the president of the Congress, Serrano, states in its expositive part: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<i>The world knows that the land of Upper Peru has been, in the American continent, the altar where the free people shed the first blood, and the land where the last of the tyrants’ tombs finally lays. Today, the Upper Peruvian departments, united, protest in the face of the whole Earth its irrevocable resolution to be governed by themselves.</i>"</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_origin_of_the_name_of_Bolivia">The origin of the name of Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The origin of the name of Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through a decree, it was determined that the new state in Upper Peru would carry the name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAblica_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="República Bolívar (page does not exist)">República Bolívar</a>, in honor of the liberator, who was designated as "Father of the Republic and Supreme Chief of State". Bolívar thanked them, but declined the presidency, a duty he gave instead to the victor of Ayacucho, Grand Marshal <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>, who was sworn in the same day as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a>. After some time, the subject of the name of the young nation arose again, and a Potosian deputy named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Mart%C3%ADn_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Martín Cruz (page does not exist)">Manuel Martín Cruz</a> suggested as Rome came from <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, from Bolivia could come from Bolívar. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<i>If from Romulus, Rome; from Bolívar, it is Bolivia</i>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bolívar felt flattered by the young nation, but he hadn't accepted Upper Peru's presidency because he was worried about its future, due to its location in the very center of South America and therefore would face many future wars, which curiously did happen. Bolivar wished that Bolivia would become part of another nation, preferably Peru (given that it had been part of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of Perú">Viceroyalty of Perú</a> for centuries), or Argentina (since during the last decades of colonial dominion it had been part of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata</a>), but what deeply convinced him otherwise was the attitude of the people. On 18 August, upon his arrival to La Paz, there was popular rejoicing. The same scene repeated when the Liberator arrived to <a href="/wiki/Oruro,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruro, Bolivia">Oruro</a>, then to Potosí and finally to Chuquisaca. Such a fervent demonstration by the people touched Bolívar, who called the new nation his "Predilect Daughter", and was called by the peoples of the new republic their "Favorite Son".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolívar's_acknowledgement_of_Sucre"><span id="Bol.C3.ADvar.27s_acknowledgement_of_Sucre"></span>Bolívar's acknowledgement of Sucre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bolívar's acknowledgement of Sucre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Pr%C3%B3ceres,_Caracas,_Venezuela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Los_Pr%C3%B3ceres%2C_Caracas%2C_Venezuela.jpg/220px-Los_Pr%C3%B3ceres%2C_Caracas%2C_Venezuela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Los_Pr%C3%B3ceres%2C_Caracas%2C_Venezuela.jpg/330px-Los_Pr%C3%B3ceres%2C_Caracas%2C_Venezuela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Los_Pr%C3%B3ceres%2C_Caracas%2C_Venezuela.jpg/440px-Los_Pr%C3%B3ceres%2C_Caracas%2C_Venezuela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>National Heroes Memorial</i> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heroes%27_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heroes' Avenue (page does not exist)">Heroes' Avenue</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath, the Congress of Colombia rewarded Sucre with the rank and dignity of General in Chief of the Army of the Republic, and the Congress of Peru awarded him with the rank of Grand Marshal of Ayacucho as the field commander responsible for the victory in Ayacucho, which not only finished the war of Peruvian independence, but also signalled the termination of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Latin American wars of independence</a>. </p><p>In 1825, Bolívar had published his <i>Resumen sucinto de la vida del general Sucre</i>, the only work of its kind by Bolívar. In it, he spared no praise of the crowning achievement of his faithful lieutenant: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<i>The Battle of Ayacucho is the summit of American glory, and the work of General Sucre. The planning of it was perfect, and the execution divine. Coming generations will commemorate the victory of Ayacucho to bless it and contemplate it sitting on the throne of freedom, commanding to Americans the exercise of their rights and the sacred laws of nature.</i>"</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<i>You are called upon the greatest destinies, and I foresee that you are the rival of my Glory</i>" (Bolivar, Letter to Sucre, Nazca, April 26, 1825).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Junín">Battle of Junín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Declaration" title="Ayacucho Declaration">Ayacucho Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Legions" title="British Legions">British Legions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">5780 men on the battle. Historia extensa de Colombia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Mart%C3%ADnez-Delgado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Martínez-Delgado (page does not exist)">Luis Martínez-Delgado</a>, Academia Colombiana de Historia.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzQYAAAAYAAJ">[1]</a>. The Sucre's army start the campaign of Ayacucho with 13.000 independentist soldiers claim Viceroy la Serna:Ocho años de la Serna en el Perú (De la "Venganza" a la "Ernestine".Alberto Wagner de Reyna.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=80349">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFde)1896" class="citation web cs1">de), Fernando Valdés Héctor Sierra y Guerrero Torata (conde (24 July 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zsTAAAAYAAJ">"Documentos para la historia de la guerra separatista del Perú"</a>. la viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentos+para+la+historia+de+la+guerra+separatista+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.pub=la+viuda+de+M.+Minuesa+de+los+R%C3%ADos&rft.date=1896-07-24&rft.aulast=de%29&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Vald%C3%A9s+H%C3%A9ctor+Sierra+y+Guerrero+Torata+%28conde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zsTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ayacucho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceasefire between Argentines with Spaniards in the Preliminary Peace Convention of 1823</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata: un escuadrón del <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Mounted_Grenadiers_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers (Argentina)">Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo</a> de Buenos Aires (mencionado también como Granaderos montados de los Andes), fue mandado reorganizar por Bolívar con los jinetes que amotinados en Lurín apresando a sus jefes, no se unieron a los sublevados del Callao.</i> (<i>Memorias del general O'Leary</i>, pág. 139. S.B. O'Leary, 1883.) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>República de Chile: no hubo unidades chilenas en Ayacucho, pero sí jefes y soldados, la mayoría de los 300 reclutas que llegaron de Chile al puerto de Santa en diciembre de 1823 al mando del coronel Pedro Santiago Aldunate para completar las formaciones chilenas y fueron incorporados a la caballería colombiana y al Batallón Vargas por intercambio por reclutas peruanos, se dispersaron en la batalla de Corpahuaico, reuniéndose con el Ejército de Sucre luego de la batalla de Ayacucho. Los que sí estuvieron en la batalla, lo hicieron formando parte de los batallones colombianos y peruanos.</i> (<i>Los Peruanos y su Independencia</i>, pág. 95. José Augusto De Izcue. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-559-43532-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-559-43532-0">0-559-43532-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-43532-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-43532-4">978-0-559-43532-4</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At Ayacucho, the remains of the regiment were part of the Patriot order of battle but remained in the reserve and did not take part on the fighting." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irlandeses.org/0703_78to80.pdf">Arthur Sandes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes pg. 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Complete name in Spanish: <b>"<i>Ejército Unido peruano colombiano Libertador del Perú</i>"</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZd4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA26">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=%22Ej%C3%A9rcito+Real+del+Per%C3%BA%22">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ejército Real del Perú" - Google Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Ej%C3%A9rcito+Real+del+Per%C3%BA%22+-+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26q%3D%2522Ej%25C3%25A9rcito%2BReal%2Bdel%2BPer%25C3%25BA%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ayacucho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">9310 men at start campaign over Apurímac river. El Perú Republicano y los fundamentos de su emancipación. Jorge Basadre.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XtuAAAAMAAJ">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Los incas borbónicos: la elite indígena cuzqueña en vísperas de Tupac Amaru <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2390407">[5]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306060131/http://revistandina.perucultural.org.pe/textos/garret.doc">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistandina.perucultural.org.pe/textos/garret.doc">the original</a> on 6 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistandina.perucultural.org.pe%2Ftextos%2Fgarret.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ayacucho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923123813/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/a-Mensaje-1823-10.pdf">"El congreso constituyente del Perú, decreto declarando reo de alta traición a José de la Riva Aguero, 8 de agosto de 1823"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/a-Mensaje-1823-10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+congreso+constituyente+del+Per%C3%BA%2C+decreto+declarando+reo+de+alta+traici%C3%B3n+a+Jos%C3%A9+de+la+Riva+Aguero%2C+8+de+agosto+de+1823&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congreso.gob.pe%2Fmuseo%2Fmensajes%2Fa-Mensaje-1823-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ayacucho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610013051/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/Mensaje-1824.pdf">"Manifiesto del Presidente del Perú, Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle"</a> [Manifesto of the President of Peru, Grand Marshal José Bernardo Tagle] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 6 May 1824. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/museo/mensajes/Mensaje-1824.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manifiesto+del+Presidente+del+Per%C3%BA%2C+Gran+Mariscal+Jos%C3%A9+Bernardo+Tagle&rft.date=1824-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congreso.gob.pe%2Fmuseo%2Fmensajes%2FMensaje-1824.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ayacucho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Camba, Andrés. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rsCAAAAYAAJ"><i>Memorias para la historia de las armas españolas en el Perú 1809-1825</i></a>. (Volume II. Madrid, Benito Hortelano, 1846), 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Biblioteca Ayacucho. Rufino Blanco-Fombona]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArana1999" class="citation book cs1">Arana, Diego Barros (24 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hKdAtgYfhAC&pg=PP1"><i><span></span></i>Historia General de Chile<i> (General History of Chile), v 14</i></a>. Editorial Universitaria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789561117860" title="Special:BookSources/9789561117860"><bdi>9789561117860</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+General+de+Chile+%28General+History+of+Chile%29%2C+v+14&rft.pub=Editorial+Universitaria&rft.date=1999-07-24&rft.isbn=9789561117860&rft.aulast=Arana&rft.aufirst=Diego+Barros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hKdAtgYfhAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ayacucho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La guerra de la independencia en el alto Perú</i> (The War of Independence in Upper Peru), p.161. By Emilio A. Bidondo. Published by <i>Círculo Militar</i>, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary1919" class="citation web cs1">O'Leary, Daniel Florencio (24 July 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuUOGQAACAAJ">"Junín y Ayacucho"</a>. Editorial-America – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jun%C3%ADn+y+Ayacucho&rft.pub=Editorial-America&rft.date=1919-07-24&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Florencio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzuUOGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ayacucho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memorias del general O'Leary. p. 235. By <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Florencio_O%27Leary" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Florencio O'Leary">Daniel Florencio O'Leary</a>. 1883.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">highlighted as a subtitle in <i>Junin y Ayacucho</i> by General O'Leary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyna1985" class="citation journal cs1">Reyna, Alberto Wagner de (24 July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=80349">"Ocho años de la Serna en el Perú (De la "Venganza" a la "Ernestine")"</a> [Eight years of De la Serna in Peru]. <i>Quinto Centenario</i> (8): 37–60 – via dialnet.unirioja.es.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quinto+Centenario&rft.atitle=Ocho+a%C3%B1os+de+la+Serna+en+el+Per%C3%BA+%28De+la+%22Venganza%22+a+la+%22Ernestine%22%29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=37-60&rft.date=1985-07-24&rft.aulast=Reyna&rft.aufirst=Alberto+Wagner+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D80349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ayacucho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib_autor/bolívar/nacional.shtml">[6]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaime E. Rodríguez O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQWJ4nzGNKMC&pg=PA231">The Independence of Spanish America</a> (1998), 231. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521626730" title="Special:BookSources/0521626730">0521626730</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolívar-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolívar_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolívar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At Ayacucho, the remains of the [Arthur Sandes] regiment were part of the Patriot order of battle but remained in the reserve and did not take part on the fighting." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irlandeses.org/0703_78to80.pdf">Arthur Sandes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Parte de la batalla de Ayacucho, Antonio José de Sucre]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoirs of General Miller: in the service of the republic of Peru. By John Miller. Published by Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1829. pp.194–195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Los Peruanos y su Independencia</i>. pp. 88. Author: Jose Augusto de Izcue. Editor: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-559-43533-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-559-43533-9">0-559-43533-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-43533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-43533-1">978-0-559-43533-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariano Torrente "Historia de la revolución hispano-americana", Volumen 3, pág. 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Batallas Decisivas de la Historia de España</i> (Decisive Battles in the History of Spain) (Ed. Aguilar, 2004).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hughes, Ben. <i>Conquer or Die!: British Volunteers in Bolivar's War of Extermination 1817–21</i>. Osprey Publishing 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1849081832" title="Special:BookSources/1849081832">1849081832</a></li> <li>El Perú Republicano y los fundamentos de su emancipación. Jorge Basadre.</li> <li>Historia extensa de Colombia. Luis Martínez Delgado, Academia Colombiana de Historia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Higgins, James (editor). <i>The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts</i>, 2014. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu">jhemanperu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ayacucho&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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