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</button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activism_and_the_Bastille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism_and_the_Bastille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political activism and the Bastille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism_and_the_Bastille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Kit-Cat_Club" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kit-Cat_Club"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>The Kit-Cat Club</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kit-Cat_Club-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Haymarket_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Haymarket_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>The Haymarket theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Haymarket_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_College_of_Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_College_of_Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>The College of Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_College_of_Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Marriage and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playwright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playwright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Playwright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playwright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Relapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Relapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span><i>The Relapse</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Relapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Provoked_Wife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Provoked_Wife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span><i>The Provoked Wife</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Provoked_Wife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_audience_taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_audience_taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Changing audience taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_audience_taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Architect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Castle_Howard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castle_Howard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Castle Howard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castle_Howard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanbrugh's_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanbrugh's_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Vanbrugh's House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanbrugh's_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blenheim_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blenheim_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Blenheim Palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blenheim_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings_Weston_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_Weston_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Kings Weston House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_Weston_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seaton_Delaval_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaton_Delaval_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Seaton Delaval Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaton_Delaval_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Architectural reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Vanbrugh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جون فانبرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون فانبرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τζον Βάνμπρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Βάνμπρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جان ونبرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان ونبرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B0%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8" title="존 밴브루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 밴브루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95" title="ג'ון ואנברו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ואנברו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جون فانبرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون فانبرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ванбру, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ванбру, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83" title="Џон Ванбру – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Ванбру" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="จอห์น แวนบรูห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น แวนบรูห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джон Ванбру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Ванбру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Vanbrugh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF" title="約翰·凡布魯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·凡布魯" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vanbrugh" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vanbrugh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vanbrugh (disambiguation)">Vanbrugh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">John Vanbrugh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Vanbrugh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/John_Vanbrugh.jpg/220px-John_Vanbrugh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/John_Vanbrugh.jpg/330px-John_Vanbrugh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/John_Vanbrugh.jpg/440px-John_Vanbrugh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kit-cat_portrait" title="Kit-cat portrait">kit-cat portrait</a>, held in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?Mkey=mw06470">NPG3231</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1664-01-24</span>)</span>24 January 1664 (baptised)<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-70_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-70-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1726<span style="display:none">(1726-03-26)</span> (aged 62)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Architect</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buildings</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seaton_Delaval_Hall" title="Seaton Delaval Hall">Seaton Delaval Hall</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grimsthorpe_Castle" title="Grimsthorpe Castle">Grimsthorpe Castle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stowe_House" title="Stowe House">Stowe House</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_Weston_House" title="Kings Weston House">Kings Weston House</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir John Vanbrugh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 24 January 1664 (baptised) – 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a>, perhaps best known as the designer of <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote two argumentative and outspoken <a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Relapse" title="The Relapse">The Relapse</a></i> (1696) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Provoked_Wife" title="The Provoked Wife">The Provoked Wife</a></i> (1697), which have become enduring stage favourites but originally occasioned much controversy. He was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in 1714.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Chambers,_Book_of_Days_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Chambers,_Book_of_Days-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vanbrugh was in many senses a radical throughout his life. As a young man and a committed <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a>, he was part of the scheme to overthrow <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> and put <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> on the throne. He was imprisoned by the French as a <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoner</a>. In his career as a playwright, he offended many sections of <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> and 18th century society, not only by the sexual explicitness of his plays, but also by their messages in defence of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">women's rights</a> in marriage. He was attacked on both counts, and was one of the prime targets of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Collier" title="Jeremy Collier">Jeremy Collier</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Short_View_of_the_Immorality_and_Profaneness_of_the_English_Stage" title="Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage">Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage</a></i>. </p><p>In his <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectural</a> career, he created what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a>. His architectural work was as bold and daring as his early political activism and marriage-themed plays, and jarred conservative opinions on the subject. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_background">Early life and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in London and baptised on 24 January 1664,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanbrugh was the fourth child (of 19), and eldest surviving son,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Giles Vanbrugh, a London cloth-merchant of Flemish descent<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as evident in the name, contracted from "Van Brugh") and Protestant background,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his wife Elizabeth,<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> widow of Thomas Barker (by whom Vanbrugh's mother had the first of her twenty children, Vanbrugh's elder half-sister, Elizabeth), and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Carleton_(diplomat)" title="Dudley Carleton (diplomat)">Sir Dudley Carleton</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Thames_Ditton#Pre-1800" title="Thames Ditton">Imber Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thames_Ditton" title="Thames Ditton">Thames Ditton</a>, Surrey. He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, where his family had been driven by either the major outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">plague in London</a> in 1665, or the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a> of 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-12_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that he attended <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="The King's School, Chester">The King's School</a> in Chester, though no records of his being a scholar there survive. Another candidate would have been the school at <a href="/wiki/Ashby-de-la-Zouch" title="Ashby-de-la-Zouch">Ashby-de-la-Zouch</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings,_3rd_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon">Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon</a>. It was also not uncommon for boys to be sent to study at school away from home, or with a tutor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Downes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="floatright" style="position:relative; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_r2ujccipy8exfabogvr8ewkmt4ob3et"></map><img usemap="#timeline_r2ujccipy8exfabogvr8ewkmt4ob3et" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/r2ujccipy8exfabogvr8ewkmt4ob3et.png" /></div> <div style="position:absolute; right:0; top:4px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Vanbrugh_timeline" title="Template:John Vanbrugh timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Vanbrugh_timeline" title="Template talk:John Vanbrugh timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Vanbrugh_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Vanbrugh timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p>Architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Downes" title="Kerry Downes">Kerry Downes</a> is sceptical of earlier historians' claims of a lower <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> background, and writes that a 19th-century suggestion that Giles Vanbrugh was a sugar-baker has been misunderstood. "<a href="/wiki/Sugar-baker" title="Sugar-baker">Sugar-baker</a>" implies wealth, as the term refers not to a <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">maker of sweets</a> but to the owner of a sugar house, a factory for the refining of raw sugar from <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-12_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugar refining would normally have been combined with sugar trading, which was a lucrative business. Downes' example of one sugar baker's house in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, estimated to bring in <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>40,000 a year in trade from Barbados, throws a new light on Vanbrugh's social background, one rather different from the picture of a backstreet Chester sweetshop as painted by <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Leigh_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Leigh Hunt">Leigh Hunt</a> in 1840 and reflected in many later accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To dispel the myth of Vanbrugh's humble origins, Downes took pains to explore Vanbrugh's background, closely examining the family and connexions of each of his four grandparents: Vanbrugh, Jacobs or Jacobson, Carleton, and Croft, summing up the characteristics of each line and concluding that, far from being of lower middle class origins, Vanbrugh was descended from Anglo-Flemish or Netherlandish Protestant merchants who settled in London in the 16th and 17th centuries, minor courtiers, and country gentry. The complex web of kinship Downes' research shows that Vanbrugh had ties to many of England's leading mercantile, gentry, and noble families. These ties reveal the decidedly Protestant and sometimes radical milieu out of which Vanbrugh's own political opinions came. They also gave him a very wide social network that would play a role in all sections of his career: architectural, ceremonial, dramatic, military, political, and social.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Taken in this context, though he has sometimes been viewed as an odd or unqualified appointee to the College of Arms, it is not surprising, given the social expectations of his day, that by descent his credentials for his offices there were sound. His forebears, both Flemish/Dutch and English, were <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">armigerous</a>, and their coats of arms can be traced in three out of four cases, revealing that Vanbrugh was of gentle descent (Jacobson, of Antwerp and London [the family of his paternal grandmother Maria daughter of Peter brother to Philip Jacobson, jeweller and financier to successive English kings, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, and monied backer of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Second Virginia Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>]; <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Carleton,_1st_Viscount_Dorchester" title="Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester">Carleton of Imber Court</a>; <a href="/wiki/Croft_Castle" title="Croft Castle">Croft of Croft Castle</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After growing up in a large household in Chester (12 children of his mother's second marriage survived infancy), the question of how Vanbrugh spent the years from age 18 to 22 (after he left school) was long unanswered, with the baseless suggestion sometimes made that he had been studying architecture in France (stated as fact in the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>). In 1681 records name a 'John Vanbrugg' working for William Matthews, Giles Vanbrugh's cousin. It was not unusual for a merchant's son to follow in his father's trade and seek similar work in business, making use of family ties and connections.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Robert Williams proved in an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Literary Supplement">Times Literary Supplement</a></i> ("Vanbrugh's Lost Years", 3 September 1999) that Vanbrugh was in India for part of this period, working for the East India Company at their trading post in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, Gujarat where his uncle, Edward Pearce, had been Governor.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Vanbrugh never mentioned this experience in writing. Scholars debate whether evidence of his exposure to Indian architecture can be detected in any of his architectural designs. </p><p>The picture of a well-connected youth is reinforced by the fact that Vanbrugh in January 1686 took up an officer's commission in his distant relative the <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Hastings,_7th_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon">Earl of Huntingdon's</a> foot regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-12_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since commissions were in the gift of the commanding officer, Vanbrugh's entry as an officer shows that he did have the kind of family network that was then essential to a young man starting out in life. Even so in August 1686 he left this position when the regiment was ordered to help garrison <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-12_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the distant noble relatives and the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Sugar_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar trade">sugar trade</a>, Vanbrugh never seemed to possess any capital for business ventures (such as the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket Theatre">Haymarket Theatre</a>), but always had to rely on loans and backers. The fact that Giles Vanbrugh had twelve children to support and set up in life may go some way towards explaining the debts that were to plague John all his life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connections">Connections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of Vanbrugh's kinsmen – as he addressed them in his letters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran">The Earl of Arran</a> (1639–1686). His wife (from 1673) was Vanbrugh's first-cousin, Dorothy née Ferrers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Berkshire" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Berkshire">The 3rd Earl of Berkshire (1619–1706)</a>. Frances née Harrison, Countess of Berkshire. Vanbrugh's grandfather's sister, Elizabeth Carleton married John Harrison, uncle of the Countess of Berkshire and in addition the Countess's aunt, Anne Garrard, married Dudley Carleton, Viscount Dorchester, uncle to Vanbrugh's same grandfather. Frances was (half) second cousin to Vanbrugh's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle">The 3rd Earl of Carlisle</a> (1669–1738) of <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a>. Carlisle's grandmother, Lady Anne Howard, Countess of Carlisle, was first cousin to the 3rd Earl of Berkshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1640–1707). His Duchess was the Earl of Arran's sister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_2nd_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield">The 2nd Earl of Chesterfield</a> (1634–1714). His Countess was the Earl of Arran's sister. His uncle <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Stanhope" title="Ferdinando Stanhope">Ferdinando Stanhope</a> married Lettice Ferrers, aunt of the Countess of Arran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Hastings,_7th_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon">The 7th Earl of Huntingdon</a> (1650–1701). Vanbrugh's mother was his (half) third cousin.</li></ul> <p>Vanbrugh's younger brothers, Charles MP and <a href="/wiki/Philip_VanBrugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip VanBrugh">Philip</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland Colony</a>, were naval commanders. </p><p>Vanbrugh's own first and second cousins included Sir Humphrey Ferrers (1652–1678), <a href="/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Croft,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Herbert Croft, 1st Baronet">Sir Herbert Croft Bt (1652–1720)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Cave" title="Roger Cave">Sir Roger Cave Bt (1655–1703)</a> and Cave's sister, wife of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Orlando_Bridgeman,_1st_Baronet,_of_Ridley" title="Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Ridley">Sir Orlando Bridgeman Bt (1650–1701)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activism_and_the_Bastille">Political activism and the Bastille</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political activism and the Bastille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastille_Exterior_1790_or_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bastille_Exterior_1790_or_1791.jpg/240px-Bastille_Exterior_1790_or_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bastille_Exterior_1790_or_1791.jpg/360px-Bastille_Exterior_1790_or_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bastille_Exterior_1790_or_1791.jpg/480px-Bastille_Exterior_1790_or_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the infamous French state prison the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> in Paris, where Vanbrugh was incarcerated</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1686, Vanbrugh was working undercover, playing a role in bringing about the armed invasion by <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>, the deposition of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688. He thus demonstrates an intense early identification with the Whig cause of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>, with which he was to remain affiliated all his life. Returning from bringing William messages at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Vanbrugh was arrested at <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> on a charge of espionage (which Downes concludes was trumped-up)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in September 1688,<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two months before William invaded England. Vanbrugh remained in prison in France for four and a half years,<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-70_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-70-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit in reasonable comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1691 he requested to be moved from Calais to <a href="/wiki/Vincennes" title="Vincennes">Vincennes</a>, at his own expense, where his treatment deteriorated enough to suffice his writing to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, leading to his eventual transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> in February 1692. This raised the profile of his case once more, finally prompting his release in November of the same year, in an exchange of political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beard-13_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His life is sharply bisected by this prison experience, which he entered at age 24 and emerged from at 29, after having spent, as Downes puts it,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> half his adult life in captivity. It seems to have left him with a lasting distaste for the French political system but also with a taste for the comic dramatists and the architecture of France. </p><p>The often-repeated claim that Vanbrugh wrote part of his comedy <i>The Provoked Wife</i> in the Bastille is based on allusions in a couple of much later memoirs and is regarded with some doubt by modern scholars (see McCormick).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being released from the Bastille, he had to spend three months in Paris, free to move around but unable to leave the country, and with every opportunity to see an architecture "unparalleled in England for scale, ostentation, richness, taste and sophistication".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was allowed to return to England in April 1693;<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-70_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-70-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> once he returned to England he joined the Navy and took part in an unsuccessful naval attack against the French at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-15_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point in the mid-1690s, it is not known exactly when, he exchanged army life for London and the London stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-15_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_life">Public life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London">London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vanbrugh's London career was diverse and varied, comprising playwriting, architectural design, and attempts to combine these two overarching interests. His overlapping achievements and business ventures were sometimes confusing even to Vanbrugh himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Kit-Cat_Club">The Kit-Cat Club</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Kit-Cat Club"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A committed Whig, Vanbrugh was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a> – and particularly popular for "his colossal geniality, his great good humour, his easy-going temperament".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Club is best known today as an early 18th-century social gathering point for culturally and politically prominent Whigs, including many artists and writers (<a href="/wiki/William_Congreve_(playwright)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Congreve (playwright)">William Congreve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">politicians</a> (the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour,_6th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset">Charles Seymour</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyle,_2nd_Earl_of_Burlington" title="Charles Boyle, 2nd Earl of Burlington">Earl of Burlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles">Thomas Pelham-Holles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Sir Robert Walpole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple,_1st_Viscount_Cobham" title="Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham">Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham</a> who gave Vanbrugh several architectural commissions at <a href="/wiki/Stowe,_Buckinghamshire" title="Stowe, Buckinghamshire">Stowe</a>). </p><p>Politically, the Club promoted the Whig objectives of a strong <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>, a limited monarchy, resistance to France,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and primarily the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> succession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the Kit-Cats always presented their club as more a matter of dining and conviviality, and this reputation has been successfully relayed to posterity. Downes suggests, however, that the Club's origins go back to before the Glorious Revolution of 1689 and that its political importance was much greater before it went public in 1700, in calmer and more Whiggish times. Downes proposes a role for an early Kit-Cat grouping in the armed invasion by William of Orange and the Glorious Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>, son of Kit-Cat Sir Robert Walpole, claims that the respectable middle-aged Club members generally mentioned as "a set of wits" were originally "in reality the patriots that saved Britain", in other words were the active force behind the Glorious Revolution itself. Secret groups tend to be poorly documented, and this sketch of the pre-history of the Club cannot be proved. But as we have seen, young Vanbrugh was indeed in 1688 part of a secret network working for William's invasion. If the roots of the Club go back that far, it is tempting to speculate that Vanbrugh in joining the club was not merely becoming one of a convivial London "set of wits" but was also linking up with old friends and co-conspirators. A hero of the cause who had done time in French prison for it, could have been confident of a warm welcome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Haymarket_theatre">The Haymarket theatre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Haymarket theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Kings_Theatre_Haymarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/London_Kings_Theatre_Haymarket.jpg/220px-London_Kings_Theatre_Haymarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/London_Kings_Theatre_Haymarket.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>The Queen's Theatre, by <a href="/wiki/William_Capon_(artist)" title="William Capon (artist)">William Capon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1703, Vanbrugh started buying land and signing backers for the construction of a new theatre, the <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_London" title="His Majesty's Theatre, London">Queen's Theatre</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket (London)">Haymarket</a>, designed by himself and managed by Vanbrugh along with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Betterton" title="Thomas Betterton">Thomas Betterton</a> and his associate William Congreve.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended for the use of an actors' cooperative (see <a href="#The_Provoked_Wife"><i>The Provoked Wife</i></a> below) and hoped to improve the chances of legitimate theatre in London. Theatre was under threat from more colourful types of entertainment such as opera, <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">juggling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> (introduced by <a href="/wiki/John_Rich_(producer)" title="John Rich (producer)">John Rich</a>), animal acts, travelling dance troupes, and famous visiting Italian singers. They also hoped to make a profit, and Vanbrugh optimistically bought up the actors' company, making himself sole owner. He was now bound to pay salaries to the actors and, as it turned out, to manage the theatre, a notorious tightrope act for which he had no experience. The often repeated rumour that the acoustics of the building Vanbrugh had designed were bad is exaggerated (see Milhous <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), but the more practical Congreve had become anxious to extricate himself from the project, and Vanbrugh was left spreading himself extremely thin, running a theatre and simultaneously overseeing the building of Blenheim, a project which after June 1705 often took him out of town. </p><p>Unsurprisingly under these circumstances, Vanbrugh's management of the Queen's Theatre in Haymarket showed "numerous signs of confusion, inefficiency, missed opportunities, and bad judgment".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having burned his fingers on theatre management, Vanbrugh too extricated himself, expensively, by selling the business in 1708 to <a href="/wiki/Owen_Swiny" title="Owen Swiny">Owen Swiny</a>.,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though without ever collecting much of the putative price. He had put a lot of money, his own and borrowed, into the theatre company, which he was never to recover. It was noted as remarkable by contemporaries that he continued to pay the actors' salaries fully and promptly while they were working for him, just as he always paid the workmen he had hired for construction work; shirking such responsibilities was close to being standard practice in early 18th century England. Vanbrugh himself never seems to have pursued those who owed him money, and throughout his life his finances can at best be described as precarious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_College_of_Arms">The College of Arms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The College of Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vanbrugh's introduction and advancement in the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> remain controversial. On 21 June 1703 the obsolete office of Carlisle Herald was revived for Vanbrugh. This appointment was followed by a promotion to the post of <a href="/wiki/Clarenceux_King_of_Arms" title="Clarenceux King of Arms">Clarenceux King of Arms</a> in March 1704. In 1725 he sold this office to Knox Ward, and he told a friend he had "got leave to dispose in earnest, of a place I got in jest".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His colleagues' opposition to an ill-gotten appointment ought to have been directed to Lord Carlisle, who as <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">Deputy Earl Marshal</a>, arranged both appointments and against whose wishes they were powerless. Vanbrugh went on to make more friends than enemies at the College, however. The pageantry of state occasions appealed to his theatrical sense, his duties were not difficult, and he appears to have performed them well. In the opinion of a modern <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a> and historian, although the appointment was "incongruous", he was "possibly the most distinguished man who has ever worn a herald's <a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">tabard</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1706 Lord Halifax and Vanbrugh – representing the <a href="/wiki/Octogenarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octogenarian">octogenarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Garter_King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Garter King of Arms">Garter King of Arms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_George,_the_younger" title="Henry St George, the younger">Sir Henry St George</a> – led a delegation to <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> to confer the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> on <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">Prince George</a>, later to become King George II. Vaughan Hart has shown how Vanbrugh's interest in arms and heraldry found expression in, and gave meaning to, his architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage_and_death">Marriage and death</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanbrugh_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vanbrugh_Castle.jpg/350px-Vanbrugh_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vanbrugh_Castle.jpg/525px-Vanbrugh_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vanbrugh_Castle.jpg/700px-Vanbrugh_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3263" data-file-height="1729" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vanbrugh_Castle" title="Vanbrugh Castle">Vanbrugh Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, south London</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1719, at <a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence%27s_Church,_York" title="St Lawrence's Church, York">St Lawrence's Church, York</a> (since rebuilt), Vanbrugh married Henrietta Maria Yarburgh of <a href="/wiki/Heslington_Hall" title="Heslington Hall">Heslington Hall</a>, York, aged 26 to his 55. In spite of the age difference, this was by all accounts a happy marriage, which produced two sons. Unlike that of the <a href="/wiki/Rake_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rake (character)">rake</a> heroes and <a href="/wiki/Fop" title="Fop">fops</a> of his plays, Vanbrugh's personal life was without scandal. </p><p>Vanbrugh died "of an <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>" on 26 March 1726,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the modest town house designed by him in 1703 out of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehall Palace">Whitehall Palace</a> and satirised by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a> as "the <a href="/wiki/Goose-pie_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose-pie House">goose pie</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His married life, however, was mostly spent at <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich, London">Greenwich</a> (then not considered part of London at all) in the house on Maze Hill now known as <a href="/wiki/Vanbrugh_Castle" title="Vanbrugh Castle">Vanbrugh Castle</a>, a miniature Scottish <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">tower house</a> designed by Vanbrugh in the earliest stages of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Grade I listed building, and formerly a <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> Boys' School, it is today divided into private apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Playwright">Playwright</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Playwright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colley_Cibber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Colley_Cibber.jpg/170px-Colley_Cibber.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Colley_Cibber.jpg/255px-Colley_Cibber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Colley_Cibber.jpg/340px-Colley_Cibber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Actor <a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a>'s comedy <i>Love's Last Shift, or Virtue Rewarded</i> inspired Vanbrugh to write <i>The Relapse, or, Virtue in Danger</i>.</figcaption></figure> </div><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Betterton.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thomas_Betterton.gif/170px-Thomas_Betterton.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thomas_Betterton.gif/255px-Thomas_Betterton.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thomas_Betterton.gif/340px-Thomas_Betterton.gif 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Betterton" title="Thomas Betterton">Thomas Betterton</a>, Sir John Brute in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Provoked_Wife" title="The Provoked Wife">The Provoked Wife</a></i>. Betterton's acting ability was lavishly praised by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a> and Colley Cibber.</figcaption></figure> </div><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Barry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Elizabeth_Barry.png/170px-Elizabeth_Barry.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Elizabeth_Barry.png/255px-Elizabeth_Barry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Elizabeth_Barry.png/340px-Elizabeth_Barry.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barry" title="Elizabeth Barry">Elizabeth Barry</a> was a celebrated <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedienne</a> who brought depth to Lady Brute in Vanbrugh's comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Provoked_Wife" title="The Provoked Wife">The Provoked Wife</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> </div><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Bracegirdle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Anne_Bracegirdle.png/170px-Anne_Bracegirdle.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Anne_Bracegirdle.png 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bracegirdle" title="Anne Bracegirdle">Anne Bracegirdle</a>, Bellinda in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Provoked_Wife" title="The Provoked Wife">The Provoked Wife</a></i>, often played the comic half of a contrasted tragic/comic heroine pair with Elizabeth Barry.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>Vanbrugh arrived in London at a time of scandal and internal drama at London's only theatre company, as a long-running conflict between pinchpenny management and disgruntled actors came to a head and the actors walked out. A new comedy staged with the makeshift remainder of the company in January 1696, <a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a>'s <i>Love's Last Shift</i>, had a final scene that to Vanbrugh's critical mind demanded a sequel, and even though it was his first play he threw himself into the fray by providing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard-70_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-70-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Relapse"><i>The Relapse</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Relapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Cibber's <i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Last_Shift" title="Love's Last Shift">Love's Last Shift</a></i></b> Colley Cibber's notorious tear-jerker <i>Love's Last Shift, Or, Virtue Rewarded</i> was written and staged in the eye of a theatrical storm. London's only and mismanaged theatre company, known as the United Company, had split in two in March 1695 when the senior actors began operating their own acting cooperative, and the next season was one of cutthroat rivalry between the two companies. </p><p>Cibber, an inconspicuous young actor still employed by the parent company, seized this moment of unique demand for new plays and launched his career on two fronts by writing a play with a big, flamboyant part for himself: the Frenchified fop Sir Novelty Fashion. Backed up by Cibber's own uninhibited performance, Sir Novelty delighted the audiences. In the serious part of <i>Love's Last Shift</i>, wifely patience is tried by an out-of-control <a href="/wiki/Rake_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rake (character)">Restoration rake</a> husband, and the perfect wife is celebrated and rewarded in a climactic finale where the cheating husband kneels to her and expresses the depth of his repentance. </p><p><i>Love's Last Shift</i> has not been staged again since the early 18th century and is read only by the most dedicated scholars, who sometimes express distaste for its businesslike combination of four explicit acts of sex and rakishness with one of sententious reform (see Hume<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). If Cibber indeed was deliberately attempting to appeal simultaneously to rakish and respectable Londoners, it worked: the play was a great box-office hit. </p><p><b>Sequel: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Relapse" title="The Relapse">The Relapse</a></i></b> Vanbrugh's witty sequel <i>The Relapse, Or, Virtue in Danger</i>, offered to the United Company six weeks later, questions the justice of women's position in marriage at this time. He sends new sexual temptations in the way of not only the reformed husband but also the patient wife, and allows them to react in more credible and less predictable ways than in their original context, lending the flat characters from <i>Love's Last Shift</i> a dimension that at least some critics are willing to consider <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> (see Hume <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a> subplot, Vanbrugh provides the more traditional Restoration attraction of an overly well-dressed and exquisite fop, Lord Foppington, a brilliant re-creation of Cibber's Sir Novelty Fashion in <i>Love's Last Shift</i> (Sir Novelty has simply in <i>The Relapse</i> bought himself the title of "Lord Foppington" through the corrupt system of Royal title sales). Critics of Restoration comedy are unanimous in declaring Lord Foppington "the greatest of all Restoration fops" (Dobrée<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), by virtue of being not merely laughably affected, but also "brutal, evil, and smart" (Hume <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). </p><p><i>The Relapse</i>, however, came very close to not being performed at all. The United Company had lost all its senior performers, and had great difficulty in finding and keeping actors of sufficient skills for the large cast required by <i>The Relapse</i>. Members of that cast had to be kept from defecting to the rival actors' cooperative, had to be "seduced" (as the legal term was) back when they did defect, and had to be blandished into attending rehearsals which dragged out into ten months and brought the company to the threshold of bankruptcy. "They have no company at all", reported a contemporary letter on 19 November 1696 "and unless a new play comes out on Saturday revives their reputation, they must break".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That new play, <i>The Relapse</i>, did turn out a tremendous success that saved the company, not least by virtue of Colley Cibber again bringing down the house with his second impersonation of Lord Foppington. "This play (the <i>Relapse</i>)", writes Cibber in his autobiography forty years later, "from its new and easy Turn of Wit, had great Success".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Provoked_Wife"><i>The Provoked Wife</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Provoked Wife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Provoked_Wife" title="The Provoked Wife">The Provoked Wife</a></div> <p>Vanbrugh's second original comedy, <i>The Provoked Wife</i>, followed soon after, performed by the rebel actors' company. This play is different in tone from the largely farcical <i>The Relapse</i>, and adapted to the greater acting skills of the rebels. Vanbrugh had good reason to offer his second play to the new company, which had got off to a brilliant start by premièring Congreve's <i><a href="/wiki/Love_for_Love" title="Love for Love">Love for Love</a></i>, the greatest London box-office success for years. The actors' cooperative boasted the established star performers of the age, and Vanbrugh tailored <i>The Provoked Wife</i> to their specialities. While <i>The Relapse</i> had been robustly phrased to be suitable for amateurs and minor acting talents, he could count on versatile professionals like Thomas Betterton, Elizabeth Barry, and the rising young star <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bracegirdle" title="Anne Bracegirdle">Anne Bracegirdle</a> to do justice to characters of depth and nuance. </p><p><i>The Provoked Wife</i> is a comedy, but Elizabeth Barry who played the abused wife was especially famous as a tragic actress, and for her power of "moving the passions", i.e., moving an audience to pity and tears. Barry and the younger Bracegirdle had often worked together as a tragic/comic heroine pair to bring audiences the typically tragic/comic rollercoaster experience of Restoration plays. Vanbrugh takes advantage of this schema and these actresses to deepen audience sympathy for the unhappily married Lady Brute, even as she fires off her witty ripostes. In the intimate conversational dialogue between Lady Brute and her niece Bellinda (Bracegirdle), and especially in the star part of Sir John Brute the brutish husband (Betterton), which was hailed as one of the peaks of Thomas Betterton's remarkable career, <i>The Provoked Wife</i> is something as unusual as a Restoration <a href="/wiki/Problem_play" title="Problem play">problem play</a>. The premise of the plot, that a wife trapped in an abusive marriage might consider either leaving it or taking a lover, outraged some sections of Restoration society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_works">Other works</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Aesop</i> (1697)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_False_Friend_(Vanbrugh_play)" title="The False Friend (Vanbrugh play)">The False Friend</a></i> (1702)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squire_Trelooby" title="Squire Trelooby">Squire Trelooby</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confederacy_(play)" title="The Confederacy (play)">The Confederacy</a></i> (1705)</li> <li><i>The Mistake</i> (1705)<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Chambers,_Book_of_Days_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Chambers,_Book_of_Days-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changing_audience_taste">Changing audience taste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Changing audience taste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1698, Vanbrugh's argumentative and sexually frank plays were singled out for special attention by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Collier" title="Jeremy Collier">Jeremy Collier</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Short_View_of_the_Immorality_and_Profaneness_of_the_English_Stage" title="Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage">Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage</a></i>, particularly for their failure to impose exemplary morality by appropriate rewards and punishments in the fifth act. Vanbrugh laughed at these charges and published a joking reply, where he accused the clergyman Collier of being more sensitive to unflattering portrayals of the clergy than to real irreligion. However, rising public opinion was already on Collier's side. The intellectual and sexually explicit Restoration comedy style was becoming less and less acceptable to audiences and was soon to be replaced by a drama of sententious morality. Colley Cibber's <i>Love's Last Shift</i>, with its reformed rake and sentimental reconciliation scene, can be seen as a forerunner of this drama. </p><p>Although Vanbrugh continued to work for the stage in many ways, he produced no more original plays. With the change in audience taste away from Restoration comedy, he turned his creative energies from original composition to dramatic adaptation/translation, theatre management, and architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architect">Architect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Architect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precise reasons and motivations behind Vanbrugh's change in career remain unclear, but the decision was sudden enough even to be remarked upon by commentators of his time: </p> <dl><dd><i>Van's genius, without thought or lecture,</i></dd> <dd><i>Is hugely turn'd to architecture.</i></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, in this quote, suggests that Vanbrugh had no previous training in, nor studied architecture, but applied himself to the discipline whole-heartedly.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an architect (or surveyor, as the term then was) Vanbrugh is thought to have had no formal training (see "<a href="#Early_life_and_background">Early life</a>" above). To what extent Vanbrugh's exposure to <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">contemporary French architecture</a> during years of imprisonment in France affected him is hard to gauge, in April 1691<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a> in the months he spent as a prisoner there he would have got to know the architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>'s grand classical work (1656–61) in the château well. On his release from prison (he was at the Bastille by then) on 22 November 1692 he spent a short time in Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there he would have seen much recent architecture including <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations" title="Collège des Quatre-Nations">Collège des Quatre-Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_wing_of_the_Louvre_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="East wing of the Louvre Palace">east wing of the Louvre Palace</a>. His inexperience was compensated for by his unerring eye for <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (visual)">perspective</a> and detail and his close working relationship with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>. Hawksmoor, a former clerk of Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, was to be Vanbrugh's collaborator in many of his most ambitious projects, including Castle Howard<sup id="cite_ref-Castle-Howard-Construction_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle-Howard-Construction-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Blenheim.<sup id="cite_ref-Blenheim-Palace-Palace_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blenheim-Palace-Palace-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his almost thirty years as a practising architect, Vanbrugh designed and worked on numerous buildings. More often than not his work was a rebuild or remodel, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Kimbolton_Castle" title="Kimbolton Castle">Kimbolton Castle</a>, where Vanbrugh had to follow the instructions of his patron. Consequently these houses, which often claim Vanbrugh as their architect, do not best display his own architectural concepts and ideas. In the summer of 1699 as part of his architectural education Vanbrugh made a tour of northern England, writing to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Duke_of_Manchester" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester">Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester</a>, (he was still an Earl at the time) on Christmas Day of that year: 'I have seen most of the great houses in the North, as Ld Nottings (sic): Duke of Leeds Chattesworth (sic) &C.'<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This itinerary likely included many of the great <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a> houses, including: <a href="/wiki/Burghley_House" title="Burghley House">Burghley House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wollaton_Hall" title="Wollaton Hall">Wollaton Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardwick_Hall" title="Hardwick Hall">Hardwick Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolsover_Castle" title="Bolsover Castle">Bolsover Castle</a>, whose use of towers, complex skylines, bow widows and other features would be reinterpreted in Vanbrugh's own buildings. </p><p>Though Vanbrugh is best known in connection with stately houses, the parlous state of London's 18th-century streets did not escape his attention. It was reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Journal" title="London Journal">London Journal</a></i> of 16 March 1722–23: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We are informed that Sir John Vanbrugh, in his scheme for new paving the cities of London and Westminster, among other things, proposes a tax on all gentlemen's coaches, to stop all channels in the street, and to carry all the water off by drains and common sewers under ground."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Vanbrugh's chosen style was the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque</a>, which had been spreading across Europe during the 17th century, promoted by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Le Vau</a>. The first baroque country house built in England was <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth House</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Talman_(architect)" title="William Talman (architect)">William Talman</a> three years before Castle Howard. In the contest for the commission of Castle Howard, the untrained and untried Vanbrugh astonishingly managed to out-charm and out-clubman the professional but less socially adept Talman and to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle">Earl of Carlisle</a> to give the great opportunity to him instead.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seizing it, Vanbrugh instigated European baroque's metamorphosis into a subtle, almost understated version that became known as English baroque. Four of Vanbrugh's designs act as milestones for evaluating this process: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, commissioned in 1699;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, commissioned in 1704;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Weston_House" title="Kings Weston House">Kings Weston House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, begun in 1712;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaton_Delaval_Hall" title="Seaton Delaval Hall">Seaton Delaval Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, begun in 1718.</li></ol> <p>Work on each of these projects overlapped with that on the next, providing a natural progression of thoughts and style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Castle_Howard">Castle Howard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Castle Howard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Howard,_Yorkshire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Castle_Howard%2C_Yorkshire.jpg/220px-Castle_Howard%2C_Yorkshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Castle_Howard%2C_Yorkshire.jpg/330px-Castle_Howard%2C_Yorkshire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Castle_Howard%2C_Yorkshire.jpg/440px-Castle_Howard%2C_Yorkshire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Vanbrugh's south facade of <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle">Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle</a>, a fellow member of the <a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a>, commissioned Vanbrugh in 1699 to design his <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Castle-Howard-Construction_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle-Howard-Construction-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often described as England's first truly baroque building. The baroque style at Castle Howard is the most European that Vanbrugh ever used. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Four_Winds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Temple_of_Four_Winds.JPG/220px-Temple_of_Four_Winds.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Temple_of_Four_Winds.JPG/330px-Temple_of_Four_Winds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Temple_of_Four_Winds.JPG/440px-Temple_of_Four_Winds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Temple of the Four Winds</figcaption></figure> <p>Castle Howard, with its immense corridors in segmental <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a> leading from the main entrance block to the flanking wings, its centre crowned by a great domed tower complete with <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a>, is very much in the school of classic European baroque. It combined aspects of design that had only appeared occasionally, if at all, in English architecture: <a href="/wiki/John_Webb_(architect)" title="John Webb (architect)">John Webb's</a> Greenwich Palace, Wren's unexecuted design for Greenwich, which like Castle Howard was dominated by a domed centre block, and of course Talman's Chatsworth. A possible inspiration for Castle Howard was also <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a> in France. </p><p>The interiors are extremely dramatic, the Great Hall rising 80 feet (24 m) into the cupola. <a href="/wiki/Scagliola" title="Scagliola">Scagliola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian columns</a> abound, and galleries linked by soaring arches give the impression of an opera stage-set – doubtless the intention of the architect. </p><p>Castle Howard was acclaimed a success. This fantastical building, unparalleled in England, with its facades and roofs decorated by pilasters, statuary, and flowing ornamental carving, ensured that baroque became an overnight success. While the greater part of Castle Howard was inhabited and completed by 1709, the finishing touches were to continue for much of Vanbrugh's lifetime. The west wing was finally completed after Vanbrugh's death, to an altered design.<sup id="cite_ref-Castle-Howard-Construction_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle-Howard-Construction-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acclaim of the work at Castle Howard led to Vanbrugh's most famous commission, architect for Blenheim Palace. </p><p>Regarding the commission, William Talman, an already established architect and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Works#Comptroller_of_the_King's_Works" title="Office of Works">Comptroller of the King's Works</a> had initially been the architect of choice, charging more than the Lord had thought reasonable. Vanbrugh's charm, and Talman's lack thereof, may have been enough to convince the patron to change his architect. However, it remains unknown how Vanbrugh, totally untrained and inexperienced, persuaded Earl Carlisle to grant the responsibility of architect to him. The design process began in the summer of 1699, before the end of the year the model for Castle Howard was under construction, stone was being quarried and foundations discussed. </p><p>It appears that the early drawings of the design for Castle Howard were made by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>, and in 1700 he was formally introduced by Vanbrugh into the project as draughtsman and clerk of works. Designs varied and evolved until 1702, the pair working together.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vanbrugh's_House"><span id="Vanbrugh.27s_House"></span>Vanbrugh's House</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vanbrugh's House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goose-Pie_House" title="Goose-Pie House">Goose-Pie House</a></div> <p>In July 1700 the King granted Vanbrugh permission to build on the ruins of Whitehall at his own expense. Brick and stone from the ruins of the Palace of Whitehall were used and the house was sited on what was the Vice-Chamberlain's lodgings. The small, two storied house was unique in design, though its size and proportions led to it being called, unflatteringly, a 'goose-pie' by Swift.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The house was demolished in 1898 to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Old_War_Office_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Old War Office Building">Old War Office Building</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blenheim_Palace">Blenheim Palace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Blenheim Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blenheim_Palace_Terrace,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blenheim_Palace_Terrace%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Blenheim_Palace_Terrace%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blenheim_Palace_Terrace%2C_2010.jpg/330px-Blenheim_Palace_Terrace%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blenheim_Palace_Terrace%2C_2010.jpg/440px-Blenheim_Palace_Terrace%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>The West facade of <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a> (<i>"Vanbrugh's castle air"</i>) shows the unique severe towering stone <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_(structure)" title="Belvedere (structure)">belvederes</a> ornamenting the skyline.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough's</a> forces defeated King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV's</a> army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim" title="Battle of Blenheim">Blenheim</a>, a village on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in 1704.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marlborough's reward, from a grateful nation, was to be a splendid country seat, and the Duke himself chose fellow Kit-Cat John Vanbrugh to be the architect.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work began on the palace in 1705, though as Vanbrugh wasn't a trained architect he worked alongside <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a> on the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Blenheim-Palace-Palace_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blenheim-Palace-Palace-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blenheim Palace was conceived to be not only a grand <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country house</a>, but a national monument.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the light baroque style used at Castle Howard would have been unsuitable for what is in effect a <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorial</a>. It is in truth more of a <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>, than a <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a>. As it was designed as a national monument first and a comfortable family home second,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanbrugh had many arguments with the Duchess<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wanted the Palace to be a comfortable country house for her family, <i>I made Mr. Vanbrugh my enemy by the constant disputes I had with him to prevent his extravagance</i><sup id="cite_ref-Colvin,_p850_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colvin,_p850-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these arguments Vanbrugh resigned before the palace was completed in November 1716.<sup id="cite_ref-Palace-History_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palace-History-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>You have your end Madam, for I will never trouble you more Unless the Duke of Marlborough recovers so far, to shelter me from such intolerable Treatment.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Colvin,_p850_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colvin,_p850-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The qualities of the building are best illustrated by the massive East Gate (<i>illustration, below, left</i>), set in the <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> of the service block, it has been described as resembling an impregnable entrance to a walled city.<sup id="cite_ref-Green,_p10_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green,_p10-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gate, its tapering walls creating an illusion of greater height, also serves as <a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">water tower</a> for the palace, thus confounding those of Vanbrugh's critics, such as the Duchess, who accused him of impracticability.<sup id="cite_ref-Green,_p10_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green,_p10-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blenheim_Palace_IMG_3649.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Blenheim_Palace_IMG_3649.JPG/170px-Blenheim_Palace_IMG_3649.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Blenheim_Palace_IMG_3649.JPG/255px-Blenheim_Palace_IMG_3649.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Blenheim_Palace_IMG_3649.JPG/340px-Blenheim_Palace_IMG_3649.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Vanbrugh's monumental East Gate at <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a> is more the entrance to a <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> than to a <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a>. Vanbrugh cunningly slightly tapered the sides to create an illusion of even greater height and drama.</figcaption></figure> <p>Blenheim, the largest non-royal domestic building in England, consists of three blocks, the centre containing the living and <a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">state rooms</a>, and two flanking rectangular wings both built around a central <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a>: one contains the <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stables</a>, and the other the kitchens, <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">laundries</a>, and storehouses. If Castle Howard was the first truly baroque building in England, then Blenheim Palace is the most definitive. While Castle Howard is a dramatic assembly of restless masses, Blenheim is altogether of a more solid construction, relying on tall slender windows and monumental statuary on the roofs to lighten the mass of yellow stone. </p><p>The suite of state rooms placed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Piano_nobile" title="Piano nobile">piano nobile</a></i> were designed to be overpowering and magnificent displays, rather than warm, or comfortable. Cosy, middle class comfort was not the intention at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, the great palace of Marlborough's foe, and it was certainly not deemed a consideration in the palace built to house the conqueror of Versailles' master. </p><p>As was common in the 18th century, personal comfort was sacrificed to perspective. Windows were to adorn the facades, as well as light the interior. Blenheim was designed as a theatre piece both externally<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also from the 67 foot (20 m) high great hall, leading to the huge <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoed</a> <a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">saloon</a>, all designed on an axis with the 134 foot (41 m) high column of victory in the grounds, with the trees planted in the battle positions of Marlborough's soldiers. Over the south portico (<i>illustrated right</i>), itself a massive and dense construction of piers and columns, definitely not designed in the Palladian manner for elegant protection from the sun, a huge bust of Louis XIV is forced to look down on the splendours and rewards of his conqueror. Whether this placement and design was an ornamental feature created by Vanbrugh, or an ironic joke by Marlborough, is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as an architectural composition it is a unique example of baroque ornament. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blenheim_Palace,_south,_2013_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blenheim_Palace%2C_south%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Blenheim_Palace%2C_south%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blenheim_Palace%2C_south%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Blenheim_Palace%2C_south%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Blenheim_Palace%2C_south%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Blenheim_Palace%2C_south%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>The pediment over the south portico is a complete break from the convention. The flat top is decorated by a trophy bearing the marble bust of Louis XIV looted by <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Marlborough</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> in 1709, weighing 30 tons. The positioning of the bust was an innovative new design in the decoration of a pediment.</figcaption></figure> <p>At Blenheim, Vanbrugh developed baroque from the mere ornamental to a denser, more solid, form, where the massed stone became the ornament. The great arched gates and the huge solid portico were ornament in themselves, and the whole mass was considered rather than each facade. As the palace is still treated as an important part of English heritage, it became a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kings_Weston_House">Kings Weston House</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kings Weston House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kings_Weston_House" title="Kings Weston House">Kings Weston House</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kings_Weston_House" title="Kings Weston House">Kings Weston House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> was built between 1712 and 1719 for Edward Southwell on the site of an earlier Tudor house. A significant architectural feature is the grouping of all the chimneys into a massive arcade. The Kings Weston estate possesses one of the largest collections of buildings designed by Sir John Vanbrugh in the UK. Whilst the house and the majority of the estate buildings are still standing others have been demolished or been heavily altered. Bristol is the only UK city outside London to possess buildings designed by Vanbrugh. </p><p>On 29 April Edward Southwell wrote in his journal at Kings Weston, "Upwards of 60 men preparing stones and digging the foundation of the new house," and on 16 June 1712 work formally began on building the new house by John Vanbrugh. His client, Edward Southwell, did not desire a house on a monumental scale. The result was one of Vanbrugh's smaller houses. It is also his severest in style, obtaining high architectural drama by the well judged disposition of elements that are few in number, and simple in their nature. The exterior of the house would have been at the point of completion in 1717, the date on the contract for one of the parapet vases. The interior would have been virtually complete by 1719, when the design for inlay on the stair landings was drawn up. Two of the façades have since been remodelled, by Robert Mylne, who remodelled the interior in the 1760s. The stone, which was quarried on the site, was originally ochre in colour but has weathered to an orange-pink. </p><p>The arcade formed by linking the chimneys, which rises above the roof, is a notable external feature of the building, reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_(structure)" title="Belvedere (structure)">belvederes</a> of Blenheim Palace and producing a 'castle air'.[18] It is square in shape and open on the northeast. The current structure is the result of a rebuilding in 1968, using Bath Stone. </p><p>The entrance front, on the southwest, has a centre containing six Corinthian pilasters, with those at each side paired to produce three bays, each of which contains a round arched window. The pediment has a central <a href="/wiki/Lunette" title="Lunette">lunette</a>, and each side consists of two bays in which the windows have wide flat surrounds. There are four parapet vases. The steps originally had low flank walls perpendicular to the facade, which were removed in the later remodelling. </p><p>On the southeast facade, the centre has a Doric temple front with open pediment, which surrounds the doorway. The centre has an attic as its upper storey, topped by a blocking course with scrolled supports at each end. A design with a pediment was prepared for this front, but is thought never to have been built. Though the only decoration is the rustication on the Doric temple's pilasters, a remarkably rich effect is achieved. </p><p>The northeast and northwest facades of Vanbrugh's original design were entirely undecorated, and a consequent lack of popular appeal may be the reason why they were largely destroyed in later remodelling. </p><p>Vanbrugh's northwest facade consisted of a single flat surface, in which a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_window" title="Venetian window">Venetian window</a> on each floor filled the central space between two shallow projections. Perhaps to improve the view down to <a href="/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a>, the centre was remodelled by Mylne with a canted bay window, at odds with the tautness of Vanbrugh's overall design of the house, in which all planes were parallel or perpendicular to the walls. On the northeast the wall was moved forward during nineteenth-century remodelling, destroying an aesthetically significant alignment between wall projections and the break in the roof arcade, which had been present in Vanbrugh's design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seaton_Delaval_Hall">Seaton Delaval Hall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Seaton Delaval Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seaton_Delaval_Hall" title="Seaton Delaval Hall">Seaton Delaval Hall</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Seaton_Delaval_Hall" title="Seaton Delaval Hall">Seaton Delaval Hall</a> was Vanbrugh's final work, this northern, seemingly rather bleak country house is considered his finest architectural masterpiece;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by this stage in his architectural career Vanbrugh was a master of baroque, he had taken this form of architecture not only beyond the flamboyant continental baroque of Castle Howard, but also past the more severe but still decorated Blenheim. <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornament (architecture)">Ornament</a> was almost disguised: a recess or a pillar was not placed for support, but to create a play of light or shadow. The <a href="/wiki/Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> of the building was of equal, if not greater, importance than the interior layout. In every aspect of the house, subtlety was the keyword. </p><p>Built between 1718 and 1728 for Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Delaval" title="George Delaval">George Delaval</a>, it replaced the existing house on the site. It is possible that the design of Seaton Delaval was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Palladio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladio">Palladio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Villa_Foscari" title="Villa Foscari">Villa Foscari</a> (sometimes known as "La Malcontenta"), built circa 1555. Both have <a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">rusticated</a> facades and similar demilune windows over a non-porticoed entrance. Even the large <a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">attic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gable</a> at Villa Foscari hints at the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> of Seaton's great hall. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seaton_Delaval_Hall_02_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seaton_Delaval_Hall_02_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Seaton_Delaval_Hall_02_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seaton_Delaval_Hall_02_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Seaton_Delaval_Hall_02_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seaton_Delaval_Hall_02_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Seaton_Delaval_Hall_02_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Seaton Delaval Hall – central block viewed from the north</figcaption></figure> <p>The design concept Vanbrugh drew up was similar to that employed at Castle Howard and Blenheim: a <a href="/wiki/Corps_de_logis" title="Corps de logis">corps de logis</a> between two flanking wings. At Seaton Delaval the wings have a centre projection of three bays, crowned by pediment, either side of which are 7 bays of sash windows above a ground floor <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>. However, Seaton Delaval was to be on a much smaller scale. Work began in 1718 and continued for ten years. The building is an advancement on the style of Blenheim, rather than the earlier Castle Howard. The principal block, or <a href="/wiki/Corps_de_logis" title="Corps de logis">corps de logis</a>, containing, as at Blenheim and Castle Howard, the principal state and living room, forms the centre of a three-sided court. Towers crowned by <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balustrades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a> give the house something of what Vanbrugh called his castle air. </p><p>Seaton Delaval is one of the few houses Vanbrugh designed alone without the aid of Nicholas Hawksmoor. The sobriety of their joint work has sometimes been attributed to Hawksmoor, and yet Seaton Delaval is a very sombre house indeed. Whereas Castle Howard could successfully be set down in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> or <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, the austerity and solidity of Seaton Delaval firmly belongs in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> landscape. Vanbrugh, in the final stage in his career, was fully liberated from the rules of the architects of a generation earlier. The rustic stonework is used for the entire facade, including on the entrance facade, the pairs of twin columns supporting little more than a stone <a href="/wiki/Cornice_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornice (architecture)">cornice</a>. The twin columns are severe and utilitarian, and yet ornament, as they provide no structural use. This is part of the furtive quality of the baroque of Seaton Delaval: the ornamental appears as a display of strength and mass. </p><p>The likewise severe, but perfectly proportioned, garden facade has at its centre a four-columned, <a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">balcony</a>-roofed portico. Here the slight fluting of the stone columns seems almost excessive ornament. As at Blenheim, the central block is dominated by the raised <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> of the great hall, adding to the drama of the building's silhouette, but unlike Vanbrugh's other great houses, no statuary decorates the roof-scape here. The decoration is provided solely by a simple balustrade hiding the roof line, and chimneys disguised as <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finials</a> to the balustrading of the low towers. The massing of the stone, the <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a> of the flanking wings, the heavy stonework and intricate recesses all create light and shade which is ornament in itself. </p><p>Among architects, only Vanbrugh could have taken for his inspiration one of Palladio's masterpieces, and while retaining the humanist values of the building, alter and adapt it, into a unique form of baroque unseen elsewhere in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architectural_reputation">Architectural reputation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Architectural reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vanbrugh's prompt success as an architect can be attributed to his friendships with the influential of the day. No less than five of his architectural patrons were fellow members of the <a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a>. In 1702, through the influence of Charles Howard, Earl of Carlisle, Vanbrugh was appointed <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Works#Comptroller_of_the_King's_Works" title="Office of Works">Comptroller of the King's Works</a>. This entitled him to a house at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, which he let out.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1703, he was appointed commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Hospital (London)">Greenwich Hospital</a>, which was under construction at this time, and succeeded Wren as the official architect (or Surveyor), while Hawksmoor was appointed Site Architect. Vanbrugh's small but conspicuous final changes to the nearly completed building were considered a fine interpretation of Wren's original plans and intentions. Thus what was intended as an infirmary and hostel for destitute retired sailors was transformed into a magnificent national monument. His work here is said to have impressed both <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> and her government, and is directly responsible for his subsequent success. </p><p>Vanbrugh's reputation still suffers from accusations of extravagance, impracticability and a bombastic imposition of his own will on his clients. Ironically, all of these unfounded charges derive from Blenheim – Vanbrugh's selection as architect of Blenheim was never completely popular. The Duchess, the formidable <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill,_Duchess_of_Marlborough" title="Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough">Sarah Churchill</a>, particularly wanted Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>. However, eventually a <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrant</a> signed by the <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Earl of Godolphin</a>, the parliamentary treasurer, appointed Vanbrugh, and outlined his remit. Sadly, nowhere did this warrant mention Queen, or Crown. This error provided the <a href="/wiki/Get-out_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Get-out clause">get-out clause</a> for the state when the costs and political infighting escalated. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blenheim_Palace._Great_Court.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Blenheim_Palace._Great_Court.gif/220px-Blenheim_Palace._Great_Court.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Blenheim_Palace._Great_Court.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="95" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a> The great court, and state entrance to the palace. The Duchess of Marlborough felt the building was extravagant.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Parliament had voted funds for the building of Blenheim, no exact sum had ever been fixed upon, and certainly no provision had been made for inflation. Almost from the outset, funds had been intermittent. Queen Anne paid some of them, but with growing reluctance and lapses, following her frequent altercations with her one time best friend, Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. After the Duchess's final argument with the Queen in 1712, all state money ceased and work came to a halt. £220,000 had already been spent and £45,000 was owing to workmen. The Marlboroughs went into exile on the continent, and did not return until after Queen Anne's death in 1714. </p><p>The day after the Queen's death the Marlboroughs returned, and were reinstated in favour at the court of the new King <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>. The 64-year-old Duke now decided to complete the project at his own expense;<sup id="cite_ref-Palace-History_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palace-History-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1716 work restarted and Vanbrugh was left to rely entirely upon the means of the Duke of Marlborough himself. Already discouraged and upset by the reception the palace was receiving from the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> factions, the final blow for Vanbrugh came when the Duke was incapacitated in 1717 by a severe stroke, and the thrifty (and hostile) Duchess took control. The Duchess blamed Vanbrugh entirely for the growing extravagance of the palace, and its general design: that her husband and government had approved them, she discounted. (In fairness to her, it must be mentioned that the Duke of Marlborough had contributed £60,000 to the initial cost, which, supplemented by Parliament, should have built a monumental house.) Following a meeting with the Duchess, Vanbrugh left the building site in a rage, insisting that the new masons, carpenters and craftsmen were inferior to those he had employed. The master craftsmen he had patronised, however, such as <a href="/wiki/Grinling_Gibbons" title="Grinling Gibbons">Grinling Gibbons</a>, refused to work for the lower rates paid by the Marlboroughs. The craftsmen brought in by the Duchess, under the guidance of furniture designer <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(furniture_designer)" title="James Moore (furniture designer)">James Moore</a>, completed the work in perfect imitation of the greater masters, so perhaps there was fault and intransigence on both sides in this famed argument. </p><p>Vanbrugh was deeply distressed by the turn of events. The rows and resulting rumours had damaged his reputation, and the palace he had nurtured like a child was forbidden to him. In 1719, while the duchess was "not at home", Vanbrugh was able to view the palace in secret; but when he and his wife, with the Earl of Carlisle, visited the completed Blenheim as members of the viewing public in 1725, they were refused admission to even enter the park.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace had been completed by Nicholas Hawksmoor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That Vanbrugh's work at Blenheim has been the subject of criticism can largely be blamed on those, including the Duchess, who failed to understand the chief reason for its construction: to celebrate a martial triumph. In the achievement of this remit, Vanbrugh was as triumphant as was Marlborough on the field of battle. </p><p>After Vanbrugh's death <a href="/wiki/Abel_Evans" title="Abel Evans">Abel Evans</a> suggested this as his epitaph:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p><i>Under this stone, reader, survey</i><br /> <i>Dead Sir John Vanbrugh's house of clay</i>.<br /> <i>Lie heavy on him, Earth! For he</i><br /> <i>Laid many heavy loads on thee!</i> </p> </blockquote> <p>Vanbrugh was buried in the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen_Walbrook" title="St Stephen Walbrook">St Stephen Walbrook</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, but his grave is unmarked and the above epitaph is as yet unused. </p><p>Throughout the Georgian period reaction to Vanbrugh's architecture varied. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, who visited Blenheim Palace in the autumn of 1727, described it as 'a great mass of stone with neither charm nor taste' and thought that if the apartments 'were but as spacious as the walls thick, the house would be commodious enough'.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter dated 10 March 1740,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the German Jacob Friedrich, Baron Bielfeld had this to say about Vanbrugh: </p> <blockquote><p>This building (Blenheim) has been severely censured, and I agree that it is not entirely exempt from rational censure as it is too much loaded with columns and other heavy ornaments. But if we consider that Sir John Vanbrugh was to construct a building of endless duration, that no bounds were set to expense, and that an edifice was required that should strike with awe and surprise even at a distance; the architect may be excused for having sacrificed, in some degree, the elegance of design to multiplicity of ornament. All the several parts are moreover exactly calculated, all the rules of art are well observed, and this immense fabric reminds us, on the first glance, of the majesty and state of those of Greece and ancient Rome. When we behold it a distance, it appears not as a single palace, but as an entire city. We arrive at it by a stately bridge of a single arch, and which is itself a masterpiece of architecture. I have contracted a very intimate friend ship with the son of Sir John Vanbrugh, who has lately obtained a company in the foot guards, and is a young gentleman of real merit. He has shown me, not only all the designs of his father, but also two houses of his building, one near Whitehall, and the other at Greenwich. They are indeed mere models of houses, but notwithstanding their confined situation, there are everywhere traces of a master to be discovered in their execution. The vulgar critic finds too many columns and ornaments; but the true connoisseur sees that all these ornaments are accompanied with utility, and that an inventive genius is visible in every part. This architect was likewise author of several comedies, which are indeed written in a style that is rather licentious, but at the same time are resplendent with wit and vivacity. So true it is, that genius is not confined to one subject, but wherever exercised, is equally manifest.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1766 <a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">Lord Stanhope</a> described the Roman amphitheatre at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> as 'Ugly and clumsy enough to have been the work of Vanbrugh if it had been in England.'<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1772 <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a> described Castle Howard thus: </p> <blockquote><p>Nobody had informed me that I should at one view see a palace, a town, a fortified city, temples on high places, woods worthy of being each a metropolis of the Druids, vales connected to hills by other woods, the noblest lawn in the world fenced by half the horizon, and a mausoleum that would tempt one to be buried alive; in short I have seen gigantic places before, but never a sublime one.'<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Walpole was not as complimentary of Blenheim, describing it as 'execrable within, without & almost all round' and went on 'a quarry of stone that looked at a distance like a great house'.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1773 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Adam_(architect)" title="James Adam (architect)">James Adam</a> in the preface to their <i>Works in Architecture</i> wrote that: </p> <blockquote><p>Sir John Vanbrugh's genius was of the first class; and, in point of movement, novelty and ingenuity, his works have not been exceeded by anything in modern times. We should certainly quote Blenheim and Castle Howard as great examples of these perfections in preference to any work of our own, or of any other modern architect; but unluckily for the reputation of this excellent artist, his taste kept no pace with his genius, and his works are so crowded with barbarisms and absurdities, and so born down by their own preposterous weight, that none but the discerning can separate their merits from their defects. In the hands of the ingenious artist, who knows how to polish and refine and bring them into use, we have always regarded his productions as rough jewels of inestimable value'.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1786 Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> wrote in his 13th Discourse '...in the buildings of Vanbrugh, who was a poet as well as an architect, there is a greater display of imagination, than we shall find perhaps in any other.'<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1796 <a href="/wiki/Uvedale_Price" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvedale Price">Uvedale Price</a> described Blenheim as 'uniting in one building the beauty and magnificence of Grecian architecture, the picturesqueness of the Gothic, and the massive grandeur of a castle.'<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his fifth Royal Academy lecture of 1810, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a> said that 'By studying his works the artist will acquire a bold flight of irregular fancy',<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling him 'the Shakespeare of architects'.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smirke_(architect)" title="Robert Smirke (architect)">Sir Robert Smirke</a> was less complimentary 'Heaviness was the lightest of (Vanbrugh's) faults... The Italian style...which he contrived to caricature...is apparent in all his works; he helped himself liberally to its vices, contributed many of his own, and by an unfortunate misfortune adding impurity to that which was already greatly impure, left it disgusting and often odious'.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell" title="Charles Robert Cockerell">Charles Robert Cockerell</a> had this to say about Castle Howard: "great play & charm in Hall. I could not leave it. Vast effect, movement in staircases &c. good effect of long passages on entering."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Plaque_on_Vanbrugh_Castle_Outer_Walls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Blue_Plaque_on_Vanbrugh_Castle_Outer_Walls.jpg/220px-Blue_Plaque_on_Vanbrugh_Castle_Outer_Walls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Blue_Plaque_on_Vanbrugh_Castle_Outer_Walls.jpg/330px-Blue_Plaque_on_Vanbrugh_Castle_Outer_Walls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Blue_Plaque_on_Vanbrugh_Castle_Outer_Walls.jpg/440px-Blue_Plaque_on_Vanbrugh_Castle_Outer_Walls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="4101" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> for Vanbrugh at his home in Greenwich</figcaption></figure> <p>Vanbrugh is remembered today for his vast contribution to British culture, theatre, and architecture. An immediate dramatic legacy was found among his papers after his sudden death, the three-act comedy fragment <i>A Journey to London</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanbrugh had told his old friend Colley Cibber that he intended in this play to question traditional marriage roles even more radically than in the plays of his youth, and end it with a marriage falling irreconcilably apart. The unfinished manuscript, today available in Vanbrugh's <i>Collected Works</i>, depicts a country family travelling to London and falling prey to its <a href="/wiki/Sharper" title="Sharper">sharpers</a> and temptations, while a London wife drives her patient husband to despair with her gambling and her consorting with the demi-monde of <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">con men</a> and half-pay officers. As with <i>The Relapse</i> at the outset of Vanbrugh's dramatic career, Colley Cibber again became involved, and this time he had last word. Cibber, now a successful actor-manager, completed Vanbrugh's manuscript under the title of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Provoked_Husband" title="The Provoked Husband">The Provoked Husband</a></i> (1728) and gave it a happy and sententious ending in which the provocative wife repents and is reconciled: a eulogy of marriage which was the opposite of Vanbrugh's declared intention to end his last and belated "Restoration comedy" with marital break-up. Cibber considered this projected outcome to be "too severe for Comedy". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoffany-Garrick_in_Provoked_Wife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zoffany-Garrick_in_Provoked_Wife.jpg/220px-Zoffany-Garrick_in_Provoked_Wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zoffany-Garrick_in_Provoked_Wife.jpg/330px-Zoffany-Garrick_in_Provoked_Wife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Zoffany-Garrick_in_Provoked_Wife.jpg/440px-Zoffany-Garrick_in_Provoked_Wife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The role of Sir John Brute in <i>The Provoked Wife</i> became one of <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>'s most famous roles.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the 18th-century stage, Vanbrugh's <i>Relapse</i> and <i>Provoked Wife</i> were only considered possible to perform in <a href="/wiki/Bowdlerised" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowdlerised">bowdlerised</a> versions, but as such, they remained popular. Throughout Colley Cibber's long and successful acting career, audiences continued to demand to see him as Lord Foppington in <i>The Relapse</i>, while Sir John Brute in <i>The Provoked Wife</i> became, after being an iconic role for Thomas Betterton, one of <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>'s most famous roles. </p><p>With the completion of Castle Howard, English baroque came into fashion overnight. It had brought together the isolated and varied instances of monumental design, by, among others, Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. Vanbrugh thought of masses, volume and perspective in a way that his predecessors had not. </p><p>He was adept at delivering buildings for his clients, that successfully met their requirements. His reputation has suffered because of his famed disagreements with the Duchess of Marlborough, yet, one must remember his original client was the British Nation, not the Duchess, and the nation wanted a monument and celebration of victory, and that is what Vanbrugh gave the nation. </p><p>Nicholas Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh's friend and collaborator on so many projects continued to design many London churches for ten years after Vanbrugh's death.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanbrugh's pupil and cousin the architect <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lovett_Pearce" title="Edward Lovett Pearce">Edward Lovett Pearce</a> rose to become one of Ireland's greatest architects. His influence in Yorkshire can also be seen in the work of the amateur architect William Wakefield, who designed several buildings in the county that show Vanbrugh's influence. </p><p>Vanbrugh is commemorated throughout Britain, by inns, street names, a university college (<a href="/wiki/Vanbrugh_College_(University_of_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanbrugh College (University of York)">York</a>) and schools named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His architectural works have been described as "the architectural equivalent of the heroic play, theatrical, grandiose, a dramatic grouping of restless masses with little reference to function."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of John Vanbrugh </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: ;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Sir_John_Vanbrugh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Sir_John_Vanbrugh.svg/220px-Arms_of_Sir_John_Vanbrugh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Sir_John_Vanbrugh.svg/330px-Arms_of_Sir_John_Vanbrugh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Sir_John_Vanbrugh.svg/440px-Arms_of_Sir_John_Vanbrugh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Adopted</dt> <dd>24 April 1714</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd><i>From a bridge of 3 arches reversed or, a demi-lion argent.</i></dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd><i>Quarterly, (1 & 4) gules, on a fess or 3 barrulets vert, in chief a demi-lion argent issuing from the fess (Vanbrugh); (2 & 3) argent, on a bend sable 3 voided lozenges argent (Carleton).</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_John_Vanbrugh" title="List of works by John Vanbrugh">List of works by John Vanbrugh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanbrugh's family background and youth have been relayed down the centuries as hearsay and anecdote. <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Downes" title="Kerry Downes">Kerry Downes</a> has shown in his well-researched modern biography (1987) that even the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> repeat 18th- and 19th-century traditions which were originally offered as guesses but have since hardened into "fact". This accounts for several discrepancies between the entries in these encyclopædias and the following narrative, which is based on the findings of Downes (1987) and McCormick (1991).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Beard-70-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-70_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-70_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-70_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-70_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berkowitz, "Preface"; McCormick, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Chambers,_Book_of_Days-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Chambers,_Book_of_Days_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Chambers,_Book_of_Days_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Chambers, Book of Days</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1911_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeccombe1911">Seccombe 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 16, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99497-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-99497-5">0-283-99497-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2003" class="citation book cs1">Downes, Kerry (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000087787">"Vanbrugh, Sir John"</a>. <i>Oxford Art Online</i>. Oxford Art Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T087787">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T087787</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanbrugh%2C+Sir+John&rft.btitle=Oxford+Art+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+Art+Online&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T087787&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000087787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensWilson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Stevens_Curl" title="James Stevens Curl">Stevens, James</a>; Wilson, Susan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 797. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199674985" title="Special:BookSources/9780199674985"><bdi>9780199674985</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.pages=797&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780199674985&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Antiquaries_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne1923" class="citation book cs1">Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHA_AQAAMAAJ"><i>Proceedings</i></a>. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. p. 124<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHA_AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard-12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-12_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-12_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-12_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-12_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-12_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Downes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downes, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin2007" class="citation book cs1">Colvin, Howard (2007). <i>A biographical dictionary of British architects 1600–1840</i> (4th ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12508-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12508-5"><bdi>978-0-300-12508-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+biographical+dictionary+of+British+architects+1600%E2%80%931840&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12508-5&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English Factories in India, 1655–1660, William Foster, 1921</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, J. <i>Architecture in Britain 1530–1830</i> (Yale 1993) p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a> <i>The Visitation of Berkshire 1665–66</i> Harrison of Hurst, Harrison of Beech Hill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pages 63–64, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99497-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-99497-5">0-283-99497-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard-13-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-13_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-13_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryson p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 76, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99497-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-99497-5">0-283-99497-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 16, Sir John Vanbrugh The Playwright as Architect, Frank McCormick, 1991, Pennsylvania State University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00723-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00723-0">0-271-00723-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downes, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard-15-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-15_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard-15_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Saumarez Smith, <i>The Building of Castle Howard</i> (London: Faber and Faber, 1990; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-14238-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-14238-9">0-571-14238-9</a>), p.39; Saumarez Smith quotes strong praise from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> (who, as he points out, "was never inclined to generosity") and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_2nd_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield">Lord Chesterfield</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryson p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milhous, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nalbach, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh</i>, ed. G. Webb, Volume 4: The letters (1928), p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wagner" title="Anthony Wagner">A. R. Wagner</a>, <i>Heralds of England</i>. 1967, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p.109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091129235301/http://www.greenwich-guide.org.uk/vanbrugh.htm">"Greenwich Guide - Vanbrugh Castle"</a>. <i>greenwich-guide.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwich-guide.org.uk/vanbrugh.htm">the original</a> on 29 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greenwich-guide.org.uk&rft.atitle=Greenwich+Guide+-+Vanbrugh+Castle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenwich-guide.org.uk%2Fvanbrugh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood_Stuff" class="citation web cs1">Good Stuff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-200455-vanbrugh-castle-greenwich">"Vanbrugh Castle - Greenwich - Greater London - England - British Listed Buildings"</a>. <i>britishlistedbuildings.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk&rft.atitle=Vanbrugh+Castle+-+Greenwich+-+Greater+London+-+England+-+British+Listed+Buildings&rft.au=Good+Stuff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk%2Fen-200455-vanbrugh-castle-greenwich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londontheatredirect.com/venue/11/Theatre-Royal-Drury-Lane.aspx">"Theatre Royal Drury Lane, London"</a>. London Theatre Tickets<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theatre+Royal+Drury+Lane%2C+London&rft.pub=London+Theatre+Tickets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londontheatredirect.com%2Fvenue%2F11%2FTheatre-Royal-Drury-Lane.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, p.216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 6, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11929-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11929-9">978-0-300-11929-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 7, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11929-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11929-9">978-0-300-11929-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castle-Howard-Construction-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castle-Howard-Construction_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle-Howard-Construction_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castle-Howard-Construction_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415212105/http://www.castlehoward.co.uk/House-and-Gardens/Discover-the-House/The-Castle-Howard-Story.html">"The Castle Howard Story: The Building of Castle Howard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castlehoward.co.uk/House-and-Gardens/Discover-the-House/The-Castle-Howard-Story.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Castle+Howard+Story%3A+The+Building+of+Castle+Howard&rft.pub=Castle+Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castlehoward.co.uk%2FHouse-and-Gardens%2FDiscover-the-House%2FThe-Castle-Howard-Story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blenheim-Palace-Palace-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blenheim-Palace-Palace_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blenheim-Palace-Palace_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100514064436/http://www.blenheimpalace.com/thepalace/whattosee/thepalace.html">"The Palace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blenheimpalace.com/thepalace/whattosee/thepalace.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Palace&rft.pub=Blenheim+Palace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blenheimpalace.com%2Fthepalace%2Fwhattosee%2Fthepalace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 48, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale university Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11929-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11929-9">978-0-300-11929-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IrARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA142"><i>Notes and Queries</i></a>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. 1850. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIrARAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downes, pp. 193–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813151922/http://www.swiftiana.com/stella/?q=node%2F297">"Journal to Stella"</a>. <i>Vanbrug's House</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swiftiana.com/stella/?q=node/297">the original</a> on 13 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanbrug%27s+House&rft.atitle=Journal+to+Stella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swiftiana.com%2Fstella%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryson p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherwood and Pevsner, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherwood and Pevsner, pp. 459–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryson p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colvin,_p850-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colvin,_p850_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colvin,_p850_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colvin, p850.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palace-History-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palace-History_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palace-History_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427125032/http://www.blenheimpalace.com/thepalace/history">"A History of the Palace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blenheimpalace.com/thepalace/history/">the original</a> on 27 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Palace&rft.pub=Blenheim+Palace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blenheimpalace.com%2Fthepalace%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green,_p10-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green,_p10_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green,_p10_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, p10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherwood and Pevsner, pp. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherwood and Pevsner describe it as set there by Marlborough "like a head on a stake": their quotation marks, and suggesting, although not directly stating, that the description was Marlborough's own. <i>Oxfordshire,</i> pp. 459–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/425">"Blenheim Palace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+Sites&rft.atitle=Blenheim+Palace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16793069?story_id=16793069">"National Trust for Scotland: Demolish and preserve"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 12 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=National+Trust+for+Scotland%3A+Demolish+and+preserve&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F16793069%3Fstory_id%3D16793069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol27/pp169-184">"Warrant Books: April 1713, 1-15 Pages 169-184 Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 27, 1713. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1955"</a>. <i>British History Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=Warrant+Books%3A+April+1713%2C+1-15+Pages+169-184+Calendar+of+Treasury+Books%2C+Volume+27%2C+1713.+Originally+published+by+Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office%2C+London%2C+1955.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-treasury-books%2Fvol27%2Fpp169-184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrylife.co.uk/countryside/article/396664/Great-British-Architects-Nicholas-Hawksmoor.html">"Great British Architects: Nicholas Hawksmoor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a></i>. 13 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Country+Life&rft.atitle=Great+British+Architects%3A+Nicholas+Hawksmoor&rft.date=2009-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrylife.co.uk%2Fcountryside%2Farticle%2F396664%2FGreat-British-Architects-Nicholas-Hawksmoor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Desmond Flower(ed), <i>Voltaire's England</i> (The Folio Society, 1950), p.160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appendix M, page 275, <i>Vanbrugh</i>, Kerry Downes, 1977, A. Zwemmer Ltd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-302-02769-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-302-02769-6">0-302-02769-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4th Earl of Chesterfield to his son: Letters ed. B. Dobree, VI 1932, p2786</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walpole's Letter to George Selwyn; The Letters ed. Mrs Paget Toynbee, VIII, 1904 p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walpole's letter to George Montagu, 20 May 1736; <i>The Letters</i> ed. Peter Cunningham, I, 1906 p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam and Adam <i>Works in Architecture</i> p 1 footnote 1 (1773)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1842" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Joshua (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxoGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA237"><i>The Discourses of Sir Joshua Reynolds</i></a>. James Carpenter. pp. 237–38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discourses+of+Sir+Joshua+Reynolds&rft.pages=237-38&rft.pub=James+Carpenter&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxoGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, <i>Essays on the Picturesque</i> (1798) II, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Watkin, <i>Sir John Soane: Enlightenment Thought and the Royal Academy Lectures</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44091-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44091-2">0-521-44091-2</a>), p. 338, quoting <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane%27s_Museum" title="Sir John Soane's Museum">Sir John Soane's Museum</a> Architectural Library, Soane Case 153, Lecture, V, January 1810, folios 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watkin, <i>Sir John Soane,</i> p. 337, quoting <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane%27s_Museum" title="Sir John Soane's Museum">Sir John Soane's Museum</a> Architectural Library, Soane Case 153, Lecture, V, January 1810, folio 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p753, The Dictionary of Biographical Quotations, Justin Wintle & Richard Kenin (eds), 1978, Routledge & K. Paul</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 59, The Life and Work of C.R. Cockerell, David Watkin, 1974, A. Zewemmer Ltd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-302-02571-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-302-02571-5">0-302-02571-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaxter2005" class="citation web cs1">Thaxter, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/journeylondon-rev.htm">"Reviews – A Journey to London (Orange Tree, Richmond)"</a>. The British Theatre Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reviews+%E2%80%93+A+Journey+to+London+%28Orange+Tree%2C+Richmond%29&rft.pub=The+British+Theatre+Guide&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Thaxter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishtheatreguide.info%2Freviews%2Fjourneylondon-rev.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallgrave 2005, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliday, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk16/pp74-101">"Clarenceux King of Arms | British History Online"</a>. <i>www.british-history.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Clarenceux+King+of+Arms+%7C+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsurvey-london%2Fbk16%2Fpp74-101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berkowitz, Gerald M., <i>Sir John Vanbrugh and the End of Restoration Comedy</i>, Editions Rodopi (January 1981), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6203-503-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6203-503-8">978-90-6203-503-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard1986" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Geoffery (1986). <i>The work of John Vanbrugh</i>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-4678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-4678-4"><bdi>978-0-7134-4678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+work+of+John+Vanbrugh&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-4678-4&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Geoffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell2004" class="citation book cs1">Boswell, James (11 August 2004). <i>Boswell's London Journal, 1762–1763 (Yale Editions of the Private Papers of James Boswell)</i> (2nd Revised ed.). Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2146-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2146-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-2146-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boswell%27s+London+Journal%2C+1762%E2%80%931763+%28Yale+Editions+of+the+Private+Papers+of+James+Boswell%29&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004-08-11&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2146-0&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Bryson2010" class="citation book cs1">Bill Bryson (2010). <i>At Home: A Short History of Private Life</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-61917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-61917-2"><bdi>978-0-385-61917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Home%3A+A+Short+History+of+Private+Life&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-61917-2&rft.au=Bill+Bryson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dobrée, Bonamy (1927). Introduction to <i>The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh</i>, vol. 1. Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press.</li> <li>Downes, Kerry (1987). <i>Sir John Vanbrugh:A Biography</i>. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Downes, Kerry. "Vanbrugh, Sir John (1664–1726)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28058">10.1093/ref:odnb/28058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanbrugh%2C+Sir+John+%281664%E2%80%931726%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28058&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li>Green, David (1982). <i>Blenheim Palace</i>. Oxford: Alden Press.</li> <li>Halliday, E. E. (1967). <i>Cultural History of England</i>. London: Thames and Hudson.</li> <li>Hart, Vaughan (2003). '"A Pretty Impudent Countenance": John Vanbrugh's Seaton Delaval', <i>Architectural Research Quarterly</i>, vol.7 no.3/4, pp. 311–23.</li> <li>Hart, Vaughan (2008). <i>Sir John Vanbrugh: Storyteller in Stone</i>, London and New Haven: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Hume, Robert D. (1976). <i>The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Hunt, Leigh (ed.) (1840). <i>The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh and Farquhar.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweCibber,_Colley1889" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Robert William; Cibber, Colley (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apologyforlifeof01cibb"><i>An apology for the life of Mr. Colley Cibber</i></a>. London: Charles Whittingham and Co. p. 338<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+apology+for+the+life+of+Mr.+Colley+Cibber&rft.place=London&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Charles+Whittingham+and+Co&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft.au=Cibber%2C+Colley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapologyforlifeof01cibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mallgrave, Harry Francis. (2005). <i>Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79306-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79306-8">0-521-79306-8</a>.</li> <li>McCormick, Frank (1991). <i>Sir John Vanbrugh: The Playwright as Architect.</i> University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.</li> <li>Milhous, Judith (1979). <i>Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln's Inn Fields 1695—1708</i>. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalbach1972" class="citation book cs1">Nalbach, Daniel (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingstheatre17040000nalb/mode/2up"><i>The King's Theatre, 1704–1867: London's First Italian Opera House</i></a>. London: Society for Theatre research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-430003-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-430003-7"><bdi>978-0-85-430003-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Theatre%2C+1704%E2%80%931867%3A+London%27s+First+Italian+Opera+House&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Society+for+Theatre+research&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85-430003-7&rft.aulast=Nalbach&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingstheatre17040000nalb%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sherwood, Jennifer and Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974) <i>Oxfordshire</i> (London: Penguin; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071045-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071045-0">0-14-071045-0</a>)</li> <li>Watkin, David (1979). <i>English Architecture</i>. London: Thames and Hudson.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1958" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Harold (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsofjonathans008893mbp"><i>The Poems of Jonathan Swift</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 430<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems+of+Jonathan+Swift&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoemsofjonathans008893mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeccombe1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seccombe" title="Thomas Seccombe">Seccombe, Thomas</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vanbrugh, Sir John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Vanbrugh,_Sir_John">"Vanbrugh, Sir John" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 880–881.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanbrugh%2C+Sir+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=880-881&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Seccombe&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1888" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Watts" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Watts">Watts, Theodore</a> (1888). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Vanbrugh,_Sir_John" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Vanbrugh, Sir John">Vanbrugh, Sir John</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (9th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanbrugh%2C+Sir+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeccombe1899" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seccombe" title="Thomas Seccombe">Seccombe, Thomas</a> (1899). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Vanbrugh,_John" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vanbrugh, John">Vanbrugh, John</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanbrugh%2C+John&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Seccombe&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature/Vanbrugh,_Sir_John" class="extiw" title="s:A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Vanbrugh, Sir John">Vanbrugh, Sir John</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature" title="A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature">A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature</a></i>, 1910 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanbrugh%2C+Sir+John&rft.btitle=A+Short+Biographical+Dictionary+of+English+Literature&rft.date=1910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Vanbrugh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cordner, Michael. "Playwright versus priest: profanity and the wit of Restoration comedy". In Deborah Payne Fisk (ed.) (2000), <i>The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Cropplestone, Trewin (1963). <i>World Architecture</i>. Hamlyn.</li> <li>Dal Lago, Adalbert (1966). <i>Ville Antiche</i>. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri.</li> <li>Harlin, Robert (1969). <i>Historic Houses</i>. London: Condé Nast.</li> <li>Vanbrugh, John (1927). <i>The Complete Works</i>, vols 1–5 (ed. Bonamy Dobrée and Geoffrey Webb). Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press.</li> <li>Whistler, Laurence (1938). <i>Sir John Vanbrugh, Architect & Dramatist, 1664–1726.</i> London.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanbrugh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Vanbrugh" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Vanbrugh">John Vanbrugh</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Vanbrugh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Vanbrugh">John Vanbrugh</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/46244">Works by John Vanbrugh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16735">Works by John Vanbrugh</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/276/1880/frameset.html">Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife</a>. Use with caution, this is an abridged and bowdlerised text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Cib1Apo.html">Colley Cibber, <i>Apology</i>, vol. 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Cib2Apo.html">Colley Cibber, <i>Apology</i>, vol. 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castlehoward.co.uk/">Castle Howard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blenheimpalace.com/">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingswestonhouse.co.uk/">Kings Weston House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutbritain.com/SeatonDelavalHall.htm">Seaton Delaval Hall</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091129235301/http://www.greenwich-guide.org.uk/vanbrugh.htm">Vanbrugh Castle</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FF9966;">Court offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Talman_(architect)" title="William Talman (architect)">William Talman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Works#Comptroller_of_the_King's_Works" title="Office of Works">Comptroller of the King's Works</a> </b><br />1702 – 1726 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ripley_(architect)" title="Thomas Ripley (architect)">Thomas Ripley</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Restoration_comedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Restoration_comedy" title="Template:Restoration comedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Restoration_comedy" title="Template talk:Restoration comedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Restoration_comedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Restoration comedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Restoration_comedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Playwrights" class="mw-redirect" title="Playwrights">Playwrights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre" title="Susanna Centlivre">Susanna Centlivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">William Congreve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D%27Urfey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas D'Urfey">Thomas D'Urfey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Etherege" title="George Etherege">George Etherege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Farquhar" title="George Farquhar">George Farquhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Howard_(playwright)" title="Edward Howard (playwright)">Edward Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_(dramatist)" title="James Howard (dramatist)">James Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Howard_(playwright)" title="Robert Howard (playwright)">Robert Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Otway" title="Thomas Otway">Thomas Otway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Sedley,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Sedley, 5th Baronet">Charles Sedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell" title="Thomas Shadwell">Thomas Shadwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Southerne" title="Thomas Southerne">Thomas Southerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Vanbrugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wycherley" title="William Wycherley">William Wycherley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg/105px-Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg/158px-Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Colley_Cibber_as_Lord_Foppington_clipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cutter_of_Coleman_Street" title="The Cutter of Coleman Street">The Cutter of Coleman Street</a></i> (1661)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Five_Hours" title="The Adventures of Five Hours">The Adventures of Five Hours</a></i> (1663)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Comical_Revenge" title="The Comical Revenge">The Comical Revenge</a></i> (1664)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mulberry-Garden" title="The Mulberry-Garden">The Mulberry-Garden</a></i> (1668)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/She_Would_If_She_Could" title="She Would If She Could">She Would If She Could</a></i> (1668)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening%27s_Love" title="An Evening's Love">An Evening's Love</a></i> (1668)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Solomon_Single" title="Sir Solomon Single">Sir Solomon Single</a></i> (1670)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_in_a_Wood_(play)" title="Love in a Wood (play)">Love in a Wood</a></i> (1671)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rehearsal_(play)" title="The Rehearsal (play)">The Rehearsal</a></i> (1671)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Wells" title="Epsom Wells">Epsom Wells</a></i> (1672)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_mode_(play)" title="Marriage à la mode (play)">Marriage à la mode</a></i> (1672)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Wife" title="The Country Wife">The Country Wife</a></i> (1675)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Dark_(play)" title="Love in the Dark (play)">Love in the Dark</a></i> (1675)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Wit" title="The Country Wit">The Country Wit</a></i> (1676)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer_(play)" title="The Plain Dealer (play)">The Plain-Dealer</a></i> (1676)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_of_Mode" title="The Man of Mode">The Man of Mode</a></i> (1676)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Essence" title="Tom Essence">Tom Essence</a></i> (1676)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fond_Husband" title="A Fond Husband">A Fond Husband</a></i> (1677)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friendship_in_Fashion" title="Friendship in Fashion">Friendship in Fashion</a></i> (1678)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squire_Oldsapp" title="Squire Oldsapp">Squire Oldsapp</a></i> (1678)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_(play)" title="Tunbridge Wells (play)">Tunbridge Wells</a></i> (1678)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_True_Widow" title="A True Widow">A True Widow</a></i> (1678)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_Captain" title="The Woman Captain">The Woman Captain</a></i> (1679)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Cuckolds" title="The London Cuckolds">The London Cuckolds</a></i> (1681)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Barnaby_Whigg" title="Sir Barnaby Whigg">Sir Barnaby Whigg</a></i> (1681)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Royalist" title="The Royalist">The Royalist</a></i> (1682)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Politiques" title="City Politiques">City Politiques</a></i> (1683)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dame_Dobson" title="Dame Dobson">Dame Dobson</a></i> (1683)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Commonwealth_of_Women" title="A Commonwealth of Women">A Commonwealth of Women</a></i> (1685)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Courtly_Nice" title="Sir Courtly Nice">Sir Courtly Nice</a></i> (1685)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellamira_(Sedley_play)" title="Bellamira (Sedley play)">Bellamira</a></i> (1687)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fool%27s_Preferment" title="A Fool's Preferment">A Fool's Preferment</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Squire_of_Alsatia" title="The Squire of Alsatia">The Squire of Alsatia</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bury_Fair" title="Bury Fair">Bury Fair</a></i> (1689)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fortune_Hunters" title="The Fortune Hunters">The Fortune Hunters</a></i> (1689)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Frier" title="The English Frier">The English Friar</a></i> (1690)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Love" title="Sir Anthony Love">Sir Anthony Love</a></i> (1690)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_for_Money" title="Love for Money">Love for Money</a></i> (1691)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wives_Excuse" title="The Wives Excuse">The Wives Excuse</a></i> (1691)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Park_(play)" title="Greenwich Park (play)">Greenwich Park</a></i> (1691)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage-Hater_Matched" title="The Marriage-Hater Matched">The Marriage-Hater Matched</a></i> (1692)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Volunteers_(play)" title="The Volunteers (play)">The Volunteers</a></i> (1692)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Guests" title="The Canterbury Guests">The Canterbury Guests</a></i> (1694)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Married_Beau" title="The Married Beau">The Married Beau</a></i> (1694)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_for_Love" title="Love for Love">Love for Love</a></i> (1695)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Last_Shift" title="Love's Last Shift">Love's Last Shift</a></i> (1696)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Relapse" title="The Relapse">The Relapse</a></i> (1696)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Campaigners" title="The Campaigners">The Campaigners</a></i> (1698)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_and_a_Bottle" title="Love and a Bottle">Love and a Bottle</a></i> (1698)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Couple" title="The Constant Couple">The Constant Couple</a></i> (1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_the_World" title="The Way of the World">The Way of the World</a></i> (1700)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Harry_Wildair" title="Sir Harry Wildair">Sir Harry Wildair</a></i> (1701)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lying_Lover" title="The Lying Lover">The Lying Lover</a></i> (1703)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Careless_Husband" title="The Careless Husband">The Careless Husband</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Recruiting_Officer" title="The Recruiting Officer">The Recruiting Officer</a></i> (1706)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beaux%27_Stratagem" title="The Beaux' Stratagem">The Beaux' Stratagem</a></i> (1707)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fop" title="Fop">Fop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(stock_character)" title="Rake (stock character)">Rake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Collier" title="Jeremy Collier">Jeremy Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II and VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">Georg Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilmot,_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester" title="John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester">John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital" title="Bethlem Royal Hospital">Bedlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse#Coffee_in_Europe" title="Coffeehouse">Chocolate houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Garden_Theatre" title="Dorset Garden Theatre">Dorset Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Prison" title="Fleet Prison">Fleet Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jeffreys" title="Stephen Jeffreys"><i>The Libertine</i> (1994)</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14619122">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02081910?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500004345">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/243606">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/68901071">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1001710">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1584764">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1006785">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatre-architecture.eu/db.html?personId=2081">EUTA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11862606X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11862606X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027176665">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p84pq0">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30108723">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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