CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#" class="no-js"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/fonts/uw-rh/redhat-display-latin.v14.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/fonts/uw-rh/redhat-text-latin.v13.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HDEG1JB5JH"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-HDEG1JB5JH', { 'cookie_domain': 'none' }); </script> <script>(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'')})(document.documentElement)</script> <title>Undergraduate Study – Department of Physics – UW–Madison</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.wisc.cloud' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Department of Physics » Feed" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Department of Physics » Comments Feed" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/comments/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sbi_styles-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/instagram-feed/css/sbi-styles.min.css?ver=6.6.1' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bg-shce-genericons-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/show-hidecollapse-expand/assets/css/genericons/genericons.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bg-show-hide-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/show-hidecollapse-expand/assets/css/bg-show-hide.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/style.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='child-style-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-physics/style.css?ver=1.0.4' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uwmadison-style-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/main.min.css?ver=1.35.1' media='all' />  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/1912" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/?p=1912' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.wisc.edu%2Fundergraduate%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.wisc.edu%2Fundergraduate%2F&format=xml" />  <meta name="description" content="Physics is the science of the properties of matter, radiation, and energy in all forms. As such, it is the most fundamental of the sciences. It provides the underlying framework for the other physical sciences and engineering and for understanding physical processes in biological and environmental sciences. From information for prospective Physics majors to research…" />  <meta property="og:title" content="Undergraduate Study" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Physics is the science of the properties of matter, radiation, and energy in all forms. As such, it is the most fundamental of the sciences. It provides the underlying framework for the other physical sciences and engineering and for understanding physical processes in biological and environmental sciences. From information for prospective Physics majors to research…" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Department of Physics" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" />  <meta itemprop="name" content="Undergraduate Study"> <meta itemprop="description" content="Physics is the science of the properties of matter, radiation, and energy in all forms. As such, it is the most fundamental of the sciences. It provides the underlying framework for the other physical sciences and engineering and for understanding physical processes in biological and environmental sciences. From information for prospective Physics majors to research…">  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Undergraduate Study" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Physics is the science of the properties of matter, radiation, and energy in all forms. As such, it is the most fundamental of the sciences. It provides the underlying framework for the other physical sciences and engineering and for understanding physical processes in biological and environmental sciences. From information for prospective Physics majors to research…" />   <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Department of Physics"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Undergraduate Study"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison"/>  <meta itemprop="name" content="Undergraduate Study"/> <meta itemprop="headline" content="Undergraduate Study"/> <meta itemprop="description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison"/> <meta itemprop="author" content="saperdue@wisc.edu"/>    <meta name="twitter:title" content="Undergraduate Study"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/>     <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#c5050c"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#c5050c"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-1912 page-parent uw-white-bg singular"> <a class="show-on-focus" href="#main" id="skip-link">Skip to main content</a> <div class="uw-global-bar " role="navigation"> <a class="uw-global-name-link" href="https://www.wisc.edu" aria-label="University of Wisconsin Madison home page">U<span>niversity <span class="uw-of">of</span> </span>W<span>isconsin</span>–Madison</a> </div> <header class="uw-header uw-has-search"> <div class="uw-header-container"> <div class="uw-header-crest-title"> <div class="uw-header-crest"> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 55.5 87.28" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e1023f3.68925332"> <title id="dynid67428e9e1023f3.68925332">UW Crest</title> <style> .cls-1{fill:url(#Web_Shield_blend);} .cls-2{fill:#282728;} .cls-3{fill:#c5050c;} .cls-4{fill:#fff;} </style> <g> <radialGradient id="Web_Shield_blend" cx="46.25" cy="16.57" r="33.44" gradientTransform="translate(-22.22 26.01) scale(1.09 1.09)" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop offset="0.17" stop-color="#fff"/><stop offset="0.3" stop-color="#f6ede4"/><stop offset="0.69" stop-color="#debe9b"/><stop offset="0.87" stop-color="#d4ac7f"/></radialGradient> </g> <path id="Gold_gradient" data-name="Gold gradient" class="cls-1" d="M28,87.36a3.78,3.78,0,0,1-1.05-1.16l-0.06-.09-0.11,0C8.65,81.86-1.45,54,.83,31.71a47.71,47.71,0,0,1,1.29-7.25,35.39,35.39,0,0,1,2.33-6.39,23.55,23.55,0,0,1,3.75-5.65A14.7,14.7,0,0,1,19,7.28,0.33,0.33,0,0,0,19.33,7,5.49,5.49,0,0,1,23.21,4.4l0.19,0,0-.19A4.69,4.69,0,0,1,28,.64a4.76,4.76,0,0,1,4.56,3.54l0,0.19,0.19,0A5.51,5.51,0,0,1,36.67,7a0.32,0.32,0,0,0,.37.26,14.7,14.7,0,0,1,10.77,5.13,24,24,0,0,1,4.24,6.71l0.23,0.55a42.56,42.56,0,0,1,2.89,12C57.45,54,47.35,81.86,29.23,86.08l-0.11,0-0.06.09A3.78,3.78,0,0,1,28,87.36Z" transform="translate(-0.25 -0.36)"/><path id="Black" class="cls-2" d="M55.43,31.68a49.49,49.49,0,0,0-.86-5.5,39.81,39.81,0,0,0-1.39-4.93,31.29,31.29,0,0,0-2.23-4.93,22.63,22.63,0,0,0-3-4.1A14.94,14.94,0,0,0,37,7H36.94a5.77,5.77,0,0,0-4.16-2.91,4.93,4.93,0,0,0-9.56,0A5.77,5.77,0,0,0,19.06,7H19A14.94,14.94,0,0,0,8,12.23a22.63,22.63,0,0,0-3,4.1,31.29,31.29,0,0,0-2.23,4.93,39.81,39.81,0,0,0-1.39,4.93,49.49,49.49,0,0,0-.86,5.5C-1.73,54.3,8.44,82.1,26.73,86.36A3.17,3.17,0,0,0,28,87.64a3.17,3.17,0,0,0,1.27-1.28C47.56,82.1,57.73,54.3,55.43,31.68ZM28,1.23A3.9,3.9,0,0,1,31.93,4a4.86,4.86,0,0,0-3.86,2.47,0.17,0.17,0,0,1-.07.09,0.15,0.15,0,0,1-.07-0.09A4.86,4.86,0,0,0,24.07,4,3.9,3.9,0,0,1,28,1.23ZM26.14,5.52a3.51,3.51,0,0,1,1.59,2.11A0.46,0.46,0,0,0,28,8a0.46,0.46,0,0,0,.27-0.42,3.51,3.51,0,0,1,1.59-2.11,4.19,4.19,0,0,1,6,1.58,13.38,13.38,0,0,0-1.67.42,6.6,6.6,0,0,0-2.38,1.32,9.4,9.4,0,0,0-3,6.1c-0.67,7.31,7.72,6.16,8.14,6.13,1.08,0,1.9-1.71,1.9-4s-0.84-4-1.9-4c-0.65,0-1.77.52-1.88,2.55C35,17.1,35.7,19,36.6,19.11c0.47,0.06.89-.76,1-1.6s0.06-1.87-.59-2a0.38,0.38,0,0,0-.46.28A3.83,3.83,0,0,1,37,17.1c0,1.25-1.28.63-1.12-1.36C36,14,36.89,14.09,36.93,14.09c0.5,0,1.26,1,1.26,3,0,1.75-.84,3.63-2.46,2.65-1.36-1-1.89-3.28-1.52-5,0.17-.81.87-3,3.13-3,3.26,0,6.3,1.71,8.72,4.9-0.27.85-1.95,4.1-7.28,7.21l-0.29.15a11,11,0,0,0-4.93-1,27.07,27.07,0,0,0-4.64.74,4.09,4.09,0,0,1-.92.15h0a4.09,4.09,0,0,1-.92-0.15A27.07,27.07,0,0,0,22.44,23a11,11,0,0,0-4.93,1l-0.29-.15c-5.34-3.11-7-6.36-7.28-7.21,2.42-3.19,5.46-4.9,8.72-4.9,2.26,0,3,2.21,3.13,3,0.38,1.77-.16,4.05-1.52,5-1.61,1-2.46-.9-2.46-2.65,0-2,.76-3,1.26-3,0,0,.94-0.11,1.09,1.65,0.17,2-1.09,2.61-1.12,1.36a3.83,3.83,0,0,1,.39-1.34A0.38,0.38,0,0,0,19,15.48c-0.65.16-.71,1.3-0.59,2s0.56,1.66,1,1.6c0.9-.12,1.6-2,1.52-3.44-0.1-2-1.23-2.55-1.88-2.55-1.06,0-1.9,1.71-1.9,4s0.82,4,1.9,4c0.42,0,8.81,1.18,8.14-6.13a9.4,9.4,0,0,0-3-6.1,6.6,6.6,0,0,0-2.38-1.32A13.38,13.38,0,0,0,20.1,7.1,4.19,4.19,0,0,1,26.14,5.52ZM10.28,36.18A32.49,32.49,0,0,0,10,39.49a44.42,44.42,0,0,0,2,15.25,49.48,49.48,0,0,0,4.13,9.32A11.48,11.48,0,0,1,11,66.39,66.66,66.66,0,0,1,4.53,34.57,16.13,16.13,0,0,0,10.28,36.18ZM4.56,34c0.44-7.31,2.29-13.05,5-16.87,0.48,1.24,2.57,4.35,7.39,7.18-4.1,2.47-6,7.56-6.58,11.36A15.81,15.81,0,0,1,4.56,34ZM16.41,64.53c3.08,5.3,6.12,8.46,8.45,10.13A11.54,11.54,0,0,1,21.32,79c-4-2.7-7.4-7-10.07-12.13A11.81,11.81,0,0,0,16.41,64.53ZM25.33,75A12.2,12.2,0,0,0,28,76.46,12.2,12.2,0,0,0,30.67,75a12,12,0,0,0,3.53,4.34,18.69,18.69,0,0,1-3.58,1.78s0-.09,0-0.13c-0.26-1.32-2-1.59-2.61-1.59s-2.35.27-2.61,1.59c0,0,0,.09,0,0.13a18.69,18.69,0,0,1-3.58-1.78A12,12,0,0,0,25.33,75Zm5.81-.32c2.33-1.67,5.37-4.83,8.45-10.13a11.81,11.81,0,0,0,5.16,2.36C42.08,72,38.69,76.32,34.68,79A11.54,11.54,0,0,1,31.14,74.66Zm8.72-10.61A49.48,49.48,0,0,0,44,54.73a44.1,44.1,0,0,0,1.66-7.32A44.34,44.34,0,0,0,46,39.49a32.49,32.49,0,0,0-.32-3.31,16.13,16.13,0,0,0,5.75-1.61A66.66,66.66,0,0,1,45,66.39,11.48,11.48,0,0,1,39.86,64.05Zm5.78-28.4c-0.62-3.8-2.5-8.8-6.58-11.36,4.82-2.83,6.92-5.94,7.39-7.18,2.69,3.82,4.55,9.56,5,16.87A15.81,15.81,0,0,1,45.64,35.65ZM25,84.76a23.29,23.29,0,0,1-5.87-2.93,27.5,27.5,0,0,1-3.25-2.62,31.1,31.1,0,0,1-2.35-2.47q-0.76-.88-1.46-1.81a47.49,47.49,0,0,1-5.58-9.69A63.9,63.9,0,0,1,3.09,55,70.46,70.46,0,0,1,1.3,44.19a64.57,64.57,0,0,1-.07-10.84C1.4,31.43,1.63,29.5,2,27.59A39.32,39.32,0,0,1,3.4,22a31,31,0,0,1,2.1-4.86,20.93,20.93,0,0,1,3.15-4.44,16.19,16.19,0,0,1,4-3.1,13.93,13.93,0,0,1,1.93-.87q0.51-.18,1-0.32a8.82,8.82,0,0,1,1-.26,14,14,0,0,1,2.56-.21,7.58,7.58,0,0,1,3.88,1,8,8,0,0,1,3.34,6c0.39,4.52-4.21,5.23-5.11,5.22-0.14,0-.21-0.13.24-0.59a6.53,6.53,0,0,0,1-5.1c-0.44-2.07-1.9-3.69-4-3.69a11.16,11.16,0,0,0-8.12,3.89A22.78,22.78,0,0,0,6,22.61,42.69,42.69,0,0,0,3.76,34,62.43,62.43,0,0,0,4,44.63,68.71,68.71,0,0,0,5.94,55.22a60.82,60.82,0,0,0,3.53,9.85,43.36,43.36,0,0,0,5.48,9A25.89,25.89,0,0,0,23.08,81a18.15,18.15,0,0,0,2.21,1A6.71,6.71,0,0,0,26,85,6.63,6.63,0,0,1,25,84.76Zm3.29,1.55a0.6,0.6,0,0,1-.31.21,0.6,0.6,0,0,1-.31-0.21,6.49,6.49,0,0,1-1.51-5.17c0.12-.64,1.2-0.93,1.82-0.94s1.7,0.3,1.82.94A6.49,6.49,0,0,1,28.31,86.3ZM54.7,44.19A70.46,70.46,0,0,1,52.91,55a63.9,63.9,0,0,1-3.42,10.2,47.49,47.49,0,0,1-5.58,9.69q-0.7.93-1.46,1.81a31.1,31.1,0,0,1-2.35,2.47,27.5,27.5,0,0,1-3.25,2.62A23.29,23.29,0,0,1,31,84.76,6.63,6.63,0,0,1,30,85a6.71,6.71,0,0,0,.67-3.1,18.15,18.15,0,0,0,2.21-1,25.89,25.89,0,0,0,8.13-6.87,43.36,43.36,0,0,0,5.48-9,60.82,60.82,0,0,0,3.53-9.85A68.71,68.71,0,0,0,52,44.63,62.43,62.43,0,0,0,52.24,34,42.69,42.69,0,0,0,50,22.61a22.78,22.78,0,0,0-4.47-7.87,11.16,11.16,0,0,0-8.12-3.89c-2.12,0-3.58,1.62-4,3.69a6.53,6.53,0,0,0,1,5.1c0.45,0.46.38,0.59,0.24,0.59-0.9,0-5.51-.71-5.11-5.22a8,8,0,0,1,3.34-6,7.58,7.58,0,0,1,3.88-1,14,14,0,0,1,2.56.21,8.77,8.77,0,0,1,1,.26q0.52,0.14,1,.32a13.93,13.93,0,0,1,1.93.87,16.19,16.19,0,0,1,4,3.1,20.93,20.93,0,0,1,3.15,4.44A31,31,0,0,1,52.6,22,39.32,39.32,0,0,1,54,27.59c0.35,1.91.58,3.84,0.74,5.77A64.57,64.57,0,0,1,54.7,44.19Z" transform="translate(-0.25 -0.36)"/><path id="Red" class="cls-3" d="M45,39.63c-0.11-2.69-.9-10.9-6.48-14.46A9.41,9.41,0,0,0,34.18,24c-2.74-.18-4.77.87-6.14,0.91H28c-1.37,0-3.42-1.09-6.16-.91a9.35,9.35,0,0,0-4.37,1.21C11.85,28.73,11.07,36.94,11,39.63a43.52,43.52,0,0,0,3.54,19C18.36,67.12,23,73.14,27.63,75.19L28,75.35l0.37-.16c4.61-2,9.27-8.06,13.14-16.57A43.53,43.53,0,0,0,45,39.63Z" transform="translate(-0.25 -0.36)"/><path id="W" class="cls-4" d="M36.3,33.18V35L36.67,35h0.18a1.17,1.17,0,0,1,.82.28,1.27,1.27,0,0,1,.21,1.11s-3.74,16.19-4.45,19.27c-0.82-3.9-5.26-25.18-5.26-25.18l0-.09H27.27v0.1L23.4,55.32,19,36.37a2.7,2.7,0,0,1,0-.28,1.27,1.27,0,0,1,.31-1A1,1,0,0,1,20,34.92l0.37,0v-1.8H14.13v1.76l0.28,0a1.16,1.16,0,0,1,.95.83L23,68.48l0,0.09h1.1v-0.1l3.56-23.3,4.53,23.31,0,0.09h1l7.25-32.78a1,1,0,0,1,1-.75h0.07l0.36,0V33.18H36.3Z" transform="translate(-0.25 -0.36)"/> </svg></a> </div> <div class="uw-title-tagline"> <div id="site-title" class="uw-site-title uw-red-title "> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/" rel="home">Department of Physics</a> </div> <div id="site-description" class="uw-site-tagline">Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison</div> </div> </div> <div class="uw-header-search"> <form role="search" class="uw-search-form" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/"> <label for="s" class="show-for-sr">Search</label> <input type="text" class="field uw-search-input" name="s" id="s" placeholder="Search" /> <input type="submit" class="submit uw-search-submit uw-button" name="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </div> </header> <button class="uw-mobile-menu-button-bar uw-mobile-menu-button-bar-reversed" aria-label="Open menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uw-top-menus"><span>Menu</span><svg viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e107034.62860968"> <title id="dynid67428e9e107034.62860968">open menu</title> <path class="path1" d="M128 256h768v86h-768v-86zM128 554v-84h768v84h-768zM128 768v-86h768v86h-768z"/> </svg><svg viewBox="0 0 805 1024" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e107a80.25952967"> <title id="dynid67428e9e107a80.25952967">close</title> <path class="path1" d="M741.714 755.429q0 22.857-16 38.857l-77.714 77.714q-16 16-38.857 16t-38.857-16l-168-168-168 168q-16 16-38.857 16t-38.857-16l-77.714-77.714q-16-16-16-38.857t16-38.857l168-168-168-168q-16-16-16-38.857t16-38.857l77.714-77.714q16-16 38.857-16t38.857 16l168 168 168-168q16-16 38.857-16t38.857 16l77.714 77.714q16 16 16 38.857t-16 38.857l-168 168 168 168q16 16 16 38.857z"/> </svg></button> <div id="uw-top-menus" class="uw-is-visible uw-horizontal uw-hidden" aria-hidden="false"> <div class="uw-main-nav"> <nav class="uw-nav-menu uw-nav-menu-reverse" aria-label="Main Menu"> <ul id="uw-main-nav" class=""><li id="menu-item-3698" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-3698"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Graduate<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e23f517.90628837"> <title id="dynid67428e9e23f517.90628837">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e2400b0.98666170"> <title id="dynid67428e9e2400b0.98666170">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Graduate submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3701" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3701"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/">Prospective Students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12558" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12558"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/phd-program/">PhD Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8556" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8556"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/mspqc-program/">MSPQC Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7973"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/courses/">Courses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7974" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7974"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/uw-student-resources/">Student Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7975" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7975"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/phd-program/contacts/">PhD Program Contacts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7976" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7976"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/mspqc-current-students/mspqc-faculty/">MSPQC Program Contacts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3188" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-3188"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-current="page">Undergraduate<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e2435d0.55178165"> <title id="dynid67428e9e2435d0.55178165">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e244038.19330215"> <title id="dynid67428e9e244038.19330215">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Graduate submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1912 current_page_item menu-item-9666"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7981" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7981"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/prospective-students/">Prospective Majors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7982" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7982"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/the-physics-major/">Current students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7985" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7985"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/courses/">Courses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9664"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/certificate-in-physics/">Certificate in Physics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7983"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/contact-us/">Advising and Course Enrollment Assistance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7986" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7986"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/files/Physics-Declaration-Form.pdf">Major declaration form</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7987" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7987"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/files/Independent-Study-Course-Approval-Form-online.pdf">Independent study approval form</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9862"><a href="https://visp.wisc.edu/thematic-physics/">Visiting Scholars (VISP)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-6319" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6319"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/research/">Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2923" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-2923"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">People<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e248025.31324993"> <title id="dynid67428e9e248025.31324993">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e248ce5.34422868"> <title id="dynid67428e9e248ce5.34422868">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="People submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3052" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3052"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/faculty/">Faculty</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3056" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3056"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/visitors/">Visiting Faculty and Researchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3057" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3057"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/department/">Department Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3058" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3058"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/research-staff/">Research Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3059" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3059"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/phd-students/">PhD Students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3627" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3627"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/mspqc-students/">MSPQC Students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3053"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/emeritus-faculty/">Emeritus Faculty</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3061"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/board-of-visitors/">Board of Visitors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12265" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12265"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/search/">Search for People</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-7957" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-7957"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/news/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">News & Events<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e24c821.97823202"> <title id="dynid67428e9e24c821.97823202">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e24d264.72414745"> <title id="dynid67428e9e24d264.72414745">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="News & Events submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-7959" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7959"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/events/">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7958" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7958"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/news/">Department News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7960" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7960"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/alumni-friends/">The Wisconsin Physicist</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7961" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7961"><a href="https://explore.wisc.edu/physics-subscriptions">Subscribe to e-newsletter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-5126" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5126"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/climate-diversity/">Climate & Diversity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6209" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6209"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/outreach/">Outreach</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7964" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-7964"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Resources<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e250354.19574690"> <title id="dynid67428e9e250354.19574690">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e250d96.05449958"> <title id="dynid67428e9e250d96.05449958">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Resources submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-7965" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7965"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/">Department Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7990" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7990"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/uw-student-resources/">Student Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-7968" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7968"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/giving/">Giving</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="uw-secondary-nav"> <nav class="uw-nav-menu uw-nav-menu-secondary" aria-label="Secondary Menu"> <ul id="uw-secondary-nav" class="utility-menu"><li id="menu-item-1411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1411"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4302" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4302"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/courses/">Courses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3726" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3726"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/employment/">Jobs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7971" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7971"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/visit/">Visit</a></li> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=%2Fundergraduate%2F&action=shibboleth">Log in</a></ul> </nav> </div> </div> <nav class="breadcrumb-nav" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <ol itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" id="breadcrumbs" class="breadcrumb-nav__list breadcrumbs"> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb-nav__item item-home"> <a itemprop="item" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/" class="breadcrumb-nav__link bread-link bread-home" title="Home" > <span itemprop="name">Home</span> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"> </a> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb-nav__item item-current item-1912"> <a itemprop="item" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/" class="breadcrumb-nav__link bread-current bread-1912" title="Undergraduate Study" aria-current="page"> <span itemprop="name">Undergraduate Study</span> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"> </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <div id="page" class="content page-builder "> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-1912" class="post-1912 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Undergraduate Study</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="uw-outer-row row-1 default-background has_group_of_links has_text_block uw-outer-row-top-padding-default uw-outer-row-bottom-padding-default uw-row-default">  <div class="uw-inner-row"> <div class="uw-column uw-row-header"> <h2>Welcome to Physics!</h2> </div> <div class="uw-column narrow-column"> <div class="uw-page-element uw-pe uw-pe-group_of_links" data-page-element="group_of_links" > <div class="uw-content-box uw-link-list-columns"> <h3 class="uw-text-left">Useful Links</h3> <ul class="uw-link-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/contact-us/"> Advising and enrollment <span class="uw-nowrap"> assistance<svg viewBox="0,0,1792,1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e3177f0.39474195"> <title id="dynid67428e9e3177f0.39474195">More</title> <path d="M979 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23zm384 0q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/courses/"> <span class="uw-nowrap"> Courses<svg viewBox="0,0,1792,1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e318a51.88438196"> <title id="dynid67428e9e318a51.88438196">More</title> <path d="M979 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23zm384 0q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/prospective-students/"> Prospective <span class="uw-nowrap"> Students<svg viewBox="0,0,1792,1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e3198e8.48233525"> <title id="dynid67428e9e3198e8.48233525">More</title> <path d="M979 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23zm384 0q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://visp.wisc.edu/thematic-physics/"> Visiting <span class="uw-nowrap"> Scholars<svg viewBox="0,0,1792,1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e31a6a7.34280355"> <title id="dynid67428e9e31a6a7.34280355">More</title> <path d="M979 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23zm384 0q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-resources/"> <span class="uw-nowrap"> Resources<svg viewBox="0,0,1792,1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e31b457.86655577"> <title id="dynid67428e9e31b457.86655577">More</title> <path d="M979 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23zm384 0q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-resources/#research-opportunities"> Research <span class="uw-nowrap"> Opportunities<svg viewBox="0,0,1792,1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e31c207.65172537"> <title id="dynid67428e9e31c207.65172537">More</title> <path d="M979 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23zm384 0q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="uw-column wide-column"> <div class="uw-page-element uw-pe uw-pe-text_block" data-page-element="text_block" > <div class="uw-text-block"> <p style="text-align: center">Physics is the science of the properties of matter, radiation, and energy in all forms. As such, it is the most fundamental of the sciences. It provides the underlying framework for the other physical sciences and engineering and for understanding physical processes in biological and environmental sciences.</p> <p style="text-align: center">From information for <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/prospective-students/">prospective Physics majors</a> to <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-resources/#research-opportunities">research opportunities</a> with a Physics faculty member, from information on registering for <a href="/courses/">Physics courses</a> to <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-resources/#tutoring">tutoring opportunities for intro Physics</a> — much of the information you need to successfully navigate your undergraduate studies can be found in the “Undergraduate” section of the Physics website.</p> <p style="text-align: center">If you need any additional information, please email info@physics.wisc.edu</p> <h3 style="text-align: center"></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <div class="uw-outer-row row-2 default-background has_accordion_panel uw-outer-row-top-padding-default uw-outer-row-bottom-padding-default uw-row-default">  <div class="uw-inner-row"> <div class="uw-column uw-row-header"> <h2>More information for undergraduate students</h2> </div> <div class="uw-column one-column"> <div class="uw-page-element uw-pe uw-pe-accordion_panel" data-page-element="accordion_panel" > <div class="uw-accordion"> <p class="show-for-sr">This is an accordion element with a series of buttons that open and close related content panels.</p> <div class="uw-accordion-controls"> <button class="uw-button-unstyle uw-accordion-expand-all" aria-label="Expand all panels" aria-pressed="false">Expand all</button><button class="uw-button-unstyle uw-accordion-collapse-all" aria-label="Collapse all panels" aria-pressed="true" disabled>Collapse all</button> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Considering UW–Madison or a Physics major? </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>Please see “<a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/prospective-students/">Prospective Physics Majors</a>“</p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> About the Major </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <ul> <li>Please visit our “<a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/the-physics-major/">About the Major</a>” page or the <a href="https://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/physics/physics-bs/">UW–Madison GUIDE</a> for more details about the major</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> About the Certificate </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <ul> <li>Please visit our “<a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/certificate-in-physics/">About the Certificate</a>” page or the <a href="https://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/physics/physics-certificate/">UW–Madison GUIDE</a> for more details about the certificate in Physics</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Advising </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>To meet with an advisor, please visit our <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/contact-us/">Contact Us</a> page</p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Physics Courses </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>For a list of courses offered in the department by semester offered, please visit our <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/courses/">Courses</a> page</p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Physics Course Registration Problems </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <h5 style="text-align: center">This section is under development</h5> <ul> <li>Please use the <a href="https://app.physics.wisc.edu/requisite-exemption/">requisite exemption request form</a> to request permission to enroll in a course when you are prevented from enrolling due to course requisites.</li> <li>Full sections</li> <li>Independent Study Courses</li> <li>Graduate courses (700+)</li> </ul> <h5 style="text-align: center"></h5> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Tutoring and other help </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>Please see our <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-resources/#tutoring">tutoring resources</a></p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Requirements </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <ul> <li><a href="https://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/physics/physics-bs/#requirementstext">Major requirements</a> in GUIDE (see also: <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/the-physics-major/">The Physics Major</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/physics/physics-certificate/">Certificate requirements</a> in GUIDE (see also: <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/certificate-in-physics/">Certificate in Physics</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Declaring the major or certificate </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>If you are ready to declare your Physics major, please <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/contact-us/">speak with an advisor</a> and then submit your <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Physics-Declaration-Form.pdf">Major Declaration form</a>.</p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Physics student groups </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>To learn about students groups available to undergraduate physics majors, prospective majors, or students with an interest in the physical sciences, please see our <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-resources/#student-groups">Student Groups page</a></p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Getting involved in research </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>Undergraduates are encouraged to pursue research opportunities in our department! See <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-resources/#research-opportunities">Research Opportunities</a> for more information</p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Honors in the Major </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>Requirements for earning Honors in the major can be found in the <a href="https://guide.wisc.edu/undergraduate/letters-science/physics/physics-bs/#requirementstext">GUIDE</a>.</p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Scholarships and awards for Physics majors </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <p>The Physics Department is very happy to offer a number of awards for undergraduate and graduate students in physics each year. Many of these awards have been made possible through very generous donations by alumni and friends of the Department. The list of the physics department’s awards, their descriptions, and eligibility requirements can be found below. Department of Physics Awards generally range from $250 to $5,000 to deserving students to assist with educational expenses. <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/awards/apply/">Apply for an award</a>.</p> </div> </div> <h3 class="uw-accordion-header"> Downloads </h3> <div class="uw-accordion-panel -uw-accordion-is-hidden"> <div class="uw-accordion-panel-inner uw-clearfix"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Physics-Declaration-Form.pdf">Major/certificate declaration/cancellation form</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/files/Independent-Study-Course-Approval-Form-online.pdf">Independent study course approval form</a></li> <li><a href="https://aps.org/careers/guidance/guide/index.cfm">APS Careers Guide 2022</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/What-you-can-do-with-your-Physics-major.pdf">What can you do with a Physics major?</a> (from SuccessWorks)</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </article> </main> </div> <div> <div class="lower-content-single-image"> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="uw-footer"> <h2 class="show-for-sr uw-footer-header">Site footer content</h2> <div class="uw-footer-content"> <div class="uw-logo"> <div class="uw-logo-link-wrapper"><a href="https://www.wisc.edu" aria-label="Link to main university website"> <svg viewBox="0 0 326 216" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e329738.62414037"> <title id="dynid67428e9e329738.62414037">University logo that links to main university website</title> <g> <path d="M21.3,195.1c-5.7-4.1-6.2-3.7-8.3-10.1l-7.3-23c-1.1-3.4-2.1-7.5-5.2-9.6v-0.2h9.1c-0.2,1.4,0.4,3.3,0.7,4.5l9.3,28.9 l7.3-23.7c1.2-3.8,2.4-7.8-1-9.6v-0.2h8.8c-0.4,1.6,0.1,3.5,0.9,6.3l8.7,27l7-22.8c1.1-3.5,3.2-8.6-1.7-10.3v-0.2h9.6l-13.1,42.8 c-5.7-3.9-6.2-3.6-8.2-10L31,163.7L21.3,195.1z"/> <path d="M64.5,161.1c0-2.9,0.4-7.4-2.7-8.6v-0.2h11.8v0.2c-3.1,1.2-2.7,5.8-2.7,8.6v23.5c0,2.8-0.4,7.3,2.7,8.5v0.2H61.7v-0.2 c3.1-1.1,2.7-5.7,2.7-8.5V161.1z"/> <path d="M102.2,159.7c-2.4-2.5-6.3-3.9-9.8-3.9c-3.5,0-8,1.4-8,5.7c0,8.5,21.4,8.4,21.4,19.9c0,6.7-7,12.9-16.7,12.9 c-3.8,0-7.6-0.6-11.1-1.9l-1.8-7.8c3.7,3.2,8.8,5.2,13.6,5.2c3.5,0,8.9-2.1,8.9-6.5c0-9.7-21.4-8-21.4-21.2c0-7.8,8-10.8,15.6-10.8 c3.1,0,6.3,0.4,9.3,1.4V159.7z"/> <path d="M141.5,160c-3.4-2.2-7.4-3.5-11.5-3.5c-8.6,0-14.6,6.3-14.6,15.3c0,9.2,6.2,17.3,15.8,17.3c4.7,0,9.3-1.7,13.3-3.9h0.2 l-3.2,7.2c-2.9,1.4-6.2,1.9-9.4,1.9c-14.7,0-23.8-8.2-23.8-21.5c0-12.9,9.1-21.4,21.8-21.4c3.8,0,7.7,0.7,11.3,1.6V160z"/> <path d="M189.9,172.3c0,12.7-10.5,21.9-22.9,21.9c-12.3,0-22.7-8.8-22.7-21.6c0-11.8,10.3-21.7,23.3-21.4 C180.7,151.2,189.9,161.1,189.9,172.3z M151.3,172.1c0,8.7,6.2,17.7,15.9,17.7c9.5,0,15.5-6.9,15.5-16.2c0-9.1-5.8-17.9-15.6-17.9 C157.5,155.7,151.3,162.7,151.3,172.1z"/> <path d="M199.3,185.2c0,3.5-0.1,6,3.2,7.9v0.2h-11v-0.2c3.3-1.9,3.3-4.4,3.3-7.9v-24.8c0-3.5,0-6-3.2-7.8v-0.2h9.1v0.1 c0.2,0.7,0.5,1.1,0.9,1.6l0.9,1.2l22.8,28.8v-23.6c0-3.5,0.1-6-3.2-7.8v-0.2h11v0.2c-3.2,1.9-3.2,4.4-3.2,7.8v34.9 c-4.4-1.5-6.4-3.5-9.1-7.1l-21.4-27.1V185.2z"/> <path d="M261.2,159.7c-2.4-2.5-6.3-3.9-9.8-3.9c-3.5,0-8,1.4-8,5.7c0,8.5,21.4,8.4,21.4,19.9c0,6.7-7,12.9-16.7,12.9 c-3.8,0-7.6-0.6-11.1-1.9l-1.8-7.8c3.7,3.2,8.8,5.2,13.6,5.2c3.5,0,8.9-2.1,8.9-6.5c0-9.7-21.4-8-21.4-21.2c0-7.8,8-10.8,15.6-10.8 c3.1,0,6.3,0.4,9.3,1.4V159.7z"/> <path d="M270.7,161.1c0-2.9,0.4-7.4-2.7-8.6v-0.2h11.8v0.2c-3.1,1.2-2.7,5.8-2.7,8.6v23.5c0,2.8-0.4,7.3,2.7,8.5v0.2H268v-0.2 c3.1-1.1,2.7-5.7,2.7-8.5V161.1z"/> <path d="M291.8,185.2c0,3.5-0.1,6,3.2,7.9v0.2h-11v-0.2c3.3-1.9,3.3-4.4,3.3-7.9v-24.8c0-3.5,0-6-3.2-7.8v-0.2h9.1v0.1 c0.2,0.7,0.5,1.1,0.9,1.6l0.9,1.2l22.8,28.8v-23.6c0-3.5,0.1-6-3.2-7.8v-0.2h11v0.2c-3.2,1.9-3.2,4.4-3.2,7.8v34.9 c-4.4-1.5-6.4-3.5-9.1-7.1l-21.4-27.1V185.2z"/> </g> <g> <path d="M11.7,203.2v7c0,2.7,1.5,3.5,3,3.5c1.7,0,3-0.8,3-3.5v-7h1.5v6.9c0,3.8-2.1,4.8-4.5,4.8c-2.4,0-4.5-1.2-4.5-4.7v-7H11.7z"/> <path d="M22.3,214.8v-11.6h2c1.7,2.7,5.3,8.5,5.9,9.7h0c-0.1-1.5-0.1-3.3-0.1-5.2v-4.5h1.4v11.6h-1.9c-1.5-2.5-5.3-8.7-6-10h0 c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.3,0.1,5.4v4.6H22.3z"/> <path d="M36.6,203.2v11.6h-1.5v-11.6H36.6z"/> <path d="M42.9,214.8l-4.2-11.6h1.6l2,5.8c0.6,1.7,1.2,3.4,1.4,4.5h0c0.2-0.9,0.9-2.7,1.5-4.4l2.1-5.8H49l-4.4,11.6H42.9z"/> <path d="M58.4,209.3h-5.7v4.1H59l-0.2,1.3h-7.6v-11.6h7.5v1.3h-6v3.5h5.7V209.3z"/> <path d="M63,209.7v5.1h-1.5v-11.6H66c2.4,0,3.6,1.3,3.6,3.1c0,1.5-0.9,2.4-2,2.7c0.9,0.2,1.8,1,1.8,3v0.5c0,0.8,0,1.8,0.2,2.3h-1.5 c-0.2-0.5-0.2-1.4-0.2-2.5V212c0-1.6-0.5-2.4-2.5-2.4H63z M63,208.4h2.5c1.8,0,2.5-0.7,2.5-2c0-1.2-0.8-1.9-2.4-1.9H63V208.4z"/> <path d="M73.3,211.5c0.3,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.9,2.1c1.8,0,2.5-0.8,2.5-1.9c0-1.2-0.6-1.8-2.9-2.4c-2.7-0.7-3.7-1.6-3.7-3.2 c0-1.7,1.3-3.1,3.8-3.1c2.8,0,3.9,1.6,4.1,3.1h-1.6c-0.2-1-0.8-1.9-2.5-1.9c-1.4,0-2.2,0.6-2.2,1.7c0,1.1,0.6,1.5,2.7,2 c3.3,0.8,3.9,2.1,3.9,3.6c0,1.9-1.4,3.3-4.2,3.3c-2.9,0-4.2-1.6-4.4-3.4H73.3z"/> <path d="M84.5,203.2v11.6H83v-11.6H84.5z"/> <path d="M90.4,204.5h-3.7v-1.3h9v1.3h-3.7v10.3h-1.5V204.5z"/> <path d="M101.2,214.8v-4.2c0-0.1,0-0.2-0.1-0.3l-4.1-7h1.8c1,1.9,2.7,4.9,3.3,5.9c0.5-1,2.2-4,3.3-5.9h1.6l-4.2,7 c0,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.3v4.2H101.2z"/> <path d="M123.5,208.9c0,3.2-1.8,6-5.4,6c-3.4,0-5.3-2.6-5.3-5.9c0-3.3,1.9-5.9,5.4-5.9C121.5,203,123.5,205.5,123.5,208.9z M114.4,208.9c0,2.5,1.3,4.7,3.8,4.7c2.7,0,3.8-2.2,3.8-4.7c0-2.5-1.2-4.6-3.8-4.6C115.5,204.3,114.4,206.5,114.4,208.9z"/> <path d="M126.3,203.2h7.4v1.3h-5.9v3.8h5.5v1.3h-5.5v5.2h-1.5V203.2z"/> <path d="M142.5,214.8l-3.1-11.6h1.6c0.9,3.8,2.1,8.6,2.4,9.9h0c0.3-1.5,1.9-6.9,2.6-9.9h1.5c0.7,2.6,2.3,8.5,2.5,9.8h0 c0.4-2,2-7.5,2.6-9.8h1.5l-3.4,11.6h-1.6c-0.7-2.7-2.2-8.2-2.5-9.6h0c-0.3,1.7-1.8,6.9-2.6,9.6H142.5z"/> <path d="M158,203.2v11.6h-1.5v-11.6H158z"/> <path d="M162.2,211.5c0.3,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.9,2.1c1.8,0,2.5-0.8,2.5-1.9c0-1.2-0.6-1.8-2.9-2.4c-2.7-0.7-3.7-1.6-3.7-3.2 c0-1.7,1.3-3.1,3.8-3.1c2.8,0,3.9,1.6,4.1,3.1h-1.6c-0.2-1-0.8-1.9-2.5-1.9c-1.4,0-2.2,0.6-2.2,1.7c0,1.1,0.6,1.5,2.7,2 c3.3,0.8,3.9,2.1,3.9,3.6c0,1.9-1.4,3.3-4.2,3.3c-2.9,0-4.2-1.6-4.4-3.4H162.2z"/> <path d="M181.1,211.5c-0.5,2-2,3.4-4.6,3.4c-3.5,0-5.2-2.6-5.2-5.9c0-3.1,1.7-6,5.3-6c2.7,0,4.2,1.6,4.6,3.5h-1.5 c-0.4-1.3-1.2-2.2-3.1-2.2c-2.6,0-3.6,2.3-3.6,4.7c0,2.3,1,4.7,3.7,4.7c1.8,0,2.6-1,3-2.1H181.1z"/> <path d="M193.9,208.9c0,3.2-1.8,6-5.4,6c-3.4,0-5.3-2.6-5.3-5.9c0-3.3,1.9-5.9,5.4-5.9C191.8,203,193.9,205.5,193.9,208.9z M184.7,208.9c0,2.5,1.3,4.7,3.8,4.7c2.7,0,3.8-2.2,3.8-4.7c0-2.5-1.2-4.6-3.8-4.6C185.9,204.3,184.7,206.5,184.7,208.9z"/> <path d="M196.6,214.8v-11.6h2c1.7,2.7,5.3,8.5,5.9,9.7h0c-0.1-1.5-0.1-3.3-0.1-5.2v-4.5h1.4v11.6H204c-1.5-2.5-5.3-8.7-6-10h0 c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.3,0.1,5.4v4.6H196.6z"/> <path d="M210.1,211.5c0.3,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.9,2.1c1.8,0,2.5-0.8,2.5-1.9c0-1.2-0.6-1.8-2.9-2.4c-2.7-0.7-3.7-1.6-3.7-3.2 c0-1.7,1.3-3.1,3.8-3.1c2.8,0,3.9,1.6,4.1,3.1h-1.6c-0.2-1-0.8-1.9-2.5-1.9c-1.4,0-2.2,0.6-2.2,1.7c0,1.1,0.6,1.5,2.7,2 c3.3,0.8,3.9,2.1,3.9,3.6c0,1.9-1.4,3.3-4.2,3.3c-2.9,0-4.2-1.6-4.4-3.4H210.1z"/> <path d="M221.3,203.2v11.6h-1.5v-11.6H221.3z"/> <path d="M224.8,214.8v-11.6h2c1.7,2.7,5.3,8.5,5.9,9.7h0c-0.1-1.5-0.1-3.3-0.1-5.2v-4.5h1.4v11.6h-1.9c-1.5-2.5-5.3-8.7-6-10h0 c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.3,0.1,5.4v4.6H224.8z"/> <path d="M243.4,209.8v1.3h-6.6v-1.3H243.4z"/> <path d="M256.1,209.8c0-2.2,0-4.3,0.1-5.6h-0.1c-0.5,1.9-2.4,6.8-3.7,10.5H251c-1-3-2.9-8.5-3.5-10.5h0c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.9,0.1,5.9 v4.6h-1.4v-11.6h2.3c1.3,3.6,2.9,8.2,3.3,9.7h0c0.3-1.1,2.2-6.2,3.5-9.7h2.2v11.6h-1.5V209.8z"/> <path d="M262.6,211.3l-1.2,3.5h-1.5l4.1-11.6h1.9l4.3,11.6h-1.6l-1.3-3.5H262.6z M266.8,210c-1.1-3-1.7-4.7-2-5.5h0 c-0.3,1-1,2.9-1.8,5.5H266.8z"/> <path d="M272.3,203.2h4.1c3.3,0,5.5,2.2,5.5,5.7c0,3.4-2.1,5.9-5.5,5.9h-4.1V203.2z M273.8,213.5h2.4c2.7,0,4-2,4-4.6 c0-2.3-1.2-4.4-4-4.4h-2.4V213.5z"/> <path d="M286.2,203.2v11.6h-1.5v-11.6H286.2z"/> <path d="M290.3,211.5c0.3,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.9,2.1c1.8,0,2.5-0.8,2.5-1.9c0-1.2-0.6-1.8-2.9-2.4c-2.7-0.7-3.7-1.6-3.7-3.2 c0-1.7,1.3-3.1,3.8-3.1c2.8,0,3.9,1.6,4.1,3.1h-1.6c-0.2-1-0.8-1.9-2.5-1.9c-1.4,0-2.2,0.6-2.2,1.7c0,1.1,0.6,1.5,2.7,2 c3.3,0.8,3.9,2.1,3.9,3.6c0,1.9-1.4,3.3-4.2,3.3c-2.9,0-4.2-1.6-4.4-3.4H290.3z"/> <path d="M310.1,208.9c0,3.2-1.8,6-5.4,6c-3.4,0-5.3-2.6-5.3-5.9c0-3.3,1.9-5.9,5.4-5.9C308.1,203,310.1,205.5,310.1,208.9z M301,208.9c0,2.5,1.3,4.7,3.8,4.7c2.7,0,3.8-2.2,3.8-4.7c0-2.5-1.2-4.6-3.8-4.6C302.2,204.3,301,206.5,301,208.9z"/> <path d="M312.9,214.8v-11.6h2c1.7,2.7,5.3,8.5,5.9,9.7h0c-0.1-1.5-0.1-3.3-0.1-5.2v-4.5h1.4v11.6h-1.9c-1.5-2.5-5.3-8.7-6-10h0 c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.3,0.1,5.4v4.6H312.9z"/> </g> <path d="M211.4,52c-0.3-3-0.8-6-1.4-8.9c-0.6-2.7-1.3-5.4-2.3-8c-1-2.8-2.2-5.5-3.6-8c-1.4-2.4-3-4.6-4.8-6.7 c-4.9-5.4-11.1-8.4-17.8-8.5l-0.1,0c-1.1-2.4-4.1-4.4-6.8-4.7c0,0-1.4-6-7.8-6.1c-6.4,0-7.8,6.1-7.8,6.1c-2.6,0.4-5.7,2.3-6.8,4.7 l-0.1,0c-6.8,0.1-12.9,3.1-17.8,8.5c-1.9,2-3.4,4.3-4.8,6.7c-1.4,2.5-2.6,5.3-3.6,8c-0.9,2.6-1.7,5.3-2.3,8 c-0.6,2.9-1.1,5.9-1.4,8.9c-3.7,36.8,12.8,82,42.5,88.9c0.5,0.7,1.5,2.1,2.1,2.1c0.6,0,1.6-1.4,2.1-2.1 C198.6,134,215.1,88.8,211.4,52z M166.8,2.5c5.2,0,6.4,4.4,6.4,4.5c-2.6,0.2-5,1.7-6.3,4c0,0-0.1,0.2-0.1,0.2 c-0.1,0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2c-1.3-2.3-3.7-3.8-6.3-4C160.4,6.9,161.5,2.5,166.8,2.5z M163.7,9.5c1.3,0.8,2.2,2,2.6,3.4 c0.1,0.4,0.3,0.7,0.4,0.7s0.3-0.3,0.4-0.7c0.4-1.4,1.3-2.7,2.6-3.4c3.8-2.3,8.1-0.8,9.8,2.6c-0.9,0.1-1.7,0.4-2.7,0.7 c-1.5,0.5-2.8,1.2-3.9,2.1c-2.4,2.2-4.5,5.6-4.9,9.9c-1.1,11.9,12.6,10,13.2,10c1.8,0,3.1-2.8,3.1-6.5c0-3.7-1.4-6.5-3.1-6.5 c-1.1,0-2.9,0.8-3.1,4.1c-0.1,2.3,1,5.4,2.5,5.6c0.8,0.1,1.5-1.2,1.7-2.6c0.2-1.2,0.1-3-1-3.3c-0.3-0.1-0.7,0.1-0.8,0.5 c-0.1,0.3,0.7,0.8,0.6,2.2c0,2-2.1,1-1.8-2.2c0.2-2.9,1.7-2.7,1.8-2.7c0.8,0,2.1,1.7,2.1,4.9c0,2.8-1.4,5.9-4,4.3 c-2.2-1.6-3.1-5.3-2.5-8.2c0.3-1.3,1.4-4.9,5.1-4.9c5.3,0,10.2,2.8,14.2,8c-0.4,1.4-3.2,6.7-11.8,11.7c-0.2,0.1-0.5,0.3-0.5,0.2 c-2.6-1.1-5.1-1.8-8-1.6c-2.6,0.1-5.1,0.6-7.5,1.2c-0.5,0.1-1,0.2-1.5,0.2c-0.5,0-1-0.1-1.5-0.2c-2.5-0.6-5-1.1-7.5-1.2 c-2.9-0.2-5.4,0.5-8,1.6c0,0-0.3-0.2-0.5-0.2c-8.7-5.1-11.4-10.3-11.8-11.7c3.9-5.2,8.9-8,14.2-8c3.7,0,4.8,3.6,5.1,4.9 c0.6,2.9-0.3,6.6-2.5,8.2c-2.6,1.6-4-1.5-4-4.3c0-3.2,1.2-4.9,2.1-4.9c0.1,0,1.5-0.2,1.8,2.7c0.3,3.2-1.8,4.2-1.8,2.2 c0-1.4,0.7-1.9,0.6-2.2c-0.1-0.3-0.4-0.5-0.8-0.5c-1.1,0.3-1.2,2.1-1,3.3c0.2,1.4,0.9,2.7,1.7,2.6c1.5-0.2,2.6-3.3,2.5-5.6 c-0.2-3.3-2-4.1-3.1-4.1c-1.7,0-3.1,2.8-3.1,6.5c0,3.7,1.3,6.5,3.1,6.5c0.7,0.1,14.3,1.9,13.2-10c-0.4-4.3-2.5-7.7-4.9-9.9 c-1.1-1-2.3-1.6-3.9-2.1c-1.1-0.3-1.8-0.5-2.7-0.7C155.6,8.7,159.9,7.1,163.7,9.5z M138.1,58.5c-4.4-0.4-7.8-1.9-9.4-2.7 c0.7-11.9,3.7-21.2,8.1-27.4c0.8,2,4.2,7.1,12,11.7C142.1,44,139.1,52.3,138.1,58.5z M149.6,41.4c2-1.2,4.5-1.8,7.1-2 c4.5-0.3,7.8,1.4,10,1.5h0.1c2.2-0.1,5.5-1.8,10-1.5c2.6,0.2,5.2,0.7,7.1,2c9.1,5.8,10.4,19.1,10.5,23.5c0.6,15.5-4.2,27.5-5.8,30.9 c-6.3,13.8-13.9,23.6-21.4,26.9l-0.6,0.3l-0.6-0.3c-7.5-3.3-15.1-13.1-21.4-26.9c-1.5-3.3-6.4-15.4-5.8-30.9 C139.2,60.6,140.5,47.2,149.6,41.4z M137.9,59.3c-0.3,2.3-0.5,4.2-0.5,5.4c-0.2,4.3,0,8.6,0.6,12.9c0.6,4,1.5,8,2.7,11.9 c1.7,5.3,4,10.3,6.7,15.2c-2.8,2.5-7,3.5-8.4,3.8c-7.5-15-11.4-34.3-10.5-51.7C130.4,57.6,133.7,59,137.9,59.3z M147.9,105.4 c5,8.6,10,13.8,13.7,16.5c-1.4,3.5-4.6,6.2-5.8,7.1c-6.5-4.4-12-11.3-16.4-19.7C141.2,108.9,145.1,107.9,147.9,105.4z M162.4,122.4 c2,1.5,4.1,2.3,4.3,2.4c0.3-0.1,2.3-0.9,4.3-2.4c1.4,3.4,4.4,6,5.7,7.1c-1.9,1.2-3.8,2.2-5.8,2.9c0-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.2 c-0.4-2.1-3.2-2.6-4.2-2.6c-1,0-3.8,0.4-4.2,2.6c0,0.1,0,0.1,0,0.2c-2-0.7-4-1.7-5.8-2.9C158,128.4,161,125.8,162.4,122.4z M171.9,121.9c3.8-2.7,8.7-7.9,13.7-16.5c2.8,2.5,6.7,3.5,8.4,3.8c-4.3,8.4-9.9,15.3-16.4,19.7C176.5,128.1,173.2,125.4,171.9,121.9 z M186,104.6c2.7-4.8,5-9.9,6.7-15.2c1.2-3.9,2.1-7.9,2.7-11.9c0.6-4.3,0.8-8.6,0.6-12.9c0-1.2-0.2-3.1-0.5-5.4 c4.3-0.4,7.6-1.7,9.3-2.6c0.9,17.4-3,36.8-10.5,51.7C193,108.2,188.8,107.2,186,104.6z M195.4,58.5c-1-6.2-4.1-14.3-10.7-18.5 c7.8-4.6,11.2-9.7,12-11.7c4.4,6.2,7.4,15.5,8.1,27.4C203.3,56.6,199.9,58.1,195.4,58.5z M161.9,138.3c-3.4-1.1-6.6-2.7-9.5-4.8 c-1.9-1.3-3.6-2.7-5.3-4.3c-1.3-1.3-2.6-2.6-3.8-4c-0.8-1-1.6-1.9-2.4-2.9c-3.6-4.8-6.7-10.2-9.1-15.7c-2.3-5.4-4.2-10.9-5.6-16.6 c-1.4-5.8-2.4-11.7-2.9-17.6c-0.5-5.8-0.6-11.8-0.1-17.6c0.3-3.1,0.6-6.3,1.2-9.4c0.6-3.1,1.3-6.1,2.3-9.1c0.9-2.7,2-5.4,3.4-7.9 c1.4-2.6,3.1-5.1,5.1-7.2c1.9-2,4-3.7,6.4-5c1-0.5,2.1-1,3.1-1.4c0.5-0.2,1.1-0.4,1.7-0.5c0.5-0.1,1.1-0.4,1.7-0.4 c1.4-0.3,2.8-0.4,4.2-0.4c1.1,0,3.9,0.2,6.3,1.7c2.7,1.9,5,5,5.4,9.8c0.6,7.3-6.8,8.5-8.3,8.5c-0.2,0-0.3-0.2,0.4-1 c1.7-2.2,2.3-5.6,1.7-8.3c-0.7-3.4-3.1-6-6.5-6c-5.2,0-9.8,2.6-13.2,6.3c-3.3,3.6-5.6,8.2-7.3,12.8c-2.1,5.9-3.2,12.2-3.6,18.5 c-0.4,5.8-0.2,11.6,0.4,17.3c0.6,5.8,1.7,11.6,3.2,17.2c1.5,5.5,3.4,10.9,5.7,16c2.4,5.2,5.3,10.2,8.9,14.7 c3.6,4.5,8.1,8.5,13.2,11.2c1.2,0.6,2.4,1.1,3.6,1.6c-0.1,1.9,0.4,3.6,1.1,5C162.6,138.6,162.6,138.5,161.9,138.3z M167.3,140.8 c0,0-0.3,0.3-0.5,0.3c-0.3,0-0.5-0.3-0.5-0.3c-1.3-1.6-3.2-4.7-2.5-8.4c0.2-1,2-1.5,3-1.5c1,0,2.8,0.5,3,1.5 C170.4,136.1,168.5,139.2,167.3,140.8z M210.2,72.4c-0.5,5.9-1.5,11.8-2.9,17.6c-1.4,5.7-3.2,11.2-5.6,16.6 c-2.4,5.5-5.4,10.9-9.1,15.7c-0.8,1-1.5,2-2.4,2.9c-1.2,1.4-2.5,2.7-3.8,4c-1.6,1.5-3.4,3-5.3,4.3c-2.9,2-6.2,3.7-9.5,4.8 c-0.7,0.2-0.7,0.3-1.5,0.4c0.7-1.4,1.2-3.1,1.1-5c1.2-0.4,2.4-1,3.6-1.6c5.2-2.6,9.6-6.7,13.2-11.2c3.6-4.5,6.5-9.5,8.9-14.7 c2.4-5.2,4.3-10.5,5.7-16c1.5-5.6,2.6-11.4,3.2-17.2c0.6-5.7,0.8-11.5,0.4-17.3c-0.4-6.3-1.5-12.6-3.6-18.5 c-1.6-4.6-3.9-9.2-7.3-12.8c-3.4-3.7-8-6.3-13.2-6.3c-3.4,0-5.8,2.6-6.5,6c-0.6,2.7,0,6.1,1.7,8.3c0.7,0.8,0.6,1,0.4,1 c-1.5,0-9-1.1-8.3-8.5c0.4-4.8,2.8-7.9,5.4-9.8c2.4-1.5,5.2-1.7,6.3-1.7c1.4,0,2.8,0.1,4.2,0.4c0.5,0,1.2,0.2,1.7,0.4 c0.6,0.2,1.1,0.3,1.7,0.5c1.1,0.4,2.1,0.9,3.1,1.4c2.4,1.3,4.6,3.1,6.4,5c2,2.1,3.7,4.6,5.1,7.2c1.4,2.5,2.5,5.2,3.4,7.9 c1,3,1.8,6,2.3,9.1c0.6,3.1,0.9,6.2,1.2,9.4C210.8,60.6,210.7,66.5,210.2,72.4z"/> <path d="M180.3,54.4v3l0.6-0.1c0,0,0.1,0,0.3,0c0.3,0,0.9,0.1,1.3,0.5c0.4,0.4,0.5,1,0.3,1.8c0,0-6.1,26.3-7.2,31.3 C174.3,84.6,167,50,167,50l0-0.1h-1.4l0,0.2c0,0-5.2,33.7-6.3,40.4c-1.4-5.8-7.2-30.8-7.2-30.8c0-0.2,0-0.3,0-0.5 c0-0.7,0.2-1.2,0.5-1.5c0.4-0.4,1.1-0.4,1.2-0.4l0.6,0.1l0-2.9h-10.1v2.9l0.4,0.1c0.2,0,1.4,0.3,1.5,1.4c0,0,11.9,51,12.4,53.1 l0,0.1h1.8l0-0.2c0.1-0.4,4.9-32,5.8-37.9c1.1,5.9,7.3,37.5,7.4,37.9l0,0.1h1.6L187,58.7c0.3-1.1,1.2-1.2,1.6-1.2c0.1,0,0.1,0,0.1,0 l0.6,0v-3.1H180.3z"/> </svg> </a><a href="https://www.wisconsin.edu/" class="uw-footer-stand-out-link">Part of the Universities of Wisconsin</a></div> </div> <div class="uw-footer-contact"> <h3 class="uw-footer-header">Contact Us</h3><ul class="uw-contact-list"><li class="uw-contact-item uw-contact-address">Physics Department<br /> 2320 Chamberlin Hall<br /> 1150 University Avenue<br /> Madison, WI 53706-1390<br /> </li> <li class="uw-contact-item uw-contact-map-link"> <a href="/department/visit/">Map<svg class="uw-map-marker" viewBox="0 0 585 1024" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e32f690.07300595"> <title id="dynid67428e9e32f690.07300595">map marker</title> <path class="path1" d="M438.857 365.714q0-60.571-42.857-103.429t-103.429-42.857-103.429 42.857-42.857 103.429 42.857 103.429 103.429 42.857 103.429-42.857 42.857-103.429zM585.143 365.714q0 62.286-18.857 102.286l-208 442.286q-9.143 18.857-27.143 29.714t-38.571 10.857-38.571-10.857-26.571-29.714l-208.571-442.286q-18.857-40-18.857-102.286 0-121.143 85.714-206.857t206.857-85.714 206.857 85.714 85.714 206.857z"/> </svg></a></li> <li class="uw-contact-item">Email: <a href="mailto:info@physics.wisc.edu">info@physics.wisc.edu</a></li> <li class="uw-contact-item">Phone: <a href="tel:608-262-4526">608-262-4526</a></li> <li><ul class="uw-social-icons"><li id="uw-icon-twitter" class="uw-social-icon"><a aria-label="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/UWMadPhysics"><svg class="uw-social-symbols" viewBox="0 0 512 512" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e330194.30723948"> <title id="dynid67428e9e330194.30723948">x twitter</title> <path class="path1" d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/> </svg></a></li><li id="uw-icon-instagram" class="uw-social-icon"><a aria-label="instagram" href="https://instagram.com/UWMadPhysics"><svg class="uw-social-symbols" viewBox="0 0 448 512" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e3309f7.95624196"> <title id="dynid67428e9e3309f7.95624196">instagram</title> <path class="path1" d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"/> </svg></a></li><li id="uw-icon-linkedin" class="uw-social-icon"><a aria-label="linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/uwmadphysics/"><svg class="uw-social-symbols" viewBox="0 0 448 512" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e3312a1.32843273"> <title id="dynid67428e9e3312a1.32843273">linkedin</title> <path class="path1" d="M100.28 448H7.4V148.9h92.88zM53.79 108.1C24.09 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.79 53.79 0 0 1 107.58 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.79 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.68V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.29-79.2-48.29 0-55.69 37.7-55.69 76.7V448h-92.78V148.9h89.08v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.69-48.3 87.88-48.3 94 0 111.28 61.9 111.28 142.3V448z"/> </svg></a></li><li id="uw-icon-youtube" class="uw-social-icon"><a aria-label="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdVkyf-M9Nu39NEEK9sGZ2g/videos"><svg class="uw-social-symbols" viewBox="0 0 576 512" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67428e9e331c12.03694304"> <title id="dynid67428e9e331c12.03694304">youtube</title> <path class="path1" d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"/> </svg></a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="uw-copyright"> <p>Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: <a id="uw-website-issues-contact" href="mailto:it-staff@physics.wisc.edu">it-staff@physics.wisc.edu</a>.</p> <p>Learn more about <a href="https://accessible.wisc.edu/">accessibility at UW–Madison</a>.</p> <p>This site was built using the <a href="https://uwtheme.wordpress.wisc.edu/">UW Theme</a> | <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/privacy-notice/">Privacy Notice</a> | © 2024 Board of Regents of the <a href="https://www.wisconsin.edu">University of Wisconsin System.</a> </p> </div> </footer>  <script type="text/javascript"> var sbiajaxurl = "https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; </script> <script> var e = document.getElementsByClassName("uw-global-bar"); var site_url = "https://www.physics.wisc.edu"; if( e.length ) { var breadcrumbs = '<span class="website-breadcrumbs"> : <a class="uw-global-name-link" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu">physics</a>'; // add a link to the top site for this domain (e.g. www.hep.wisc.edu) var domain_re = /.*:\/\/([^\/]*)/; var match = domain_re.exec(site_url); if( match.length > 1 ) { var domain = match[1]; var domain_parts = domain.split("."); var site_part = 0; if( domain_parts[site_part] == "www" ) site_part += 1; if( domain_parts[site_part] == "wp" ) site_part += 1; if( domain_parts[site_part] == "home" ) site_part += 1; if( domain_parts[site_part] != "physics" ) { breadcrumbs += ' : <a class="uw-global-name-link" href="https://' + domain + '">' + domain_parts[site_part] + '</a>'; } } // add a link to this sub-site (e.g. www.hep.wisc.edu/cms) var n = site_url.lastIndexOf("/"); var subsite = site_url.substr(n+1); if( subsite.lastIndexOf(".") < 0 ) { breadcrumbs += ' : <a class="uw-global-name-link" href="' + site_url + '">' + subsite + '</a>'; } e[0].innerHTML = "<span>" + e[0].innerHTML + breadcrumbs + "</span></span>"; } </script> <script> var menu; menu = document.getElementById('menu-item-3698'); if( menu ) { var html = menu.innerHTML; if( html.indexOf("Graduate") >= 0 ) { menu.innerHTML = html.replace("Graduate","Grad<span class='show-for-large show-for-stacked'>uate</span>"); } } menu = document.getElementById('menu-item-3188'); if( menu ) { var html = menu.innerHTML; if( html.indexOf("Undergraduate") >= 0 ) { menu.innerHTML = html.replace("Undergraduate","Undergrad<span class='show-for-large show-for-stacked'>uate</span>"); } } </script><script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.0" id="jquery-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-core-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-slide.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-slide-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-highlight.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-highlight-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-fold.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-fold-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-blind.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-blind-js"></script> <script id="bg-show-hide-script-js-extra"> var BG_SHCE_USE_EFFECTS = "0"; var BG_SHCE_TOGGLE_SPEED = "400"; var BG_SHCE_TOGGLE_OPTIONS = "none"; var BG_SHCE_TOGGLE_EFFECT = "blind"; </script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/show-hidecollapse-expand/assets/js/bg-show-hide.js?ver=6.7.1" id="bg-show-hide-script-js"></script>  <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/main.min.js?ver=1.35.1" id="uwmadison-script-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/js/jquery-migrate/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.wisc.cloud/cookie-consent/1.1.0/uwcookieconsent.min.js?ver=1.1.0" id="uw-cookie-consent-js"></script> <script id="uw-cookie-consent-js-after"> window.addEventListener("load", function(){window.cookieconsent.initialize()}); </script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/js/uw-accordion.min.js?ver=1724183806" id="uw-accordion-js"></script> <script id="uw-accordion-js-after"> var uw_accordions = jQuery('.uw-accordion'); uw_accordions.each(function(i){ var accordion_el = jQuery(this); var uw_accordion = new UWAccordion(this); var expandButton = accordion_el.find('.uw-accordion-expand-all'); var collapseButton = accordion_el.find('.uw-accordion-collapse-all'); // Toggle the states of the two buttons and expand or collapse all jQuery(this).find('.uw-accordion-controls > button').on('click', function(e){ var clickedButton = jQuery(this); var otherButton = clickedButton.hasClass('uw-accordion-expand-all') ? collapseButton : expandButton; clickedButton.prop('disabled', true); clickedButton.attr('aria-pressed', true); otherButton.prop('disabled', false); otherButton.attr('aria-pressed', false); if (clickedButton.text() == 'Expand all') { uw_accordion.openAll(); } if (clickedButton.text() == 'Collapse all') { uw_accordion.closeAll(); } }); // On panel toggle, adjust the expand, collapse button states jQuery(this).on('panel-toggle', function(e) { // es5-friendly array includes test var contains = function(a, obj) { for (var i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { if (a[i] === obj) { return true; } } return false; } states = uw_accordion.states.map(function(state) { return state.state; }); collapseButton.attr('aria-pressed', !contains(states, 'open')); collapseButton.prop('disabled', !contains(states, 'open')); expandButton.attr('aria-pressed', !contains(states, 'closed')); expandButton.prop('disabled', !contains(states, 'closed')); }); // Debounce function var uw_debounce = function(func, wait, immediate) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if (!immediate) func.apply(context, args); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout(timeout); timeout = setTimeout(later, wait); if (callNow) func.apply(context, args); }; }; // Watch for resize of accordion window.addEventListener('resize', uw_debounce(function() { uw_accordion.calculateOpenPanelsHeight(); }, 50)); }); </script> </body> </html>