CINXE.COM
Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps | Arabian Journal of Geosciences
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps | Arabian Journal of Geosciences</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences - "/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="12517"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2022 15:6"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2022-03-04"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="EditorialNotes"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2022 Saudi Society for Geosciences"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2022 Saudi Society for Geosciences"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content=""/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1866-7538"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2022-03-04"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="15"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="6"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="EditorialNotes"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="11"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2022 Saudi Society for Geosciences"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Arab J Geosci"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer International Publishing"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1866-7538"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="15"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="6"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/03"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/03/04"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="11"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Editorial"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x"/> <meta name="size" content="102160"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content=""/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Khomsi, Sami"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Roure, François"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Vergés, Jaume"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Earth Sciences, general"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Tectonophysics; citation_title=On the origin and consequences of crustal-scale extension between Africa and Sicily since Late Miocene: insights from the Kaboudia area, western Pelagian Sea; citation_author=M Arab, C Maherssi, D Granjeon, F Roure, J Déverchère, L Cuilhé, M Hassaim, N Mouchot, S Doublet, S Khomsi; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228565; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Tectonophysics; citation_title=Active tectonics and GPS data analysis of the Maghrebian thrust belt and Africa-Eurasia plate convergence in Tunisia; citation_author=N Bahrouni, F Masson, M Meghraoui, M Saleh, R Maamri, F Dhaha, M Arfaoui; citation_volume=785; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228440; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Inter J Earth Scinces; citation_title=Paleogeographic and geodynamic Miocene evolution of the Tunisian Tell (Numidian and post-Numidian successions ), bearing with the Maghrebian Chain; citation_author=H Belayouni, F Guerrera, M Martin; citation_volume=102; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=831-855; citation_doi=10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x; citation_id=CR3"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Earth-Science Rev; citation_title=Salt morphologies and crustal segmentation relationship: new insights from the Western Mediterranean Sea; citation_author=M Bellucci, D Aslanian, M Moulin, M Rabineau, E Leroux, R Pellen, J Poort, A Ben, C Gorini, A Camerlenghi; citation_volume=222; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103818; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=CR Geosciences, Thematic Issue: Some Recent Developments on the Geodynamics of the Maghreb; citation_title=Post-Cretaceous kinematics of the Atlas and Tell systems in central Algeria: early foreland folding and subduction-related deformation; citation_author=N Benaouali-Mebarek, D Frizon de Lamotte, E Roca, R Bracène, R Faure, JLW Sassi, F Roure; citation_volume=338; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=41-49; citation_doi=10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.001; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Tectonophysics; citation_title=The origin of intraplate deformation in the Atlas system of western and central Algeria: from Jurassic rifting to Cenozoic-Quaternary inversion; citation_author=R Bracène, D Frizon de Lamotte; citation_volume=357; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=207-226; citation_doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00369-4; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Casero P, Roure F (1994) Neogene deformations at the Sicilian–North African plate boundary. Peri-Tethyan Platforms. Editions Technip, Paris, 1994, 27–50"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chamot-Rooke N, Rabaute C, Kreemer A (2005a) A western Mediterranean ridge mud belt correlates with active shear strain at the prism-backstop geological contact (2005) Geological Society of America. Geology 33(11):861–864. https://doi.org/10.1130/G21469.1 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Rabaute A (2005b) DOTMED Working Group. DoTMed Cd Rom project (2005b) Deep offshore tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean : a synthesis of deep marine data in the Eastern Mediterranean : the Ionian basin and margins, the Calabria wedge and the Mediterranean ridge. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouv. série., mémoire no 177"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="DOTMED Working Group. DoTMed Cd Rom project (2005) Deep offshore tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean : a synthesis of deep marine data in the Eastern Mediterranean : the Ionian basin and margins, the Calabria wedge and the Mediterranean ridge. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouv. série., mémoire no 177"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Swennen r, Roure F and Granath J w, Eds, Deformation, Fluid Flow and Reservoir Appraisal in Foreland Fold-and-Thrust Belts: AAPG Hedberg Series; citation_title=Northern Tunisia thrust belt : deformation models and hydrocarbon systems; citation_author=H Euchi, M Saidi, L Fourati, C Marhessi; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=371-380; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci Lett; citation_title=Crust and upper mantle of the western Mediterranean – constraints from full-waveform inversion, Earth Planet; citation_author=A Fichtner, A Villaseñor; citation_volume=428; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=52-62; citation_doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038; citation_id=CR12"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Finetti F, Lentini S, Carbone A, Del Ben A, Di Stefano E, Forlin P, Garnier M, Pipa A, Prizzon A (2005) Geological outline of Sicily and lithospheric tectono-dynamics of its Tyrrhenian margin from new CROP seismic data. CROP Project: deep seismic exploration of the central Mediterranean and Italy, pp 319–375"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Tectonics; citation_title=The two main steps of the Atlas building and geodynamics of the western Mediterranean; citation_author=D Frizon de Lamotte, B Saint-Bézard, R Bracène; citation_volume=19; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=740-761; citation_doi=10.1029/2000TC900003; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Tectonophysics; citation_title=Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertical movements in the Atlas system (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia): an overview; citation_author=D Frizon de Lamotte, P Leturmy, Y Missenard, S Khomsi, G Ruiz, O Saddiqi, F Guillocheau, A Michard; citation_volume=475; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=9-28; citation_doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024; citation_id=CR15"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Frizon de Lamotte D, Raulin C, Mouchot N, Wrobel Daveau JC, Blanpied C, Ringenbach JC (2011) The southernmost margin of the Tethys realm during the and Cenozoic: initial geometry and timing of the inversion processes. 2011. Tectonics 30, TC3002. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002691 ."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Geologic map of Africa (2016) Scale 1: 10 000 000 35th world geological congress, 2016, Cape Town South Africa UNESCO/BRGM/CCGM/CGMW"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Granath JW and P Casero (2004) Tectonic setting of the petroleum systems of Sicily, in R. Swennen, F. Roure, and J. W. Granath, eds., Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts: AAPG Hedberg Series, 1 391–411"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Bull Soc Geol Fr; citation_title=Martín-Martín M (2014) Geodynamic events reconstructed in the Betic, Maghrebian, and Apennine chains (central-western Tethys); citation_author=F Guerrera; citation_volume=185; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=329-341; citation_doi=10.2113/gssgfbull.185.5.329; citation_id=CR19"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int Geol Rev; citation_title=Evolutionary geological models of the central-western peri-Mediterranean chains: a review; citation_author=F Guerrera, M Martin-Martín, null Tramontana, ; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_doi=10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056; citation_id=CR20"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Struct Geol; citation_title=Piggyback basin development and thrust belt evolution: Structural and paleostress analyses of Plio-Quaternary basins in the Southern Apennines; citation_author=J Hippolyte, null C, Angelier J, Roure F, and Casero P, ; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=159-173; citation_doi=10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3; citation_id=CR21"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Soc London, Special Publication; citation_title=The Mediterranen basins: tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen-An introduction. Geol; citation_author=L Jolivet, D Frizon de Lamotte, A Mascle, M Séranne; citation_volume=156; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=1-14; citation_doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.02; citation_id=CR22"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Maillot B, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D (2019a) How to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modelling applied to the Mejerda Basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia. Jour Struc Geol 129:103887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103887 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Frizon de Lamotte D, Khomsi S, Maillot B, Gaidi S, Bédir M, Zargouni F (2019b) Is the Mejerda Wedge-Top Basin of Northern Tunisia a consequence of basal friction change? A theoretical and experimental approach. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. 247–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_53 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khelil M, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D, Souloumiac P, Maillot B (2020) Reply to comment on “how to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modeling applied to the Mejerda basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia.”J Struc Geol 103936. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103936 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khelil M, Khomsi S, Roure F, Arfaoui MS, Echihi O, Zargouni F (2021) Late Miocene-Quaternary thrusting in the Utique-Kechabta foreland basin of the Tell, northern Tunisia. Arabian J Geosci 14.doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06388-2 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khomsi S, Ghazi M, Jemia B, Frizon D, Lamotte D, Maherssi C, Echihi O, Mezni R (2009a). An overview of the Late Cretaceous – Eocene positive inversions and Oligo-Miocene subsidence events in the foreland of the Tunisian Atlas : Structural style and implications for the tectonic agenda of the Maghrebian Atlas system. Tectonophysics 475:38–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.027 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khomsi S, Soussi M, Mahersi C, Fakfakh-Ben Jemia H, Riahi S, Bou Khalfa K (2009b) New insights on the structural style of the subsurface of the Tell units in north-western Tunisia issued from seismic imaging: geodynamic implications. CR Geoscience 341:347–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2009.01.002 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Arab J Geosci; citation_title=The Late Eocene and Late Miocene fronts of the Atlas Belt in eastern Maghreb: integration in the geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranean Domain; citation_author=S Khomsi, D Frizon de Lamotte, M Bédir, O Echihi; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=650-670; citation_doi=10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Frizon de Lamotte D, Zargouni, F (2018) Thrust belt systems of Northern Africa petroleum implications. Field trip guide, CAJG 2018: 1st Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Nov 12 - Nov 15, 2018). 109 pp"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Mezni R, Echihi O (2019a) A review of the crustal architecture and related pre-salt oil/gas objectives of the eastern Maghreb Atlas and Tell: need for deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics 766:232–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khomsi S, Roure F, Brahim NB, Maherssi C, Arab M, Khelil M (2019b) Structural styles, petroleum habitat and traps in the Pelagian-Sirt Basins, Northern Africa: an overview and future exploration developments. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralization and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Khomsi S, Khelil M, Roure F, Zargouni F (2021). Surface and subsurface architecture of the Kasseb structures: implications for petroleum exploration beneath the Tellian allochthon, the easternmost portion of the Maghrebides. Arab J Geosci 14.doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kumar, A., M. Fernàndez, J. Vergés, M. Torne, and I. Jiménez-Munt (2021), Opposite symmetry in the lithospheric structure of the Alboran and Algerian basins and their margins (Western Mediterranean): Geodynamic Implications, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 126(7), doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021388 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Leprêtre R, Frizon de Lamotte D, Combier V, Vives G, Mohn O, Eschard R (2018b) The Tell-Rif orogenic system (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and the structural heritage of the southern Tethys margin. Bull. Soc. Géol. France 189, 10 doi:1051/bsgf/2018009"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=C r Geoscience; citation_title=New tectono-sedimentary evidence constraining the timing of the positive tectonic inversion and the Eocene Atlasic phase in northern Tunisia: Implication for the North African paleo-margin evolution; citation_author=A Masrouhi, M Ghanmi, MMB Slama, MB Youssef, JM Vila, F Zargouni; citation_volume=340; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=771-778; citation_doi=10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.007; citation_id=CR36"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Geol Mag; citation_title=The evolution of the Lansarine-Baouala salt canopy in the North African Cretaceous passive margin in Tunisia; citation_author=A Masrouhi, O Bellier, H Koyi, JM Vila, M Ghanmi; citation_volume=150; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=835-861; citation_doi=10.1017/S0016756812000763; citation_id=CR37"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mejri F, Burollet PF, Ben Ferjani A (2006) Petroleum geology of Tunisia. A renewed synthetis. ETAP Memoir, 22, 233 pp"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Bull Soc Géol France; citation_title=Les diapirs du Maghreb central et oriental : des appareils variés, résultats d’une évolution structurale et pétrogénétique complexe; citation_author=V Perthuisot, H Rouvier; citation_volume=163; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=751-760; citation_id=CR39"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Raoult JF (1974) Géologie du centre de la chaîne numidique (Nord du Constantinois, Algérie), Soc. Géol. France, L III, Mém. 121, pp 1–163. Pl I à IX"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=XXIV; citation_title=Le flysch Maurétanian de Guerrouch: cadre structural, données sédimentologiques et géochimiques (Petite Kabylie, Algérie). Bull. Soc. Géol. France (7); citation_author=JF Raoult, M Renard, F Melieres; citation_volume=3; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_pages=611-626; citation_id=CR41"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Riahi S, Soussi M, Boukhalfa K, Ben Ismail-Lattrache K, Stow D, Khomsi S, Bedir M (2010) Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and structure of the Numidian flysch thrust belt in northern Tunisia. Jour. African Earth Sci; 57, 109–126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.07.016 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Roca E, Frizon de Lamotte D, Mauffret A, Bracène R, Verges J, Benaouali N, Fernandez M, Munoz JA, Zeyen H (2004) Transmed-transcect II [Aquitaine basin, Pyrenees, Ebro basin, Catalan coastal ranges, Valancia trough, Balearic promontory, Algerian basin, Tell, Sahara Atlas, Sahara platform. In: Cavazza W, et al. (eds). The Transmed Atlas -the Mediterranean region from Crust to Mantle. Springer, Berlin Heildelberg"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Geol Belg; citation_title=Crustal architecture, thermal evolution and energy resources of compressional basins; citation_author=F Roure; citation_volume=17; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=182-194; citation_id=CR44"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Roure F (2008) Foreland and Hinterland basins: what controls their evolution? Swiss J. Geosci. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 1–25. doi https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1285-x8 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Struct Geology; citation_title=Late Cenozoic subduction complex of Sicily; citation_author=F Roure, DG Howell, C Muller, I Moretti; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=259-266; citation_doi=10.1016/0191-8141(90)90009-N; citation_id=CR46"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Roure F, Khomsi S, de Lamotte DF. Leprêtre R (2019) Tethyan and Alpine controls on the crustal architecture of the Tunisian and Algerian Atlas and Tell: needs for coupled deep seismic soundings and tomography. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_3 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Rouvier H (1985) Géologie de l’extrême-nord tunisien: tectonique et paléogéographies superposées à l’extrémité orientale de la chaîne nord-maghrébine. PhD Thesis, Ann. Min. Géol., Tunis, p 427"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Soto JI, Flinch JF, Tari G (2017) Permo-Triassic basins and tectonics in Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins. In: Soto JI, Flinch JF, Tari G (Eds) Permo-Triassic salt provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic margins: tectonics and hydrocarbon potential, Elsevier Edition, 3–41, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809417-4.00038-0 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Troudi H, Tari G, Alouani W, Cantarella G, (2017) Styles of salt tectonics in central Tunisia: an overview, Permo-Triassic salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic margins: Tectonics and hydrocarbon potential. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809417-4.00026-4 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Tectonics; citation_title=Origin and consequences of western Mediterranean subduction, rollback, and slab segmentation; citation_author=DJJ Hinsbergen, RLM Vissers, W Spakman; citation_volume=33; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=393-419; citation_doi=10.1002/tect.20125; citation_id=CR52"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=London; citation_title=Constrains on the Neogene Mediterranean kinematic evolution along and 1000 km transect from Iberia to Africa. Geol. Soc; citation_author=J Vergés, F Sàbat; citation_volume=156; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=63-80; citation_doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.05; citation_id=CR53"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Vila JM (1980) La chaîne alpine d’Algérie orientale et des confins algéro-tunisiens. PhD thesis, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (Paris), p 665"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Bull Soc Géol France; citation_title=Inversion tectonique de structures halocinétiques et localisation des minéralisations (Zn, Sr); émergence au Jebel Bou Khil (nord-ouest tunisien) d’un chevauchement entre un domaine nord a “glaciers de sel” sous-marins et un domaine sud a "diapirs typique; citation_author=JM Vila, S Kassaa, S Bouhlel, M Ben Youssef, T Dali, M Ghanmi; citation_volume=170; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=161-172; citation_id=CR55"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Khomsi, Sami"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="samykhomsi@yahoo.ca"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Geoexploration, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratoire Géoressources (LGR), CERTE, Université of Carthage, Tunisia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Roure, François"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="IFP Énergies Nouvelles, Ruel Malmaison, France"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Vergés, Jaume"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Group of Dynamics of the Lithosphere (GDL), Barcelona, Spain"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2022/03/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps - Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6"> <!-- Please see discussion: https://github.com/springernature/frontend-open-space/issues/316--> <!--TODO: Implement alternative to CTM in here if the discussion concludes we do not continue with CTM as a practice--> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-b8af42253b.css> <style> html{text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a{background-color:transparent;color:#025e8d}sub{bottom:-.25em;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{height:1rem;width:1rem} </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { body{background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;min-height:100%}a{color:#025e8d;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}button{cursor:pointer}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;overflow-y:scroll}h1{font-size:2.25rem}h2{font-size:1.75rem}h1,h2,h4{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h4{font-size:1.25rem}body{font-size:1.125rem}*{box-sizing:inherit}p{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:0}p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-status-message{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%}.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.eds-c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 0 0}.eds-c-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto 8px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid #c5e0f4;padding-top:4px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 4px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child){margin-right:32px}.eds-c-header__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between}.eds-c-header__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.eds-c-header__list-item{font-weight:700;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:8px}.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:2px solid #c5e0f4}.eds-c-header__item{color:inherit}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}.eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:flex;gap:16px 16px;visibility:visible}}.eds-c-header__item--divider:before{border-left:2px solid #c5e0f4;content:"";height:calc(100% - 16px);margin-left:-15px;position:absolute;top:8px}.eds-c-header__brand{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-header__brand a{display:block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}.eds-c-header__brand img{height:1.5rem;width:auto}.eds-c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.eds-c-header__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;font-size:1.5rem;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}.eds-c-header__icon+*{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-header__expander{background-color:#f0f7fc}.eds-c-header__search{display:block;padding:24px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__search{max-width:70%}}.eds-c-header__search-container{position:relative}.eds-c-header__search-label{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}.eds-c-header__search-input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:8px 48px 8px 8px;width:100%}.eds-c-header__search-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;height:100%;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;right:0}.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander{border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;left:0;margin-top:-2px;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search{margin:auto}.eds-c-header__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 16px 0}.eds-c-pagination{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;gap:16px 0;justify-content:center;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:32px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.eds-c-pagination{padding:32px 16px}}.eds-c-pagination__item{margin-right:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--prev{margin-right:16px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child{margin-right:0}.eds-c-pagination__link{align-items:center;color:#222;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;margin:0;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;text-align:center;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.eds-c-pagination__link:visited{color:#222}.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled{border-color:#555;color:#555;cursor:default}.eds-c-pagination__link--active{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border-radius:8px;color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited{color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.eds-c-pagination__icon{fill:#222;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled{fill:#555}.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#333;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs>li{display:inline}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#333;height:10px;margin:0 .25rem;width:10px}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#fff}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-skip-link{background:#01324b;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);width:100%;z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:hover,.c-skip-link:link,.c-skip-link:visited{color:#fff}.c-skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}.l-with-sidebar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-with-sidebar>*{margin:0}.l-with-sidebar__sidebar{flex-basis:var(--with-sidebar--basis,400px);flex-grow:1}.l-with-sidebar>:not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar){flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:999;min-width:var(--with-sidebar--min,53%)}.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:4rem}@supports (gap:1em){.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:0}.l-with-sidebar{gap:var(--with-sidebar--gap,4rem)}}.c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.app-masthead__colour-4{--background-color:#ff9500;--gradient-light:rgba(0,0,0,.5);--gradient-dark:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.app-masthead{background:var(--background-color,#0070a8);position:relative}.app-masthead:after{background:radial-gradient(circle at top right,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)));bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.app-masthead:after{background:linear-gradient(225deg,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)))}}.app-masthead__container{color:var(--masthead-color,#fff);margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;border-radius:32px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:16px 32px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--contrast svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--secondary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button,.u-button:visited{color:#fff}.u-button,.u-button:hover{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button:focus,.u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button--primary:focus svg path,.u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button:focus svg path,.u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.u-button--primary{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--primary:hover{border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus,.u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary{background-color:#fff;border:4px solid #fff;color:#01324b;font-weight:700}.u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--secondary:focus,.u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--tertiary:focus svg path,.u-button--tertiary:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#666;font-weight:700}.u-button--tertiary:visited{color:#666}.u-button--tertiary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--tertiary:focus,.u-button--tertiary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.u-button--contrast{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400}.u-button--contrast:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--contrast,.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--contrast:focus svg path,.u-button--contrast:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--disabled,.u-button:disabled{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:4px solid #ccc;color:#000;cursor:default;font-weight:400;opacity:.7}.u-button--disabled svg,.u-button:disabled svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button--disabled:visited,.u-button:disabled:visited{color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{border:4px solid #ccc;text-decoration:none}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus svg path,.u-button--disabled:hover svg path,.u-button:disabled:focus svg path,.u-button:disabled:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--small,.u-button--xsmall{font-size:.875rem;padding:2px 8px}.u-button--small{padding:8px 16px}.u-button--large{font-size:1.125rem;padding:10px 35px}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-button--icon-left svg{margin-right:8px}.u-button--icon-right svg{margin-left:8px}.u-clear-both{clear:both}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-ma-16{margin:16px}.u-mt-0{margin-top:0}.u-mt-24{margin-top:24px}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.u-serif{font-family:Merriweather,serif}h1,h2,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}.u-mbs-0{margin-block-start:0!important}.c-article-header{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#025e8d;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider{padding:8px 16px}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,.c-notes{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin:24px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text{color:#555}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,.c-notes__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;text-align:center}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address{color:inherit;font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item{display:inline;margin-left:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #fff;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:24px}.c-article-share-box__description{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__additional-info{color:#626262;font-size:.813rem}.c-article-share-box__button{background:#fff;box-sizing:content-box;text-align:center}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#025e8d;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{font-size:1rem}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-article-section__figure-caption{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;word-break:break-word}.c-article-section__figure .video,p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:1rem}.c-article-section__figure-description>*{margin-bottom:0}.c-cod{display:block;font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#025e8d;border:1px solid #025e8d;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,.save-data .c-article-equation__number,.save-data .c-article-figure-description,.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,.save-data .c-article-main-column,.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,.save-data .c-article-table-container,.save-data .c-blockquote__body,.save-data .c-code-block__heading,.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,.save-data .serif,.save-data .u-serif,.save-data h1,.save-data h2,.save-data h3{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:16px 16px;margin:0;max-width:100%;padding:16px 0 0}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item{flex:1 1 0%}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{flex-direction:column}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-body .c-article-history{margin-top:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar p{margin:0}.app-article-masthead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px 16px;padding:16px 0 24px}.app-article-masthead__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1}.app-article-masthead__brand{border-top:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;gap:8px 8px;min-height:96px;padding:16px 0 0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 4px 15px 0 hsla(0,0%,50%,.25);height:auto;left:0;position:absolute;width:72px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 8px;max-width:400px;padding:0 0 0 88px;position:relative}.app-article-masthead__journal-title{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:1rem;gap:4px 4px;margin:0 0 0 88px}.app-article-masthead__access{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;gap:4px 4px;margin:0}.app-article-masthead__buttons{display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;gap:16px 16px}.app-article-masthead__access svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg{fill:currentcolor}.app-article-masthead a{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;background-image:none;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;color:#025e8d;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:4px solid #fc0;color:#01324b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.app-article-masthead{flex-direction:row;gap:64px 64px;padding:24px 0}.app-article-masthead__brand{border:0;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{height:auto;position:static;width:auto}.app-article-masthead__buttons{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;margin-top:auto}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px 24px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{margin:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-masthead__brand{flex-basis:400px}}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list{margin:0 0 16px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *{color:#fff}.app-article-masthead .c-cod{display:none}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item{border-left:1px solid #fff;border-right:0;margin:0 17px 8px -9px;padding:0 0 0 8px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite{border-left:0}.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 0 0;row-gap:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar__item{padding:0 16px 0 0}.app-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700}.app-article-metrics-bar__label{font-weight:400;padding-left:4px}.app-article-metrics-bar__icon{height:auto;margin-right:4px;margin-top:-4px;width:auto}.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon{margin:4px 0 0 4px}.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:#000}.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics{padding-right:0}.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,.app-overview-section__authors{line-height:2}.app-article-metrics-bar{margin-top:8px}.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top{margin-top:0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter{color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:20px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon{fill:#003f8d;vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body-section__content--separator{padding-top:40px}.c-pdf-download__link{max-height:44px}.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.c-article-sidebar{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-sidebar{display:block}}.c-cod__form{border-radius:12px}.c-cod__label{font-size:.875rem}.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:inherit}}.c-cod .c-status-message__icon{margin-top:4px}.c-cod .c-cod__prompt{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:none}}.c-article-body .app-card-service{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-card-service{display:none}}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#025e8d;color:#fff}.buybox__buy .c-notes__text{color:#666;font-size:.875rem;padding:0 16px 8px}.c-cod__input{flex-basis:auto;width:100%}.c-article-title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure{margin:0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{margin:16px 0}}.app-article-access{border:1px solid #c5e0f4;border-radius:12px}.app-article-access__heading{border-bottom:1px solid #c5e0f4;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:16px;text-align:center}.app-article-access .buybox__info svg{vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body .app-article-access p{margin-bottom:0}.app-article-access .buybox__info{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.app-article-access{margin:0 0 32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-access{margin:0 0 24px}}.c-status-message{font-size:1rem}.c-article-body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-body dl,.c-article-body ol,.c-article-body p,.c-article-body ul{margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:0}.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-body ol p,.c-article-body ul p{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top-color:#c5e0f4}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:400px}.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>*{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;padding:16px 0}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-article-share-box__button,.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;border-radius:32px;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;margin:0;padding:8px 24px;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{width:100%}.c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#fff;border:2px solid #fff;color:#01324b;justify-content:center}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button svg,.c-pdf-download .u-button svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-image:none;border:2px solid;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button,.c-pdf-download .u-button{box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#025e8d}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #fff}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background:0 0;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{border:2px solid #025e8d}.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus,.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus{outline:3px solid #08c;will-change:transform}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:0}.c-bibliographic-information__column button{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,figure{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__button{margin-right:16px}.c-status-message--boxed{border-radius:12px}.c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1rem}.app-card-service__description,.c-article-body .app-card-service__description{color:#222;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8px}.app-article-access__subscriptions a,.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,.app-book-series-listing__item a,.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,.c-article-author-list a,.c-article-author-list a:visited,.c-article-buy-box a,.c-article-buy-box a:visited,.c-article-peer-review a,.c-article-peer-review a:visited,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,.c-breadcrumbs__link,.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited{color:#000}.c-article-author-list svg{height:24px;margin:0 0 0 6px;width:24px}.c-article-header{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--conditional{display:block}}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#fff;display:none;min-height:149px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}p.c-ad__label{margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #cedbe0} } </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .eds-c-header__brand img{height:24px;width:203px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:93px;width:72px}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:161px;width:122px}} } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-5272567b64.css media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-article-72ba046d97.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script type="text/javascript"> config = { env: 'live', site: '12517.springer.com', siteWithPath: '12517.springer.com' + window.location.pathname, twitterHashtag: '12517', cmsPrefix: 'https://studio-cms.springernature.com/studio/', publisherBrand: 'Springer', mustardcut: false }; </script> <script> window.dataLayer = [{"GA Key":"UA-26408784-1","DOI":"10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x","Page":"article","springerJournal":true,"Publishing Model":"Hybrid Access","page":{"attributes":{"environment":"live"}},"Country":"HK","japan":false,"doi":"10.1007-s12517-022-09707-x","Journal Id":12517,"Journal Title":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","imprint":"Springer","Keywords":"Tell, Atlas, Structural transects, Folds and thrusts, Tectonic events, Numidian, Triassic salt, Oil/gas traps","kwrd":["Tell","Atlas","Structural_transects","Folds_and_thrusts","Tectonic_events","Numidian","Triassic_salt","Oil/gas_traps"],"Labs":"Y","ksg":"Krux.segments","kuid":"Krux.uid","Has Body":"Y","Features":[],"Open Access":"N","hasAccess":"Y","bypassPaywall":"N","user":{"license":{"businessPartnerID":[],"businessPartnerIDString":""}},"Access Type":"permanently-free","Bpids":"","Bpnames":"","BPID":["1"],"VG Wort Identifier":"pw-vgzm.415900-10.1007-s12517-022-09707-x","Full HTML":"Y","Subject Codes":["SCG","SCG00002"],"pmc":["G","G00002"],"session":{"authentication":{"loginStatus":"N"},"attributes":{"edition":"academic"}},"content":{"serial":{"eissn":"1866-7538","pissn":"1866-7511"},"type":"Article","category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Earth Sciences","primarySubjectCode":"G","secondarySubjects":{"1":"Earth Sciences, general"},"secondarySubjectCodes":{"1":"G00002"}},"sucode":"SC7","articleType":"Editorial"},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar"}},"Event Category":"Article"}]; </script> <script data-test="springer-link-article-datalayer"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-B3E4QL2TPR', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-26408784-1', twitterId: 'o47a7', baiduId: 'aef3043f025ccf2305af8a194652d70b', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.springer.com', imprint: 'springerlink', page: { attributes:{ featureFlags: [{ name: 'darwin-orion', active: true }, { name: 'chapter-books-recs', active: true } ], darwinAvailable: true } } }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = false; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-dad1690b0d.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-e7d03c4cb3.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/oscar-static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps","description":"","datePublished":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"11","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x","keywords":["Tell","Atlas","Structural transects","Folds and thrusts","Tectonic events","Numidian","Triassic salt","Oil/gas traps","Earth Sciences","general"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig4_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig5_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig6_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig7_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","issn":["1866-7538","1866-7511"],"volumeNumber":"15","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer International Publishing","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Sami Khomsi","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz University","address":{"name":"Department of Geoexploration, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"CERTE","address":{"name":"Laboratoire Géoressources (LGR), CERTE, Université of Carthage, Tunisia","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"samykhomsi@yahoo.ca","@type":"Person"},{"name":"François Roure","affiliation":[{"name":"IFP Énergies Nouvelles","address":{"name":"IFP Énergies Nouvelles, Ruel Malmaison, France","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Jaume Vergés","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Dynamics of the Lithosphere (GDL)","address":{"name":"Group of Dynamics of the Lithosphere (GDL), Barcelona, Spain","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" > <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol id="icon-eds-i-accesses-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H15a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4.455a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM8 13c2.052 0 4.66 1.61 6.36 3.4l.124.141c.333.41.516.925.516 1.459 0 .6-.232 1.178-.64 1.599C12.666 21.388 10.054 23 8 23c-2.052 0-4.66-1.61-6.353-3.393A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 1 18c0-.6.232-1.178.64-1.6C3.34 14.61 5.948 13 8 13Zm0 2c-1.369 0-3.552 1.348-4.917 2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 3 18c0 .083.031.161.09.222C4.447 19.652 6.631 21 8 21c1.37 0 3.556-1.35 4.917-2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 13 18a.32.32 0 0 0-.048-.17l-.042-.052C11.553 16.348 9.369 15 8 15Zm0 1a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c5.978 0 10.843 4.77 10.996 10.712l.004.306-.002.022-.002.248C22.843 18.23 17.978 23 12 23 5.925 23 1 18.075 1 12S5.925 1 12 1Zm-1.726 9.246L8.848 12.53a1 1 0 0 1-.718.461L8.003 13l-4.947.014a9.001 9.001 0 0 0 17.887-.001L16.553 13l-2.205 3.53a1 1 0 0 1-1.735-.068l-.05-.11-2.289-6.106ZM12 3a9.001 9.001 0 0 0-8.947 8.013l4.391-.012L9.652 7.47a1 1 0 0 1 1.784.179l2.288 6.104 1.428-2.283a1 1 0 0 1 .722-.462l.129-.008 4.943.012A9.001 9.001 0 0 0 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 20.989.058.007L12 21l.075-.003.126-.017.111-.03.111-.044.098-.052.104-.074.082-.073 6-6a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L13 17.585v-12.2C13 4.075 11.964 3 10.667 3H4a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h6.667c.175 0 .333.164.333.385v12.2l-4.293-4.292a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l6 6c.035.036.073.068.112.097l.11.071.114.054.105.035.118.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5v8.585L3.707 8.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l5 5 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.048.104.035.105.022.096.01h.136l.122-.018.113-.03.103-.04.1-.053.102-.07.052-.043 5.04-5.037a1 1 0 1 0-1.415-1.414L9 11.583V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 3.011.058-.007L12 3l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 6 6a1 1 0 1 1-1.414 1.414L13 6.415v12.2C13 19.925 11.964 21 10.667 21H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6.667c.175 0 .333-.164.333-.385v-12.2l-4.293 4.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6c.035-.036.073-.068.112-.097l.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 13.998a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5V4.413L3.707 7.705a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.084l-.094-.084a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l5-5 .063-.059.093-.068.081-.05.105-.047.104-.035.105-.022L7.94 1l.136.001.122.017.113.03.103.04.1.053.102.07.052.043 5.04 5.037a1 1 0 1 1-1.415 1.414L9 4.415v8.583a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 3h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L21 4v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L17.584 5H14a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L13 4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3.584l4.293-4.291a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L6.414 19H10a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 20a1 1 0 0 1-1 1l-6.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.054-.114-.035-.105-.025-.118-.007-.058L3 20v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2 15-.082-.004-.119-.016-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.031-.062-.034-.081-.024-.076-.025-.118-.007-.058L1 14.02V9a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v2.584l2.793-2.791a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L4.414 13H7a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8 14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2ZM14 1l.081.003.12.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.031.062.034.081.024.076.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414l-2.96 2.96A1 1 0 1 1 8.626 5.96L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m20.707 12.728-7.99 7.98a.996.996 0 0 1-.561.281l-.157.011a.998.998 0 0 1-.788-.384l-7.918-7.908a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.416L11 17.576V4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v13.598l6.293-6.285a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.082l.095.083a1 1 0 0 1-.001 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 8.707 6 6 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.049.104.034.056.013.118.017L8 15l.076-.003.122-.017.113-.03.085-.032.063-.03.098-.058.06-.043.05-.043 6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L9 11.583V2a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v9.585L2.707 7.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.272 3.293-7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 0-.281.561L3 12.001c0 .32.15.605.384.788l7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 0 1.416-1.414L6.424 13H20a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H6.402l6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 0 .082-1.32l-.083-.095a1 1 0 0 0-1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.293 1.293-6 6-.059.063-.069.093-.048.081-.049.105-.034.104-.013.056-.017.118L1 8l.003.076.017.122.03.113.032.085.03.063.058.098.043.06.043.05 6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 0 1.414-1.414L4.417 9H14a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H4.415l4.292-4.293a1 1 0 0 0 .083-1.32l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 0-1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8.707 1.293 6 6 .059.063.069.093.048.081.049.105.034.104.013.056.017.118L15 8l-.003.076-.017.122-.03.113-.032.085-.03.063-.058.098-.043.06-.043.05-6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.583 9H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h9.585L7.293 2.707a1 1 0 0 1-.083-1.32l.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m3.293 11.272 7.99-7.98a.996.996 0 0 1 .561-.281L12.001 3c.32 0 .605.15.788.384l7.918 7.908a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.416L13 6.424V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.402l-6.293 6.285a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.082l-.095-.083a1 1 0 0 1 .001-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 7.293 6-6 .063-.059.093-.069.081-.048.105-.049.104-.034.056-.013.118-.017L8 1l.076.003.122.017.113.03.085.032.063.03.098.058.06.043.05.043 6.04 6.037a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L9 4.417V14a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.415L2.707 8.707a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-article-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM8 11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM7 16a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h8a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 18.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3H18.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v16.962c0 .293-.24.538-.546.538H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v12c0 1.16-.79 2.135-1.86 2.418l-.14.031V21h1a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L21 22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H6.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 3 19.5v-15A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h12ZM17 18H6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-1.493 1.356L5 19.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 21H17v-3Zm1.5-15h-12A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 4.5v11.837l.054-.025a3.481 3.481 0 0 1 1.254-.307L6.5 16h12a.5.5 0 0 0 .492-.41L19 15.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM15 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1 3.786C1 2.759 1.857 2 2.82 2H6.18c.964 0 1.82.759 1.82 1.786V4h3.168c.668 0 1.298.364 1.616.938.158-.109.333-.195.523-.252l3.216-.965c.923-.277 1.962.204 2.257 1.187l4.146 13.82c.296.984-.307 1.957-1.23 2.234l-3.217.965c-.923.277-1.962-.203-2.257-1.187L13 10.005v10.21c0 1.04-.878 1.785-1.834 1.785H7.833c-.291 0-.575-.07-.83-.195A1.849 1.849 0 0 1 6.18 22H2.821C1.857 22 1 21.241 1 20.214V3.786ZM3 4v11h3V4H3Zm0 16v-3h3v3H3Zm15.075-.04-.814-2.712 2.874-.862.813 2.712-2.873.862Zm1.485-5.49-2.874.862-2.634-8.782 2.873-.862 2.635 8.782ZM8 20V6h3v14H8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-acceptance-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-.534 7.747a1 1 0 0 1 .094 1.412l-4.846 5.538a1 1 0 0 1-1.352.141l-2.77-2.076a1 1 0 0 1 1.2-1.6l2.027 1.519 4.236-4.84a1 1 0 0 1 1.411-.094ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-date-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM8 15a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm-4-4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-decision-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-2.935 8.246 2.686 2.645c.34.335.34.883 0 1.218l-2.686 2.645a.858.858 0 0 1-1.213-.009.854.854 0 0 1 .009-1.21l1.05-1.035H7.984a.992.992 0 0 1-.984-1c0-.552.44-1 .984-1h5.928l-1.051-1.036a.854.854 0 0 1-.085-1.121l.076-.088a.858.858 0 0 1 1.213-.009ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.2 6.924a.48.48 0 0 1 .125.544l-1.52 3.283h2.304c.27 0 .491.215.491.483a.477.477 0 0 1-.13.327l-4.18 4.484a.498.498 0 0 1-.69.031.48.48 0 0 1-.125-.544l1.52-3.284H9.291a.487.487 0 0 1-.491-.482c0-.121.047-.238.13-.327l4.18-4.484a.498.498 0 0 1 .69-.031ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-call-papers-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="m20.707 2.883-1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 0 1.414 1.414l1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414Z"/><path d="M6 16.054c0 2.026 1.052 2.943 3 2.943a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-2.996 0-5-1.746-5-4.943v-1.227a4.068 4.068 0 0 1-1.83-1.189 4.553 4.553 0 0 1-.87-1.455 4.868 4.868 0 0 1-.3-1.686c0-1.17.417-2.298 1.17-3.14.38-.426.834-.767 1.338-1 .51-.237 1.06-.36 1.617-.36L6.632 6H7l7.932-2.895A2.363 2.363 0 0 1 18 5.36v9.28a2.36 2.36 0 0 1-3.069 2.25l.084.03L7 14.997H6v1.057Zm9.637-11.057a.415.415 0 0 0-.083.008L8 7.638v5.536l7.424 1.786.104.02c.035.01.072.02.109.02.2 0 .363-.16.363-.36V5.36c0-.2-.163-.363-.363-.363Zm-9.638 3h-.874a1.82 1.82 0 0 0-.625.111l-.15.063a2.128 2.128 0 0 0-.689.517c-.42.47-.661 1.123-.661 1.81 0 .34.06.678.176.992.114.308.28.585.485.816.4.447.925.691 1.464.691h.874v-5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M20 8.997h2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2ZM20.707 14.293l1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-card-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385c-.213 0-.265.034-.317.14A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068h15.23c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM17 16a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm-.5-7A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 18 7.5v3a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.5 1.5h-9A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 10.5v-3A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 7.5 6h9ZM16 8H8v2h8V8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cart-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.76 1a1 1 0 0 1 .994.902L7.155 6h13.34c.18 0 .358.02.532.057l.174.045a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1.693 3.103l-2.069 7.03c-.36 1.099-1.398 1.823-2.49 1.763H8.65c-1.272.015-2.352-.927-2.546-2.244L4.852 3H2a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L1 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.76Zm2.328 14.51a.555.555 0 0 0 .55.488l9.751.001a.533.533 0 0 0 .527-.357l2.059-7a.5.5 0 0 0-.48-.642H7.351l.737 7.51ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm5.125 4.72a1 1 0 0 1 .156 1.405l-6 7.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.421.143l-3-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.28-1.536l2.217 1.846 5.362-6.703a1 1 0 0 1 1.406-.156Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm5.125 6.72a1 1 0 0 0-1.406.155l-5.362 6.703-2.217-1.846a1 1 0 1 0-1.28 1.536l3 2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.143l6-7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.155-1.406Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.305 8.28a1 1 0 0 0-.024 1.415l7.495 7.762c.314.345.757.543 1.224.543.467 0 .91-.198 1.204-.522l7.515-7.783a1 1 0 1 0-1.438-1.39L12 15.845l-7.28-7.54A1 1 0 0 0 3.4 8.2l-.096.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.72 3.305a1 1 0 0 0-1.415-.024l-7.762 7.495A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 6 12c0 .467.198.91.522 1.204l7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 0 1.39-1.438L8.155 12l7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 0 15.8 3.4l-.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M10.722 2.308a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-.03L4.49 6.897a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-.019 2.188l4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 0 1.384-1.444L6.229 8l4.463-4.278a1 1 0 0 0 .111-1.318l-.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28 3.305a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.024l7.762 7.495c.345.314.543.757.543 1.224 0 .467-.198.91-.522 1.204l-7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 1-1.39-1.438L15.845 12l-7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 1 8.2 3.4l.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5.278 2.308a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.03l4.819 4.619a1.491 1.491 0 0 1 .019 2.188l-4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 1-1.384-1.444L9.771 8 5.308 3.722a1 1 0 0 1-.111-1.318l.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.695 15.72a1 1 0 0 0 .024-1.415l-7.495-7.762A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 12 6c-.467 0-.91.198-1.204.522l-7.515 7.783a1 1 0 1 0 1.438 1.39L12 8.155l7.28 7.54a1 1 0 0 0 1.319.106l.096-.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 10.722a1 1 0 0 0 .03-1.414L9.103 4.49a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-2.188-.019L2.278 9.308a1 1 0 0 0 1.444 1.384L8 6.229l4.278 4.463a1 1 0 0 0 1.318.111l.096-.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-citations-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742h-5.843a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h5.843a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM5.483 14.35c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Zm5 0c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-1.909 4.205a1 1 0 0 1 .19 1.401l-5.334 7a1 1 0 0 1-1.344.23l-2.667-1.75a1 1 0 1 1 1.098-1.672l1.887 1.238 4.769-6.258a1 1 0 0 1 1.401-.19ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-2.658 10.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857Zm0-3.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM8.707 7.293 12 10.585l3.293-3.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414L13.415 12l3.292 3.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L12 13.415l-3.293 3.292a1 1 0 1 1-1.414-1.414L10.585 12 7.293 8.707a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cloud-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.852 10.011.028-.004L13 10l.075.003.126.017.086.022.136.052.098.052.104.074.082.073 3 3a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L14 13.416V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l3-3 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Zm.587-7.962c3.065.362 5.497 2.662 5.992 5.562l.013.085.207.073c2.117.782 3.496 2.845 3.337 5.097l-.022.226c-.297 2.561-2.503 4.491-5.124 4.502a1 1 0 1 1-.009-2c1.619-.007 2.967-1.186 3.147-2.733.179-1.542-.86-2.979-2.487-3.353-.512-.149-.894-.579-.981-1.165-.21-2.237-2-4.035-4.308-4.308-2.31-.273-4.497 1.06-5.25 3.19l-.049.113c-.234.468-.718.756-1.176.743-1.418.057-2.689.857-3.32 2.084a3.668 3.668 0 0 0 .262 3.798c.796 1.136 2.169 1.764 3.583 1.635a1 1 0 1 1 .182 1.992c-2.125.194-4.193-.753-5.403-2.48a5.668 5.668 0 0 1-.403-5.86c.85-1.652 2.449-2.79 4.323-3.092l.287-.039.013-.028c1.207-2.741 4.125-4.404 7.186-4.042Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-collection-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v12.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h11.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.5-5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 18 4.5v12a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 16.5v-12A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 2h11Zm0 2h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v12a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM13 13a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm0-3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6ZM13 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-conference-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.5 2A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2 4.5v11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4.5 18h2.37l-2.534 2.253a1 1 0 0 0 1.328 1.494L9.88 18H11v3a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3h1.12l4.216 3.747a1 1 0 0 0 1.328-1.494L17.13 18h2.37a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19.5 2h-15ZM20 6V4.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-15a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V6h16ZM4 8v7.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-delivery-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.51 20.598a3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 4.161 19L3.5 19A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1 16.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.5 3h10a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.45 2.004L16 5h2.527c.976 0 1.855.585 2.27 1.49l2.112 4.62a1 1 0 0 1 .091.416v4.856C23 17.814 21.889 19 20.484 19h-.523a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.121-.007 2.96 2.96 0 0 1-1.33 1.605 3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 14.161 19H9.838a2.968 2.968 0 0 1-1.327 1.597Zm-2.024-3.462a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73L5.999 18l.001.022a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0A.97.97 0 0 0 8 17.978a.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0Zm10 0a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73l-.005.156a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0a.97.97 0 0 0 .486-.886.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0ZM21 12h-5v3.17a3.038 3.038 0 0 1 2.51.232 2.993 2.993 0 0 1 1.277 1.45l.058.155.058-.005.581-.002c.27 0 .516-.263.516-.618V12Zm-7.5-7h-10a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h.662a2.964 2.964 0 0 1 1.155-1.491l.172-.107a3.037 3.037 0 0 1 3.022 0A2.987 2.987 0 0 1 9.843 17H13.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Zm5.027 2H16v3h4.203l-1.224-2.677a.532.532 0 0 0-.375-.316L18.527 7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 18.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-3.5 3.5h-13A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 2 18.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5.5 20h13a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5-1.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5Zm-3.293-7.793-6 6-.063.059-.093.069-.081.048-.105.049-.104.034-.056.013-.118.017L12 17l-.076-.003-.122-.017-.113-.03-.085-.032-.063-.03-.098-.058-.06-.043-.05-.043-6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.294 4.29L11 3a1 1 0 0 1 2 0l.001 10.585 4.292-4.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.149 2a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 1.699.711l2.446 2.46a2.384 2.384 0 0 1 .005 3.38L10.01 19.906a1 1 0 0 1-.434.257l-6.3 1.8a1 1 0 0 1-1.237-1.237l1.8-6.3a1 1 0 0 1 .257-.434L15.443 2.718A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 17.15 2Zm-3.874 5.689-7.586 7.536-1.234 4.319 4.318-1.234 7.54-7.582-3.038-3.039ZM17.149 4a.395.395 0 0 0-.286.126L14.695 6.28l3.029 3.029 2.162-2.173a.384.384 0 0 0 .106-.197L20 6.864c0-.103-.04-.2-.119-.278l-2.457-2.47A.385.385 0 0 0 17.149 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-education-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.41 2.088a1 1 0 0 0-.82 0l-10 4.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.824L3 9.047v7.124A3.001 3.001 0 0 0 4 22a3 3 0 0 0 1-5.83V9.948l1 .45V14.5a1 1 0 0 0 .087.408L7 14.5c-.913.408-.912.41-.912.41l.001.003.003.006.007.015a1.988 1.988 0 0 0 .083.16c.054.097.131.225.236.373.21.297.53.68.993 1.057C8.351 17.292 9.824 18 12 18c2.176 0 3.65-.707 4.589-1.476.463-.378.783-.76.993-1.057a4.162 4.162 0 0 0 .319-.533l.007-.015.003-.006v-.003h.002s0-.002-.913-.41l.913.408A1 1 0 0 0 18 14.5v-4.103l4.41-1.985a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.824l-10-4.5ZM16 11.297l-3.59 1.615a1 1 0 0 1-.82 0L8 11.297v2.94a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677.739C9.267 15.457 10.294 16 12 16s2.734-.543 3.323-1.024a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677-.739v-2.94ZM4.437 7.5 12 4.097 19.563 7.5 12 10.903 4.437 7.5ZM3 19a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1-2 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-diamond-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008Zm0 2a.646.646 0 0 0-.38.123l-.093.08-8.34 8.34a.646.646 0 0 0-.18.355L3 12c0 .171.068.336.19.457l8.353 8.354a.646.646 0 0 0 .914 0l8.354-8.354a.646.646 0 0 0-.001-.914l-8.351-8.354A.646.646 0 0 0 12.002 3ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H4.6c-.371 0-.6.209-.6.5v15c0 .291.229.5.6.5h14.8c.371 0 .6-.209.6-.5V15a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4.5c0 1.438-1.162 2.5-2.6 2.5H4.6C3.162 22 2 20.938 2 19.5v-15C2 3.062 3.162 2 4.6 2H9Zm6 0h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L22 3v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V5.414l-6.693 6.693a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L18.584 4H15a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L14 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5 1a1 1 0 1 1 0 2l-2-.001V13L13 13v-2a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v2c0 1.15-.93 2-2.067 2H3.067C1.93 15 1 14.15 1 13V3c0-1.15.93-2 2.067-2H5Zm4 0h5l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08.044.047.073.093.051.083.054.113.035.105.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414L9.107 8.307a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.585l2.293-2.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-4 4a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.112.097l-.11.071-.114.054-.105.035-.149.03L12 18l-.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08-4-4a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414L11 14.585V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H5.545c-.674 0-1.32-.267-1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .142.057.278.158.379.102.102.242.159.387.159h12.91a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-4.793-6.207L13 9.585l1.793-1.792a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-2.5 2.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10.5 9.915l-1.793 1.792a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l2.5-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-text-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 15a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-5-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3Zm-2.233 4.011.058-.007L12 7l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 4 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L13 10.415V17a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.585l-2.293 2.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l4-4 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-filter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 2a1 1 0 0 1 .82 1.573L15 13.314V18a1 1 0 0 1-.31.724l-.09.076-4 3A1 1 0 0 1 9 21v-7.684L2.18 3.573a1 1 0 0 1 .707-1.567L3 2h18Zm-1.921 2H4.92l5.9 8.427a1 1 0 0 1 .172.45L11 13v6l2-1.5V13a1 1 0 0 1 .117-.469l.064-.104L19.079 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-funding-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8A7 7 0 1 0 9 8a7 7 0 0 0 14 0ZM9.006 12.225A4.07 4.07 0 0 0 6.12 11.02H2a.979.979 0 1 0 0 1.958h4.12c.558 0 1.094.222 1.489.617l2.207 2.288c.27.27.27.687.012.944a.656.656 0 0 1-.928 0L7.744 15.67a.98.98 0 0 0-1.386 1.384l1.157 1.158c.535.536 1.244.791 1.946.765l.041.002h6.922c.874 0 1.597.748 1.597 1.688 0 .203-.146.354-.309.354H7.755c-.487 0-.96-.178-1.339-.504L2.64 17.259a.979.979 0 0 0-1.28 1.482L5.137 22c.733.631 1.66.979 2.618.979h9.957c1.26 0 2.267-1.043 2.267-2.312 0-2.006-1.584-3.646-3.555-3.646h-4.529a2.617 2.617 0 0 0-.681-2.509l-2.208-2.287ZM16 3a5 5 0 1 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0-10Zm.979 3.5a.979.979 0 1 0-1.958 0v3a.979.979 0 1 0 1.958 0v-3Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-hashtag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM9.52 18.189a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274H6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.378l.592-3.076H6a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3.354l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.437 2.272h3.04l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.438 2.272H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1.917l-.592 3.076H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-2.893l-.51 2.652a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274h-3.04l-.51 2.652Zm.895-4.652h3.04l.591-3.076h-3.04l-.591 3.076Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-home-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-8.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l10-10a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0l10 10a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L20 12.415V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5Zm7-17.585-6 5.999V20h5v-4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4h5v-9.585l-6-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-image-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 22 4.385v15.23A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 19.615 22H4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 2 19.615V4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.172.385.385.385h1.244l10.228-8.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.254-.037L20 13.392V4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 19.615 4Zm-3.07 9.283L8.703 20h10.912a.385.385 0 0 0 .385-.385v-3.713l-3.455-2.619ZM9.5 6a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.49 2.672c.74.694.986 1.765.632 2.712l-.04.1-1.549 3.54h1.477a2.496 2.496 0 0 1 2.485 2.34l.005.163c0 .618-.23 1.21-.642 1.675l-7.147 7.961a2.48 2.48 0 0 1-3.554.165 2.512 2.512 0 0 1-.633-2.712l.042-.103L9.108 15H7.46c-1.393 0-2.379-1.11-2.455-2.369L5 12.473c0-.593.142-1.145.628-1.692l7.307-7.944a2.48 2.48 0 0 1 3.555-.165ZM14.43 4.164l-7.33 7.97c-.083.093-.101.214-.101.34 0 .277.19.526.46.526h4.163l.097-.009c.015 0 .03.003.046.009.181.078.264.32.186.5l-2.554 5.817a.512.512 0 0 0 .127.552.48.48 0 0 0 .69-.033l7.155-7.97a.513.513 0 0 0 .13-.34.497.497 0 0 0-.49-.502h-3.988a.355.355 0 0 1-.328-.497l2.555-5.844a.512.512 0 0 0-.127-.552.48.48 0 0 0-.69.033Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h1.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-5a1 1 0 0 1 0-2H11v-4h-.5a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L9.5 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1H12Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 8.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-journal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v14a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-13a.5.5 0 1 0 0 1H20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H5.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3 20.5v-17A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5.5 1h13ZM7 3H5.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v14.549l.016-.002c.104-.02.211-.035.32-.042L5.5 18H7V3Zm11.5 0H9v15h9.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM16 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v4a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Zm-1 2h-3v2h3V7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.462 3C21.875 3 23 4.184 23 5.619v12.762C23 19.816 21.875 21 20.462 21H3.538C2.125 21 1 19.816 1 18.381V5.619C1 4.184 2.125 3 3.538 3h16.924ZM21 8.158l-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-3.253-.008L3 8.16v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619V8.158ZM20.462 5H3.538c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-send-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.444 5a2.562 2.562 0 0 1 2.548 2.37l.007.078.001.123v7.858A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 20.444 18H9.556A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 7 15.429l.001-7.977.007-.082A2.561 2.561 0 0 1 9.556 5h10.888ZM21 9.331l-5.46 3.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.08 0L9 9.332v6.097c0 .317.251.571.556.571h10.888a.564.564 0 0 0 .556-.571V9.33ZM20.444 7H9.556a.543.543 0 0 0-.32.105l5.763 3.706 5.766-3.706a.543.543 0 0 0-.32-.105ZM4.308 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mentions-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.452 1.293 5.92 5.92 2.92-2.92a1 1 0 0 1 1.415 1.414l-2.92 2.92 5.92 5.92a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415 10.371 10.371 0 0 1-10.378 2.584l.652 3.258A1 1 0 0 1 12 23H2a1 1 0 0 1-.874-1.486l4.789-8.62C4.194 9.074 4.9 4.43 8.038 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Zm-2.355 13.59L3.699 21h7.081l-.689-3.442a10.392 10.392 0 0 1-2.775-2.396l-.22-.28Zm1.69-11.427-.07.09a8.374 8.374 0 0 0 11.737 11.737l.089-.071L8.787 3.456Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-metrics-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7h4V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v13a1 1 0 0 1-.883.993L21 22H3Zm17-2V9h-4v11h4Zm-6-8h-4v8h4v-8ZM8 4H4v16h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-news-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.384 3c.975 0 1.77.787 1.77 1.762v13.333c0 .462.354.846.815.899l.107.006.109-.006a.915.915 0 0 0 .809-.794l.006-.105V8.19a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v9.905A2.914 2.914 0 0 1 20.077 21H3.538a2.547 2.547 0 0 1-1.644-.601l-.147-.135A2.516 2.516 0 0 1 1 18.476V4.762C1 3.787 1.794 3 2.77 3h14.614Zm-.231 2H3v13.476c0 .11.035.216.1.304l.054.063c.101.1.24.157.384.157l13.761-.001-.026-.078a2.88 2.88 0 0 1-.115-.655l-.004-.17L17.153 5ZM14 15.021a.979.979 0 1 1 0 1.958H6a.979.979 0 1 1 0-1.958h8Zm0-8c.54 0 .979.438.979.979v4c0 .54-.438.979-.979.979H6A.979.979 0 0 1 5.021 12V8c0-.54.438-.979.979-.979h8Zm-.98 1.958H6.979v2.041h6.041V8.979Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-newsletter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v9.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-15A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 20.5V11a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.439l8 4.888 8-4.889V11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-1 3.783-7.479 4.57a1 1 0 0 1-1.042 0l-7.48-4.57V20.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .501.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.717ZM15 9a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm2.5-8A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 20 3.5V9a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V9a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h11ZM15 5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-notifcation-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM3 18l-.133-.007c-1.156-.124-1.156-1.862 0-1.986l.3-.012C4.32 15.923 5 15.107 5 14V9.5C5 5.368 8.014 2 12 2s7 3.368 7 7.5V14c0 1.107.68 1.923 1.832 1.995l.301.012c1.156.124 1.156 1.862 0 1.986L21 18H3Zm9-14C9.17 4 7 6.426 7 9.5V14c0 .671-.146 1.303-.416 1.858L6.51 16h10.979l-.073-.142a4.192 4.192 0 0 1-.412-1.658L17 14V9.5C17 6.426 14.83 4 12 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-publish-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M16.296 1.291A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V13a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3.538l.007-.087A.543.543 0 0 1 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.534.534 0 0 1-.158.379.548.548 0 0 1-.387.159H11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8.455c.674 0 1.32-.267 1.798-.742A2.534 2.534 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385Z"/><path d="M10.762 16.647a1 1 0 0 0-1.525-1.294l-4.472 5.271-2.153-1.665a1 1 0 1 0-1.224 1.582l2.91 2.25a1 1 0 0 0 1.374-.144l5.09-6ZM16 10a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h8ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3a1 1 0 0 0 1-1Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-refresh-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7.831 5.636H6.032A8.76 8.76 0 0 1 9 3.631 8.549 8.549 0 0 1 12.232 3c.603 0 1.192.063 1.76.182C17.979 4.017 21 7.632 21 12a1 1 0 1 0 2 0c0-5.296-3.674-9.746-8.591-10.776A10.61 10.61 0 0 0 5 3.851V2.805a1 1 0 0 0-.987-1H4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3.831a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3.831a1 1 0 0 0 .013-2h-.013ZM17.968 18.364c-1.59 1.632-3.784 2.636-6.2 2.636C6.948 21 3 16.993 3 12a1 1 0 1 0-2 0c0 6.053 4.799 11 10.768 11 2.788 0 5.324-1.082 7.232-2.85v1.045a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3.831a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-3.831a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h1.799Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-settings-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.382 1h1.24a2.508 2.508 0 0 1 2.334 1.63l.523 1.378 1.59.933 1.444-.224c.954-.132 1.89.3 2.422 1.101l.095.155.598 1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-.195 2.848l-.894 1.161v1.896l.92 1.163c.6.768.707 1.812.295 2.674l-.09.17-.606 1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-2.531 1.25l-1.428-.223-1.589.932-.523 1.378a2.512 2.512 0 0 1-2.155 1.625L12.65 23h-1.27a2.508 2.508 0 0 1-2.334-1.63l-.524-1.379-1.59-.933-1.443.225c-.954.132-1.89-.3-2.422-1.101l-.095-.155-.598-1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1 .195-2.847l.891-1.161v-1.898l-.919-1.162a2.562 2.562 0 0 1-.295-2.674l.09-.17.606-1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1 2.531-1.25l1.43.223 1.618-.938.524-1.375.07-.167A2.507 2.507 0 0 1 11.382 1Zm.003 2a.509.509 0 0 0-.47.338l-.65 1.71a1 1 0 0 1-.434.51L7.6 6.85a1 1 0 0 1-.655.123l-1.762-.275a.497.497 0 0 0-.498.252l-.61 1.088a.562.562 0 0 0 .04.619l1.13 1.43a1 1 0 0 1 .216.62v2.585a1 1 0 0 1-.207.61L4.15 15.339a.568.568 0 0 0-.036.634l.601 1.072a.494.494 0 0 0 .484.26l1.78-.278a1 1 0 0 1 .66.126l2.2 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .43.507l.648 1.71a.508.508 0 0 0 .467.338h1.263a.51.51 0 0 0 .47-.34l.65-1.708a1 1 0 0 1 .428-.507l2.201-1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .66-.126l1.763.275a.497.497 0 0 0 .498-.252l.61-1.088a.562.562 0 0 0-.04-.619l-1.13-1.43a1 1 0 0 1-.216-.62v-2.585a1 1 0 0 1 .207-.61l1.105-1.437a.568.568 0 0 0 .037-.634l-.601-1.072a.494.494 0 0 0-.484-.26l-1.78.278a1 1 0 0 1-.66-.126l-2.2-1.292a1 1 0 0 1-.43-.507l-.649-1.71A.508.508 0 0 0 12.62 3h-1.234ZM12 8a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-shipping-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.515 2c1.406 0 2.706.728 3.352 1.902l2.02 3.635.02.042.036.089.031.105.012.058.01.073.004.075v11.577c0 .64-.244 1.255-.683 1.713a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.701.731H4.386a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.702-.731 2.476 2.476 0 0 1-.683-1.713V7.948c.01-.217.083-.43.22-.6L4.2 3.905C4.833 2.755 6.089 2.032 7.486 2h9.029ZM20 9H4v10.556a.49.49 0 0 0 .075.26l.053.07a.356.356 0 0 0 .257.114h15.23c.094 0 .186-.04.258-.115a.477.477 0 0 0 .127-.33V9Zm-2 7.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM16.514 4H13v3h6.3l-1.183-2.13c-.288-.522-.908-.87-1.603-.87ZM11 3.999H7.51c-.679.017-1.277.36-1.566.887L4.728 7H11V3.999Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-step-guide-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.394 9.447a1 1 0 1 0-1.788-.894l-.88 1.759-.019-.02a1 1 0 1 0-1.414 1.415l1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1.601-.26l1.5-3ZM12 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM12 17a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM10.947 14.105a1 1 0 0 1 .447 1.342l-1.5 3a1 1 0 0 1-1.601.26l-1-1a1 1 0 1 1 1.414-1.414l.02.019.879-1.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.341-.447Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.293-.707l-5.5-5.5A1 1 0 0 0 14.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h8.54L19 7.914v12.547c0 .294-.24.539-.546.539H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-submission-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.535.535 0 0 1-.158.379.549.549 0 0 1-.387.159H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.5a1 1 0 1 0-2 0V20a3 3 0 0 0 3 3h13.455c.673 0 1.32-.266 1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V7a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V3.538Z"/><path d="m13.707 13.707-4 4a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 .083-1.32L10.585 14 2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2l8.583.001-2.29-2.294a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.037 4.04.043.05.043.06.059.098.03.063.031.085.03.113.017.122L14 13l-.004.087-.017.118-.013.056-.034.104-.049.105-.048.081-.07.093-.058.063Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-1-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.385 22a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385ZM4 19.615c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068H8v-4H4v3.615ZM20 16H10v4h9.615c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V16Zm0-2v-4H10v4h10ZM4 14h4v-4H4v4ZM19.615 4H10v4h10V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM8 4H4.385l-.082.002c-.146.01-.19.047-.235.138A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385V8h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-2-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.384 22A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 2 19.616V4.384A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 4.384 2h15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 22 4.384v15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 19.616 22H4.384ZM10 15H4v4.616c0 .212.172.384.384.384H10v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h3v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h2.616a.384.384 0 0 0 .384-.384V15ZM10 9H4v4h6V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm-.384-5H4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 4 4.384V7h16V4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 19.616 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-tag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.621 1.998.127.004L20.496 2a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.497 1.355L22 3.5l-.005 7.669c.038.456-.133.905-.447 1.206l-9.02 9.018a2.075 2.075 0 0 1-2.932 0l-6.99-6.99a2.075 2.075 0 0 1 .001-2.933L11.61 2.47c.246-.258.573-.418.881-.46l.131-.011Zm.286 2-8.885 8.886a.075.075 0 0 0 0 .106l6.987 6.988c.03.03.077.03.106 0l8.883-8.883L19.999 4l-7.092-.002ZM16 6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L16 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-trash-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c2.717 0 4.913 2.232 4.997 5H21a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1v12.5c0 1.389-1.152 2.5-2.556 2.5H6.556C5.152 23 4 21.889 4 20.5V8H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4.003l.001-.051C7.114 3.205 9.3 1 12 1Zm6 7H6v12.5c0 .238.19.448.454.492l.102.008h10.888c.315 0 .556-.232.556-.5V8Zm-4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.005a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V12a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-4 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm2-8c-1.595 0-2.914 1.32-2.996 3h5.991v-.02C14.903 4.31 13.589 3 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-account-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 16c-1.806 0-3.52.994-4.664 2.698A8.947 8.947 0 0 0 12 21a8.958 8.958 0 0 0 4.664-1.301C15.52 17.994 13.806 17 12 17Zm0-14a9 9 0 0 0-6.25 15.476C7.253 16.304 9.54 15 12 15s4.747 1.304 6.25 3.475A9 9 0 0 0 12 3Zm0 3a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-add-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3h3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-3h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-assign-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.226 13.298a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.01l.084.093a1 1 0 0 1-.073 1.32L15.39 17H22a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-6.611l2.262 2.298a1 1 0 0 1-1.425 1.404l-3.939-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.404l3.94-4Zm-3.771-.449a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 10.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-block-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM15 18a3 3 0 0 0 4.294 2.707l-4.001-4c-.188.391-.293.83-.293 1.293Zm3-3c-.463 0-.902.105-1.294.293l4.001 4A3 3 0 0 0 18 15Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm13.647 12.237a1 1 0 0 1 .116 1.41l-5.091 6a1 1 0 0 1-1.375.144l-2.909-2.25a1 1 0 1 1 1.224-1.582l2.153 1.665 4.472-5.271a1 1 0 0 1 1.41-.116Zm-8.139-.977c.22.214.428.44.622.678a1 1 0 1 1-1.548 1.266 6.025 6.025 0 0 0-1.795-1.49.86.86 0 0 1-.163-.048l-.079-.036a5.721 5.721 0 0 0-2.62-.63l-.194.006c-2.76.134-5.022 2.177-5.592 4.864l-.035.175-.035.213c-.03.201-.05.405-.06.61L3.003 20 10 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876l.005-.223.02-.356.02-.222.03-.248.022-.15c.02-.133.044-.265.071-.397.44-2.178 1.725-4.105 3.595-5.301a7.75 7.75 0 0 1 3.755-1.215l.12-.004a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-delete-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6ZM4.763 13.227a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378 1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20H11.5a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897Zm11.421 1.543 2.554 2.553 2.555-2.553a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414l-2.554 2.554 2.554 2.555a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-2.555-2.554-2.554 2.554a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414l2.553-2.555-2.553-2.554a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.876 10.77 2.831 2.83a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415l-7.246 7.246a1 1 0 0 1-.572.284l-3.277.446a1 1 0 0 1-1.125-1.13l.461-3.277a1 1 0 0 1 .283-.567l7.23-7.246a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.001Zm-7.421 2.08a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 7.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Zm6.715.042-6.29 6.3-.23 1.639 1.633-.222 6.302-6.302-1.415-1.415ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-linked-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.65 6c.31 0 .706.066 1.122.274C17.522 6.65 18 7.366 18 8.35v12.3c0 .31-.066.706-.274 1.122-.375.75-1.092 1.228-2.076 1.228H3.35a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-1.122-.274C1.478 22.35 1 21.634 1 20.65V8.35c0-.31.066-.706.274-1.122C1.65 6.478 2.366 6 3.35 6h12.3Zm0 2-12.376.002c-.134.007-.17.04-.21.12A.672.672 0 0 0 3 8.35v12.3c0 .198.028.24.122.287.09.044.2.063.228.063h.887c.788-2.269 2.814-3.5 5.263-3.5 2.45 0 4.475 1.231 5.263 3.5h.887c.198 0 .24-.028.287-.122.044-.09.063-.2.063-.228V8.35c0-.198-.028-.24-.122-.287A.672.672 0 0 0 15.65 8ZM9.5 19.5c-1.36 0-2.447.51-3.06 1.5h6.12c-.613-.99-1.7-1.5-3.06-1.5ZM20.65 1A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 23 3.348V15.65A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 20.65 18H20a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h.65a.35.35 0 0 0 .35-.35V3.348A.35.35 0 0 0 20.65 3H8.35a.35.35 0 0 0-.35.348V4a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.652A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 8.35 1h12.3ZM9.5 10a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-multiple-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm6 0a5 5 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 0 1-.117-1.993L15 9a3 3 0 0 0 0-6 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM9 3a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm8.857 9.545a7.99 7.99 0 0 1 2.651 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 23 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h1.995l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209a5.99 5.99 0 0 0-1.988-1.287 1 1 0 1 1 .732-1.861Zm-3.349 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 17 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.877c.044-4.343 3.387-7.908 7.638-8.115a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252ZM9.016 14l-.285.006c-3.104.15-5.58 2.718-5.725 5.9L3.004 20h11.991l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209A5.924 5.924 0 0 0 9.3 14.008L9.016 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-notify-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm10 18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2v-2.818C14 13.885 15.777 12 18 12s4 1.885 4 4.182V19a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3Zm-6.545-8.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM18 14c-1.091 0-2 .964-2 2.182V19h4v-2.818c0-1.165-.832-2.098-1.859-2.177L18 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-remove-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm3.455 9.85a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM22 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 11.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 13.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.7194 3.3054C15.3358 2.90809 14.7027 2.89699 14.3054 3.28061L6.54342 10.7757C6.19804 11.09 6 11.5335 6 12C6 12.4665 6.19804 12.91 6.5218 13.204L14.3054 20.7194C14.7027 21.103 15.3358 21.0919 15.7194 20.6946C16.103 20.2973 16.0919 19.6642 15.6946 19.2806L8.155 12L15.6946 4.71939C16.0614 4.36528 16.099 3.79863 15.8009 3.40105L15.7194 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28061 3.3054C8.66423 2.90809 9.29729 2.89699 9.6946 3.28061L17.4566 10.7757C17.802 11.09 18 11.5335 18 12C18 12.4665 17.802 12.91 17.4782 13.204L9.6946 20.7194C9.29729 21.103 8.66423 21.0919 8.28061 20.6946C7.89699 20.2973 7.90809 19.6642 8.3054 19.2806L15.845 12L8.3054 4.71939C7.93865 4.36528 7.90098 3.79863 8.19908 3.40105L8.28061 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-alerts" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 12.667c.736 0 1.333.597 1.333 1.333v13.333A3.333 3.333 0 0 1 26 30.667H6a3.333 3.333 0 0 1-3.333-3.334V14a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 2.666 0v1.252L16 21.769l10.667-6.518V14c0-.736.597-1.333 1.333-1.333Zm-1.333 5.71-9.972 6.094c-.427.26-.963.26-1.39 0l-9.972-6.094v8.956c0 .368.299.667.667.667h20a.667.667 0 0 0 .667-.667v-8.956ZM19.333 12a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0 2.667h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.667h6.666Zm4-10.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334 3.334v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667A.667.667 0 0 0 23.333 4H8.667A.667.667 0 0 0 8 4.667v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334-3.334h14.666Zm-4 5.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 0 2.666h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.666h6.666Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="m13.002 7.408 4.88 4.88a.99.99 0 0 0 1.32.08l.09-.08c.39-.39.39-1.03 0-1.42l-6.58-6.58a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-1.42 0l-6.58 6.58a1 1 0 0 0-.09 1.32l.08.1a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.01l4.88-4.87v11.59a.99.99 0 0 0 .88.99l.12.01c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7.408z" class="layer"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-checklist" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.2 1.333a3.468 3.468 0 0 1 3.381 2.699L24.667 4C26.515 4 28 5.52 28 7.38v19.906c0 1.86-1.485 3.38-3.333 3.38H7.333c-1.848 0-3.333-1.52-3.333-3.38V7.38C4 5.52 5.485 4 7.333 4h2.093A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 12.8 1.333h6.4ZM9.426 6.667H7.333c-.36 0-.666.312-.666.713v19.906c0 .401.305.714.666.714h17.334c.36 0 .666-.313.666-.714V7.38c0-.4-.305-.713-.646-.714l-2.121.033A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 19.2 9.333h-6.4a3.468 3.468 0 0 1-3.374-2.666Zm12.715 5.606c.586.446.7 1.283.253 1.868l-7.111 9.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1-1.792.306l-3.556-2.333a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 1.463-2.23l2.517 1.651 6.358-8.344a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 1.868-.252ZM19.2 4h-6.4a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8v1.067a.8.8 0 0 0 .8.8h6.4a.8.8 0 0 0 .8-.8V4.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-citation" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M23.25 1.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.06.44l8.25 8.25a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .44 1.06v19.5c0 2.105-1.645 3.75-3.75 3.75H18a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3h11.25c.448 0 .75-.302.75-.75V11.873L22.628 4.5H8.31a.811.811 0 0 0-.8.68l-.011.13V16.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0V5.31A3.81 3.81 0 0 1 8.31 1.5h14.94ZM8.223 20.358a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878C3.302 28.536 3 27.657 3 26.486c0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Zm7.5 0a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878-.604-.586-.906-1.465-.906-2.636 0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-access-indicator" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><circle cx="4.5" cy="11.5" r="3.5" style="fill:currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702v7.846c0 .505-.197.993-.554 1.354a1.902 1.902 0 0 1-1.355.569H10a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2V5.64L9.4 3H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="fill:#222"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-github-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 11.964844 0 C 5.347656 0 0 5.269531 0 11.792969 C 0 17.003906 3.425781 21.417969 8.179688 22.976562 C 8.773438 23.09375 8.992188 22.722656 8.992188 22.410156 C 8.992188 22.136719 8.972656 21.203125 8.972656 20.226562 C 5.644531 20.929688 4.953125 18.820312 4.953125 18.820312 C 4.417969 17.453125 3.625 17.101562 3.625 17.101562 C 2.535156 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 C 4.914062 16.457031 5.546875 17.589844 5.546875 17.589844 C 6.617188 19.386719 8.339844 18.878906 9.03125 18.566406 C 9.132812 17.804688 9.449219 17.277344 9.785156 16.984375 C 7.132812 16.710938 4.339844 15.695312 4.339844 11.167969 C 4.339844 9.878906 4.8125 8.824219 5.566406 8.003906 C 5.445312 7.710938 5.03125 6.5 5.683594 4.878906 C 5.683594 4.878906 6.695312 4.566406 8.972656 6.089844 C 9.949219 5.832031 10.953125 5.703125 11.964844 5.699219 C 12.972656 5.699219 14.003906 5.835938 14.957031 6.089844 C 17.234375 4.566406 18.242188 4.878906 18.242188 4.878906 C 18.898438 6.5 18.480469 7.710938 18.363281 8.003906 C 19.136719 8.824219 19.589844 9.878906 19.589844 11.167969 C 19.589844 15.695312 16.796875 16.691406 14.125 16.984375 C 14.558594 17.355469 14.933594 18.058594 14.933594 19.171875 C 14.933594 20.753906 14.914062 22.019531 14.914062 22.410156 C 14.914062 22.722656 15.132812 23.09375 15.726562 22.976562 C 20.480469 21.414062 23.910156 17.003906 23.910156 11.792969 C 23.929688 5.269531 18.558594 0 11.964844 0 Z M 11.964844 0 "/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-limited-access" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702V6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.36L9.4 3H4ZM3 8a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm10 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.5 6a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1Zm2.441-1a1 1 0 0 1 2 0c0 .73-.246 1.306-.706 1.664a1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.876.334l-.032.002H11.5a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h.441ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 0-2 0c0 .73.247 1.306.706 1.664a1.609 1.609 0 0 0 .876.334l.032.002H4.5a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-subjects-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="icon-subjects-copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M13.3846154,2 C14.7015971,2 15.7692308,3.06762994 15.7692308,4.38461538 L15.7692308,7.15384615 C15.7692308,8.47082629 14.7015955,9.53846154 13.3846154,9.53846154 L13.1038388,9.53925278 C13.2061091,9.85347965 13.3815528,10.1423885 13.6195822,10.3804178 C13.9722182,10.7330539 14.436524,10.9483278 14.9293854,10.9918129 L15.1153846,11 C16.2068332,11 17.2535347,11.433562 18.0254647,12.2054189 C18.6411944,12.8212361 19.0416785,13.6120766 19.1784166,14.4609738 L19.6153846,14.4615385 C20.932386,14.4615385 22,15.5291672 22,16.8461538 L22,19.6153846 C22,20.9323924 20.9323924,22 19.6153846,22 L16.8461538,22 C15.5291672,22 14.4615385,20.932386 14.4615385,19.6153846 L14.4615385,16.8461538 C14.4615385,15.5291737 15.5291737,14.4615385 16.8461538,14.4615385 L17.126925,14.460779 C17.0246537,14.1465537 16.8492179,13.857633 16.6112344,13.6196157 C16.2144418,13.2228606 15.6764136,13 15.1153846,13 C14.0239122,13 12.9771569,12.5664197 12.2053686,11.7946314 C12.1335167,11.7227795 12.0645962,11.6485444 11.9986839,11.5721119 C11.9354038,11.6485444 11.8664833,11.7227795 11.7946314,11.7946314 C11.0228431,12.5664197 9.97608778,13 8.88461538,13 C8.323576,13 7.78552852,13.2228666 7.38881294,13.6195822 C7.15078359,13.8576115 6.97533988,14.1465203 6.8730696,14.4607472 L7.15384615,14.4615385 C8.47082629,14.4615385 9.53846154,15.5291737 9.53846154,16.8461538 L9.53846154,19.6153846 C9.53846154,20.932386 8.47083276,22 7.15384615,22 L4.38461538,22 C3.06762347,22 2,20.9323876 2,19.6153846 L2,16.8461538 C2,15.5291721 3.06762994,14.4615385 4.38461538,14.4615385 L4.8215823,14.4609378 C4.95831893,13.6120029 5.3588057,12.8211623 5.97459937,12.2053686 C6.69125996,11.488708 7.64500941,11.0636656 8.6514968,11.0066017 L8.88461538,11 C9.44565477,11 9.98370225,10.7771334 10.3804178,10.3804178 C10.6184472,10.1423885 10.7938909,9.85347965 10.8961612,9.53925278 L10.6153846,9.53846154 C9.29840448,9.53846154 8.23076923,8.47082629 8.23076923,7.15384615 L8.23076923,4.38461538 C8.23076923,3.06762994 9.29840286,2 10.6153846,2 L13.3846154,2 Z M7.15384615,16.4615385 L4.38461538,16.4615385 C4.17220099,16.4615385 4,16.63374 4,16.8461538 L4,19.6153846 C4,19.8278134 4.17218833,20 4.38461538,20 L7.15384615,20 C7.36626945,20 7.53846154,19.8278103 7.53846154,19.6153846 L7.53846154,16.8461538 C7.53846154,16.6337432 7.36625679,16.4615385 7.15384615,16.4615385 Z M19.6153846,16.4615385 L16.8461538,16.4615385 C16.6337432,16.4615385 16.4615385,16.6337432 16.4615385,16.8461538 L16.4615385,19.6153846 C16.4615385,19.8278103 16.6337306,20 16.8461538,20 L19.6153846,20 C19.8278229,20 20,19.8278229 20,19.6153846 L20,16.8461538 C20,16.6337306 19.8278103,16.4615385 19.6153846,16.4615385 Z M13.3846154,4 L10.6153846,4 C10.4029708,4 10.2307692,4.17220099 10.2307692,4.38461538 L10.2307692,7.15384615 C10.2307692,7.36625679 10.402974,7.53846154 10.6153846,7.53846154 L13.3846154,7.53846154 C13.597026,7.53846154 13.7692308,7.36625679 13.7692308,7.15384615 L13.7692308,4.38461538 C13.7692308,4.17220099 13.5970292,4 13.3846154,4 Z" id="Shape" fill-rule="nonzero"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14 8.092H2m0 0L8 2M2 8.092l6 6.035"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"><path d="M2 8.092h12M8 2l6 6.092M8 14.127l6-6.035"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid-logo" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.281 10.453c.875 0 1.578-.719 1.578-1.578 0-.86-.703-1.578-1.578-1.578-.875 0-1.578.703-1.578 1.578 0 .86.703 1.578 1.578 1.578Zm-1.203 18.641h2.406V12.359h-2.406v16.735Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.016 12.36h6.5c6.187 0 8.906 4.421 8.906 8.374 0 4.297-3.36 8.375-8.875 8.375h-6.531V12.36Zm6.234 14.578h-3.828V14.53h3.703c4.688 0 6.828 2.844 6.828 6.203 0 2.063-1.25 6.203-6.703 6.203Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol></svg> </div> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <header class="eds-c-header" data-eds-c-header> <div class="eds-c-header__container" data-eds-c-header-expander-anchor> <div class="eds-c-header__brand"> <a href="https://link.springer.com" data-test=springerlink-logo data-track="click_imprint_logo" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click logo link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > <img src="/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-3149409f62.svg" alt="Springer Nature Link"> </a> </div> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.springer.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x?'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </div> <nav class="eds-c-header__nav" aria-label="header navigation"> <div class="eds-c-header__nav-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--menu"> <a href="#eds-c-header-nav" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-menu-medium"></use> </svg><span>Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--inline-links"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__link-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--divider"> <a href="#eds-c-header-popup-search" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander data-eds-c-header-test-search-btn> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link" class="eds-c-header__item ecommerce-cart" style="display:inline-block"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" style="appearance:none;border:none;background:none;color:inherit;position:relative"> <svg id="eds-i-cart" class="eds-c-header__icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M2 1a1 1 0 0 0 0 2l1.659.001 2.257 12.808a2.599 2.599 0 0 0 2.435 2.185l.167.004 9.976-.001a2.613 2.613 0 0 0 2.61-1.748l.03-.106 1.755-7.82.032-.107a2.546 2.546 0 0 0-.311-1.986l-.108-.157a2.604 2.604 0 0 0-2.197-1.076L6.042 5l-.56-3.17a1 1 0 0 0-.864-.82l-.12-.007L2.001 1ZM20.35 6.996a.63.63 0 0 1 .54.26.55.55 0 0 1 .082.505l-.028.1L19.2 15.63l-.022.05c-.094.177-.282.299-.526.317l-10.145.002a.61.61 0 0 1-.618-.515L6.394 6.999l13.955-.003ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"></path> </svg><span>Cart</span><span class="cart-info" style="display:none;position:absolute;top:10px;right:45px;background-color:#C65301;color:#fff;width:18px;height:18px;font-size:11px;border-radius:50%;line-height:17.5px;text-align:center"></span></a> <script>(function () { var exports = {}; if (window.fetch) { "use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.headerWidgetClientInit = void 0; var headerWidgetClientInit = function (getCartInfo) { document.body.addEventListener("updatedCart", function () { updateCartIcon(); }, false); return updateCartIcon(); function updateCartIcon() { return getCartInfo() .then(function (res) { return res.json(); }) .then(refreshCartState) .catch(function (_) { }); } function refreshCartState(json) { var indicator = document.querySelector("#ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link .cart-info"); /* istanbul ignore else */ if (indicator && json.itemCount) { indicator.style.display = 'block'; indicator.textContent = json.itemCount > 9 ? '9+' : json.itemCount.toString(); var moreThanOneItem = json.itemCount > 1; indicator.setAttribute('title', "there ".concat(moreThanOneItem ? "are" : "is", " ").concat(json.itemCount, " item").concat(moreThanOneItem ? "s" : "", " in your cart")); } return json; } }; exports.headerWidgetClientInit = headerWidgetClientInit; headerWidgetClientInit( function () { return window.fetch("https://cart.springer.com/cart-info", { credentials: "include", headers: { Accept: "application/json" } }) } ) }})()</script> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <article lang="en" id="main" class="app-masthead__colour-20"> <section class="app-masthead " aria-label="article masthead"> <div class="app-masthead__container"> <div class="app-article-masthead u-sans-serif js-context-bar-sticky-point-masthead" data-track-component="article" data-test="masthead-component"> <div class="app-article-masthead__info"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" data-test="breadcrumbs"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs c-breadcrumbs--contrast" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/journal/12517" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb2"><span itemprop="name">Arabian Journal of Geosciences</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Editorial</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2022-03-04">04 March 2022</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 15</span>, article number <span data-test="article-number">462</span>, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2022</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/12517" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Arabian Journal of Geosciences</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/12517/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/ajgs/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Sami-Khomsi-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Sami-Khomsi-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Khomsi, Sami" data-corresp-id="c1">Sami Khomsi<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Fran_ois-Roure-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Fran_ois-Roure-Aff3" data-author-search="Roure, François">François Roure</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jaume-Verg_s-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Jaume-Verg_s-Aff4" data-author-search="Vergés, Jaume">Jaume Vergés</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>2239 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=12517" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Presentation of the special issue Geology of North Africa and Mediterranean regions
"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Presentation of the special issue Geology of North Africa and Mediterranean regions </h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>This special issue of the AJGS entitled Geology of North Africa and Mediterranean regions is a follow-up of the AGIC (Atlas Georesources International conferences) organized in 2017 by the Georesources Laboratory and CERTE, Tunis, University of Carthage. This event was a major occasion for geoscientists from Arabian, Maghrebian, and European countries to present their recent findings and research results in the characterization of different georesources in North Africa, the Mediterranean, and surrounding areas, thus also including the Arabian plate.</p><p>This thematic issue is composed of 33 papers covering a wide spectrum of topics and fields, from architecture and thermicity of sedimentary basins to structural evolution, oil/gas exploration, fractured reservoirs, water resources, aquifer characterization, and applied geophysics.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec2">Architecture and thermicity of sedimentary basins, structural evolution, and oil/gas exploration</h3><p>This special issue contains 13 papers covering different sedimentary basins in North Africa, Yemen, Egypt, and Greece, with a special attention on the oil and gas potential in the Tell and the Atlas belts and their respective foreland basins, and a particular interest in the salt mobility and petroleum traps characterization, including papers by Bédir et al., Khelil et al., Khomsi et al., Arfaoui et al., Khouni et al., Tari et al., Naji et al., Boughalmi et al., El Sawy et al., Mezni et al., Tseloras et al., and Bagazi et al.</p><p>In this thematic, the authors used different approaches involving structural analysis, seismic data interpretations, balanced cross-sections, modeling of source rocks maturity and petroleum systems, and a description of trap occurrences.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Fractured reservoirs</h3><p>This thematic comprises 8 papers covering different basins in North Africa, from the Atlas fold-and-thrust belt, the eastern foreland basins and northern Sahara platform, and the western province of Saudi Arabia, including investigations of deep subsurface reservoirs by seismic analysis, applied sequence and seismic stratigraphy techniques, well logging interpretations, and structural analysis at different scales. This thematic is covered by papers presented by Souei et al., Bédir et al., Lachaal et al., Nefzi et al., Hammami et al., Saleem et al., Thebti et al., and Al Ghamdi.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Applied geophysics</h3><p>A set of 4 papers was presented, dealing with applied geophysics with their use in structural characterization, water resources, and subsurface investigations of georesources. Different techniques were presented involving gravity interpretation and modeling, electromagnetic modeling, wire-logging techniques interpretations and 3 D models. The papers of this thematic were presented by: Mouakhar et al., Al Garni., Azeiz et al., and Lamouchi et al.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5">Water resources and aquifers characterization</h3><p>This topic was covered by a set of 8 papers dealing with different aspects of water resources studies in Northern Africa and Arabia, two regions suffering problems of water resources and their impact on regional aridity. The papers present a wide range of approaches involving: geostatistics, environment impacts, re-use of treated waters, pollution, and vulnerability of water resources, rainfall variations, and climate change tendencies. The papers were presented by Chargui et al., Subyani et al., Khaddar et al., Moussa et al., Saleem et al., Lachaal et al., Bedir et al., and ben Hammouda.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Northern Africa Tell and Atlas fold and thrust belts in their geodynamic context"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6">Northern Africa Tell and Atlas fold and thrust belts in their geodynamic context</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><p>As a whole, the Tell fold-and-thrust belt corresponds to a tectonic wedge (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig1">1</a>) built from a long and complex evolution at the North African margin of Maghrebian sedimentary basins (Frizon de Lamotte et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Frizon de Lamotte D, Saint-Bézard B, Bracène R (2000) The two main steps of the Atlas building and geodynamics of the western Mediterranean. Tectonics 19(4):740–761" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e411">2000</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Frizon de Lamotte D, Leturmy P, Missenard Y, Khomsi S, Ruiz G, Saddiqi O, Guillocheau F, Michard A (2009) Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertical movements in the Atlas system (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia): an overview. Tectonophysics 475:9–28. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e414">2009</a>; Granath and Casero, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Granath JW and P Casero (2004) Tectonic setting of the petroleum systems of Sicily, in R. Swennen, F. Roure, and J. W. Granath, eds., Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts: AAPG Hedberg Series, 1 391–411" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e417">2004</a>; Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e420">2012</a>; Khomsi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D, Bédir M, Echihi O (2016) The Late Eocene and Late Miocene fronts of the Atlas Belt in eastern Maghreb: integration in the geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranean Domain. Arab J Geosci 9:650–670. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e424">2016</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Frizon de Lamotte D, Zargouni, F (2018) Thrust belt systems of Northern Africa petroleum implications. Field trip guide, CAJG 2018: 1st Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Nov 12 - Nov 15, 2018). 109 pp" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e427">2018</a>; Arab et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Arab M, Maherssi C, Granjeon D, Roure F, Déverchère J, Cuilhé L, Hassaim M, Mouchot N, Doublet S, Khomsi S (2020) On the origin and consequences of crustal-scale extension between Africa and Sicily since Late Miocene: insights from the Kaboudia area, western Pelagian Sea. Tectonophysics. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228565
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e430">2020</a>). Several tectonic pulses were recorded over the Cenozoic times, during the NW-dipping subduction of the Ligurian-Tethys ocean segment, linked to the North African margin, underneath the European margin (Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1990" title="Roure F, Howell DG, Muller C, Moretti I (1990) Late Cenozoic subduction complex of Sicily. J Struct Geology 12(2):259–266" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e433">1990</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Roure F, Khomsi S, de Lamotte DF. Leprêtre R (2019) Tethyan and Alpine controls on the crustal architecture of the Tunisian and Algerian Atlas and Tell: needs for coupled deep seismic soundings and tomography. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e436">2019</a>; Jolivet et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Jolivet L, Frizon de Lamotte D, Mascle A, Séranne M (1999) The Mediterranen basins: tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen-An introduction. Geol. Soc London, Special Publication 156:1–14. 
 https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.02
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e439">1999</a>; Vergés and Sàbat, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Vergés J, Sàbat F (1999) Constrains on the Neogene Mediterranean kinematic evolution along and 1000 km transect from Iberia to Africa. Geol. Soc. London 156:63–80. 
 https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.05
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e443">1999</a>; Hippolyte et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1994" title="Hippolyte J, C, Angelier J, Roure F, and Casero P, (1994) Piggyback basin development and thrust belt evolution: Structural and paleostress analyses of Plio-Quaternary basins in the Southern Apennines. J Struct Geol 16:159–173. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e446">1994</a>; Roca et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Roca E, Frizon de Lamotte D, Mauffret A, Bracène R, Verges J, Benaouali N, Fernandez M, Munoz JA, Zeyen H (2004) Transmed-transcect II [Aquitaine basin, Pyrenees, Ebro basin, Catalan coastal ranges, Valancia trough, Balearic promontory, Algerian basin, Tell, Sahara Atlas, Sahara platform. In: Cavazza W, et al. (eds). The Transmed Atlas -the Mediterranean region from Crust to Mantle. Springer, Berlin Heildelberg" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e449">2004</a>; Finetti et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Finetti F, Lentini S, Carbone A, Del Ben A, Di Stefano E, Forlin P, Garnier M, Pipa A, Prizzon A (2005) Geological outline of Sicily and lithospheric tectono-dynamics of its Tyrrhenian margin from new CROP seismic data. CROP Project: deep seismic exploration of the central Mediterranean and Italy, pp 319–375" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e452">2005</a>; Guerrera, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Guerrera F (2014) Martín-Martín M (2014) Geodynamic events reconstructed in the Betic, Maghrebian, and Apennine chains (central-western Tethys). Bull Soc Geol Fr 185:329–341" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e455">2014</a>; Guerrera et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Guerrera F, Martin-Martín M, Tramontana, (2019) Evolutionary geological models of the central-western peri-Mediterranean chains: a review. Int Geol Rev. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e458">2019</a>).The subsequent SE-directed roll back of this subduction during the Oligocene-Langhian caused the retreat of the Tethys slab, the formation of the Algerian Basin behind, and the collision of the AlKaPeCa domain against the deep margin of the north Atlassic Basin in the Langhian (Roca et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Roca E, Frizon de Lamotte D, Mauffret A, Bracène R, Verges J, Benaouali N, Fernandez M, Munoz JA, Zeyen H (2004) Transmed-transcect II [Aquitaine basin, Pyrenees, Ebro basin, Catalan coastal ranges, Valancia trough, Balearic promontory, Algerian basin, Tell, Sahara Atlas, Sahara platform. In: Cavazza W, et al. (eds). The Transmed Atlas -the Mediterranean region from Crust to Mantle. Springer, Berlin Heildelberg" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e462">2004</a>; Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e465">2012</a>; Van Hinsbergen et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Van Hinsbergen DJJ, Vissers RLM, Spakman W (2014) Origin and consequences of western Mediterranean subduction, rollback, and slab segmentation. Tectonics 33:393–419. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20125
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e468">2014</a>). Soon after the continental collision, a mantle delamination process followed by slab break-off occurred in post-Langhian times (Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e471">2012</a>; Van Hinsbergen et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Van Hinsbergen DJJ, Vissers RLM, Spakman W (2014) Origin and consequences of western Mediterranean subduction, rollback, and slab segmentation. Tectonics 33:393–419. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20125
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e474">2014</a>) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig1">1</a>). The present position of the sinking slabs beneath the Algerian and Tunisian Tell-Atlas systems has been confirmed by seismic tomography by Fichtner and Villaseñor (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Fichtner A, Villaseñor A (2015) Crust and upper mantle of the western Mediterranean – constraints from full-waveform inversion, Earth Planet. Sci Lett 428:52–62. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e481">2015</a>). These major geodynamic events were accompanied by vertical, up and down lithospheric movements controlling the thermal maturity of the organic matter in the different sedimentary basins during their Neogene-Quaternary evolution with flexing during the tectonic loading phase of the Oligocene-Langhian and later unflexing after slab break-off and coeval uplift and erosion (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig1">1</a>). These lithospheric movements have amplitudes of hundreds of meters and have controlled the thermal as well as subsidence history and source rocks maturity of the basins and preservation/migration of oil and gas in traps and reservoirs. A recent study of the lithospheric structure of the Tunisian margin determined that the combined processes of delamination and slab break-off could affect a region with a wavelength of 100 km reaching dynamic topographies of ≥ 500 m (Kumar et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Kumar, A., M. Fernàndez, J. Vergés, M. Torne, and I. Jiménez-Munt (2021), Opposite symmetry in the lithospheric structure of the Alboran and Algerian basins and their margins (Western Mediterranean): Geodynamic Implications, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 126(7), doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021388
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e487">2021</a>).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="815"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>The Maghrebides fold-and-thrust belt within the Circum-Mediterranean Alpine system issued from the collisional tectonics of the Tethyan margins. <b>a</b> From Frizon de Lamotte et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Frizon de Lamotte D, Raulin C, Mouchot N, Wrobel Daveau JC, Blanpied C, Ringenbach JC (2011) The southernmost margin of the Tethys realm during the and Cenozoic: initial geometry and timing of the inversion processes. 2011. Tectonics 30, TC3002. 
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002691
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e503">2011</a>). <b>b</b> Kinematic and paleo-tectonic transect in the western Mediterranean during Pleistocene-Quaternary after the slab sinking beneath the Algerian back-arc basin. Notice that the subduction of the northeastern African margin beneath the South Eurasian plate from Cyrenaica to Egypt still continues. <b>c</b> Actual movements of the eastern Mediterranean basin structures with rates of convergence in mm/year measured by satellite and GPS equipment (Dotmed Project, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="DOTMED Working Group. DoTMed Cd Rom project (2005) Deep offshore tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean : a synthesis of deep marine data in the Eastern Mediterranean : the Ionian basin and margins, the Calabria wedge and the Mediterranean ridge. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouv. série., mémoire no 177" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e512">2005</a>; Chamot-Rooke et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005a" title="Chamot-Rooke N, Rabaute C, Kreemer A (2005a) A western Mediterranean ridge mud belt correlates with active shear strain at the prism-backstop geological contact (2005) Geological Society of America. Geology 33(11):861–864. 
 https://doi.org/10.1130/G21469.1
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e516">2005a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Rabaute A (2005b) DOTMED Working Group. DoTMed Cd Rom project (2005b) Deep offshore tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean : a synthesis of deep marine data in the Eastern Mediterranean : the Ionian basin and margins, the Calabria wedge and the Mediterranean ridge. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouv. série., mémoire no 177" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e519">b</a>). Notice that in the Sirt offshore and Cyrenaica, high ranges of convergence are now observed (35 mm/year) compared to the Maghreb in Tunisia where the value attains 7 mm/year. The map indicates also continuing Africa/Eurasia convergence after slab sinking in the western Mediterranean Maghrebian basins in the Langhian</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>But the knowledge of their impact on the thermal maturities of the basins is still limited in the Maghreb, and the Tell and future researches should treat specific questions on the thermal maturity of source rocks and their links with the vertical movements of the lithosphere (Roure, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Roure F (2008) Foreland and Hinterland basins: what controls their evolution? Swiss J. Geosci. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 1–25. doi 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1285-x8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e533">2008</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Roure F (2014) Crustal architecture, thermal evolution and energy resources of compressional basins. Geol Belg 17(2):182–194" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e536">2014</a>).</p><p>The Tell fold-and-thrust belt of the Eastern Maghrebides constitutes an important mobile segment of the Alpine collisional chains (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig1">1</a>) issued from the accretion of the ALKAPECA (Alboran-Kabylides-Peloritan-Calabria) domain along the southern margin of the Maghrebian Tethys during post-Langhian times. The collision wedge underwent compressional tectonics with the individualization of internal and external zones (Roca et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Roca E, Frizon de Lamotte D, Mauffret A, Bracène R, Verges J, Benaouali N, Fernandez M, Munoz JA, Zeyen H (2004) Transmed-transcect II [Aquitaine basin, Pyrenees, Ebro basin, Catalan coastal ranges, Valancia trough, Balearic promontory, Algerian basin, Tell, Sahara Atlas, Sahara platform. In: Cavazza W, et al. (eds). The Transmed Atlas -the Mediterranean region from Crust to Mantle. Springer, Berlin Heildelberg" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e545">2004</a>; Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e548">2012</a>): the internal zones correspond chiefly to the Kabylides Paleozoic terranes thrusted on the Eocene–Oligocene deep-water flexural basins. The external zones correspond to the Eastern Tell of Algeria and Tunisia, characterized by imbricate thrust fan systems thrusting on top of the intracontinental and inverted sedimentary basins of the Northern Atlas to the south.</p><p>North of the Kabylides and tectonic suture, the hinterland was impacted by the opening of the Algerian back arc basin (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig1">1</a>) during the Upper Oligocene–Miocene until now, recording more than 2000 m of sediments over the extended continental to oceanic substratum of the Algerian Basin (Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e557">2012</a>): a recent compilation is recently presented in Bellucci et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Bellucci M, Aslanian D, Moulin M, Rabineau M, Leroux E, Pellen R, Poort J, Del Ben A, Gorini C, Camerlenghi A (2021) Salt morphologies and crustal segmentation relationship: new insights from the Western Mediterranean Sea. Earth-Science Rev 222:103818. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103818
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e560">2021</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Tectonic accretion during the Late Eocene inversion events in the Tell and the Atlas: the nature and significance of the major Oligocene unconformity"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec7-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec7">Tectonic accretion during the Late Eocene inversion events in the Tell and the Atlas: the nature and significance of the major Oligocene unconformity</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec7-content"><p>After the pioneer works and monographies (Vila; <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1980" title="Vila JM (1980) La chaîne alpine d’Algérie orientale et des confins algéro-tunisiens. PhD thesis, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (Paris), p 665" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e571">1980</a>; Rouvier, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1985" title="Rouvier H (1985) Géologie de l’extrême-nord tunisien: tectonique et paléogéographies superposées à l’extrémité orientale de la chaîne nord-maghrébine. PhD Thesis, Ann. Min. Géol., Tunis, p 427" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e574">1985</a>; Raoult, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1974" title="Raoult JF (1974) Géologie du centre de la chaîne numidique (Nord du Constantinois, Algérie), Soc. Géol. France, L III, Mém. 121, pp 1–163. Pl I à IX" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e577">1974</a>; Raoult et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1982" title="Raoult JF, Renard M, Melieres F (1982) Le flysch Maurétanian de Guerrouch: cadre structural, données sédimentologiques et géochimiques (Petite Kabylie, Algérie). Bull. Soc. Géol. France (7). XXIV 3:611–626" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e580">1982</a>), numerous papers published during the last two decades provide a better overview and constraints on the tectonic pulses versus structural styles (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig2">2</a><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig4">4</a><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig5">5</a><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig6">6</a> to <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig7">7</a>) in the thrust wedge of the Eastern Maghreb (Bracène and Frizon de Lamotte, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Bracène R, Frizon de Lamotte D (2002) The origin of intraplate deformation in the Atlas system of western and central Algeria: from Jurassic rifting to Cenozoic-Quaternary inversion. Tectonophysics 357:207–226" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e598">2002</a>; Benaouali-Mebarek et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Benaouali-Mebarek N, Frizon de Lamotte D, Roca E, Bracène R, Faure R, Sassi JLW, Roure F (2006) Post-Cretaceous kinematics of the Atlas and Tell systems in central Algeria: early foreland folding and subduction-related deformation. CR Geosciences, Thematic Issue: Some Recent Developments on the Geodynamics of the Maghreb 338:41–49" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e601">2006</a>; Masrouhi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Masrouhi A, Ghanmi M, Slama MMB, Youssef MB, Vila JM, Zargouni F (2008) New tectono-sedimentary evidence constraining the timing of the positive tectonic inversion and the Eocene Atlasic phase in northern Tunisia: Implication for the North African paleo-margin evolution. C r Geoscience 340:771–778. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.007
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e604">2008</a>; Khomsi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009a" title="Khomsi S, Ghazi M, Jemia B, Frizon D, Lamotte D, Maherssi C, Echihi O, Mezni R (2009a). An overview of the Late Cretaceous – Eocene positive inversions and Oligo-Miocene subsidence events in the foreland of the Tunisian Atlas : Structural style and implications for the tectonic agenda of the Maghrebian Atlas system. Tectonophysics 475:38–58. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.027
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e608">2009a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khomsi S, Soussi M, Mahersi C, Fakfakh-Ben Jemia H, Riahi S, Bou Khalfa K (2009b) New insights on the structural style of the subsurface of the Tell units in north-western Tunisia issued from seismic imaging: geodynamic implications. CR Geoscience 341:347–356. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2009.01.002
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e611">b</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Mezni R, Echihi O (2019a) A review of the crustal architecture and related pre-salt oil/gas objectives of the eastern Maghreb Atlas and Tell: need for deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics 766:232–248. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e614">2019a</a>; Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e617">2012</a>; Khelil et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Maillot B, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D (2019a) How to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modelling applied to the Mejerda Basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia. Jour Struc Geol 129:103887. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103887
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e620">2019a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Frizon de Lamotte D, Khomsi S, Maillot B, Gaidi S, Bédir M, Zargouni F (2019b) Is the Mejerda Wedge-Top Basin of Northern Tunisia a consequence of basal friction change? A theoretical and experimental approach. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. 247–249. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_53
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e623">b</a>; <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019b" title="Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Frizon de Lamotte D, Khomsi S, Maillot B, Gaidi S, Bédir M, Zargouni F (2019b) Is the Mejerda Wedge-Top Basin of Northern Tunisia a consequence of basal friction change? A theoretical and experimental approach. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. 247–249. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_53
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e627">2019b</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Khelil M, Khomsi S, Roure F, Arfaoui MS, Echihi O, Zargouni F (2021) Late Miocene-Quaternary thrusting in the Utique-Kechabta foreland basin of the Tell, northern Tunisia. Arabian J Geosci 14.doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06388-2
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e630">2021</a>; Leprêtre et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Leprêtre R, Frizon de Lamotte D, Combier V, Vives G, Mohn O, Eschard R (2018b) The Tell-Rif orogenic system (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and the structural heritage of the southern Tethys margin. Bull. Soc. Géol. France 189, 10 doi:1051/bsgf/2018009" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e633">2018</a>; Riahi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Riahi S, Soussi M, Boukhalfa K, Ben Ismail-Lattrache K, Stow D, Khomsi S, Bedir M (2010) Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and structure of the Numidian flysch thrust belt in northern Tunisia. Jour. African Earth Sci; 57, 109–126. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.07.016
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e636">2010</a>; Belyaouni et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Belayouni H, Guerrera F, Martin M (2013) Paleogeographic and geodynamic Miocene evolution of the Tunisian Tell (Numidian and post-Numidian successions ), bearing with the Maghrebian Chain. Inter J Earth Scinces 102:831–855. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e639">2013</a>). These works agree with thrust tectonics expressed by duplex anticline structures detached above Triassic evaporites and both Cretaceous and Tertiary shale levels as decollement levels separating different structural styles (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a>).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="842"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Tectonic map of the eastern Maghreb major structures (<b>a</b>) and geologic map of the eastern Tell in Tunisia (<b>b</b>) together with the positions of Transects 3 a in Kasseb and transect 3 b. For 1 a, captions: Captions. 1: major arch, 2: major fault, 3: major thrust, 4: major anticline, 5: salt bodies, 6: major strike-slip fault, 7: grabens</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="522"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>Structural transects along the Tunisian Tell (<b>a</b> from Khomsi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Khomsi S, Khelil M, Roure F, Zargouni F (2021). Surface and subsurface architecture of the Kasseb structures: implications for petroleum exploration beneath the Tellian allochthon, the easternmost portion of the Maghrebides. Arab J Geosci 14.doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e683">2021</a>) and the Sicily arc (<b>b</b> from Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e689">2012</a>). The two transects show some similarities concerning the Numidian Flysch transported basin over the Maghrebides wedge in a piggy back configuration. The transects underline also the existence of some normal faults and collapse of the inner parts of the belt. They underline also the duplexing of the Mesozoic series underneath the thrust wedge. Notice that the allochthonous system of the Tunisian Tell overhangs Langhian flexural series, whereas in the Sicilide, the allochthon overhangs the Upper Miocene-Quaternary foredeep series. Notice that both in Sicily and Tunisia, the Numidian series lye unconformably on duplicated Cretaceous-Cenozoic thrust structures. <b>a</b> 1—Upper Albian, 2—Cenomanian–Turonian, 3—Coniacian-Santonian, 4—Upper Santonian-Lower Campanian, 5—Upper Campanian-Lower Maastrichtian, 6—Upper Maastrichtian, 7—Paleocene, 8—Ypresian basinal limestones (Kasseb units), 9—Late Eocene shales, 10—Numidian Flysch, 11—Oligocene to Aquitanian-Langhian, 12—Upper Miocene-Quaternary</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="484"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>Panoramic pictures in Kasseb area looking north (position on Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig2">2</a>b) and corresponding interpretations underlining a regional and enhanced unconformity separating the Numidian Oligo-Miocene flexural series above eroded Ypresian Kasseb limestone allochthonous series. The angular unconformity is materialized by erosion of some Eocene sequences with a lateral onlapping and sealing of extensional structures at the base of the Numidian Flysch (<b>a</b>, <b>b</b>). The panorama sketches <b>c</b> and <b>d</b> underline donwlapping and draping of the Numidian lower beds over late Eocene shales and Ypresian limestones, with important erosion of the Late Eocene beds laterally together with filling of paleo-valleys by the Numidian. Notice that these features underline an important flexural and basinal unconformable megasequence over the Kasseb accreted units</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5" data-title="Fig. 5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/5" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig5_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig5" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig5_HTML.png" alt="figure 5" loading="lazy" width="685" height="532"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-5-desc"><p>Two structural transects in the Gulf of Hammamet and Sicily Channel underlining inverted Mesozoic structures in the subsurface of the foreland domain. These transects outline two major tectonic pulses materialized by two major angular/erosional unconformities: The late Eocene and the late Miocene-Quaternary Alpine compressions produced the rejuvenation and positive inversions of former extensional basins. Notice that the transects show also Paleozoic structures buried beneath the Mesozoic megasequence. From Casero and Roure (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1994" title="Casero P, Roure F (1994) Neogene deformations at the Sicilian–North African plate boundary. Peri-Tethyan Platforms. Editions Technip, Paris, 1994, 27–50" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e746">1994</a>) modified by Khomsi et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D, Bédir M, Echihi O (2016) The Late Eocene and Late Miocene fronts of the Atlas Belt in eastern Maghreb: integration in the geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranean Domain. Arab J Geosci 9:650–670. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e749">2016</a>). Position map above from the Geologic map of Africa (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Geologic map of Africa (2016) Scale 1: 10 000 000 35th world geological congress, 2016, Cape Town South Africa UNESCO/BRGM/CCGM/CGMW" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e752">2016</a>)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/5" data-track-dest="link:Figure5 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 5" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6" data-title="Fig. 6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/6" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig6_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig6" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig6_HTML.png" alt="figure 6" loading="lazy" width="685" height="275"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-6-desc"><p>Structural transects in the Tell of Tunisia (from Khelil et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Khelil M, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D, Souloumiac P, Maillot B (2020) Reply to comment on “how to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modeling applied to the Mejerda basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia.”J Struc Geol 103936. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103936
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e773">2020</a> and Khomsi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Khomsi S, Khelil M, Roure F, Zargouni F (2021). Surface and subsurface architecture of the Kasseb structures: implications for petroleum exploration beneath the Tellian allochthon, the easternmost portion of the Maghrebides. Arab J Geosci 14.doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e776">2021</a>). The first transect (labeled CS1 on the position map) shows very important Triassic salt movements materialized by diapiric structures as salt wall and salt plugs thrusted over the Upper Miocene-Quaternary Utique Kechabta foredeep basin. The transect also displays major thrusting and ongoing compressions and rejuvenation of the Tell wedge and its foreland basin and Northern Atlas structures. The second transect (labeled CS2 on the position map) cross-cuts the inner parts of the Tell wedge from Fernana to the Northern Atlas belt at the south-eastern edge crossing the collapsed Mejerda Basin at the front of the Tell. The transect underlines large amounts of vertical Triassic salt motion with diapirs and salt plugs in the inner Tell as well as in the Northern Atlas</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/6" data-track-dest="link:Figure6 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 6" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7" data-title="Fig. 7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/7" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig7_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig7" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x/MediaObjects/12517_2022_9707_Fig7_HTML.png" alt="figure 7" loading="lazy" width="685" height="530"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-7-desc"><p>Structural transects in the Tell of Algeria (from Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e797">2012</a>). The transect above (labeled a on the position map) shows buried Tethyan rifted system affecting the Jurassic and Cretaceous series, materialized by tilted blocks and half-grabens. This transect crosses the Oued Gueterini oil field sourced from Cenomanian–Turonian Bahloul source rocks. The Miocene foreland sequences lye unconformably on Upper Cretaceous successions in the same way as the Langhian deposits of the Tell of Tunisia. In Oued Guetrini field, the Eocene sedimentary series are duplicated and are thrusted on the Miocene flexural basin as in the Kasseb area (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a>). The Chelif transect underlines the transported Chelif basin over the Miocene flexural basin in a piggy-back configuration. Notice the lateral tectonic transport of salt plugs intruding the Cretaceous sequences, which have been transported SE-ward together with the entire Chelif piggy-back basin on top of its Atlassic foreland basin. Notice also the duplication of the Miocene sequences lying SE on the Cretaceous series. This transect crossing Algeria shows many similarities with the transect of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig7">6</a> in the Utique-Kechabta basin in Tunisia</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x/figures/7" data-track-dest="link:Figure7 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 7" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>On the other hand, the Atlas belt, at the south-eastern edge of the Tell (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig1">1</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig5">5</a>), corresponds chiefly to an inverted intracontinental rift system, issued from positive uplift movements, firstly during the late Eocene and subsequently during the Upper Miocene–Quaternary Alpine movements (Frizon de Lamotte et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Frizon de Lamotte D, Saint-Bézard B, Bracène R (2000) The two main steps of the Atlas building and geodynamics of the western Mediterranean. Tectonics 19(4):740–761" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e823">2000</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Frizon de Lamotte D, Leturmy P, Missenard Y, Khomsi S, Ruiz G, Saddiqi O, Guillocheau F, Michard A (2009) Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertical movements in the Atlas system (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia): an overview. Tectonophysics 475:9–28. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e826">2009</a>; Khomsi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009a" title="Khomsi S, Ghazi M, Jemia B, Frizon D, Lamotte D, Maherssi C, Echihi O, Mezni R (2009a). An overview of the Late Cretaceous – Eocene positive inversions and Oligo-Miocene subsidence events in the foreland of the Tunisian Atlas : Structural style and implications for the tectonic agenda of the Maghrebian Atlas system. Tectonophysics 475:38–58. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.027
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e829">2009a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khomsi S, Soussi M, Mahersi C, Fakfakh-Ben Jemia H, Riahi S, Bou Khalfa K (2009b) New insights on the structural style of the subsurface of the Tell units in north-western Tunisia issued from seismic imaging: geodynamic implications. CR Geoscience 341:347–356. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2009.01.002
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e833">b</a>; Belyaouni et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Belayouni H, Guerrera F, Martin M (2013) Paleogeographic and geodynamic Miocene evolution of the Tunisian Tell (Numidian and post-Numidian successions ), bearing with the Maghrebian Chain. Inter J Earth Scinces 102:831–855. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e836">2013</a>; Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e839">2012</a>; Bahrouni et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Bahrouni N, Masson F, Meghraoui M, Saleh M, Maamri R, Dhaha F, Arfaoui M (2020) Active tectonics and GPS data analysis of the Maghrebian thrust belt and Africa-Eurasia plate convergence in Tunisia. Tectonophysics 785:228440. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228440
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e842">2020</a>; Khelil et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Khelil M, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D, Souloumiac P, Maillot B (2020) Reply to comment on “how to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modeling applied to the Mejerda basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia.”J Struc Geol 103936. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103936
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e845">2020</a>). The late Eocene compressional events are well recorded in the Tell and in the Atlas belt, as well as in its southern and eastern foreland basins (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig5">5</a>). These events represent the onset of shortening affecting the whole North African Tethyan margin with the climax of the subduction of the North African margin underneath the South European margin. It is well expressed by a regional and wide angular unconformity at the base of the Oligocene–Miocene synflexural series (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig4">4</a> to <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig5">5</a>) of the Numidian flysch deposits in the Tell and the marine to continental Fortuna Formation in the Atlas. The angular unconformity at the base Oligocene expresses the onset of the tectonic accretion in the moving thrust wedge of the Tell since the late Eocene. This tectonic accretion of the Cretaceous-Eocene basinal series was strong enough to control the erosion and reworking of pre-Oligocene series deposited in deep canyons. In fact, detailed structural analyses of the basal contact of the Oligo-Miocene Numidian Flysch outline a sedimentary contact between the lower Numidian beds, with a downlap to lateral onlapping on underlying Ypresian Kasseb units as well as erosion of the late Eocene series (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig4">4</a>) together with some synchronous tectonics affecting the Oligo-Miocene beds (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig4">4</a>). In the Kasseb locality (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a>), which is a key area to understand the structural contacts of the Numidian Flysch and the underlying Kasseb units, the Numidian is sealing unconformably Eocene duplex structures. All these features agree with the fact that the late Eocene uplift events related to the Atlas Eocene compressions were strong enough to initiate the tectonic accretion and stacking of the Kasseb units and Cretaceous carbonates series of the foreland (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Some important pending questions: significance of the Triassic salt as a regional seal for subsurface structures"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec8-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec8">Some important pending questions: significance of the Triassic salt as a regional seal for subsurface structures</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec8-content"><p>Despite our increasing knowledge on the structural styles (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig6">6</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig7">7</a>) and tectonic events in the Maghrebides and the Atlas, some important structural questions arise concerning specifically on the along-strike variations of this structural style, the importance of the Triassic salt (Perthuisot and Rouvier, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1992" title="Perthuisot V, Rouvier H (1992) Les diapirs du Maghreb central et oriental : des appareils variés, résultats d’une évolution structurale et pétrogénétique complexe. Bull Soc Géol France 163(6):751–760" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e893">1992</a>; Vila et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999a" title='Vila JM, Kassaa S, Bouhlel S, Ben Youssef M, Dali T, Ghanmi M (1999) Inversion tectonique de structures halocinétiques et localisation des minéralisations (Zn, Sr); émergence au Jebel Bou Khil (nord-ouest tunisien) d’un chevauchement entre un domaine nord a “glaciers de sel” sous-marins et un domaine sud a "diapirs typique. Bull Soc Géol France 170:161–172' href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e896">1999a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Rabaute A (2005b) DOTMED Working Group. DoTMed Cd Rom project (2005b) Deep offshore tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean : a synthesis of deep marine data in the Eastern Mediterranean : the Ionian basin and margins, the Calabria wedge and the Mediterranean ridge. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouv. série., mémoire no 177" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e899">b</a>; Khomsi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009a" title="Khomsi S, Ghazi M, Jemia B, Frizon D, Lamotte D, Maherssi C, Echihi O, Mezni R (2009a). An overview of the Late Cretaceous – Eocene positive inversions and Oligo-Miocene subsidence events in the foreland of the Tunisian Atlas : Structural style and implications for the tectonic agenda of the Maghrebian Atlas system. Tectonophysics 475:38–58. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.027
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e903">2009a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Frizon de Lamotte D, Zargouni, F (2018) Thrust belt systems of Northern Africa petroleum implications. Field trip guide, CAJG 2018: 1st Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Nov 12 - Nov 15, 2018). 109 pp" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e906">2018</a>; Masrouhi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Masrouhi A, Bellier O, Koyi H, Vila JM, Ghanmi M (2013) The evolution of the Lansarine-Baouala salt canopy in the North African Cretaceous passive margin in Tunisia. Geol Mag 150:835–861. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756812000763
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e909">2013</a>; Troudi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Troudi H, Tari G, Alouani W, Cantarella G, (2017) Styles of salt tectonics in central Tunisia: an overview, Permo-Triassic salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic margins: Tectonics and hydrocarbon potential. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809417-4.00026-4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e912">2017</a>; Soto et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Soto JI, Flinch JF, Tari G (2017) Permo-Triassic basins and tectonics in Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins. In: Soto JI, Flinch JF, Tari G (Eds) Permo-Triassic salt provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic margins: tectonics and hydrocarbon potential, Elsevier Edition, 3–41, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809417-4.00038-0
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e915">2017</a>; Khelil et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Maillot B, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D (2019a) How to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modelling applied to the Mejerda Basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia. Jour Struc Geol 129:103887. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103887
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e918">2019a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Frizon de Lamotte D, Khomsi S, Maillot B, Gaidi S, Bédir M, Zargouni F (2019b) Is the Mejerda Wedge-Top Basin of Northern Tunisia a consequence of basal friction change? A theoretical and experimental approach. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. 247–249. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_53
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e922">b</a> a, b and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Khelil M, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D, Souloumiac P, Maillot B (2020) Reply to comment on “how to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modeling applied to the Mejerda basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia.”J Struc Geol 103936. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103936
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e925">2020</a>) in the control of the overall tectonic grain (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig6">6</a>), the structural configuration of the deep seated structures underneath the Triassic evaporite (Soto et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Soto JI, Flinch JF, Tari G (2017) Permo-Triassic basins and tectonics in Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins. In: Soto JI, Flinch JF, Tari G (Eds) Permo-Triassic salt provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic margins: tectonics and hydrocarbon potential, Elsevier Edition, 3–41, doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809417-4.00038-0
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e931">2017</a>; Khomsi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Mezni R, Echihi O (2019a) A review of the crustal architecture and related pre-salt oil/gas objectives of the eastern Maghreb Atlas and Tell: need for deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics 766:232–248. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e934">2019a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Brahim NB, Maherssi C, Arab M, Khelil M (2019b) Structural styles, petroleum habitat and traps in the Pelagian-Sirt Basins, Northern Africa: an overview and future exploration developments. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralization and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e937">b</a>), and the nature of the Pre-Triassic series/structures, which remain mostly unknown. All these questions influence not only our knowledge of the deep architecture of the Tell FABT but also the exploration of the oil and gas habitats in these important regional structures in Algeria and Tunisia, both in the Atlas and its foreland basin as well.</p><p>In fact, it is questionable whether or not the Paleozoic sequences are involved in the Alpine rejuvenation of the Tell system. In fact, the Triassic salt regional seal still preludes the unlocking of petroleum exploration in the Paleozoic structures underneath the Meso-Cenozoic subsurface structures of the Tell in Algeria and Tunisia as well. Some recent published transects and cross-sections argue for the existence of possible active petroleum systems and gas traps seated in the Paleozoic (Khomsi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Mezni R, Echihi O (2019a) A review of the crustal architecture and related pre-salt oil/gas objectives of the eastern Maghreb Atlas and Tell: need for deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics 766:232–248. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e943">2019a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Brahim NB, Maherssi C, Arab M, Khelil M (2019b) Structural styles, petroleum habitat and traps in the Pelagian-Sirt Basins, Northern Africa: an overview and future exploration developments. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralization and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e946">b</a> a and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Khomsi S, Khelil M, Roure F, Zargouni F (2021). Surface and subsurface architecture of the Kasseb structures: implications for petroleum exploration beneath the Tellian allochthon, the easternmost portion of the Maghrebides. Arab J Geosci 14.doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e949">2021</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Future oil and gas exploration"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec9-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec9">Future oil and gas exploration</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec9-content"><p>The Mesozoic-Cenozoic petroleum potential in the Tell of Tunisia was discussed in some papers and regional works during the last years (El Euchi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="El Euchi H, Saidi M, Fourati L, El Marhessi C (2004) Northern Tunisia thrust belt : deformation models and hydrocarbon systems. Swennen r, Roure F and Granath J w, Eds, Deformation, Fluid Flow and Reservoir Appraisal in Foreland Fold-and-Thrust Belts: AAPG Hedberg Series 1:371–380" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e960">2004</a>; Mejri et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Mejri F, Burollet PF, Ben Ferjani A (2006) Petroleum geology of Tunisia. A renewed synthetis. ETAP Memoir, 22, 233 pp" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e963">2006</a>; Khomsi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Frizon de Lamotte D, Zargouni, F (2018) Thrust belt systems of Northern Africa petroleum implications. Field trip guide, CAJG 2018: 1st Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Nov 12 - Nov 15, 2018). 109 pp" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e966">2018</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Mezni R, Echihi O (2019a) A review of the crustal architecture and related pre-salt oil/gas objectives of the eastern Maghreb Atlas and Tell: need for deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics 766:232–248. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e969">2019a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Brahim NB, Maherssi C, Arab M, Khelil M (2019b) Structural styles, petroleum habitat and traps in the Pelagian-Sirt Basins, Northern Africa: an overview and future exploration developments. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralization and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e972">b</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Khomsi S, Khelil M, Roure F, Zargouni F (2021). Surface and subsurface architecture of the Kasseb structures: implications for petroleum exploration beneath the Tellian allochthon, the easternmost portion of the Maghrebides. Arab J Geosci 14.doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e976">2021</a>). These studies account for the occurrence of potential oil/gas traps, especially in the northern offshore of Tunisia where the Meso-Cenozoic system is seemingly very interesting and potentially very prolific (Khomsi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Mezni R, Echihi O (2019a) A review of the crustal architecture and related pre-salt oil/gas objectives of the eastern Maghreb Atlas and Tell: need for deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics 766:232–248. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e979">2019a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Brahim NB, Maherssi C, Arab M, Khelil M (2019b) Structural styles, petroleum habitat and traps in the Pelagian-Sirt Basins, Northern Africa: an overview and future exploration developments. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralization and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e982">b</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Khomsi S, Khelil M, Roure F, Zargouni F (2021). Surface and subsurface architecture of the Kasseb structures: implications for petroleum exploration beneath the Tellian allochthon, the easternmost portion of the Maghrebides. Arab J Geosci 14.doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e985">2021</a>).</p><p>However, deep seismic records of good resolutions with a dense and sufficient grid are still lacking in the Tell of Tunisia despite the fact that few old 2D seismic campaigns have been somehow re-processed. Meanwhile, the resolution is still insufficient and far beyond what would be expected to unlock the exploration of potential oil/gas plays in the offshore of the Tell. In addition, the thick Triassic salt and regional seal, which is characterized by its chaotic seismic facies, does not allow to properly image potential traps within the Mesozoic sequences and is also a limiting factor to clearly identifying deeper oil and gas traps in the Paleozoic structures (Roure et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Roure F, Khomsi S, de Lamotte DF. Leprêtre R (2019) Tethyan and Alpine controls on the crustal architecture of the Tunisian and Algerian Atlas and Tell: needs for coupled deep seismic soundings and tomography. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e991">2019</a>; Khomsi et al., <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019a" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Mezni R, Echihi O (2019a) A review of the crustal architecture and related pre-salt oil/gas objectives of the eastern Maghreb Atlas and Tell: need for deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics 766:232–248. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e994">2019a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Khomsi S, Roure F, Brahim NB, Maherssi C, Arab M, Khelil M (2019b) Structural styles, petroleum habitat and traps in the Pelagian-Sirt Basins, Northern Africa: an overview and future exploration developments. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralization and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d42620710e997">b</a>).</p><p>The structural transects presented in the preceding sessions (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig5">5</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig6">6</a>, and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x#Fig7">7</a>) underline the likely occurrence of Paleozoic petroleum structures, but again, the scarcity and limited qualities of seismic profiles still preclude the unlocking of the Paleozoic system too.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusion: on the need of deep seismic sections in the Tell and Atlas"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec10-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec10">Conclusion: on the need of deep seismic sections in the Tell and Atlas</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec10-content"><p>In addition to the Mesozoic-Cenozoic composite petroleum systems of North Africa, assumed to be very prolific and potentially interesting even if not yet discovered, the deep structures in the offshore of the Tell deforming the Paleozoic system beneath the Atlas and Tell belts and their respective forelands basins remain mostly unknown. These Paleozoic systems could be as prolific as those in Algeria and Libya and southern Tunisia, as suggested in the previously discussed cross-sections.</p><p>Therefore, we urgently need to identify the potential subsurface Paleozoic structures and traps seated beneath the Atlas and Tell, likely to be sealed by the regional Triassic salt level. To unravel these structures, we do need a deep seismic imaging project along the North African Maghrebian margin with sufficient recording depth (i.e., down to 10 to 15 s TWT) to visualize properly the potential pre-Triassic salt hydrocarbon plays. We hope that in the future, a research consortium involving exploration companies, universities, research centers, and groups from both sides of the Mediterranean Sea will be able to organize and operate such deep seismic imaging project and open new oil and gas perspectives.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References
"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References </h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Arab M, Maherssi C, Granjeon D, Roure F, Déverchère J, Cuilhé L, Hassaim M, Mouchot N, Doublet S, Khomsi S (2020) On the origin and consequences of crustal-scale extension between Africa and Sicily since Late Miocene: insights from the Kaboudia area, western Pelagian Sea. Tectonophysics. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228565" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228565">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228565</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228565" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228565" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2020.228565" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228565">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=On%20the%20origin%20and%20consequences%20of%20crustal-scale%20extension%20between%20Africa%20and%20Sicily%20since%20Late%20Miocene%3A%20insights%20from%20the%20Kaboudia%20area%2C%20western%20Pelagian%20Sea&journal=Tectonophysics&doi=10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2020.228565&publication_year=2020&author=Arab%2CM&author=Maherssi%2CC&author=Granjeon%2CD&author=Roure%2CF&author=D%C3%A9verch%C3%A8re%2CJ&author=Cuilh%C3%A9%2CL&author=Hassaim%2CM&author=Mouchot%2CN&author=Doublet%2CS&author=Khomsi%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Bahrouni N, Masson F, Meghraoui M, Saleh M, Maamri R, Dhaha F, Arfaoui M (2020) Active tectonics and GPS data analysis of the Maghrebian thrust belt and Africa-Eurasia plate convergence in Tunisia. Tectonophysics 785:228440. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228440" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228440">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228440</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228440" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228440" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2020.228440" aria-label="Article reference 2" data-doi="10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228440">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Active%20tectonics%20and%20GPS%20data%20analysis%20of%20the%20Maghrebian%20thrust%20belt%20and%20Africa-Eurasia%20plate%20convergence%20in%20Tunisia&journal=Tectonophysics&doi=10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2020.228440&volume=785&publication_year=2020&author=Bahrouni%2CN&author=Masson%2CF&author=Meghraoui%2CM&author=Saleh%2CM&author=Maamri%2CR&author=Dhaha%2CF&author=Arfaoui%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Belayouni H, Guerrera F, Martin M (2013) Paleogeographic and geodynamic Miocene evolution of the Tunisian Tell (Numidian and post-Numidian successions ), bearing with the Maghrebian Chain. Inter J Earth Scinces 102:831–855. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x" aria-label="Article reference 3" data-doi="10.1007/s00531-012-0824-x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 3" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Paleogeographic%20and%20geodynamic%20Miocene%20evolution%20of%20the%20Tunisian%20Tell%20%28Numidian%20and%20post-Numidian%20successions%20%29%2C%20bearing%20with%20the%20Maghrebian%20Chain&journal=Inter%20J%20Earth%20Scinces&doi=10.1007%2Fs00531-012-0824-x&volume=102&pages=831-855&publication_year=2013&author=Belayouni%2CH&author=Guerrera%2CF&author=Martin%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Bellucci M, Aslanian D, Moulin M, Rabineau M, Leroux E, Pellen R, Poort J, Del Ben A, Gorini C, Camerlenghi A (2021) Salt morphologies and crustal segmentation relationship: new insights from the Western Mediterranean Sea. Earth-Science Rev 222:103818. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103818" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103818">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103818</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103818" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103818" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2021.103818" aria-label="Article reference 4" data-doi="10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103818">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Salt%20morphologies%20and%20crustal%20segmentation%20relationship%3A%20new%20insights%20from%20the%20Western%20Mediterranean%20Sea&journal=Earth-Science%20Rev&doi=10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2021.103818&volume=222&publication_year=2021&author=Bellucci%2CM&author=Aslanian%2CD&author=Moulin%2CM&author=Rabineau%2CM&author=Leroux%2CE&author=Pellen%2CR&author=Poort%2CJ&author=Ben%2CA&author=Gorini%2CC&author=Camerlenghi%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Benaouali-Mebarek N, Frizon de Lamotte D, Roca E, Bracène R, Faure R, Sassi JLW, Roure F (2006) Post-Cretaceous kinematics of the Atlas and Tell systems in central Algeria: early foreland folding and subduction-related deformation. CR Geosciences, Thematic Issue: Some Recent Developments on the Geodynamics of the Maghreb 338:41–49</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.001" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.001" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crte.2005.11.001" aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.001">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Post-Cretaceous%20kinematics%20of%20the%20Atlas%20and%20Tell%20systems%20in%20central%20Algeria%3A%20early%20foreland%20folding%20and%20subduction-related%20deformation&journal=CR%20Geosciences%2C%20Thematic%20Issue%3A%20Some%20Recent%20Developments%20on%20the%20Geodynamics%20of%20the%20Maghreb&doi=10.1016%2Fj.crte.2005.11.001&volume=338&pages=41-49&publication_year=2006&author=Benaouali-Mebarek%2CN&author=Frizon%20de%20Lamotte%2CD&author=Roca%2CE&author=Brac%C3%A8ne%2CR&author=Faure%2CR&author=Sassi%2CJLW&author=Roure%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Bracène R, Frizon de Lamotte D (2002) The origin of intraplate deformation in the Atlas system of western and central Algeria: from Jurassic rifting to Cenozoic-Quaternary inversion. Tectonophysics 357:207–226</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00369-4" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00369-4" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-1951%2802%2900369-4" aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00369-4">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20origin%20of%20intraplate%20deformation%20in%20the%20Atlas%20system%20of%20western%20and%20central%20Algeria%3A%20from%20Jurassic%20rifting%20to%20Cenozoic-Quaternary%20inversion&journal=Tectonophysics&doi=10.1016%2FS0040-1951%2802%2900369-4&volume=357&pages=207-226&publication_year=2002&author=Brac%C3%A8ne%2CR&author=Frizon%20de%20Lamotte%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Casero P, Roure F (1994) Neogene deformations at the Sicilian–North African plate boundary. Peri-Tethyan Platforms. Editions Technip, Paris, 1994, 27–50</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Chamot-Rooke N, Rabaute C, Kreemer A (2005a) A western Mediterranean ridge mud belt correlates with active shear strain at the prism-backstop geological contact (2005) Geological Society of America. Geology 33(11):861–864. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130/G21469.1" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1130/G21469.1">https://doi.org/10.1130/G21469.1</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Rabaute A (2005b) DOTMED Working Group. DoTMed Cd Rom project (2005b) Deep offshore tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean : a synthesis of deep marine data in the Eastern Mediterranean : the Ionian basin and margins, the Calabria wedge and the Mediterranean ridge. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouv. série., mémoire no 177</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">DOTMED Working Group. DoTMed Cd Rom project (2005) Deep offshore tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean : a synthesis of deep marine data in the Eastern Mediterranean : the Ionian basin and margins, the Calabria wedge and the Mediterranean ridge. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouv. série., mémoire no 177</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">El Euchi H, Saidi M, Fourati L, El Marhessi C (2004) Northern Tunisia thrust belt : deformation models and hydrocarbon systems. Swennen r, Roure F and Granath J w, Eds, Deformation, Fluid Flow and Reservoir Appraisal in Foreland Fold-and-Thrust Belts: AAPG Hedberg Series 1:371–380</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Northern%20Tunisia%20thrust%20belt%20%3A%20deformation%20models%20and%20hydrocarbon%20systems&journal=Swennen%20r%2C%20Roure%20F%20and%20Granath%20J%20w%2C%20Eds%2C%20Deformation%2C%20Fluid%20Flow%20and%20Reservoir%20Appraisal%20in%20Foreland%20Fold-and-Thrust%20Belts%3A%20AAPG%20Hedberg%20Series&volume=1&pages=371-380&publication_year=2004&author=Euchi%2CH&author=Saidi%2CM&author=Fourati%2CL&author=Marhessi%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Fichtner A, Villaseñor A (2015) Crust and upper mantle of the western Mediterranean – constraints from full-waveform inversion, Earth Planet. Sci Lett 428:52–62. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2015.07.038" aria-label="Article reference 12" data-doi="10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Crust%20and%20upper%20mantle%20of%20the%20western%20Mediterranean%20%E2%80%93%20constraints%20from%20full-waveform%20inversion%2C%20Earth%20Planet&journal=Sci%20Lett&doi=10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2015.07.038&volume=428&pages=52-62&publication_year=2015&author=Fichtner%2CA&author=Villase%C3%B1or%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Finetti F, Lentini S, Carbone A, Del Ben A, Di Stefano E, Forlin P, Garnier M, Pipa A, Prizzon A (2005) Geological outline of Sicily and lithospheric tectono-dynamics of its Tyrrhenian margin from new CROP seismic data. CROP Project: deep seismic exploration of the central Mediterranean and Italy, pp 319–375</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Frizon de Lamotte D, Saint-Bézard B, Bracène R (2000) The two main steps of the Atlas building and geodynamics of the western Mediterranean. Tectonics 19(4):740–761</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1029/2000TC900003" data-track-item_id="10.1029/2000TC900003" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000TC900003" aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1029/2000TC900003">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20two%20main%20steps%20of%20the%20Atlas%20building%20and%20geodynamics%20of%20the%20western%20Mediterranean&journal=Tectonics&doi=10.1029%2F2000TC900003&volume=19&issue=4&pages=740-761&publication_year=2000&author=Frizon%20de%20Lamotte%2CD&author=Saint-B%C3%A9zard%2CB&author=Brac%C3%A8ne%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Frizon de Lamotte D, Leturmy P, Missenard Y, Khomsi S, Ruiz G, Saddiqi O, Guillocheau F, Michard A (2009) Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertical movements in the Atlas system (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia): an overview. Tectonophysics 475:9–28. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2008.10.024" aria-label="Article reference 15" data-doi="10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.024">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 15" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mesozoic%20and%20Cenozoic%20vertical%20movements%20in%20the%20Atlas%20system%20%28Algeria%2C%20Morocco%2C%20Tunisia%29%3A%20an%20overview&journal=Tectonophysics&doi=10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2008.10.024&volume=475&pages=9-28&publication_year=2009&author=Frizon%20de%20Lamotte%2CD&author=Leturmy%2CP&author=Missenard%2CY&author=Khomsi%2CS&author=Ruiz%2CG&author=Saddiqi%2CO&author=Guillocheau%2CF&author=Michard%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Frizon de Lamotte D, Raulin C, Mouchot N, Wrobel Daveau JC, Blanpied C, Ringenbach JC (2011) The southernmost margin of the Tethys realm during the and Cenozoic: initial geometry and timing of the inversion processes. 2011. Tectonics 30, TC3002. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002691" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1029/2010TC002691">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002691</a>.</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Geologic map of Africa (2016) Scale 1: 10 000 000 35th world geological congress, 2016, Cape Town South Africa UNESCO/BRGM/CCGM/CGMW</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">Granath JW and P Casero (2004) Tectonic setting of the petroleum systems of Sicily, in R. Swennen, F. Roure, and J. W. Granath, eds., Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts: AAPG Hedberg Series, 1 391–411</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Guerrera F (2014) Martín-Martín M (2014) Geodynamic events reconstructed in the Betic, Maghrebian, and Apennine chains (central-western Tethys). Bull Soc Geol Fr 185:329–341</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.2113/gssgfbull.185.5.329" data-track-item_id="10.2113/gssgfbull.185.5.329" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgssgfbull.185.5.329" aria-label="Article reference 19" data-doi="10.2113/gssgfbull.185.5.329">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mart%C3%ADn-Mart%C3%ADn%20M%20%282014%29%20Geodynamic%20events%20reconstructed%20in%20the%20Betic%2C%20Maghrebian%2C%20and%20Apennine%20chains%20%28central-western%20Tethys%29&journal=Bull%20Soc%20Geol%20Fr&doi=10.2113%2Fgssgfbull.185.5.329&volume=185&pages=329-341&publication_year=2014&author=Guerrera%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Guerrera F, Martin-Martín M, Tramontana, (2019) Evolutionary geological models of the central-western peri-Mediterranean chains: a review. Int Geol Rev. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056">https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056" data-track-item_id="10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00206814.2019.1706056" aria-label="Article reference 20" data-doi="10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 20" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Evolutionary%20geological%20models%20of%20the%20central-western%20peri-Mediterranean%20chains%3A%20a%20review&journal=Int%20Geol%20Rev&doi=10.1080%2F00206814.2019.1706056&publication_year=2019&author=Guerrera%2CF&author=Martin-Mart%C3%ADn%2CM&author=Tramontana%2C%2C"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Hippolyte J, C, Angelier J, Roure F, and Casero P, (1994) Piggyback basin development and thrust belt evolution: Structural and paleostress analyses of Plio-Quaternary basins in the Southern Apennines. J Struct Geol 16:159–173. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3">https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3" data-track-item_id="10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0191-8141%2894%2990102-3" aria-label="Article reference 21" data-doi="10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 21" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Piggyback%20basin%20development%20and%20thrust%20belt%20evolution%3A%20Structural%20and%20paleostress%20analyses%20of%20Plio-Quaternary%20basins%20in%20the%20Southern%20Apennines&journal=J%20Struct%20Geol&doi=10.1016%2F0191-8141%2894%2990102-3&volume=16&pages=159-173&publication_year=1994&author=Hippolyte%2CJ&author=C%2C%20Angelier%20J%2C%20Roure%20F%2C%20and%20Casero%20P%2C%2C"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">Jolivet L, Frizon de Lamotte D, Mascle A, Séranne M (1999) The Mediterranen basins: tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen-An introduction. Geol. Soc London, Special Publication 156:1–14. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.02" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.02">https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.02</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.02" data-track-item_id="10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.02" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1999.156.01.02" aria-label="Article reference 22" data-doi="10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.02">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20Mediterranen%20basins%3A%20tertiary%20extension%20within%20the%20Alpine%20Orogen-An%20introduction.%20Geol&journal=Soc%20London%2C%20Special%20Publication&doi=10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1999.156.01.02&volume=156&pages=1-14&publication_year=1999&author=Jolivet%2CL&author=Frizon%20de%20Lamotte%2CD&author=Mascle%2CA&author=S%C3%A9ranne%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Maillot B, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D (2019a) How to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modelling applied to the Mejerda Basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia. Jour Struc Geol 129:103887. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103887" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103887">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103887</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Khelil M, Souloumiac P, Frizon de Lamotte D, Khomsi S, Maillot B, Gaidi S, Bédir M, Zargouni F (2019b) Is the Mejerda Wedge-Top Basin of Northern Tunisia a consequence of basal friction change? A theoretical and experimental approach. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. 247–249. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_53" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_53">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_53</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Khelil M, Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D, Souloumiac P, Maillot B (2020) Reply to comment on “how to build an extensional basin in a contractional setting? Numerical and physical modeling applied to the Mejerda basin at the front of the eastern Tell of Tunisia.”J Struc Geol 103936. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103936" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103936">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103936</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Khelil M, Khomsi S, Roure F, Arfaoui MS, Echihi O, Zargouni F (2021) Late Miocene-Quaternary thrusting in the Utique-Kechabta foreland basin of the Tell, northern Tunisia. Arabian J Geosci 14.doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06388-2" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s12517-020-06388-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06388-2</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Khomsi S, Ghazi M, Jemia B, Frizon D, Lamotte D, Maherssi C, Echihi O, Mezni R (2009a). An overview of the Late Cretaceous – Eocene positive inversions and Oligo-Miocene subsidence events in the foreland of the Tunisian Atlas : Structural style and implications for the tectonic agenda of the Maghrebian Atlas system. Tectonophysics 475:38–58. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.027" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.027</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Khomsi S, Soussi M, Mahersi C, Fakfakh-Ben Jemia H, Riahi S, Bou Khalfa K (2009b) New insights on the structural style of the subsurface of the Tell units in north-western Tunisia issued from seismic imaging: geodynamic implications. CR Geoscience 341:347–356. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2009.01.002" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.crte.2009.01.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2009.01.002</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Khomsi S, Frizon de Lamotte D, Bédir M, Echihi O (2016) The Late Eocene and Late Miocene fronts of the Atlas Belt in eastern Maghreb: integration in the geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranean Domain. Arab J Geosci 9:650–670. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1" aria-label="Article reference 29" data-doi="10.1007/s12517-016-2609-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20Late%20Eocene%20and%20Late%20Miocene%20fronts%20of%20the%20Atlas%20Belt%20in%20eastern%20Maghreb%3A%20integration%20in%20the%20geodynamic%20evolution%20of%20the%20Mediterranean%20Domain&journal=Arab%20J%20Geosci&doi=10.1007%2Fs12517-016-2609-1&volume=9&pages=650-670&publication_year=2016&author=Khomsi%2CS&author=Frizon%20de%20Lamotte%2CD&author=B%C3%A9dir%2CM&author=Echihi%2CO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Frizon de Lamotte D, Zargouni, F (2018) Thrust belt systems of Northern Africa petroleum implications. Field trip guide, CAJG 2018: 1st Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Nov 12 - Nov 15, 2018). 109 pp</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Khomsi S, Roure F, Khelil M, Mezni R, Echihi O (2019a) A review of the crustal architecture and related pre-salt oil/gas objectives of the eastern Maghreb Atlas and Tell: need for deep seismic reflection profiling. Tectonophysics 766:232–248. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.009</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Khomsi S, Roure F, Brahim NB, Maherssi C, Arab M, Khelil M (2019b) Structural styles, petroleum habitat and traps in the Pelagian-Sirt Basins, Northern Africa: an overview and future exploration developments. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralization and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_33</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Khomsi S, Khelil M, Roure F, Zargouni F (2021). Surface and subsurface architecture of the Kasseb structures: implications for petroleum exploration beneath the Tellian allochthon, the easternmost portion of the Maghrebides. Arab J Geosci 14.doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06401-8</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Kumar, A., M. Fernàndez, J. Vergés, M. Torne, and I. Jiménez-Munt (2021), Opposite symmetry in the lithospheric structure of the Alboran and Algerian basins and their margins (Western Mediterranean): Geodynamic Implications, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 126(7), doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021388" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1029/2020JB021388">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021388</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Leprêtre R, Frizon de Lamotte D, Combier V, Vives G, Mohn O, Eschard R (2018b) The Tell-Rif orogenic system (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and the structural heritage of the southern Tethys margin. Bull. Soc. Géol. France 189, 10 doi:1051/bsgf/2018009</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Masrouhi A, Ghanmi M, Slama MMB, Youssef MB, Vila JM, Zargouni F (2008) New tectono-sedimentary evidence constraining the timing of the positive tectonic inversion and the Eocene Atlasic phase in northern Tunisia: Implication for the North African paleo-margin evolution. C r Geoscience 340:771–778. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.007" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.007</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.007" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.007" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crte.2008.07.007" aria-label="Article reference 36" data-doi="10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.007">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 36" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=New%20tectono-sedimentary%20evidence%20constraining%20the%20timing%20of%20the%20positive%20tectonic%20inversion%20and%20the%20Eocene%20Atlasic%20phase%20in%20northern%20Tunisia%3A%20Implication%20for%20the%20North%20African%20paleo-margin%20evolution&journal=C%20r%20Geoscience&doi=10.1016%2Fj.crte.2008.07.007&volume=340&pages=771-778&publication_year=2008&author=Masrouhi%2CA&author=Ghanmi%2CM&author=Slama%2CMMB&author=Youssef%2CMB&author=Vila%2CJM&author=Zargouni%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Masrouhi A, Bellier O, Koyi H, Vila JM, Ghanmi M (2013) The evolution of the Lansarine-Baouala salt canopy in the North African Cretaceous passive margin in Tunisia. Geol Mag 150:835–861. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756812000763" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1017/S0016756812000763">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756812000763</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1017/S0016756812000763" data-track-item_id="10.1017/S0016756812000763" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756812000763" aria-label="Article reference 37" data-doi="10.1017/S0016756812000763">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20evolution%20of%20the%20Lansarine-Baouala%20salt%20canopy%20in%20the%20North%20African%20Cretaceous%20passive%20margin%20in%20Tunisia&journal=Geol%20Mag&doi=10.1017%2FS0016756812000763&volume=150&pages=835-861&publication_year=2013&author=Masrouhi%2CA&author=Bellier%2CO&author=Koyi%2CH&author=Vila%2CJM&author=Ghanmi%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Mejri F, Burollet PF, Ben Ferjani A (2006) Petroleum geology of Tunisia. A renewed synthetis. ETAP Memoir, 22, 233 pp</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Perthuisot V, Rouvier H (1992) Les diapirs du Maghreb central et oriental : des appareils variés, résultats d’une évolution structurale et pétrogénétique complexe. Bull Soc Géol France 163(6):751–760</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 39" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Les%20diapirs%20du%20Maghreb%20central%20et%20oriental%20%3A%20des%20appareils%20vari%C3%A9s%2C%20r%C3%A9sultats%20d%E2%80%99une%20%C3%A9volution%20structurale%20et%20p%C3%A9trog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique%20complexe&journal=Bull%20Soc%20G%C3%A9ol%20France&volume=163&issue=6&pages=751-760&publication_year=1992&author=Perthuisot%2CV&author=Rouvier%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Raoult JF (1974) Géologie du centre de la chaîne numidique (Nord du Constantinois, Algérie), Soc. Géol. France, L III, Mém. 121, pp 1–163. Pl I à IX</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Raoult JF, Renard M, Melieres F (1982) Le flysch Maurétanian de Guerrouch: cadre structural, données sédimentologiques et géochimiques (Petite Kabylie, Algérie). Bull. Soc. Géol. France (7). XXIV 3:611–626</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Le%20flysch%20Maur%C3%A9tanian%20de%20Guerrouch%3A%20cadre%20structural%2C%20donn%C3%A9es%20s%C3%A9dimentologiques%20et%20g%C3%A9ochimiques%20%28Petite%20Kabylie%2C%20Alg%C3%A9rie%29.%20Bull.%20Soc.%20G%C3%A9ol.%20France%20%287%29&journal=XXIV&volume=3&pages=611-626&publication_year=1982&author=Raoult%2CJF&author=Renard%2CM&author=Melieres%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Riahi S, Soussi M, Boukhalfa K, Ben Ismail-Lattrache K, Stow D, Khomsi S, Bedir M (2010) Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and structure of the Numidian flysch thrust belt in northern Tunisia. Jour. African Earth Sci; 57, 109–126. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.07.016" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.07.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.07.016</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Roca E, Frizon de Lamotte D, Mauffret A, Bracène R, Verges J, Benaouali N, Fernandez M, Munoz JA, Zeyen H (2004) Transmed-transcect II [Aquitaine basin, Pyrenees, Ebro basin, Catalan coastal ranges, Valancia trough, Balearic promontory, Algerian basin, Tell, Sahara Atlas, Sahara platform. In: Cavazza W, et al. (eds). The Transmed Atlas -the Mediterranean region from Crust to Mantle. Springer, Berlin Heildelberg</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Roure F (2014) Crustal architecture, thermal evolution and energy resources of compressional basins. Geol Belg 17(2):182–194</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 44" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Crustal%20architecture%2C%20thermal%20evolution%20and%20energy%20resources%20of%20compressional%20basins&journal=Geol%20Belg&volume=17&issue=2&pages=182-194&publication_year=2014&author=Roure%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">Roure F (2008) Foreland and Hinterland basins: what controls their evolution? Swiss J. Geosci. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 1–25. doi <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1285-x8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s00015-008-1285-x8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1285-x8</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Roure F, Howell DG, Muller C, Moretti I (1990) Late Cenozoic subduction complex of Sicily. J Struct Geology 12(2):259–266</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/0191-8141(90)90009-N" data-track-item_id="10.1016/0191-8141(90)90009-N" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0191-8141%2890%2990009-N" aria-label="Article reference 46" data-doi="10.1016/0191-8141(90)90009-N">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 46" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Late%20Cenozoic%20subduction%20complex%20of%20Sicily&journal=J%20Struct%20Geology&doi=10.1016%2F0191-8141%2890%2990009-N&volume=12&issue=2&pages=259-266&publication_year=1990&author=Roure%2CF&author=Howell%2CDG&author=Muller%2CC&author=Moretti%2CI"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Roure F, Casero P & Addoum B (2012) Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of its continental lithosphere, Tectonics, 31, TC3006, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1029/2011TC002989">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002989</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Roure F, Khomsi S, de Lamotte DF. Leprêtre R (2019) Tethyan and Alpine controls on the crustal architecture of the Tunisian and Algerian Atlas and Tell: needs for coupled deep seismic soundings and tomography. In: Rossetti F. et al. (eds) The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling. CAJG 2018. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_3" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_3">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_3</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Rouvier H (1985) Géologie de l’extrême-nord tunisien: tectonique et paléogéographies superposées à l’extrémité orientale de la chaîne nord-maghrébine. PhD Thesis, Ann. Min. Géol., Tunis, p 427</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50">Soto JI, Flinch JF, Tari G (2017) Permo-Triassic basins and tectonics in Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins. In: Soto JI, Flinch JF, Tari G (Eds) Permo-Triassic salt provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic margins: tectonics and hydrocarbon potential, Elsevier Edition, 3–41, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809417-4.00038-0" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/b978-0-12-809417-4.00038-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809417-4.00038-0</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51">Troudi H, Tari G, Alouani W, Cantarella G, (2017) Styles of salt tectonics in central Tunisia: an overview, Permo-Triassic salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic margins: Tectonics and hydrocarbon potential. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809417-4.00026-4" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/B978-0-12-809417-4.00026-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809417-4.00026-4</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52">Van Hinsbergen DJJ, Vissers RLM, Spakman W (2014) Origin and consequences of western Mediterranean subduction, rollback, and slab segmentation. Tectonics 33:393–419. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20125" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1002/tect.20125">https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20125</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1002/tect.20125" data-track-item_id="10.1002/tect.20125" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftect.20125" aria-label="Article reference 52" data-doi="10.1002/tect.20125">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 52" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Origin%20and%20consequences%20of%20western%20Mediterranean%20subduction%2C%20rollback%2C%20and%20slab%20segmentation&journal=Tectonics&doi=10.1002%2Ftect.20125&volume=33&pages=393-419&publication_year=2014&author=Hinsbergen%2CDJJ&author=Vissers%2CRLM&author=Spakman%2CW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53">Vergés J, Sàbat F (1999) Constrains on the Neogene Mediterranean kinematic evolution along and 1000 km transect from Iberia to Africa. Geol. Soc. London 156:63–80. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.05" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.05">https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.05</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.05" data-track-item_id="10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.05" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1999.156.01.05" aria-label="Article reference 53" data-doi="10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.05">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 53" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Constrains%20on%20the%20Neogene%20Mediterranean%20kinematic%20evolution%20along%20and%201000%20km%20transect%20from%20Iberia%20to%20Africa.%20Geol.%20Soc&journal=London&doi=10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1999.156.01.05&volume=156&pages=63-80&publication_year=1999&author=Verg%C3%A9s%2CJ&author=S%C3%A0bat%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54">Vila JM (1980) La chaîne alpine d’Algérie orientale et des confins algéro-tunisiens. PhD thesis, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (Paris), p 665</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55">Vila JM, Kassaa S, Bouhlel S, Ben Youssef M, Dali T, Ghanmi M (1999) Inversion tectonique de structures halocinétiques et localisation des minéralisations (Zn, Sr); émergence au Jebel Bou Khil (nord-ouest tunisien) d’un chevauchement entre un domaine nord a “glaciers de sel” sous-marins et un domaine sud a "diapirs typique. Bull Soc Géol France 170:161–172</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 55" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Inversion%20tectonique%20de%20structures%20halocin%C3%A9tiques%20et%20localisation%20des%20min%C3%A9ralisations%20%28Zn%2C%20Sr%29%3B%20%C3%A9mergence%20au%20Jebel%20Bou%20Khil%20%28nord-ouest%20tunisien%29%20d%E2%80%99un%20chevauchement%20entre%20un%20domaine%20nord%20a%20%E2%80%9Cglaciers%20de%20sel%E2%80%9D%20sous-marins%20et%20un%20domaine%20sud%20a%20%22diapirs%20typique&journal=Bull%20Soc%20G%C3%A9ol%20France&volume=170&pages=161-172&publication_year=1999&author=Vila%2CJM&author=Kassaa%2CS&author=Bouhlel%2CS&author=Ben%20Youssef%2CM&author=Dali%2CT&author=Ghanmi%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>We wish to thank all reviewers and colleagues from different countries (France, Spain, Austria, Tunisia, Egypt, Greece, and Saudi Arabia), universities and companies for their corrections and useful scientific comments they provided to the authors.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Geoexploration, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Sami Khomsi</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Laboratoire Géoressources (LGR), CERTE, Université of Carthage, Tunisia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Sami Khomsi</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">IFP Énergies Nouvelles, Ruel Malmaison, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">François Roure</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Group of Dynamics of the Lithosphere (GDL), Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jaume Vergés</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Sami-Khomsi-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Sami Khomsi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Sami%20Khomsi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Sami%20Khomsi" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Sami%20Khomsi%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Fran_ois-Roure-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">François Roure</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Roure" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Roure" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Fran%C3%A7ois%20Roure%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Jaume-Verg_s-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jaume Vergés</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Jaume%20Verg%C3%A9s" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jaume%20Verg%C3%A9s" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jaume%20Verg%C3%A9s%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:samykhomsi@yahoo.ca">Sami Khomsi</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p>This article is part of the Topical Collection on <i>Geology of North Africa and Mediterranean regions</i></p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Hinterland%20and%20foreland%20structures%20of%20the%20eastern%20Maghreb%20Tell%20and%20Atlas%20thrust%20belts%3A%20tectonic%20controlling%20factors%2C%20pending%20questions%2C%20and%20oil%2Fgas%20exploration%20potential%20of%20the%20Pre-Triassic%20traps&author=Sami%20Khomsi%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs12517-022-09707-x&copyright=Saudi%20Society%20for%20Geosciences&publication=1866-7511&publicationDate=2022-03-04&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Khomsi, S., Roure, F. & Vergés, J. Hinterland and foreland structures of the eastern Maghreb Tell and Atlas thrust belts: tectonic controlling factors, pending questions, and oil/gas exploration potential of the Pre-Triassic traps. <i>Arab J Geosci</i> <b>15</b>, 462 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-03-04">04 March 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09707-x</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords </h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Tell&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Tell</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Atlas&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Atlas</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Structural%20transects&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Structural transects</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Folds%20and%20thrusts&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Folds and thrusts</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Tectonic%20events&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Tectonic events</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Numidian&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Numidian</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Triassic%20salt&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Triassic salt</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Oil%2Fgas%20traps&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Oil/gas traps</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=12517" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div data-test="collections"> <aside> <div class="c-article-associated-content__container"> <h2 class="c-article-associated-content__title u-h3 u-mb-24 u-visually-hidden">Associated Content</h2> <div class="c-article-associated-content__collection collection u-mb-24"> <p class="c-article-associated-content__collection-label u-sans-serif u-text-bold u-mb-8">Part of a collection:</p> <h3 class="c-article-associated-content__collection-title u-mt-0 u-h3 u-mb-8" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/collections/eecbaiecjh" data-track="click" data-track-action="view collection" data-track-label="link">Geology of North Africa and Mediterranean regions</a> </h3> </div> </div> </aside> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer[0] = window.dataLayer[0] || {}; window.dataLayer[0].content = window.dataLayer[0].content || {}; window.dataLayer[0].content.collections = 'eecbaiecjh'; </script> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu><div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-MPU1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/12517/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-test="MPU1-ad" data-gpt-targeting="pos=MPU1;articleid=s12517-022-09707-x;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </article> <div class="app-elements"> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--search" id="eds-c-header-popup-search"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Search</h2> <div class="u-container"> <search class="eds-c-header__search" role="search" aria-label="Search from the header"> <form method="GET" action="//link.springer.com/search" data-test="header-search" data-track="search" data-track-context="search from header" data-track-action="submit search form" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="form" > <label for="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-label">Search by keyword or author</label> <div class="eds-c-header__search-container"> <input id="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-input" autocomplete="off" name="query" type="search" value="" required> <button class="eds-c-header__search-button" type="submit"> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--menu" id="eds-c-header-nav"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Navigation</h2> <ul class="eds-c-header__list"> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </li> </ul> </div> <footer > <div class="eds-c-footer" > <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <div class="eds-c-footer__grid eds-c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Discover content</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="nav_journals_a_z" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="nav_books_a_z" data-track-action="books a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Books A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Publish with us</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals" data-track="nav_journal_finder" data-track-action="journal finder" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journal finder</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_publish_your_research" data-track-action="publish your research" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Publish your research</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="nav_open_access_publishing" data-track-action="open access publishing" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Open access publishing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Products and services</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/products" data-track="nav_our_products" data-track-action="our products" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Our products</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="nav_librarians" data-track-action="librarians" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Librarians</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/societies" data-track="nav_societies" data-track-action="societies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Societies</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/partners" data-track="nav_partners_and_advertisers" data-track-action="partners and advertisers" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Partners and advertisers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Our imprints</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springer.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Springer" data-track-action="Springer" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Springer</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Nature_Portfolio" data-track-action="Nature Portfolio" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_BMC" data-track-action="BMC" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">BMC</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.palgrave.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Palgrave_Macmillan" data-track-action="Palgrave Macmillan" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.apress.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Apress" data-track-action="Apress" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Apress</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <nav aria-label="footer navigation"> <ul class="eds-c-footer__links"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <button class="eds-c-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="dialog_manage_cookies" data-track-action="Manage cookies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link"><span class="eds-c-footer__button-text">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</span></button> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="nav_california_privacy_statement" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="nav_accessibility_statement" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/termsandconditions" data-track="nav_terms_and_conditions" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/privacystatement" data-track="nav_privacy_policy" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/home" data-track="nav_help_and_support" data-track-action="help and support" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Help and support</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000255911-subscription-cancellations" data-track-action="cancel contracts here">Cancel contracts here</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="eds-c-footer__user"> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info"> <span data-test="footer-user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </p> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info" data-test="footer-business-partners">Not affiliated</p> </div> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="eds-c-footer__link"> <img src="/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="eds-c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>