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id="toc-Reciprocity_vs._redistribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocity_vs._redistribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reciprocity vs. redistribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocity_vs._redistribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_vs._rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_vs._rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status vs. rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_vs._rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gifts_and_commodities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gifts_and_commodities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gifts and commodities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gifts_and_commodities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropology" title="Category:Economic anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">applied</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">development <br />anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_studies_of_finance" title="Social studies of finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">Redistribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth#Anthropological_views" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_good" title="Limited good">Limited good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possessions" title="Inalienable possessions">Inalienable possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_pathway_diversion" title="Commodity pathway diversion">Singularization <span style="font-size:85%;">(commodity pathway)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_exchange" title="Spheres of exchange">Spheres of exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Provisioning systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunting-gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">Nomadic pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">Moral economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><i>Prestations</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moka exchange</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Gifting</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gifting_remittances" title="Gifting remittances">Gifting remittances</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_gifting" title="Organ gifting">Organ gifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shell money</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Provisioning</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aché people">Aché people</a> (hunter-gatherers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek people</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Colonialism and development</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Politics_Machine" title="The Anti-Politics Machine">The Anti-Politics Machine</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the <br />People Without History</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Political economy</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_economy" title="Jim Crow economy">Jim Crow economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_affluent_society" title="Original affluent society">Original affluent society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalist%E2%80%93substantivist_debate" title="Formalist–substantivist debate">Formalist–substantivist debate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Anthropology of development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chayanov" title="Alexander Chayanov">Alexander Chayanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Diamond" title="Stanley Diamond">Stanley Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Firth" title="Raymond Firth">Raymond Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Godelier" title="Maurice Godelier">Maurice Godelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_I._Guyer" title="Jane I. Guyer">Jane I. Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hart_(anthropologist)" title="Keith Hart (anthropologist)">Keith Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Marvin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_K._Schneider" title="Harold K. Schneider">Harold K. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template talk:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Moka</b></i> is a highly ritualized system of exchange in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hagen" title="Mount Hagen">Mount Hagen</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, that has become emblematic of the anthropological concepts of "gift economy" and of "<a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">Big man</a>" political system. Moka are reciprocal gifts of pigs through which social status is achieved. Moka refers specifically to the increment in the size of the gift; giving more brings greater prestige to the giver. However, reciprocal gift giving was confused by early anthropologists with profit-seeking, as the lending and borrowing of money at interest.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This gift exchange system was analyzed by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a> as a means of distinguishing between the exchange principles of <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">redistribution</a> on the one hand, and the associated political principles of <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">rank</a> on the other. Sahlins used this example to contrast the regional political differences between the status-based "Big man" political system of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> that engage in gift exchange, with the socially ranked "Chiefly" political systems of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> associated with redistributive systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since making this comparison, the Moka system has been the subject of extensive debate on the nature of the gift, and of so-called "gift economies". It has become a staple of classroom discussion as a result of the ethnographic film <i><a href="/wiki/Ongka%27s_Big_Moka" title="Ongka's Big Moka">Ongka's Big Moka</a></i>, which documents one Moka cycle in the early 1970s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gifts_and_prestige:_the_'Big_man'/'Rubbish_man'_continuum"><span id="Gifts_and_prestige:_the_.27Big_man.27.2F.27Rubbish_man.27_continuum"></span>Gifts and prestige: the 'Big man'/'Rubbish man' continuum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gifts and prestige: the 'Big man'/'Rubbish man' continuum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_New_Guinea_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Papua_New_Guinea_map.png/220px-Papua_New_Guinea_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Papua_New_Guinea_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Mt. Hagen, Papua New Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p>Social status in the '<a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">Big man</a>' political system is the result of giving larger gifts than one has received. These gifts are of a limited range of goods, primarily pigs and scarce pearl shells from the coast. To return the same amount as one has received in a moka is simply the repayment of a debt, strict reciprocity. Moka is the extra. To some, this represents interest on an investment. However, one is not bound to provide moka, only to repay the debt. One adds moka to the gift to increase one's prestige, and to place the receiver in debt. This constant renewal of the debt relationship keeps the relationship alive. A debt fully paid ends further interaction. Giving more than one receives establishes a reputation as a Big man, whereas the simple repayment of debt, or failure to fully repay, pushes one's reputation towards the other end of the scale, Rubbish man.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Big men are the preferred people to give gifts to, since one has a reasonable chance of repayment with extra. Gift-giving is not altruistic. The extra one receives back can be re-gifted to others, increasing the number of exchange partners, and building a wider network. This wider network returns even more, growing both network size and gift value. Giving a gift to a rubbish man is a waste, since they cannot repay their debt with moka ("interest"). Gift-giving thus becomes a competition between a limited number of high-status men, each of whom tries to give bigger gifts than they received. The networks can grow to encompass several hundred men, each competing with the others, to give the biggest gift to a competitor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion in size of gift and counter-gift, and of the political network it creates, eventually reaches its upper limit set by the carrying capacity of the land, and the ability of followers to husband the pigs. When a Big man is finally unable to repay a gift with moka, he is defeated; however, the winning competitor is now without the "extra" he requires to repay his gifts to his followers, and his reputation also suffers and the expansive network that had been built up starts to crumble. Other Big men now take advantage and the competition for supremacy begins again. </p><p>In the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Ongka%27s_Big_Moka" title="Ongka's Big Moka">Ongka's Big Moka</a></i>, Ongka must try three times before he succeeds in staging his Moka. His gift consists of a truck, 600 pigs, AU$10,000, 8 cows, and 12 <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowaries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reciprocity_vs._redistribution">Reciprocity vs. redistribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reciprocity vs. redistribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>On a very general view, the array of economic transactions in the ethnographic record may be resolved into two types. First, those "vice-versa" movements between two parties known familiarly as 'reciprocity.' The second, centralized movements: collection from members of a group, often under one hand, and redivision with this group. This is 'pooling' or 'redistribution'. On an even more general view, the two types merge. <i>For pooling is an organization of reciprocities, a system of reciprocities</i> - a fact of central bearing on the genesis of large scale redistribution under chiefly aegis.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Sahlins used the example of Moka to distinguish between the principles of <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">redistribution</a>. Reciprocity is a dyadic exchange relationship that can be characterized, imprecisely, as gift-giving. Moka exchange is between two individuals, each of whom aims to give more than they receive. It is thus unlike profit seeking, though that does not make it a gift in the standard sense of the word. Moka exchange is not altruistic. One gives gifts to potential enemies to establish a relationship by placing them in debt. For a relationship to persist, there must be a delay between gift and counter-gift—one or the other party must always be in debt or there is no relationship. Without this debt relationship, there is no reciprocity. This is what distinguishes moka from a "true gift" given with no expectation of return (something Sahlins calls 'generalized reciprocity').<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exchange without expectation of reciprocity is frequently defined as <a href="/wiki/Generalized_exchange" title="Generalized exchange">generalized exchange</a>. </p><p>Redistribution, in contrast, involves the collection of tribute (e.g. tax) by a legitimate authority, who re-allocates it to members of the group. Sahlins refers to this as "pooling". Reciprocity and redistribution are associated by Sahlins with two different types of political system. Reciprocal exchanges, as in Moka, give the Big Man political system its shape. Political relationships are crafted out of the sense of debt created by a Moka gift. The Big Man has influence, but cannot command. Redistribution is common in the chiefly polities of Polynesia, such as Hawai'i, Tonga, and Fiji where those of rank can demand tribute, which they redistribute to their followers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_vs._rank">Status vs. rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Status vs. rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karl Polanyi emphasized that economic exchange in non-market societies is "<a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">embedded</a>" in other social institutions. There is no distinct economic system. Exchanges such as Moka have both economic, kin, religious and political aspects; they must be analyzed holistically, in terms of the <i>institutions</i> (such as Moka) in which it is embedded. Gift exchange thus has a political effect; granting prestige or status to one, and a sense of debt in the other. A political system can be built out of these kinds of status relationships. Sahlins characterizes the difference between status and rank by highlighting that Big man is not a role, but a status shared by many. The Big man is "not a prince OF men", but a "prince among men". The Big man system is based on the ability to persuade, rather than command. It is laboriously built up, yet is highly unstable and inevitably collapses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The redistributive exchanges found in the Polynesian islands, in contrast, are embedded in a kinship system based on <a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">rank</a>. Those who are junior kinsmen are obligated to obey those who are first born. Families of the first born are acknowledged as superior to families of the junior kinsmen, leading to the development of an aristocracy that can command tribute, which they redistribute among followers. The chiefly system is much more stable.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gifts_and_commodities">Gifts and commodities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gifts and commodities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some anthropologists have contrasted "gift economies" from "market economies" as polar opposites, thereby implying that non-market exchange was always altruistic. This opposition was classically expressed by Chris Gregory in his book "Gifts and Commodities" (1982). Gregory argued that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "Commodity exchange is an exchange of <b>alienable</b> objects between people who are in a state of reciprocal <b>independence</b> that establishes a <b>quantitative</b> relationship between the <b>objects</b> exchanged… Gift exchange is an exchange of <b>inalienable</b> objects between people who are in a state of reciprocal <b>dependence</b> that establishes a <b>qualitative</b> relationship between the <b>transactors</b>" (emphasis added.)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gregory contrasts gift and commodity exchange according to five criteria: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Commodity exchange</th> <th>Gift exchange </th></tr> <tr> <td>immediate exchange</td> <td>delayed exchange </td></tr> <tr> <td>alienable goods</td> <td>inalienable goods </td></tr> <tr> <td>actors independent</td> <td>actors dependent </td></tr> <tr> <td>quantitative relationship</td> <td>qualitative relationship </td></tr> <tr> <td>between objects</td> <td>between people </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other anthropologists, however, refused to see these different "<a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_exchange" title="Spheres of exchange">exchange spheres</a>" as such polar opposites. <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a>, writing on a similar area in Papua New Guinea, dismissed the utility of the opposition in "The Gender of the Gift" (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ongka%27s_Big_Moka" title="Ongka's Big Moka">Ongka's Big Moka</a></i> a 1 hr documentary film about Moka made for England's <a href="/wiki/Granada_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada TV">Granada TV</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_World_(TV_series)" title="Disappearing World (TV series)">Disappearing World</a></i> series: dir Charlie Nairn</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></i>, a similar practice among some <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> peoples of west coast <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula</a></i>, a similar practice in the Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a>, a similar practice in the <a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a> Coast of Papua New Guinea</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGregory1982" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, C.A. (1982). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftscommodities1700greg"><i>Gifts and Commodities</i></a></span>. London: Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftscommodities1700greg/page/n32">53</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifts+and+Commodities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftscommodities1700greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlins1963" class="citation journal cs1">Sahlins, Marshall (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729">"Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 285–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729">10.1017/s0010417500001729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145254059">145254059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Poor+Man%2C+Rich+Man%2C+Big-Man%2C+Chief%3A+Political+Types+in+Melanesia+and+Polynesia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-303&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145254059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sahlins&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0010417500001729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1982" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, C.A. (1982). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftscommodities1700greg"><i>Gifts and Commodities</i></a></span>. London: Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftscommodities1700greg/page/n32">53</a>–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifts+and+Commodities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftscommodities1700greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlins1963" class="citation journal cs1">Sahlins, Marshall (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729">"Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. 3. <b>5</b> (3): 291–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729">10.1017/s0010417500001729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145254059">145254059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Poor+Man%2C+Rich+Man%2C+Big-Man%2C+Chief%3A+Political+Types+in+Melanesia+and+Polynesia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-2&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145254059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sahlins&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0010417500001729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlins1972" class="citation book cs1">Sahlins, Marshall (1972). <i>Stone Age Economics</i>. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stone+Age+Economics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Aldine+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sahlins&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1982" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Chris (1982). <i>Gifts and Commodities</i>. London: Academic Press. pp. 189–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifts+and+Commodities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=189-194&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlins1963" class="citation journal cs1">Sahlins, Marshall (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729">"Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. 3. <b>5</b> (3): 294–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729">10.1017/s0010417500001729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145254059">145254059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Poor+Man%2C+Rich+Man%2C+Big-Man%2C+Chief%3A+Political+Types+in+Melanesia+and+Polynesia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=294-7&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145254059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sahlins&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0010417500001729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlins1963" class="citation journal cs1">Sahlins, Marshall (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729">"Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. 3. <b>5</b> (3): 289–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729">10.1017/s0010417500001729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145254059">145254059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Poor+Man%2C+Rich+Man%2C+Big-Man%2C+Chief%3A+Political+Types+in+Melanesia+and+Polynesia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-93&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500001729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145254059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sahlins&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0010417500001729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1982" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Chris (1982). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftscommodities1700greg"><i>Gifts and Commodities</i></a></span>. London: Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftscommodities1700greg/page/n55">100</a>–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifts+and+Commodities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftscommodities1700greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrathern1988" class="citation book cs1">Strathern, Marilyn (1988). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gendergiftproble00stra"><i>The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gendergiftproble00stra/page/n84">143</a>–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gender+of+the+Gift%3A+Problems+with+Women+and+Problems+with+Society+in+Melanesia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=143-7&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Strathern&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgendergiftproble00stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoka+exchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Strathern, Andrew. 1971. The Rope of Moka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>"Ongka's Big Moka: The Kawelka of Papua New Guinea" (DVD) 1976: England's <a href="/wiki/Granada_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada TV">Granada TV</a>'s <i>Disappearing World</i> series: dir Charlie Nairn</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-pacific.com/artifacts/nuguinea/massim/trobkula.htm">Kula, a similar exchange system</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&oldid=1212622778">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moka_exchange&oldid=1212622778</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Culture of Papua New Guinea">Culture of Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropology" title="Category:Economic anthropology">Economic anthropology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 March 2024, at 20:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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