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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Renault+F-Type+engine%22">"Renault F-Type engine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Renault+F-Type+engine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Renault+F-Type+engine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Renault+F-Type+engine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Renault+F-Type+engine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Renault+F-Type+engine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reciprocating internal combustion engine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; padding:4px; text-align:center">Renault F-Type engine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Sport_2.0L_Engine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Renault_Sport_2.0L_Engine.JPG/280px-Renault_Sport_2.0L_Engine.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Renault_Sport_2.0L_Engine.JPG/420px-Renault_Sport_2.0L_Engine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Renault_Sport_2.0L_Engine.JPG/560px-Renault_Sport_2.0L_Engine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C0C0C0">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Production</th><td class="infobox-data">1982–present</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C0C0C0">Layout</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Straight-four_engine" title="Straight-four engine">I4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1.6 L (1,596 cc)</li><li>1.7 L (1,721 cc)</li><li>1.8 L (1,764 cc)</li><li>1.8 L (1,783 cc)</li><li>1.8 L (1,794 cc)</li><li>1.9 L (1,870 cc)</li><li>2.0 L (1,965 cc)</li><li>2.0 L (1,998 cc)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Cylinder bore</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>78 mm (3.07 in)</li><li>80 mm (3.15 in)</li><li>81 mm (3.19 in)</li><li>82 mm (3.23 in)</li><li>82.7 mm (3.26 in)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Piston stroke</a></th><td class="infobox-data">83.5 mm (3.29 in)<br />93 mm (3.66 in)<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">Cylinder block</a> material</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a> material</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum alloy">Aluminum alloy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHC">SOHC</a> 2 valves x cyl.<br /><a href="/wiki/DOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOHC">DOHC</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-valve#Four_valves" title="Multi-valve">4 valves</a> x cyl.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C0C0C0">Combustion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Diesel and sports versions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">Fuel</a> system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carburettor" class="mw-redirect" title="Carburettor">Carburettor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fuel type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Water-cooled</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C0C0C0">Chronology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renault_Cl%C3%A9on-Alu_engine" title="Renault Cléon-Alu engine">Cléon-Alu engine</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Douvrin_engine" title="Douvrin engine">Douvrin engine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renault_K-Type_engine" title="Renault K-Type engine">Renault K-Type engine</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nissan_MR_engine" title="Nissan MR engine">Renault M-Type engine</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Renault_R-Type_engine" title="Renault R-Type engine">Renault R-Type engine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>F Renault engine</b> (F for <i>fonte</i>, French for <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>) is an automotive <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">four-stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inline-four_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-four engine">inline-four engine</a> bored directly into the iron <a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">water cooled</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead camshaft">overhead camshaft</a> driven by a <a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">timing belt</a>, and with an aluminum <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a>, developed and produced by <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> in the early '80s, making its appearance on the <a href="/wiki/Renault_9_and_11" title="Renault 9 and 11">Renault 9 and 11</a>. This engine is available in petrol and diesel versions, with 8 or 16 valves. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Renault Board presented a new 1,596 cc (1.6 L) <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> with 55 PS (40 kW; 54 hp) for the <a href="/wiki/Renault_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 9">Renault 9</a>. Known as "F8M", the new engine was designed by engineer George Douin and his team and broke with tradition by not featuring removable <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_liner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder liner">cylinder liners</a>, thanks to advances in metallurgy that significantly slowed the wear of rubbing mechanical parts. The new four-cylinder unit adopted an overhead camshaft driven by a toothed belt that also controls the <a href="/wiki/Diesel_injection_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel injection pump">diesel injection pump</a>. A second belt rotates the <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a> and water pump, while a vacuum pump located at the rear operates the brake servo. The <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> block is topped by a light alloy cylinder head featuring Ricardo Comet prechambers. The engine is <a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">mounted transversely</a> inclined rearwards 12°. In the autumn of 1983, the diesel was added to the new <a href="/wiki/Renault_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 11">Renault 11</a> hatchback derivative. </p><p>In the autumn of 1983, Renault launched the 1,721 cc (1.7 L) <b>F2N</b> <a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">petrol engine</a>, using the block of the F8M.<sup id="cite_ref-AG106_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG106-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a diesel-type architecture, with <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chambers</a> integrated with the piston design. Since the petrol version does not require water channels in the block, a bigger bore was possible than in the smaller diesel version. It first appeared in twin <a href="/wiki/Carburettor" class="mw-redirect" title="Carburettor">carburettor</a> form in the Renault 11 GTX, TXE, and the TXE Electronic with digital meter and speech synthesis. In February 1984, the F2N was added to the Renault 9 GTX and TXE. This engine was called the <b>B172</b> by <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a>. </p><p>Thereafter, the F8M was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault 5</a> Express (Rapid/Extra), and the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_300_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo 300 series">Volvo 300 series</a>. The F2N was installed in the <a href="/wiki/Renault_21" title="Renault 21">Renault 21</a>, Renault 5, Renault 19, <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a>, Volvo 340/360 and also the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_440/460" title="Volvo 440/460">Volvo 400 series</a> (where it was designated B18KP by Volvo). A version with a single-barrel carburetor was installed in some early <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Renault Trafic</a> models and some R21, called the <b>F1N</b>. The 1,721 cc (1.7 L) petrol version was also built with <a href="/wiki/Multi-point_fuel_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-point fuel injection">multi-point fuel injection</a> as the <b>F3N</b>. This was fitted to the U.S. versions of the Renault 9 and Renault 11 (<a href="/wiki/Renault_Alliance" title="Renault Alliance">Renault Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renault_Encore" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Encore">Encore</a>), as well as to GTE models of the Renault 5 and 11 sold in some countries such as Switzerland and Germany — as the old carburetted turbo <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9on-Fonte_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cléon-Fonte engine">Cléon-Fonte engines</a> no longer met the pollution standards in these countries. </p><p>Volvo built <a href="/wiki/Turbocharged" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbocharged">turbocharged</a> versions of the F2N with multipoint fuel injection (designated "B18FT"), installed in the Volvo 480 Turbo, the 440 Turbo Volvo and Volvo 460 Turbo. These engines are sought after to fit to Renault 5 GT Turbo, Renault 9 Turbo and Renault 11 Turbo. </p><p>Production is centered on Renault's engine manufacturing facility at <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9on" title="Cléon">Cléon</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Renault_F-Type_engine" title="Talk:Renault F-Type engine">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diesel_versions">Diesel versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diesel versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1987, the 1.6D underwent changes to make it more quiet. This F8M second generation was unfortunately weaker at the cylinder head and head gasket. More asbestos was being dropped, which was exacerbated the problems of cylinder head gaskets. Externally, a second generation F8M known by its cylinder head cover 6 which is secured by small screws, while a first generation F8M 3 has closed nuts for securing the valve cover. The housing for the F8M second generation had a non-painted surface around the injection pump, while the first generation F8M had completely black casing. </p><p>In 1988, Renault launched the Renault 19 as the replacement for the Renault 9 and Renault 11. The preceding F8M 1.6 D diesel engine developed 55 bhp (41 kW; 56 PS), but since it was not powerful enough to power the heavier Renault 19, Renault changed the stroke and bore of the 1.6 D, to obtain 1,870 cc (1.9 L) (1.9 D) which gave rise to F8Q which was developing 65 bhp (48 kW; 66 PS). This engine would also eventually be used in the Clio 1, Clio-based Express (Rapid / Extra), Renault 21, Kangoo, Mégane 1 and Trafic 1. A lower powered version producing 55 PS (40 kW; 54 bhp) <a href="/wiki/DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN">DIN</a> was introduced in the 1990s. The second generation F8Q cylinder heads and head-gaskets were problematic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the end of 1988, a turbocharged version of the 1.9 D was sold with the R19 model, which was designated F8QT. It developed 95 bhp (71 kW; 96 PS) DIN. It was also used in the Renault Mégane 1, Volvo 440, Volvo 460, Volvo S40, V40 and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Carisma" title="Mitsubishi Carisma">Mitsubishi Carisma</a>. </p><p>In the autumn of 1997, Renault introduced the 1.9 dT as their first version of the engine with <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine#Types_of_fuel_injection" title="Diesel engine">Direct injection</a>, the 1.9 dTi, designated as engine type F9Q. It was being used in the Mégane 1, Scénic 1, Laguna 1, Kangoo 1, Clio 2, Mitsubishi Carisma and the Volvo S40 and V40. </p><p>In July 1999, the 1.9 dTi was upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail">common rail</a> higher pressure injection. This, the F9Q, was Renault's first dCi engine. It appeared in the Laguna 1 Phase 2. The 1.9 dCi was also used in the Mégane 1 Phase 2, Scénic 1 Phase 2, Laguna 2, Mégane 2, Scénic 2, Espace 3, Espace 4, Trafic 2, Master 2, Volvo S40, Volvo V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki Grand Vitara">Suzuki Grand Vitara</a>, Nissan Primera and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gasoline_versions">Gasoline versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gasoline versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, the Renault 21 2.0 was introduced, with a displacement of 1,965 cc (2.0 L), with F2R using a twin-barrel carburetor and F3R, injection version. The F3R with 1,965 cc (2.0 L) also equipped the Renault Alliance GTA in North America. </p><p>In early 1989 Renault premiered the sports version of the Renault 19, replacing the Renault 9 Turbo and Renault 11 Turbo, although it only went on sale in the second half of 1990. Renault abandoned its 1.4 Cléon-Fonte turbo carburetor in favor of a multi-valve engine with multipoint injection, an evolution of the engine of the 1,721 cc (1.7 L) F2N. The stroke remained the same, but the bore was increased by 1 mm, giving a displacement of 1,764 cc (1.8 L). The cast-iron block was topped by a 16-valve alloy cylinder head.<sup id="cite_ref-QR0189_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QR0189-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, the F7P engine, had 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) and was also used in the Clio 16S from February 1991, replacing the Super 5 GT Turbo. Starting in July 1992, the Clio 16S and 16S R19 were fitted as standard with a <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converter</a> in order to comply with pollution standards applicable from 1 January 1993, losing three horsepower in the process. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Clio Williams">Renault Clio Williams</a> appeared in 1993. This was not only meant to celebrate titles gleaned in <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> with Frank Williams' team, but also to be <a href="/wiki/Homologation_(motorsport)" title="Homologation (motorsport)">homologated for competition</a> (requiring a minimum production of 2,500). In order to run in <a href="/wiki/Group_A" title="Group A">Group A</a>, Renault needed a 2.0-liter engine to be the best equipped in its class. Starting with the F7P engine block from the Renault Clio 16S, Renault developed the 1,998 cc (2.0 L) F7R with 150 PS (110 kW; 148 bhp). The increase in capacity was obtained by boring out the engine by 0.7 mm (0.03 in) and by adopting the diesel engine's <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>, thus increasing the stroke from 83.5 to 93 mm (3.29 to 3.66 in). This stronger crankshaft was also better able to cope with the increased torque, which now reached 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) at 4,500 rpm. The F7R was also used in the Mégane 1 and Renault Spider. </p><p>Starting from 1 January 1993, all car models would be equipped with a fuel injection system and a catalytic converter. Here the F2N of 1,721 cc (1.7 L) saw increased bore and therefore a new cylinder capacity of 1,794 cc (1.8 L). It would be known as the "F3P" on the Renault Clio 1 and 19, and "B18U" on the Volvo 440 and Volvo 460. In contrast, the Renault 21, then at the end of its lifespan retained its 1,721 cc (1.7 L), but with injection (type motor F3N). Volvo would also retain the 1,721 cc (1.7 L) injection (type motor B18EP), alongside the new 1,794 cc (1.8 L). In 1994, the Laguna would be equipped with the F3P engine. </p><p>Volvo also marketed a 1,596 cc (1.6 L) petrol version with multipoint injection, sold as the "B16F" in Volvo nomenclature. It was installed in the Volvo 440 and 460 models. Peculiarly, this engine had the same bore and stroke (and resulting displacement) as the diesel F8M engine. </p><p>Version 8 valves engine F7R 115 PS (85 kW; 113 bhp) would appear on Laguna 1, it was also used in the Mégane 1 and Scenic Area 1 and 3, and was there known as the "F3R." In the Volvo 440, 460 and 480, the engine was known as the "B20F". The new 1,998 cc (2.0 L) F3R replaced the old 1,965 cc (2.0 L) F3R engine. </p><p>The F4P first appeared in 1998, in the Phase 2 model of the first generation <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Laguna</a>. This new 16 valve 1.8 L (1,783 cc) was also used in the first Mégane Scénic and the second generation Laguna. At the same time, the bigger F4R was used in the Laguna and Espace (third generation), with the same engine size as the F7R 1,998 cc (2.0 L) from the Clio Williams. It also ended up in the second and third generation Mégane as well as the second Laguna. The F4P and F4R engines was specifically known by their 16-valve cylinder head, similar to the K4J and K4M versions of <a href="/wiki/Renault_K-Type_engine" title="Renault K-Type engine">K-Type engine</a>. The F4P and F4R engines shared the same distribution kit and water pump of the 16 valved <a href="/wiki/Renault_K-Type_engine" title="Renault K-Type engine">K-Type engines</a> (K4J and K4M). </p><p>In 1999, the F5R engine was introduced. This was an F7R engine, equipped with direct injection. This 16 valve DI engine was used in the Mégane coupé and convertible, as well as the Laguna 2. This was the first produced French petrol engine with direct injection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1999, Renault launched the Clio 2 RS, powered by the 1,998 cc (2.0 L) F4R 16 valve engine with 172 PS (127 kW; 170 bhp). The engine, sourced from the Laguna, was tuned by <a href="/wiki/Mecachrome" title="Mecachrome">Mecachrome</a> and fitted with 2-stage <a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">variable valve timing</a> on the intake cam, matched inlet and exhaust ports and 4-into-1 exhaust headers. In 2001 the Phase 2 F4R received <a href="/wiki/Electronic_throttle_control" title="Electronic throttle control">electronic throttle control</a>. In 2004, the Phase 3 version of the Clio 2 RS gained 10 PS (7 kW; 10 bhp) for a total of 182 PS (134 kW; 180 bhp) using 4-2-1 exhaust headers, changes to the <a href="/wiki/Intake_manifold" class="mw-redirect" title="Intake manifold">intake manifold</a> and exhaust system (the new twin rear mufflers requiring the removal of the spare wheel well in the boot). Power was increased further in 2006 for the Clio 3 RS, now with 197 PS (145 kW; 194 bhp), using further improvements to the intake and exhaust, notably continuously variable valve timing on the intake cam. The output for the Clio was increased again to 203 PS (149 kW; 200 bhp) for the Phase 2 model of the third generation Clio RS. </p><p>The F4R would also be made with a turbo, and then known as the F4Rt. It would equip two Mégane, Laguna 2, Laguna 3 Avantime and Vel Satis, but especially this basis was used for the Mégane 2 RS 225 bhp (228 PS; 168 kW) (230 bhp (233 PS; 172 kW) version of the F1 Team R26 and R26.R. </p><p>The Mégane RS 3 was presented in March 2009 at the Geneva show. It was equipped with the 2.0 16V Turbo block F4Rt the Mégane 2 RS with <a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">variable valve timing</a>, increased to 250 PS (184 kW; 247 bhp). In June 2011, Renault launched a limited edition "RS Trophy 'power increased to 265 PS (195 kW; 261 bhp), followed by a 275 PS (202 kW; 271 bhp) version. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cylinder_capacities">Cylinder capacities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cylinder capacities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Engine types</th> <th>Displacement</th> <th>Bore x stroke </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Diesel </td></tr> <tr> <td>F8M</td> <td>1,596 cc (1.6 L)</td> <td>78 mm × 83.5 mm (3.07 in × 3.29 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>F8Q — F8QT — F9Q</td> <td>1,870 cc (1.9 L)</td> <td>80 mm × 93 mm (3.15 in × 3.66 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Gasoline </td></tr> <tr> <td>B16F</td> <td>1,596 cc (1.6 L)</td> <td>78 mm × 83.5 mm (3.07 in × 3.29 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>F1N — F2N — F3N — B18KP — B18E — B18EP — B18F — B18FT</td> <td>1,721 cc (1.7 L)</td> <td>81 mm × 83.5 mm (3.19 in × 3.29 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>F7P</td> <td>1,764 cc (1.8 L)</td> <td>82 mm × 83.5 mm (3.23 in × 3.29 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>F4P</td> <td>1,783 cc (1.8 L)</td> <td>82.7 mm × 83 mm (3.26 in × 3.27 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>F3P — B18U</td> <td>1,794 cc (1.8 L)</td> <td>82.7 mm × 83.5 mm (3.26 in × 3.29 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>F2R — F3R</td> <td>1,965 cc (2.0 L)</td> <td>82 mm × 93 mm (3.23 in × 3.66 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>F3R — F7R — F5R — F4R — F4RT — B20F</td> <td>1,998 cc (2.0 L)</td> <td>82.7 mm × 93 mm (3.26 in × 3.66 in) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discontinued">Discontinued</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discontinued"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F1x"><span class="anchor" id="F1N"></span>F1x</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: F1x"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>F1x</b> was only available with a displacement of 1.7 L (1,721 cc). It has a parallel valve engine architecture aspirated by a single-barrel carburetor. </p><p>Applications: </p> <ul><li>F1N 1.7 L (1,721 cc; 105.0 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 81 mm × 83.5 mm (3.19 in × 3.29 in). <ul><li>1984–1997 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Renault Trafic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F2x"><span class="anchor" id="F2N"></span><span class="anchor" id="F2R"></span>F2x</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: F2x"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volvo_340_1.7_engine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volvo_340_1.7_engine.JPG/220px-Volvo_340_1.7_engine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volvo_340_1.7_engine.JPG/330px-Volvo_340_1.7_engine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Volvo_340_1.7_engine.JPG/440px-Volvo_340_1.7_engine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The 1,721 cc (1.7 L) F2N engine was called <b>B172</b> when installed in Volvos, here in a <a href="/wiki/Volvo_300_Series" title="Volvo 300 Series">340</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>F2x</b> is an eight-valve <a href="/wiki/SOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHC">SOHC</a> with double-barrel <a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">carburetor</a>. </p><p>Applications: </p> <ul><li>F2N 1.7 L (1,721 cc; 105.0 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 81 mm × 83.5 mm (3.19 in × 3.29 in). <ul><li>1983–1989 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R11" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R11">Renault R11</a></li> <li>1984–1989 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R9">Renault R9</a></li> <li>1986–1995 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R21" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R21">Renault R21</a></li> <li>1988–1996 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R19" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R19">Renault R19</a></li> <li>1990–1997 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a></li> <li>1985–1990 <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault Super 5</a></li> <li>1987–1990 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_300_Series" title="Volvo 300 Series">Volvo 340/360</a></li></ul></li> <li>F2R 2.0 L (1,965 cc; 119.9 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82 mm × 93 mm (3.23 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>1986–1993 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R21" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R21">Renault R21</a> (No official Renault references known, some says 90 PS (66 kW; 89 bhp), others 102 PS (75 kW; 101 bhp)).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F3x"><span class="anchor" id="F3N"></span><span class="anchor" id="F3P"></span><span class="anchor" id="F3R"></span>F3x</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: F3x"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_F3R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_F3R.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_F3R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_F3R.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_F3R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_F3R.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_F3R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An F3R engine, installed in a Moskvitch 214145 "Svyatogor"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>F3x</b> is mechanically similar to the <i>F2x</i>, only used a monopoint-<a href="/wiki/Electronic_fuel-injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic fuel-injection">EFI</a> system. Some later versions were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Multi-point_fuel_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-point fuel injection">multi-point fuel injection</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharged</a> version designed by <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> was available for the Volvo 400-series. </p><p>Applications: </p> <ul><li>F3N 1.7 L (1,721 cc; 105.0 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 81 mm × 83.5 mm (3.19 in × 3.29 in). <ul><li>1985–1989 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R11" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R11">Renault R11</a></li> <li>1985–1989 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R9">Renault R9</a></li> <li>1986–1995 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R21" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R21">Renault R21</a></li> <li>1988–2000 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R19" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R19">Renault R19</a></li> <li>1985–1993 <a href="/wiki/Renault_5#Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault Super 5</a></li> <li>1985–1987 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Alliance" title="Renault Alliance">Renault Alliance/Encore</a> (USA & Canada TBI only)</li> <li>1986–1992 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_440/460" title="Volvo 440/460">Volvo 440/460</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_480" title="Volvo 480">Volvo 480</a></li></ul></li> <li>F3P 1.8 L (1,794 cc; 109.5 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82.7 mm × 83.5 mm (3.26 in × 3.29 in). <ul><li>1988–2000 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R19" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R19">Renault R19</a></li> <li>1992–1997 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a> RSi</li> <li>1994–1999 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> I</li> <li>1993–1996 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_440/460" title="Volvo 440/460">Volvo 440/460</a></li></ul></li> <li>F3R 2.0 L (1,965 cc; 119.9 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82 mm × 93 mm (3.23 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>1987– <a href="/wiki/Renault_Alliance#GTA" title="Renault Alliance">Renault Alliance GTA</a> Special F3R Variant of F3N for 1987 Spec USA GTA only.</li></ul></li> <li>F3R 2.0 L (1,998 cc; 121.9 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82.7 mm × 93 mm (3.26 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>1993–1996 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_440/460" title="Volvo 440/460">Volvo 440/460</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_480" title="Volvo 480">Volvo 480</a></li> <li>1994–2001 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> I</li> <li>1996–2000 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#III" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace III</a></li> <li>1996–2002 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a></li> <li>1998–2002 <a href="/wiki/Aleko" title="Aleko">Moskvitch 214145 "Svyatogor"</a> (Russia only)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F5x"><span class="anchor" id="F5R"></span>F5x</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: F5x"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>F5x</b> resembles the <i>F4x</i> mechanically with an architecture of 16 <a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">indirect actuated</a> valves and <a href="/wiki/DOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOHC">DOHC</a>, but used a "<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection IDE</a>" fuel system. It was only offered in a 2-liter version. </p><p>Applications: </p> <ul><li>F5R 2.0 L (1,998 cc; 121.9 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82.7 mm × 93 mm (3.26 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>1999–2003 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a></li> <li>2001–2003 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> II</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F7x"><span class="anchor" id="F7P"></span><span class="anchor" id="F7R"></span>F7x</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: F7x"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>F7x</b> was the first of the F-type engine family with a 16-valve <a href="/wiki/DOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOHC">DOHC</a> configuration, the valves were <a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">directly actuated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_tappet" title="Hydraulic tappet">Hydraulic tappets</a>. Both the 1.8 and the 2.0-litre versions were equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Multi-point_fuel_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-point fuel injection">multi-point fuel injection</a> system. </p><p>Applications: </p> <ul><li>F7P 1.8 L (1,764 cc; 107.6 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82 mm × 83.5 mm (3.23 in × 3.29 in). <ul><li>1988–1997 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R19" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R19">Renault R19</a></li> <li>1991–1996 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a></li></ul></li> <li>F7R 2.0 L (1,998 cc; 121.9 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82.7 mm × 93 mm (3.26 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>1993–1996 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Clio Williams">Renault Clio Williams</a></li> <li>1996–1999 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a></li> <li>1995–1999 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport_Spider" title="Renault Sport Spider">Renault Sport Spider</a></li> <li>1999–2001 <a href="/wiki/Moskvitch_2142" title="Moskvitch 2142">Moskvitch 214242 "Ivan Kalita"</a> (Russia only)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F8x"><span class="anchor" id="F8M"></span><span class="anchor" id="F8Q"></span>F8x</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: F8x"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>F8x</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Indirect_injection" title="Indirect injection">indirect injected</a> Diesel version and has an 8-valve <a href="/wiki/SOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHC">SOHC</a> architecture, it uses <a href="/wiki/Indirect_injection#Precombustion_chamber" title="Indirect injection">precombustion chambers</a> to achieve the required air/fuel mixing. </p><p>Applications: </p> <ul><li>F8M 1.6 L (1,596 cc; 97.39 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 78 mm × 83.5 mm (3.07 in × 3.29 in). <ul><li>1982–1989 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R9">Renault R9</a></li> <li>1983–1989 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R11" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R11">Renault R11</a></li> <li>1985–1996 <a href="/wiki/Renault_5#Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault Super 5</a></li> <li>1986–1994 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Express" title="Renault Express">Renault Express/Rapid/Extra</a></li> <li>1984–1990 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_300_Series" title="Volvo 300 Series">Volvo 340/360</a> ("Volvo D16")</li></ul></li> <li>F8Q 1.9 L (1,870 cc; 114.1 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 80 mm × 93 mm (3.15 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>1991–2000 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Express" title="Renault Express">Renault Express/Rapid/Extra</a></li> <li>1988–2000 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R19" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R19">Renault R19</a></li> <li>1990–1995 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R21" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R21">Renault R21</a></li> <li>1991–2001 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a></li> <li>1995–2002 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a></li> <li>1996–2003 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a></li> <li>1997–2001 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Renault Trafic</a></li> <li>2002–2006 <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Gamma">Dacia Pick-Up</a></li> <li>2003–2005 <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Solenza" title="Dacia Solenza">Dacia Solenza</a></li> <li>1994–1998 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Carisma" title="Mitsubishi Carisma">Mitsubishi Carisma</a></li> <li>2001–2004 <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny#Second" title="Suzuki Jimny">Suzuki Samurai</a> (built by <a href="/wiki/Santana_Motor" title="Santana Motor">Santana</a>)</li> <li>1994–1996 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_440" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo 440">Volvo 440</a>/460</li> <li>1995–2000 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_S40" title="Volvo S40">Volvo S40</a>/V40</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F9x"><span class="anchor" id="F9Q"></span><span class="anchor" id="F9x"></span>F9x</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: F9x"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>F9x</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection#Diesel_engines" title="Fuel injection">direct injected Diesel</a> version and also features an 8-valve <a href="/wiki/SOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHC">SOHC</a> configuration, it has <a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">swirl generating</a> intake ports to create swirling (<a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a>) of the aspirated air, and either a <a href="/wiki/Toroid" title="Toroid">toroidal-</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Elsbett" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsbett">elsbett</a>-shaped piston bowl to twist the injected fuel vapour, also to achieve the required air/fuel mixing. The <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> is delivered either by a mechanical injection pump (dTi) or a <a href="/wiki/Common_rail" title="Common rail">common rail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> (dCi) installation. </p><p>Applications: </p> <ul><li>F9Q 1.9 L (1,870 cc; 114.1 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 80 mm × 93 mm (3.15 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>1995–2012 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a></li> <li>1999–2002 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace#III" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace III</a></li> <li>1996–2003 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a> I</li> <li>1997–2010 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Master" title="Renault Master">Renault Master</a></li> <li>1997–2001 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> I</li> <li>1998–2004 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Carisma" title="Mitsubishi Carisma">Mitsubishi Carisma</a></li> <li>1998–2004 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Spacestar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Spacestar">Mitsubishi Spacestar</a></li> <li>2000–2004 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_S40/V40" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo S40/V40">Volvo S40/V40</a></li> <li>2001–2005 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> II</li> <li>2000–2002 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a></li> <li>2001–2006 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Renault Trafic</a> II</li> <li>2001–2006 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Vauxhall Vivaro</a></li> <li>2001–2006 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Opel Vivaro</a></li> <li>2002–2005 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Nissan Interstar X70</a></li> <li>2002–2008 <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Primera" title="Nissan Primera">Nissan Primera P12</a></li> <li>2002–2006 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Nissan Primastar</a></li> <li>2003–2009 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a> II</li> <li>2005–2015 <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Grand_Vitara" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki Grand Vitara">Suzuki Grand Vitara</a></li> <li>2009–2011 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a> III</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_production">In production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F4x"><span class="anchor" id="F4P"></span><span class="anchor" id="F4R"></span>F4x</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: F4x"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>F4x</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">indirect actuated</a> 16-valve <a href="/wiki/DOHC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOHC">DOHC</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Multi-point_fuel_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-point fuel injection">multi-point fuel injection</a> system. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo_2.JPG/220px-Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo_2.JPG/330px-Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo_2.JPG/440px-Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Twin-scroll_turbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-scroll turbo">Twin-scroll turbo</a> on the F4Rt engine</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>F4P 1.8 L (1,783 cc; 108.8 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82.7 mm × 83 mm (3.26 in × 3.27 in). <ul><li>1998–2001 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> I</li> <li>2001–2005 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> II</li> <li>2002–2005 <a href="/wiki/Proton_Waja" title="Proton Waja">Proton Waja</a> 1.8L</li></ul></li> <li>F4R 2.0 L (1,998 cc; 121.9 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82.7 mm × 93 mm (3.26 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>1998–2000 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> I</li> <li>2002–2007 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> II</li> <li>2003–2009 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a></li> <li>2003–2008/11 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a></li> <li>2000–2003 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic_RX4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault Scénic RX4 (page does not exist)">Renault Scénic RX4</a></li> <li>1998–2014 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a></li> <li>2000–2012 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio_Renault_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Clio Renault Sport">Renault Clio Renault Sport</a> (172, 182, 197 and 200)</li> <li>2001–2014 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trafic" title="Renault Trafic">Renault Trafic</a> (120)</li> <li>2000–2020 <a href="/wiki/Formula_Renault#2.0" title="Formula Renault">Formula Renault 2.0</a></li> <li>2010– <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Duster" title="Dacia Duster">Dacia Duster</a></li> <li>2013– <a href="/wiki/Praga_R1" title="Praga R1">Praga R1</a></li> <li>2014– <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermini_Seiottosei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermini Seiottosei (page does not exist)">Ermini Seiottosei</a></li> <li>2015/09–2021/12 <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Sandero" title="Dacia Sandero">Renault Sandero R.S. 2.0</a></li> <li>2017–2022 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Captur" title="Renault Captur">Renault Captur</a> (Brazil, Russia)</li></ul></li> <li>F4Rt 2.0 L (1,998 cc; 121.9 cu in), <a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">B</a> x <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">S</a>: 82.7 mm × 93 mm (3.26 in × 3.66 in). <ul><li>2002–2003 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Avantime" title="Renault Avantime">Renault Avantime</a></li> <li>2002–2009 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Vel_Satis" title="Renault Vel Satis">Renault Vel Satis</a></li> <li>2002–2014 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a></li> <li>2002–2007 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> II — Twin-scroll turbo by <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> with 165–180 hp (with overboost 190 hp on TCe 180) <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003–2009 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a> II — Twin-scroll turbo by <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> with 165–180 hp (with overboost 190 hp on TCe 180)</li> <li>2003–2009 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a> II Sport 225 bhp (168 kW; 228 PS)/230 bhp (172 kW; 233 PS)</li> <li>2005–2007 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> II GT 205 bhp (153 kW; 208 PS)</li> <li>2007–2015 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> III 170 bhp (127 kW; 172 PS)</li> <li>2008–2015 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna</a> III GT 205 bhp (153 kW; 208 PS)</li> <li>2009–2017 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane_RS#Mégane_Renault_Sport_II_(based_on_Third_generation_Mégane;_2010–2016)" title="Renault Mégane RS">Renault Mégane R.S.</a> 250 PS (184 kW; 247 bhp)/265 PS (195 kW; 261 bhp)/275 PS (202 kW; 271 bhp)</li> <li>2010–2017 <a href="/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane" title="Renault Mégane">Renault Mégane</a> III TCe 180<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Renault_F-Type_engines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Renault F-Type engines">Renault F-Type engines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cleon-fonte.forumactif.com/t4737-moteur-f-son-histoire">Moteur F: son histoire</a> sur <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cleon-fonte.forumactif.com">http://cleon-fonte.forumactif.com</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AG106-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AG106_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="AG106" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verhelle, Tony (1983-10-13). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Renault+M%C3%A9gane+Coupe&rft.pub=Carfolio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carfolio.com%2Fspecifications%2Fmodels%2Fcar%2F%3Fcar%3D215039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenault+F-Type+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&oldid=1271414334">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renault_F-Type_engine&oldid=1271414334</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Renault_engines" title="Category:Renault engines">Renault engines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nissan_engines" title="Category:Nissan engines">Nissan engines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suzuki_engines" title="Category:Suzuki engines">Suzuki engines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mitsubishi_Motors_engines" title="Category:Mitsubishi Motors engines">Mitsubishi Motors engines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volvo_engines" title="Category:Volvo engines">Volvo engines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proton_engines" title="Category:Proton engines">Proton engines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Straight-four_engines" title="Category:Straight-four engines">Straight-four engines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diesel_engines_by_model" title="Category:Diesel engines by model">Diesel engines by model</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gasoline_engines_by_model" title="Category:Gasoline engines by model">Gasoline engines by model</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Flemish-language_sources_(nl-be)" title="Category:CS1 Flemish-language sources (nl-be)">CS1 Flemish-language sources (nl-be)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2010" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2010">Articles needing additional references from February 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 January 2025, at 23:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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