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id="toc-Single_overhead_camshaft_(SOHC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_overhead_camshaft_(SOHC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Single overhead camshaft (SOHC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_overhead_camshaft_(SOHC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_overhead_camshaft_(DOHC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_overhead_camshaft_(DOHC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dual overhead camshaft (DOHC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_overhead_camshaft_(DOHC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timing_belt_/_timing_chain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing_belt_/_timing_chain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Timing belt / timing chain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing_belt_/_timing_chain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gear_train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gear_train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gear train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gear_train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_camshaft_drive_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_camshaft_drive_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other camshaft drive systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_camshaft_drive_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900–1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1900–1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919–1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919–1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1919–1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919–1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1945–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonokas" title="Bonokas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bonokas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_OHC" title="Motor OHC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motor OHC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_Head_Camshaft" title="Over Head Camshaft – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Over Head Camshaft" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHC-Ventilsteuerung" title="OHC-Ventilsteuerung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OHC-Ventilsteuerung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_con_%C3%A1rbol_de_levas_en_cabeza" title="Motor con árbol de levas en cabeza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motor con árbol de levas en cabeza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="میل‌سوپاپ بالاسری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میل‌سوپاپ بالاسری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur_%C3%A0_arbre_%C3%A0_cames_en_t%C3%AAte" title="Moteur à arbre à cames en tête – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur à arbre à cames en tête" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B2%84%ED%97%A4%EB%93%9C_%EC%BA%A0%EC%83%A4%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="오버헤드 캠샤프트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오버헤드 캠샤프트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_poros_bubungan_atas" title="Mesin poros bubungan atas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin poros bubungan atas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci_sesondol_atas" title="Aci sesondol atas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aci sesondol atas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovenliggende_nokkenas" title="Bovenliggende nokkenas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bovenliggende nokkenas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overliggende_kamaksel" title="Overliggende kamaksel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overliggende kamaksel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Overhead camshaft engine" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHC" title="OHC – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OHC" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHC" title="OHC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="OHC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHC" title="OHC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="OHC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozvod_OHC" title="Rozvod OHC – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozvod OHC" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventil_(maskindel)" title="Ventil (maskindel) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ventil (maskindel)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A" title="เพลาลูกเบี้ยวเดี่ยวเหนือสูบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพลาลูกเบี้ยวเดี่ยวเหนือสูบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cstten_eksantrikli_motor" title="Üstten eksantrikli motor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üstten eksantrikli motor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Верхній розподільний вал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верхній розподільний вал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_c%E1%BA%A5u_ph%E1%BB%91i_kh%C3%AD_tr%E1%BB%A5c_cam_tr%C3%AAn_%C4%91%E1%BB%89nh" title="Cơ cấu phối khí trục cam trên đỉnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ cấu phối khí trục cam trên đỉnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"OHC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ohc_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ohc (disambiguation)">Ohc</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_D15A3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Head_D15A3.JPG/250px-Head_D15A3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Head_D15A3.JPG/330px-Head_D15A3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Head_D15A3.JPG/500px-Head_D15A3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>OHC cylinder head (for a 1987 <a href="/wiki/Honda_D_engine#D15A3" title="Honda D engine">Honda D15A3</a> engine)</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>overhead camshaft</b> (<b>OHC</b>) <b>engine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engine</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stoakes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoakes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with earlier <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead valve engines">overhead valve engines</a> (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combustion chamber in the <a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">engine block</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Single overhead camshaft</i> (SOHC) engines have one camshaft per <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank of cylinders</a>. <i>Dual overhead camshaft</i> (DOHC, also known as "twin-cam"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) engines have two camshafts per bank. The first production car to use a DOHC engine was built in 1910. Use of DOHC engines slowly increased from the 1940s, leading to many automobiles by the early 2000s using DOHC engines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an OHC engine, the camshaft is located at the top of the engine, above the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>. This contrasts the earlier <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">overhead valve engine</a> (OHV) and <a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">flathead engine</a> configurations, where the camshaft is located down in the <a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">engine block</a>. The valves in both OHC and OHV engines are located above the combustion chamber; however an OHV engine requires <a href="/wiki/Pushrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushrod">pushrods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">rocker arms</a> to transfer the motion from the camshaft up to the valves, whereas an OHC engine has the valves directly actuated by the camshaft. </p><p>Compared with OHV engines with the same number of valves, there are fewer reciprocating components and less valvetrain inertia in an OHC engine. This reduced inertia in OHC engines results in less <a href="/wiki/Valve_float" title="Valve float">valve float</a> at higher engine speeds (RPM).<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A downside is that the system used to drive the camshaft (usually a timing chain in modern engines) is more complex in an OHC engine, such as the 4-chain valvetrain of the Audi 3.2 or the 2 meter chain on Ford cammers. Another disadvantage of OHC engines is that during engine repairs where the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a> is required, the camshaft <a href="/wiki/Engine_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine timing">engine timing</a> needs to be reset. In addition, an OHC engine has a large cylinder head to accommodate the camshaft or an extra set of valves to increase the <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_efficiency" title="Volumetric efficiency">volumetric efficiency</a>, so that with the same displacement as an OHV engine, the OHC engine will end up being the physically larger of the two mostly due to the enlarged cylinder head. </p><p>The other main advantage of OHC engines is that there is greater flexibility to optimise the size, location and shape of the intake and exhaust ports, since there are no pushrods that need to be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This improves the gas flow through the engine, increasing power output and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_overhead_camshaft_(SOHC)"><span id="Single_overhead_camshaft_.28SOHC.29"></span>Single overhead camshaft (SOHC) <span class="anchor" id="SOHC"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Single overhead camshaft (SOHC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg/250px-Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg/330px-Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg/500px-Dolomite_Sprint_Valves_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>SOHC design (for a 1973 <a href="/wiki/Triumph_slant-four_engine#Sprint_16-valve_engine" title="Triumph slant-four engine">Triumph Dolomite Sprint</a>) </figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest configuration of overhead camshaft engine is the <i>single overhead camshaft</i> (SOHC) design.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A SOHC engine has one camshaft per bank of cylinders, therefore a <a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">straight engine</a> has a total of one camshaft and a <a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V engine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">flat engine</a> has a total of two camshafts (one for each cylinder bank). </p><p>Most SOHC engines have 2 valves per cylinder (sometimes 3 or 4), 1 intake valve and one exhaust valve.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motion of the camshaft is usually transferred to the valves either directly (using a tappet) or indirectly via a <a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">rocker arm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_overhead_camshaft_(DOHC)"><span id="Dual_overhead_camshaft_.28DOHC.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="DOHC"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dual_overhead_camshaft"></span><span class="anchor" id="Twin_cam"></span> Dual overhead camshaft (DOHC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dual overhead camshaft (DOHC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg/220px-DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg/330px-DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg/440px-DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>DOHC design (for a V12 engine)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>dual overhead cam</i>, <i>double overhead cam</i>, or <i>twin-cam</i> engine has two camshafts over each bank of the cylinder head,<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stoakes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoakes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one for the intake valves and another for the exhaust valves. Therefore there are two camshafts for a straight engine and a total of four camshafts for a V engine or a flat engine. </p><p>A V engine or flat engine requires four camshafts to function as a DOHC engine, since having two camshafts in total would result in only a single camshaft per cylinder bank for these engine layouts. Some V engines with four camshafts have been marketed as "quad-cam" engines,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however technically "quad-cam" would require four camshafts per cylinder bank (i.e. eight camshafts in total), therefore these engines are merely <i>dual overhead camshaft</i> engines. </p><p>Many DOHC engines have 4 valves per cylinder (sometimes 5, <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> for instance).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camshaft usually operates the valves directly via a bucket <a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">tappet</a>. A DOHC design permits a wider angle between intake and exhaust valves than in SOHC engines, which improves the air-fuel mixture's flow through the engine. A further benefit is that the spark plug can be placed at the optimum location, which in turn improves <a href="/wiki/Combustion_efficiency" title="Combustion efficiency">combustion efficiency</a>. Another newer benefit of DOHC engine design is the ability to independently change/phase the timing between each camshaft and the crankshaft. This affords better fuel economy by allowing a broader torque curve. Although each major manufacturer has their own trade name for their specific system of variable cam phasing systems, overall they are all classified as <a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">variable valve timing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing_belt_/_timing_chain"><span id="Timing_belt_.2F_timing_chain"></span>Timing belt / timing chain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timing belt / timing chain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt (camshaft)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replacing_a_timing_belt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Replacing_a_timing_belt.jpg/250px-Replacing_a_timing_belt.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Replacing_a_timing_belt.jpg/330px-Replacing_a_timing_belt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Replacing_a_timing_belt.jpg/500px-Replacing_a_timing_belt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>Rubber timing belt during installation</figcaption></figure> <p>The rotation of a camshaft is driven by a <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>. Many 21st century engines use a toothed <i>timing belt</i> made from rubber and kevlar to drive the camshaft.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dansmc.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dansmc.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timing belts are inexpensive, produce minimal noise and have no need for lubrication.<sup id="cite_ref-Decker_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 93">: 93 </span></sup> A disadvantage of timing belts is the need for regular replacement of the belt;<sup id="cite_ref-Decker_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 94">: 94 </span></sup> recommended belt life typically varies between approximately 50,000–100,000 km (31,000–62,000 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Decker_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 94–95">: 94–95 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorries_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorries-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 250">: 250 </span></sup> If the timing belt is not replaced in time and fails and the engine is an <a href="/wiki/Interference_engine" title="Interference engine">interference engine</a>, major engine damage is possible. </p><p>The first known automotive application of timing belts to drive overhead camshafts was the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Devin#Devin_Enterprises" title="Bill Devin">Devin-Panhard</a> racing specials built for the SCCA H-modified racing series in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Pace&Brinker_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pace&Brinker-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62">: 62 </span></sup> These engines were based on Panhard OHV flat-twin engines, which were converted to SOHC engines using components from Norton motorcycle engines.<sup id="cite_ref-Pace&Brinker_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pace&Brinker-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62">: 62 </span></sup> The first production car to use a timing belt was the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Glas_1004" title="Glas 1004">Glas 1004</a> compact coupe.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another camshaft drive method commonly used on modern engines is a <i>timing chain</i>, constructed from one or two rows of metal <a href="/wiki/Roller_chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller chains">roller chains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dansmc.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dansmc.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1960s most production automobile overhead camshaft designs used chains to drive the camshaft(s).<sup id="cite_ref-Boddy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boddy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Timing chains do not usually require replacement at regular intervals, however the disadvantage is that they are noisier than timing belts.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorries_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorries-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 253">: 253 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gear_train">Gear train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gear train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gear train</a> system between the crankshaft and the camshaft is commonly used in diesel overhead camshaft engines used in heavy trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gear trains are not commonly used in engines for light trucks or automobiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_camshaft_drive_systems">Other camshaft drive systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other camshaft drive systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton_No66,_pic-003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Norton_No66%2C_pic-003.JPG/250px-Norton_No66%2C_pic-003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Norton_No66%2C_pic-003.JPG/330px-Norton_No66%2C_pic-003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Norton_No66%2C_pic-003.JPG/500px-Norton_No66%2C_pic-003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Norton motorcycle engine with a <a href="/wiki/Bevel_gear" title="Bevel gear">bevel</a> shaft-driven camshaft</figcaption></figure> <p>Several OHC engines up until the 1950s used a shaft with <a href="/wiki/Bevel_gear" title="Bevel gear">bevel gears</a> to drive the camshaft. Examples include the 1908–1911 <a href="/wiki/Maudslay_Motor_Company" title="Maudslay Motor Company">Maudslay 25/30</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Culshaw_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culshaw-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Bentley_3_Litre" title="Bentley 3 Litre">Bentley 3 Litre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1917-? <a href="/wiki/Liberty_L-12" title="Liberty L-12">Liberty L-12</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1929-1932 <a href="/wiki/MG_M-type" title="MG M-type">MG Midget</a>, the 1925-1948 <a href="/wiki/Velocette#Velocette_'K'_series" title="Velocette">Velocette K series</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1931-1957 <a href="/wiki/Norton_International" title="Norton International">Norton International</a> and the 1947-1962 <a href="/wiki/Norton_Manx" title="Norton Manx">Norton Manx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent times, the 1950-1974 <a href="/wiki/Ducati_singles" title="Ducati singles">Ducati Single</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1973-1980 <a href="/wiki/Ducati_L-twin_engine" title="Ducati L-twin engine">Ducati L-twin engine</a>, 1999-2007 <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_W650" title="Kawasaki W650">Kawasaki W650</a> and 2011-2016 <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_W800" title="Kawasaki W800">Kawasaki W800</a> motorcycle engines have used bevel shafts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crosley" title="Crosley">Crosley</a> four cylinder was the last automotive engine to use the shaft tower design to drive the camshaft, from 1946 to 1952; the rights to the Crosley engine format were bought by a few different companies, including <a href="/wiki/General_Tire" title="General Tire">General Tire</a> in 1952, followed by <a href="/wiki/Fageol" title="Fageol">Fageol</a> in 1955, Crofton in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Homelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelite">Homelite</a> in 1961, and <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher Pierce">Fisher Pierce</a> in 1966, after Crosley closed the automotive factory doors, and they continued to produce the same engine for several more years. </p><p>A camshaft drive using three sets of cranks and rods in parallel was used in the 1920–1923 <a href="/wiki/Leyland_Eight" title="Leyland Eight">Leyland Eight</a> luxury car built in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WBMarch74_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBMarch74-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar system was used in the 1926-1930 <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Speed_Six" title="Bentley Speed Six">Bentley Speed Six</a> and the 1930-1932 <a href="/wiki/Bentley_8_Litre" title="Bentley 8 Litre">Bentley 8 Litre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WBMarch74_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBMarch74-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A two-rod system with counterweights at both ends was used by many models of the 1958-1973 <a href="/wiki/NSU_Prinz" title="NSU Prinz">NSU Prinz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boddy_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boddy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16-18">: 16-18 </span></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1914"><span id="1900.E2.80.931914"></span>1900–1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1900–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the first overhead camshaft engines were the 1902 <a href="/wiki/Maudslay_Motor_Company" title="Maudslay Motor Company">Maudslay</a> SOHC engine built in the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-Culshaw_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culshaw-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 210">: 210 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boddy_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boddy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 906">: 906 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1903 <a href="/wiki/Marr_(automobile)" title="Marr (automobile)">Marr Auto Car</a> SOHC engine built in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Marr_Auto_Car_Company_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marr_Auto_Car_Company-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kimes_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimes-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first DOHC engine was a Peugeot inline-four racing engine which powered the car that won the <a href="/wiki/1912_French_Grand_Prix" title="1912 French Grand Prix">1912 French Grand Prix</a>. Another Peugeot with a DOHC engine won the <a href="/wiki/1913_French_Grand_Prix" title="1913 French Grand Prix">1913 French Grand Prix</a>, followed by the <i>Mercedes-Benz 18/100 GP</i> with an SOHC engine winning the <a href="/wiki/1914_French_Grand_Prix" title="1914 French Grand Prix">1914 French Grand Prix</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Isotta_Fraschini_Tipo_KM" title="Isotta Fraschini Tipo KM">Isotta Fraschini Tipo KM</a>— built in Italy from 1910–1914— was one of the first production cars to use an SOHC engine.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napier_Lion_cambox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Napier_Lion_cambox.jpg/250px-Napier_Lion_cambox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Napier_Lion_cambox.jpg/330px-Napier_Lion_cambox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Napier_Lion_cambox.jpg/500px-Napier_Lion_cambox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>DOHC cylinder head of a 1917–1930 <a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Napier Lion</a> aircraft engine</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War I, both the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>; specifically those of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a></i> air forces, sought to quickly apply the overhead camshaft technology of motor racing engines to military aircraft engines. The SOHC engine from the <i>Mercedes 18/100 GP</i> car (which won the 1914 French Grand Prix) became the starting point for both Mercedes' and Rolls-Royce's aircraft engines. Mercedes created a series of six-cylinder engines which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_D.III" title="Mercedes D.III">Mercedes D.III</a>. Rolls-Royce reversed-engineered the Mercedes cylinder head design based on a racing car left in England at the beginning of the war, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Eagle" title="Rolls-Royce Eagle">Rolls-Royce Eagle</a> V12 engine. Other SOHC designs included the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_8" title="Hispano-Suiza 8">Hispano-Suiza 8</a> V8 engine (with a fully enclosed-drivetrain), the American <a href="/wiki/Liberty_L-12" title="Liberty L-12">Liberty L-12</a> V12 engine, which closely followed the later Mercedes D.IIIa design's partly-exposed SOHC valvetrain design; and the <a href="/wiki/Max_Friz" title="Max Friz">Max Friz</a>-designed; German <a href="/wiki/BMW_IIIa" title="BMW IIIa">BMW IIIa</a> straight-six engine. The DOHC <a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Napier Lion</a> W12 engine was built in Great Britain beginning in 1918. </p><p>Most of these engines used a shaft to transfer drive from the crankshaft up to the camshaft at the top of the engine. Large aircraft engines— particularly air-cooled engines— experienced considerable thermal expansion, causing the height of the cylinder block to vary during operating conditions. This expansion caused difficulties for pushrod engines, so an overhead camshaft engine using a shaft drive with sliding spline was the easiest way to allow for this expansion. These bevel shafts were usually in an external tube outside the block, and were known as "tower shafts".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispano_Suiza_8_A_Brussel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1914–1918 Hispano-Suiza 8A SOHC aircraft engine"><img alt="1914–1918 Hispano-Suiza 8A SOHC aircraft engine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hispano_Suiza_8_A_Brussel.jpg/330px-Hispano_Suiza_8_A_Brussel.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hispano_Suiza_8_A_Brussel.jpg/500px-Hispano_Suiza_8_A_Brussel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hispano_Suiza_8_A_Brussel.jpg/960px-Hispano_Suiza_8_A_Brussel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="1204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1914–1918 <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_8" title="Hispano-Suiza 8">Hispano-Suiza 8A</a> SOHC aircraft engine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispano-suiza-V8_220PS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1914–1918 Hispano-Suiza 8Be SOHC aircraft engine with "tower shafts" at the rear of each cylinder bank"><img alt="1914–1918 Hispano-Suiza 8Be SOHC aircraft engine with "tower shafts" at the rear of each cylinder bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hispano-suiza-V8_220PS.jpg/330px-Hispano-suiza-V8_220PS.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hispano-suiza-V8_220PS.jpg/500px-Hispano-suiza-V8_220PS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Hispano-suiza-V8_220PS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1914–1918 <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_8" title="Hispano-Suiza 8">Hispano-Suiza 8Be</a> SOHC aircraft engine with "tower shafts" at the rear of each cylinder bank</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Later_Mercedes_D_III_Valvetrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Later production (1917-18) Mercedes D.III upper valvetrain details sketch, its design features copied by the BMW III and the Allied Liberty L-12 engines"><img alt="Later production (1917-18) Mercedes D.III upper valvetrain details sketch, its design features copied by the BMW III and the Allied Liberty L-12 engines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Later_Mercedes_D_III_Valvetrain.jpg/441px-Later_Mercedes_D_III_Valvetrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Later_Mercedes_D_III_Valvetrain.jpg/661px-Later_Mercedes_D_III_Valvetrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Later_Mercedes_D_III_Valvetrain.jpg/882px-Later_Mercedes_D_III_Valvetrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Later production (1917-18) <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_D.III" title="Mercedes D.III">Mercedes D.III</a> upper valvetrain details sketch, its design features copied by the <a href="/wiki/BMW_III" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW III">BMW III</a> and the Allied <a href="/wiki/Liberty_L-12" title="Liberty L-12">Liberty L-12</a> engines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_L-12-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail closeup of a Liberty L-12's upper valvetrain, showing the similarity to the later-production Mercedes design"><img alt="Detail closeup of a Liberty L-12's upper valvetrain, showing the similarity to the later-production Mercedes design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Liberty_L-12-2.jpg/250px-Liberty_L-12-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Liberty_L-12-2.jpg/330px-Liberty_L-12-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Liberty_L-12-2.jpg/500px-Liberty_L-12-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail closeup of a <a href="/wiki/Liberty_L-12" title="Liberty L-12">Liberty L-12</a>'s upper valvetrain, showing the similarity to the later-production Mercedes design </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919–1944"><span id="1919.E2.80.931944"></span>1919–1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1919–1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1933_Bugatti_Type_59_Grand_Prix_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1933_Bugatti_Type_59_Grand_Prix_engine.jpg/250px-1933_Bugatti_Type_59_Grand_Prix_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1933_Bugatti_Type_59_Grand_Prix_engine.jpg/330px-1933_Bugatti_Type_59_Grand_Prix_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1933_Bugatti_Type_59_Grand_Prix_engine.jpg/500px-1933_Bugatti_Type_59_Grand_Prix_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2185" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>1933 <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Type_59" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugatti Type 59">Bugatti Type 59</a> straight-eight grand prix racing engine </figcaption></figure> <p>An early American overhead camshaft production engine was the SOHC straight-eight engine used in the 1921–1926 <a href="/wiki/Duesenberg_Model_A" title="Duesenberg Model A">Duesenberg Model A</a> luxury car.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_3_litre_Super_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunbeam 3 litre Super Sports">Sunbeam 3 litre Super Sports</a> became the first production car to use a DOHC engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Autocar197710_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autocar197710-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, Duesenberg added DOHC engines (alongside their existing SOHC engines) with the 1928 release of the <a href="/wiki/Duesenberg_Model_J" title="Duesenberg Model J">Duesenberg Model J</a>, which was powered by a DOHC straight-eight engine. The 1931–1935 <a href="/wiki/Stutz_Motor_Company#Stutz_Motor_Car_Company_of_America,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Stutz Motor Company">Stutz DV32</a> was another early American luxury car to use a DOHC engine. Also in the United States, the DOHC <a href="/wiki/Offenhauser" title="Offenhauser">Offenhauser</a> racing engine was introduced in 1933. This inline-four engine dominated North American open-wheel racing from 1934 until the 1970s. </p><p>Other early SOHC automotive engines were the 1920–1923 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wolseley_automobiles#Inter-war_cars_1920_to_1940" title="List of Wolseley automobiles">Wolseley Ten</a>, the 1928-1931 <a href="/wiki/MG_18/80" title="MG 18/80">MG 18/80</a>, the 1926–1935 <a href="/wiki/Singer_Motors#Models" title="Singer Motors">Singer Junior</a> and the 1928–1929 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_6C#6C_1500_(1927–1929)" title="Alfa Romeo 6C">Alfa Romeo 6C Sport</a>. Early overhead camshaft motorcycles included the 1925–1949 <a href="/wiki/Velocette#Velocette_'K'_series" title="Velocette">Velocette K Series</a> and the 1927–1939 <a href="/wiki/Norton_CS1" title="Norton CS1">Norton CS1</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–present"><span id="1945.E2.80.93present"></span>1945–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1945–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1948_Crosley_COBRA_engine_OHC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1948_Crosley_COBRA_engine_OHC.jpg/180px-1948_Crosley_COBRA_engine_OHC.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1948_Crosley_COBRA_engine_OHC.jpg/270px-1948_Crosley_COBRA_engine_OHC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1948_Crosley_COBRA_engine_OHC.jpg/360px-1948_Crosley_COBRA_engine_OHC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>1946–1949 <a href="/wiki/Crosley#Crosley_CoBra_(1946–1949)" title="Crosley">Crosley CoBra</a> SOHC engine</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1946–1948 <a href="/wiki/Crosley#Crosley_CC_Four_(1946–1948)" title="Crosley">Crosley CC Four</a> was arguably the first American mass-produced car to use an SOHC engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Simanaitis_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simanaitis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This small mass-production engine powered the winner of the 1950 <a href="/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring#Overall_winners" title="12 Hours of Sebring">12 Hours of Sebring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simanaitis_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simanaitis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p><p>Use of a DOHC configuration gradually increased after World War II, beginning with sports cars. Iconic DOHC engines of this period include the 1948–1959 <a href="/wiki/Lagonda_straight-6_engine" title="Lagonda straight-6 engine">Lagonda straight-six engine</a>, the 1949–1992 <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XK_engine" title="Jaguar XK engine">Jaguar XK</a> straight-six engine and the 1954–1994 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Twin_Cam_engine" title="Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine">Alfa Romeo Twin Cam</a> inline-four engine.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropeanCarWeb.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropeanCarWeb.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1966-2000 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Twin_Cam_engine" title="Fiat Twin Cam engine">Fiat Twin Cam</a> inline-four engine was one of the first DOHC engines to use a toothed timing belt instead of a timing chain.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, the need for increased performance while reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions saw increasing use of DOHC engines in mainstream vehicles, beginning with Japanese manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropeanCarWeb.com_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropeanCarWeb.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-2000s, most automotive engines used a DOHC layout.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cam-in-block" title="Cam-in-block">Cam-in-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camless" class="mw-redirect" title="Camless">Camless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">Variable valve timing</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However a few engines, such as the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Triumph_slant-four_engine#Sprint_16-valve_engine" title="Triumph slant-four engine">Triumph Dolomite Sprint engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honda_J_engine" title="Honda J engine"> Honda J Series V6 Engine</a> were/are a SOHC configuration with four valves per cylinder. This was achieved by the camshaft being located in the center of the cylinder head, with equal length rocker arms actuating the intake and exhaust valves.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement was used to provide four valves per cylinder while minimising the valvetrain mass and minimising the overall engine size.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However DOHC engines with two valves per cylinder include the <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Twin_Cam_engine" title="Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine">Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XK6_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaguar XK6 engine">Jaguar XK6 engine</a>, the early <a href="/wiki/Ford_I4_DOHC_engine" title="Ford I4 DOHC engine">Ford I4 DOHC engine</a>, 10V <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Modular_engine" title="Volvo Modular engine">Volvo Modular engine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lotus-Ford_Twin_Cam" title="Lotus-Ford Twin Cam">Lotus Ford Twin Cam engine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overhead_camshaft_engine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hillier-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillier_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHillier2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hillier, V.A.W. (2012) [First published 1966]. "2". <i>Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology</i> (Academic text-book). Vol. Book 1. In association with: (<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Motor_Industry" title="Institute of the Motor Industry">IMI</a>) (6th ed.). Nelson Thornes Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408515181" title="Special:BookSources/9781408515181"><bdi>9781408515181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Motor+Vehicle+Technology&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781408515181&rft.aulast=Hillier&rft.aufirst=V.A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoakes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoakes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoakes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoakesSykesWhittaker2011" class="citation book cs1">Stoakes, Graham; Sykes, Eric; Whittaker, Catherine (2011). "3". <i>Principles of Light Vehicle maintenance & repair</i>. Heinmann Work-Based Learning. Babcock International Group and Graham Stoakes. pp. <span class="nowrap">208–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435048167" title="Special:BookSources/9780435048167"><bdi>9780435048167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Light+Vehicle+maintenance+%26+repair&rft.series=Heinmann+Work-Based+Learning&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=Babcock+International+Group+and+Graham+Stoakes&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780435048167&rft.aulast=Stoakes&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Eric&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samarins.com/glossary/dohc.html">"OHV, OHC, SOHC and DOHC (twin cam) engine - Automotive illustrated glossary"</a>. <i>www.samarins.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Roebuck, Nigel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-2010/122/triumph-dolomite-sprint">"Triumph Dolomite Sprint"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)" title="Motor Sport (magazine)">Motor Sport</a></i>. <b>86</b> (6). London, UK: 122. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-2019">0027-2019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Sport&rft.atitle=Triumph+Dolomite+Sprint&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=122&rft.date=2010-06&rft.issn=0027-2019&rft.aulast=Heseltine&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorsportmagazine.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2Fjune-2010%2F122%2Ftriumph-dolomite-sprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Jimmy (November 2001). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.honda.com&rft.atitle=How+It+Works%3A+Honda+Unicam%C2%AE+Engines&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpowersports.honda.com%2Fexperience%2Farticles%2F090111c0811a9fc2.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moto123.com/motorcycle-reviews/article,2010-honda-vfr1200a-first-ride.spy?artid=112508">"2010 Honda VFR1200A First Ride"</a>. <i>www.moto123.com</i>. 19 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102212534/http://www.moto123.com/motorcycle-reviews/article,2010-honda-vfr1200a-first-ride.spy?artid=112508">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.moto123.com&rft.atitle=2010+Honda+VFR1200A+First+Ride&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moto123.com%2Fmotorcycle-reviews%2Farticle%2C2010-honda-vfr1200a-first-ride.spy%3Fartid%3D112508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bringatrailer.com/2018/04/26/technically-interesting-ford-indy-dohc-v8/">"Technically Interesting: Ford Indy DOHC V8"</a>. <i>Bring a Trailer</i>. 26 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bring+a+Trailer&rft.atitle=Technically+Interesting%3A+Ford+Indy+DOHC+V8&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbringatrailer.com%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Ftechnically-interesting-ford-indy-dohc-v8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dansmc.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dansmc.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dansmc.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dansmc.com/camchain.htm">"Dan's motorcycle 'Cam Drives'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.dansmc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dansmc.com&rft.atitle=Dan%27s+motorcycle+%27Cam+Drives%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dansmc.com%2Fcamchain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decker-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decker_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decker_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decker_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDecker1993" class="citation journal cs1">Decker, John (June 1993). Oldham, Joe (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA93">"Saturday Mechanic: Replacing Your Timing Belt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>. <b>170</b> (6). New York, NY US: Hearst. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Saturday+Mechanic%3A+Replacing+Your+Timing+Belt&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1993-06&rft.issn=0032-4558&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOQDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorries-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorries_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorries_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorries2005" class="citation book cs1">Dorries, Elisabeth H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsYFA0skuZ8C&pg=PA250"><i>TechOne: Automotive Engine Repair</i></a>. Clifton Park, NY US: Thompson Delmar Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4018-5941-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4018-5941-0"><bdi>1-4018-5941-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004057974">2004057974</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TechOne%3A+Automotive+Engine+Repair&rft.place=Clifton+Park%2C+NY+US&rft.pub=Thompson+Delmar+Learning&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004057974&rft.isbn=1-4018-5941-0&rft.aulast=Dorries&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsYFA0skuZ8C%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pace&Brinker-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pace&Brinker_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pace&Brinker_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaceBrinker2004" class="citation book cs1">Pace, Harold W.; Brinker, Mark R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZempfWXoe4C"><i>Vintage American Road Racing Cars 1950-1969</i></a>. St. Paul MN US: MotorBooks International. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1783-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-1783-6"><bdi>0-7603-1783-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage+American+Road+Racing+Cars+1950-1969&rft.place=St.+Paul+MN+US&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=MotorBooks+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7603-1783-6&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rft.au=Brinker%2C+Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZempfWXoe4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorbye1984" class="citation book cs1">Norbye, Jan P. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bmwbavariasdrivi00norb/page/191">"Expanding on Excellence: The 5-Series and 3-Series"</a></span>. <i>BMW - Bavaria's Driving Machines</i>. Skokie, IL: Publications International. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bmwbavariasdrivi00norb/page/191">191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-42464-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-42464-9"><bdi>0-517-42464-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Expanding+on+Excellence%3A+The+5-Series+and+3-Series&rft.btitle=BMW+-+Bavaria%27s+Driving+Machines&rft.place=Skokie%2C+IL&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Publications+International&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-517-42464-9&rft.aulast=Norbye&rft.aufirst=Jan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbmwbavariasdrivi00norb%2Fpage%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boddy-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boddy_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boddy_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boddy_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoddy1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Boddy" title="Bill Boddy">Boddy, William</a> (January 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/january-1964/17/random-thoughts-about-ohc">"Random Thoughts About O.H.C."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)" title="Motor Sport (magazine)">Motor Sport</a></i>. <b>XL</b> (1). London, UK: Teesdale Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Sport&rft.atitle=Random+Thoughts+About+O.H.C.&rft.volume=XL&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1964-01&rft.aulast=Boddy&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorsportmagazine.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2Fjanuary-1964%2F17%2Frandom-thoughts-about-ohc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2014" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Sean (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OzKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>Modern Diesel Technology: Diesel Engines</i></a>. Stamford, CT US: Cengage Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">88–</span>89, 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44296-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44296-9"><bdi>978-1-285-44296-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>. <q>In most commercial diesels, OHCs are gear-driven.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Diesel+Technology%3A+Diesel+Engines&rft.place=Stamford%2C+CT+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E89%2C+362&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-285-44296-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OzKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoddy1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Boddy" title="Bill Boddy">Boddy, William</a> (August 1972). Boddy, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/august-1972/68/edwardian-overhead-camshaft-2530-maudslay">"An Edwardian Overhead-Camshaft 25/30 Maudslay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)" title="Motor Sport (magazine)">Motor Sport</a></i>. <b>XLVIII</b> (8). London, UK: Teesdale Publishing: 909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206033639/http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/august-1972/68/edwardian-overhead-camshaft-2530-maudslay">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Sport&rft.atitle=An+Edwardian+Overhead-Camshaft+25%2F30+Maudslay&rft.volume=XLVIII&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=909&rft.date=1972-08&rft.aulast=Boddy&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorsportmagazine.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2Faugust-1972%2F68%2Fedwardian-overhead-camshaft-2530-maudslay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culshaw-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Culshaw_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culshaw_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCulshawHorrobin2013" class="citation book cs1">Culshaw, David; Horrobin, Peter (2013) [1974]. 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"The A-Z of Motorcycles". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo00wils_1"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle</i></a></span>. London, UK: Dorling Kindersley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo00wils_1/page/144">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-0206-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-0206-6"><bdi>0-7513-0206-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+A-Z+of+Motorcycles&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Motorcycle&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7513-0206-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo00wils_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mick_Walker_(motorcycling)" title="Mick Walker (motorcycling)">Walker, Mick</a> (2003) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaXQtjcbmC4C&pg=PA32">"4 Engine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaXQtjcbmC4C&pg=PA48"><i>Ducati Singles Restoration</i></a>. St. Paul, MN US: Motorbooks International. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1734-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-1734-8"><bdi>0-7603-1734-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+Engine&rft.btitle=Ducati+Singles+Restoration&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN+US&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Motorbooks+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7603-1734-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaXQtjcbmC4C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kawasaki.eu/en/products/sports/2015/w800_/overview?Uid=096BDlgLWQ0JWAldClhcXAsMWwoMCVlcXgteXwoLC1BaUQw">"2015 W800"</a>. <i>www.kawasaki.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boddy, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/march-1974/38/how-did-leyland-eight-rate">"How Did The Leyland Eight Rate?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)" title="Motor Sport (magazine)">Motor Sport</a></i>. <b>L</b> (3): 230<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Sport&rft.atitle=How+Did+The+Leyland+Eight+Rate%3F&rft.volume=L&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=230&rft.date=1974-03&rft.aulast=Boddy&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorsportmagazine.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2Fmarch-1974%2F38%2Fhow-did-leyland-eight-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Philip C. (2009). Carpenter, Rhonda; Iwalani, Kahikina (eds.). "The Mighty Sixes". <i>The International Club for Rolls-Royce & Bentley Owners Desk Diary 2010</i>. 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New York: E. P. Dutton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000unse_v2r4/page/407">407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0525932542" title="Special:BookSources/0525932542"><bdi>0525932542</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81-71857">81-71857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maudslay&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Motorcars+1885+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=407&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81-71857&rft.isbn=0525932542&rft.aulast=Georgano&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000unse_v2r4%2Fpage%2F407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marr_Auto_Car_Company-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marr_Auto_Car_Company_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411094907/http://marrautocar.com/Marr_Auto_Car_Company/Welcome.html">"Marr Auto Car Company"</a>. <i>www.marrautocar.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.motorbase.com&rft.atitle=1913+Isotta+Fraschini+100-120+hp+Tipo+KM+4+Four-Seat+Torpedo+Tourer+-+Auction+Lot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorbase.com%2Fauctionlot%2Fprofile%2F2008%2F08%2F15%2F316-1913-isotta-fraschini-100-120-hp-tipo-km-4-four-seat-torpedo-tourer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1936" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Leslie Aaron (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVluAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14"><i>A text book on aviation: the new cadet system of ground school training</i></a>. Vol. 3. Aviation Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>. <q>The overhead camshafts are driven by bevel gears and vertical shafts known as tower shafts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+text+book+on+aviation%3A+the+new+cadet+system+of+ground+school+training&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Aviation+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaVluAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMueller2006" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Mike (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69qYnoohrMYC&pg=PA49">"Chapter 6 - Chariot of the Gods Duesenberg Straight Eight"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69qYnoohrMYC&pg=PA51"><i>American Horsepower 100 Years of Great Car Engines</i></a>. St. Paul, MN USA: Motorbooks. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2327-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2327-4"><bdi>978-0-7603-2327-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006017040">2006017040</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1985). <i>Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930</i>. London: Grange-Universal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cars%3A+Early+and+Vintage%2C+1886-1930&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grange-Universal&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Georgano&rft.aufirst=G.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simanaitis-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simanaitis_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simanaitis_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimanaitis1994" class="citation journal cs1">Simanaitis, Dennis (January 1994). Bryant, Thos L. (ed.). "Tech Tidbits". <i><a href="/wiki/Road_%26_Track" title="Road & Track">Road & Track</a></i>. <b>45</b> (6). Newport Beach, CA US: Hachette Filipacchi Magazines: 121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-7189">0035-7189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Road+%26+Track&rft.atitle=Tech+Tidbits&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1994-01&rft.issn=0035-7189&rft.aulast=Simanaitis&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crosleyautoclub.com/EngineTree/Crosley_Eng_Tree.html">"Crosley Engine Family Tree - Taylor Years"</a>. <i>www.crosleyautoclub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crosleyautoclub.com&rft.atitle=Crosley+Engine+Family+Tree+-+Taylor+Years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrosleyautoclub.com%2FEngineTree%2FCrosley_Eng_Tree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crosleyautoclub.com/EngineTree/Crosley_Eng_Tree-1.html">"Crosley Engine Family Tree - CoBra Years"</a>. <i>www.crosleyautoclub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crosleyautoclub.com&rft.atitle=Crosley+Engine+Family+Tree+-+CoBra+Years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrosleyautoclub.com%2FEngineTree%2FCrosley_Eng_Tree-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuropeanCarWeb.com-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EuropeanCarWeb.com_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EuropeanCarWeb.com_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303061544/http://www.europeancarweb.com/features/0209ec_twin_cam_analysis/index.html">"An Echo of the Past — the history and evolution of twin-cam engines"</a>. <i>www.EuropeanCarWeb.com</i>. European Car Magazine, Source Interlink Media. February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeancarweb.com/features/0209ec_twin_cam_analysis/index.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.EuropeanCarWeb.com&rft.atitle=An+Echo+of+the+Past+%E2%80%94+the+history+and+evolution+of+twin-cam+engines&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeancarweb.com%2Ffeatures%2F0209ec_twin_cam_analysis%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfisti.co.uk/boxerpage.htm">"Technical- Boxer History"</a>. <i>www.alfisti.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329040043/http://www.alfisti.co.uk/boxerpage.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alfisti.co.uk&rft.atitle=Technical-+Boxer+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfisti.co.uk%2Fboxerpage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/19f9mk0fozzvppng.png">"Old Fiat ad with Aurelio Lampredi"</a>. <i>www.kinja-img.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kinja-img.com&rft.atitle=Old+Fiat+ad+with+Aurelio+Lampredi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi.kinja-img.com%2Fgawker-media%2Fimage%2Fupload%2F19f9mk0fozzvppng.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverhead+camshaft+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a 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title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a 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