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>Français</a></li> <li class=""><a class="text-white cree" href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/nc/" >ᐊᑎᒫᐲᓯᒻ</a></li> <li class=""><a class="text-white cree" href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/sc/" >ᔖᐧᐊᓅᑖᐦᒡ</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="btn-sm" href="#"></a></li> </ul> <script type="text/javascript"> //adjust menu function adjustMenu(){ $("ul.nav > li.page_item_has_children > a").addClass("dropdown-toggle").attr("data-toggle","dropdown").attr("role","button").attr( "aria-expanded","false").append(''); $("li.page_item_has_children").removeClass("page_item_has_children").addClass("dropdown"); $("li.current-menu-item, li.current_page_parent, li.current_page ").addClass("active"); } </script> </div> </nav> <header id="header" class="d-print-none "> <div class=" row" style="/*background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);*/ margin-top:-115px;"> <div class="col"> <div class="scene"> <div class="cube" > <div class="cube-face front" style=" "> East Cree language resources </div> <div class="cube-face back bg-snow" > ᒥᔪᒪᑯᔐᒌᔑᑲᓂᐦᑖᐦ miyumakushechiishikanihtaah </div> <div class="cube-face left bg-snow" > ᒑ ᐧᐄᐦ ᒥᔪᐱᔨᔨᓐ ᒑ ᐅᔅᒋᐱᐳᐦᒡ chaa wiih miyupiyiyin chaa uschipipuhch </div> <div class="cube-face right bg-snow"> Happy new year! Bonne année! </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="d-none col-md-6 d-md-block col-lg-7 text-right" style=" max-height:100px;background: transparent url(https://www.atlas-ling.ca/img/atlas-logo.png) no-repeat top right ; background-size: contain; "> </div> </div> <div class="d-none container-fluid mt-5 d-md-block" style="position: absolute; margin:0; padding:.35rem; bottom:0; left:0; right:0; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-1"> </div> <div class="col-10 d-md-block"> <ol class="breadcrumb" style="margin:0; padding:0;"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/">Home</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/" class="">English</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/" class="">Grammar</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/" class="">Northern Dialect Grammar</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/" class="">Word Formation</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/reduplication/" class="">Reduplication</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="main" class="main container-fluid"> <section class="row" id="container"> <div id="sidenav" class="d-none d-md-block col-8 col-md-4 col-lg-3 "> <div class=" sidebar " id="sidebarnav"> <div class="card d-block"> <div class="card-header" style="font-size: 2em"> <img style="max-height: 80px" class=" rounded-circle" src="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/wp-content/themes/eastcree_twentytwenty/images/grammar.jpg"> Grammar </div> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"><li class="page_item list-item page-item-13855"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/east-cree-dialects/">East Cree dialects</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-86 page_item list-item_has_children current_page_ancestor"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/">Northern Dialect Grammar</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-93 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/">Nouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-101"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-number/">Number Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-105"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-gender/">Gender Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-3761 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/">Obviative Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4412"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/story-analysis/">Story Analysis</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-119"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-locative/">Locative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-124"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person/">Inflections: Person</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4797"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-extended/">Inflections: Person-extended</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4778"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-dependent/">Inflections: Person-Dependent</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-130"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-diminutive/">Diminutive Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-210"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/simulative/">Simulative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-127"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/inflections-vocative/">Vocative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-206"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-paradigms/">Noun Paradigms</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-212 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/">Noun Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4200"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-vowel-u/">vowel + u</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-220"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-vowel-i/">vowel + i</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-218"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-consonant-w/">consonant + w</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-222"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/nouns/noun-stems/noun-stems-s/">-s</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-95 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/">Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-14039"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-northern-verb-conjugation-applet-legend/">Cree Northern Verb Conjugation Applet Legend</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-228 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/">Cree Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-231"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/transitivity/">Transitivity</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-233"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/gender/">Gender</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-235 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/">Cree Verb Classes</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-240"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-242"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-244 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/">VTA</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-250"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-person-prefix/">VTA Person Prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-252"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-theme-suffix/">VTA Theme Suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-238"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-additional/">Additional VTA Verb Classes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-246 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/">VAI</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-254"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-explicit/">VAI with Explicit Goals</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-256"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-implicit/">VAI with Implicit Goals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-10817"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai-o/">VAI + O</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-248"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/participles/">Participles (nominalizations)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-258 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/">Cree Verb Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-262"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/initial-change/">Initial Change</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-267 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/">Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-271 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/">Independent Order</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-277"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-01/">01: Independent Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-275"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-02/">02: Independent Indicative Neutral – Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-279"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-03/">03: Independent Indicative Preterit</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-281"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-05/">05: Independent Indirect</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-283"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-06/">06: Independent Indirect Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-285"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-09/">09: Independent Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-287"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-10/">10: Independent Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-273 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/">Conjunct Order</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-289"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-11/">11: Conjunct Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-293"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12a/">12a: Conjunct Indicative Neutral- Subjunctive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-291"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12b/">12b: Conjunct Indicative Neutral – Habitual/Iterative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-295"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-14/">14: Conjunct Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-297"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-15/">15: Conjunct Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-269"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-imperative/">Imperative Order</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9919"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/person-inflection/">Person Inflection</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-299 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/">Cree Verb Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-304"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-306"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-308"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vta/">VTA</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-310"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vai/">VAI</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-301"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/verbs/preverbs/">Preverbs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-98 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/">Pronouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-312"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-emphatic/">Personal Emphatic</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-314"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-prefixes/">Personal: Prefixes</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-318"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/personal-inclusive/">Personal: Inclusive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-316"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/alternative/">Alternative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-325"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/indefinite/">Indefinite Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-327"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative/">Interrogative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2907"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-place-2/">Interrogative: Place or selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-331"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative/">Dubitative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-335"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-selection/">Dubitative: Selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-333"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-animate/">Dubitative: aawiichaa</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-337"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/demonstrative/">Demonstrative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-339"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/absentative/">Absentative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-341"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/hesitation/">Hesitation Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-343"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/focus/">Focus Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-345"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/pronouns/identification/">Identification Pronouns</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2961"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/particles/">Particles</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5826 page_item list-item_has_children current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/">Word Formation</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5886"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/strategies-to-create-new-words/">Strategies to Create New Words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5883"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/">Word Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5925 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/">Noun Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5929"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/primary-noun-stems/">Primary Noun Stems</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6018"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/short-forms-of-animal-nouns-acting-as-finals-a5/">Stems with Two Elements: Animal Nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6038"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b2/">Nouns Ending in -kin</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5998"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a4/">Noun + Noun final (concrete, body part)</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6031"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b1/">Nouns Ending in -win</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5933"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a1/">Noun Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5977"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a3/">Verb Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5948"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a2/">Preform + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6064"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-ending-in-siu/">Nouns Ending in -siu</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6076 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/">Verb Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6075"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/stem-with-one-element/">Stem with one element</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6084"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c1/">Verb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6092"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c2/">Verb Stem + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6098"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c3/">Preform / Preverb + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6104"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c4/">Verbs of Appearance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6110"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c5/">Noun + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5529"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c6/">Initial + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6126"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c7/">Initial + Medial + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6133"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c8/">Preform / Preverb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6152"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-noun-d1/">Verbs of Possession</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6158"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-being/">Verbs of Being</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6163"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-creation/">Verbs of Creation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6173"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-noun-d4/">Verbs of Abundance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6179"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-particle-e/">Making a Verb From a Particle</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6185"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f1/">Causative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7467"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reciprocal-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-2/">Reciprocal Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6193"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f2/">Reflexive Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6199"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f3/">Applicative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6211"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-general-action/">Verbs of General Action</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6021"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/complex-particles-a6/">Particle Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9249 current_page_item active list-item"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/northern-dialect/word-formation/reduplication/" aria-current="page">Reduplication</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-89 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/">Southern Dialect Grammar</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-143 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/">Nouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-145"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-number/">Number Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-151"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-gender/">Gender Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-166 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/">Obviative Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4299"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-obviative/story-analysis/">Story Analysis</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-154"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-locative/">Locative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-168"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person/">Inflections: Person</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4780"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-extended/">Inflections: Person-Extended</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4786"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-person-dependent/">Inflections: Person-Dependent</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-170"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-vocative/">Vocative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-172"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/inflections-diminutive/">Diminutive Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-174"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/simulative/">Simulative Inflection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-176"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/noun-paradigms/">Noun Paradigms</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2675 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/">Noun Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4354"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-vowel-u/">vowel + u</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4388"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-vowel-i/">vowel + i</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4382"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-consonant-w/">consonant + w</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2673"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/nouns/stem/noun-stems-s/">-s/-sh</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-736 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/">Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-14041"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-southern-verb-conjugation-applet-legend/">Cree Southern Verb Conjugation Applet Legend</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5985"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/preverbs/">Preverbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-738 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/">Cree Verbs</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-740"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/transitivity/">Transitivity</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-742"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verbs/gender/">Gender</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-744 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/">Cree Verb Classes</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-746"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-748"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-750 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/">VTA</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-774"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-person-prefix/">VTA Person Prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-776"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-theme-suffix/">VTA Theme Suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-778"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vta/vta-additional/">Additional VTA Verb Classes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-752 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/">VAI</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-754"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-explicit/">VAI with Explicit Goals</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-756"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai/vai-implicit/">VAI with Implicit Goals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-10810"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/vai-o/">VAI + O</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-758"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-classes/participles/">Participles (nominalizations)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7660 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/">Cree Verb Inflection</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7838"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/initial-change/">Initial Change</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7667 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/">Orders</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7671 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/">Independent Order</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7676"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-01/">01: Independent Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7688"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-02/">02: Independent Indicative Neutral – Subjective</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7748"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-09/">09: Independent Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7805"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-independent/orders-10/">10: Independent Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7812 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/">Conjunct Order</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7824"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-11/">11: Conjunct Indicative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7835"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12a/">12a: Conjunct Indicative Neutral-Subjunctive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7842"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-12b/">12b: Conjunct Indicative Neutral – Habitual/Iterative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7849"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-14/">14: Conjunct Dubitative Neutral</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7854"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-conjunct/orders-15/">15: Conjunct Dubitative Preterit</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-7864"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/orders/orders-imperative/">Imperative Order</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9920"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-inflection/person-inflection/">Person Inflection</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8260 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/">Cree Verb Stems</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8286"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vii/">VII</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8359"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vta/">VTA</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8348"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vti/">VTI</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-8319"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/verbs/cree-verb-stems/vai/">VAI</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2831 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/">Pronouns</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2842"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-emphatic/">Personal-Emphatic</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2853"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-prefixes/">Personal-Prefixes</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2833"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/personal-inclusive/">Personal Inclusive</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2840"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/alternative/">Alternative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2861"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/indefinite/">Indefinite Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2851"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative/">Interrogative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2859"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-place/">Interrogative-Place</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2865"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/interrogative-selection/">Interrogative-Selection</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2835"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative/">Dubitative</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2857"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/dubitative-place/">Dubitative-Place</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2848"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/demonstrative/">Demonstrative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2855"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/absentative/">Absentative Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-9156"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/hesitation/">Hesitation Pronouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2845"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/pronouns/focus/">Focus Pronouns</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6331"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/particles/">Particles</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4806 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/">Word Formation</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4809"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/strategies-to-create-new-words/">Strategies to Create New Words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4830"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/word-structure/">Word Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4851 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/">Noun Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4865"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/primary-noun-stems/">Primary Noun Stems</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5011"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/short-forms-of-animal-nouns-acting-as-finals-a5/">Stems with Two Elements – Animal Nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5187"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b2/">Nouns Ending in -kan</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4970"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a4-not-published/">Noun + Noun final (concrete, body part)</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5164"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/verb-stem-win/">Nouns Ending in -win</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5254"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b4/">Nouns Ending in -suu</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5535"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/nouns-made-from-verbs-b3/">Participles or Nominalizations</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4898"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/compound-nouns-a1/">Noun Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4957"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/verb-noun/">Verb Stem + Noun Stem</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4923"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/noun-structure/preform-noun/">Preform + Noun Stem</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4858 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/">Verb Structure</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5400"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/stem-one-element/">Stem with one element</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5408"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c1/">Verb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5427"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verb-stem-final-secondary-derivation-c2/">Verb Stem + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5502"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c3/">Preform + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5515"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-appearance-derived-verbs-c4/">Verbs of Appearance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5525"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c5/">Noun + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6121"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/initial-verb-final-primary-derived-verbs-c6/">Initial + Verb Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5561"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/initial-medial-final-primary-derived-verb-c7/">Initial + Medial + Final</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5567"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/compound-verbs-c8/">Preverb + Verb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5575"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-possession-secondary-derived-verbs-d1/">Verbs of Possession</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5599"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-being-secondary-derived-verbs-d2/">Verbs of Being</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5615"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-creation-secondary-derived-verbs-d3/">Verbs of Creation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5626"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-abundance-secondary-derived-verbs-d4/">Verbs of Abundance</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5639"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-from-a-particle-primary-derived-verbs-e/">Making a Verb From a Particle</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5662"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/making-a-verb-into-a-new-verb-f1/">Causative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-6553"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reciprocal-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-2/">Reciprocal Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5689"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/reflexive-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f2-1/">Reflexive Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5700"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/applicative-verbs-secondary-derived-verbs-f3/">Applicative Verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5707"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/verb-structure/verbs-of-general-action-secondary-derived-verbs-f4/">Verbs of General Action</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5125"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/complex-particles-a6/">Particle Structure</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-5290"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/southern-dialect/word-formation/reduplication-south/">Reduplication</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11457 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/">Spelling East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11469 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/">Spelling Northern East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11770"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/dialect-differences/">Dialect Differences</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11771"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/use-of-dots/">The Use of Dots</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11772 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/">Syllabic Finals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11809"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/end-of-word/">Small syllabic symbols at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11810"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/middle-of-word/">No ᒻ or ᓐ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11811"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/k-kw-end-of-word/">ᒃ and ᒄ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11812"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/ending-added/">How the syllabic finals change when an ending is added.</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11813"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/sa-sha/">ᔅ and ᔥ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11814 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/">The use of the ᐦ (h) final</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11825"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-middle/">ᐦ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11826"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-end/">ᐦ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11827"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/locative-suffix/">Locative suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11828"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/verb-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in Verb Suffixes</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11773"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/i-ii-ya/">ᐃ, ᐄ and ᔨ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11774"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/not-forget-write/">Syllabic symbols not to forget to write</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11775"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/double-consonants/">Double consonants</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11776"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/noun-endings/">Adding endings to nouns</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11777"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/siu-sii-end-word/">ᓯᐤ and ᓲ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11778 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/">Boundaries</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11798"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/personal-prefix/">Adding a personal prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11799"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/preverbs/">Using preverbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11800"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/boundaries/compound-words/">Making compound words</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11779"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/punctuation/">Punctuation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11803"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/writing-names/">Writing Names</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11804"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/northern/sro/">Standard Roman Orthography (SRO)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11470 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/">Spelling Southern East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11472"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/dialect-differences/">Dialect Differences</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11502"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/use-of-dots/">The Use of Dots</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11532 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/">Syllabic Finals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11538"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/end-of-word/">Small syllabic symbols at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11539"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/middle-of-word/">No ᒻ or ᓐ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11540"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/k-kw-end-of-word/">ᒃ and ᒄ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11541"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/ending-added/">How the small syllabic symbols change when an ending is added</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11542"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/sa-sha/">ᔅ and ᔥ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11543 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/">The use of the ᐦ (h) final</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11555"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-middle/">ᐦ (h) in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11556"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/h-final/">ᐦ at the end of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11557"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/locative-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in the locative suffix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11558"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/use-of-h-final/verb-suffix/">ᐦ (h) in verb suffixes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11544"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/syllabic-finals/large-syllabic-symbols-that-sound-like-finals/">Large syllabic symbols that sound like finals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11573 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/">ᐃ, ᐄ and ᔨ</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11581"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/i-ya-end-word/">ᐃ or ᔨ at the end of words</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11582"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/ii-i-middle-word/">ᐄ and ᐃ in the middle of a word</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11583"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/using-ya/">Using ᔨ</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11584"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/i-ii-ya/new-spelling/">New spelling for ᑖᐤ and ᑕᑯᓐ, ᑐᑕᒻ and ᑐᑕᐧᐁᐤ</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11574"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/not-forget-write/">Syllabic symbols not to forget to write</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11575"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/noun-endings/">Adding endings to nouns and verbs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11576 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/">Boundaries</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11612"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/personal-prefix/">Adding a personal prefix</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11613"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/preverbs/">Using a preverb</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11614"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/boundaries/compound-words/">Making compound words</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11577"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/new-spellings-2015/">New spellings as of summer 2015</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11578"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/punctuation/">Punctuation</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-11579"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/writing-names/">Writing Names</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-12324"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/spelling-east-cree/southern/sro/">Standard Roman Orthography (SRO)</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-91 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/">The Sounds of East Cree</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1377"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/site-map-for-the-sounds-of-east-cree/">Site Map for the Sounds of East Cree</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-928"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/methodology/">Methodology</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-393 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/">Orthography</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-395 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/roman/">Roman</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2789"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/roman/glottal-stops/">Glottal Stops</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-397"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/orthography/rationale/">Rationale</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-950 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/">Sounds</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-2302"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/syllabification/">Syllabification</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-401 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/">Consonants</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-403 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/">Plosives</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-405"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/about-plosives/">About Plosives</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1052"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/plosives/voicing-3/">Voicing</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-932"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/affricates/">Affricates</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-407 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/fricatives/">Fricatives</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1084"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/fricatives/h-sounds2/">H-sounds</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-409 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/nasals/">Nasals</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-4761"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/nasals/mi-ni/">MI / NI</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-411"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonants/glides/">Glides</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-413 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/">Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-415 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/about-vowels/">About Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-973"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/about-vowels/long-short/">long-short</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-417"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/tense-vowels/">Tense Vowels</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-419"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/lax-vowels/">Lax Vowels</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-421"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/diphthongs/">Diphthongs</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-975 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/">Silent Vowels</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1195 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/silent-letter-spelling/">Silent Letter Spelling</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-1207"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/silent-vowels/silent-letter-spelling/final-u/">Final U</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-425"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/vowels/vowel-listening-practice/">Vowel Listening Practice</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-427 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/">Consonant Clusters</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-429"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/s-or-sh-clusters/">S or SH Clusters</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-431"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/h-clusters/">H Clusters</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-433"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/vowel-deletion/">Vowel Deletion</a> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-435"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/consonant-clusters/w-clusters/">W Clusters</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-437 page_item list-item_has_children"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/accent/">Accent</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item list-item page-item-439"><a href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/grammar/sounds-east-cree/sounds/accent/hearing-accent/">Hearing Accent</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card d-block mt-3 border "><div 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ul > li").addClass('list-item '); $(".sidebar .current-cat").addClass('active '); } </script> </div> <div class="col col-lg-9 " id="content"> <a id="topOfPage"></a> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <article id="post-9249" class="post-9249 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <h1 class="pg-title"><a name="top"></a>Reduplication</h1> <table class="med-table"><caption>Observation</caption> <tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒧᐎᐙᐅ ᐅᔅᑭᑎᒧᐃᐦ᙮</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">muwiwaau uskitimuih.</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">She eats apples.</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒥᒧᐎᐙᐤ ᐅᔅᑭᑎᒧᐃᐦ᙮</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">mi-muwiwaau uskitimuih.</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">She eats apples all the time, she stuffs herself with apples.</td> </tr></tbody></table>In the verb ᒥᒧᐎᐙᐤ mi-muwaau above, the first syllable mu- of the verb ᒧᐎᐙᐤ muwaau is copied and the vowel u is replaced with i, which gives us mi-. This new syllable is then prefixed to the verb to create mi-muwaau. This new word has the additional meaning of happening all the time or happening a lot. Reduplication consists of repeating part of a word to create a new word with an additional meaning. In East Cree, this is done with the beginning of the word, on a part called the initial. It is usually the first syllable that is reduplicated and the first vowel of that syllable is replaced by a or i, aa, or aah. (There is no difference in meaning associated with the length of the vowel in East Cree, unlike in neighbouring languages, like Plains Cree.) Not all words with a reduplicated initial have a corresponding word that is not reduplicated. For example there is a word ᓇᓇᒥᐸᔮᓐ ni-nimipiyiu or naa-naamipiyiu s/he trembles, where *ᓂᒥᐱᔨᐤ *nimipiyiu or *ᓈᒥᐱᔨᐤ *naamipiyiu do not exist. Speakers agree that the reduplicated form is often used but they cannot imagine what the non-reduplicated version would mean. <h3 class="head">Formation</h3> The following are different styles of reduplications in South East Cree: 1) If the word begins with a consonant, the first syllable is copied and the first vowel is replaced with an i, aa, or aah. <table class="clear med-table" align="center"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒧᐎᐙᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">muwiwaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he eats it (anim)</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒥᒧᐎᐙᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">mi-muwiwaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he eats it(anim) all the time</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒫᑯᓂᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">maakunim</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he grabs, presses it</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒫᒫᑯᓂᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">maa-maakunim</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he kneads, presses it</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐧᑳᐱᒑᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">kwaapichaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he fetches water</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐧᑳᐦᐧᑳᐱᒑᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">kwaah-kwaapichaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he fetches water (more than once)</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒀᑎᐱᓈᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">kwaatipinaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he turns it (anim) over</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒀᐦᒀᑎᐱᓈᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">kwaah-kwaatipinaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he rolls it (anim)</td> </tr></tbody></table>Sometimes the reduplicated syllable is inserted in second position: <table class="clear med-table" align="center"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐱᒧᐦᑖᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">pimuhtaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he is walking</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐱᐹᒧᐦᑖᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px;"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">pi-paa-muhtaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he walks around</td> </tr></tbody></table>2) If the word begins with a vowel (not u-), the vowel is copied, replaced by an i and a connector (-y-) is inserted between it and the main word. <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐋᔓᐎᑭᒥᒑᔥᑭᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">aashuwikimichaashkim</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she goes from one dwelling to the other</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐃᔮᔓᐎᑭᒥᔖᔥᑭᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">i-y-aashuwikimichaashkim</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she goes from dwelling to dwelling</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐋᔑᐦᒀᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">aashihkwaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she yells, screams</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐃᔮᔑᐦᒀᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">i-y-aashihkwaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she yells, screams repeatedly</td> </tr></tbody></table>3) If the word begins with a u-, the next syllable in the word is copied instead and inserted between the u- and the main word. <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐅᑖᒥᐦᐊᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">utaamiham</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she hits it with something</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐅᑖᑖᒥᐦᐋᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">u-taa-taamiham</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she hits it repeatedly with something</td> </tr></tbody></table>4) In a few cases, a larger part is copied. <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᑖᐱᐦᐊ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">taapiham</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she repeats what was said</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᑖᐱᑖᐱᐦᐊ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">taapi-taapiham</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she repeats it (over and over)</td> </tr></tbody></table>5) In a some cases, the reduplicated syllable is inserted after the first one: <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐱᒧᐦᑎᑖᐤ ᐅᒦᒋᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">pimuhtitaau umiichim</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she carries her food while walking</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐱᐹᒧᐦᑎᑖᐤ ᐅᒦᒋᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">pi-paa-muhtitaau umiichim</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she goes (walks) around while carrying her food</td> </tr></tbody></table><h3 class="head">Meaning</h3> The meaning of reduplication is plurality, intensity or repetition. Reduplication also has an interesting effect on numerals. <table class="clear med-table" align="center"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐧᐋᐦᑖᔨᐦᑎᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">waahtaayihtim</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he thinks it is easy</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐅᐧᐋᐦᑖᔨᐦᑎᒻ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">uwaahtaayihtim</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he thinks it is really easy</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐙᐹᔑᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">waapaashiu</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she, it (anim) is blown away</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐙᐙᐸᔑᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">waa-waapaashiu</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">she, it (anim) sways in the wind</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐲᔂᐱᔨᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">piiswaapiyiu</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">it is bubbling, fluffs up</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐱᐲᔂᐱᔨᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">pi-piiswaapiyiu</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">it is bubbling up, continuously</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐋᐱᐦᐄᐱᔨᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">aapihiipiyiu</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">it opens</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᔮᔮᐱᐦᐄᐱᔨᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">yaay-aapihiipiyiu</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">it opens and closes</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐧᐄᐦᐧᑳᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">wiihkwaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he swears</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐧᐋᐧᐄᐦᐧᑳᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">waawiihkwaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he keeps on swearing</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐧᐃᓂᐦᐋᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">winihaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he loses it (anim)</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᐅᐧᐃᓂᐦᐋᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">uwinihaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he’s always losing it (anim)</td> </tr></tbody></table>Reduplicated numerals are used to express distributivity. Numeral particles are used to express concepts translated by each in English. <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex">ᓃᔓ ᐅᔅᑭᑎᒧᐃᐦ ᒌᐦ ᒧᐎᐙᐅᒡ ᐊᓂᒌ ᐊᐙᔑᔑᒡ᙮</td> </tr><tr><td class="crex">niishu uskitimui-h chiih muwiwaau-ch anichii awaashishich.</td> </tr><tr><td class="gloss">The children ate two apples.</td> </tr><tr><td> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex">ᓈᓃᔓᐦ ᐅᔅᑭᑎᒧᐃᐦ ᒌᐦ ᒧᐎᐋᐅᒡ ᐊᓂᒌ ᐊᐙᔑᔑᒡ᙮</td> </tr><tr><td class="crex">naa-niishu-h uskitimui-h chiih muwiwaau-ch anichii awaashishich.</td> </tr><tr><td class="gloss">The children ate two apples each.</td> </tr></tbody></table>With ith the addition of the suffix –waau, they express distributivity in time: <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᓃᔣᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">niishwaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">two times</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᓈᓃᔣᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">naa-niishwaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">two times each</td> </tr></tbody></table>The reduplicated numeral can be used as an initial to create intransitive verbs. <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒌ ᓃᔓᑭᒧᒡ᙮</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">chii niishukimuch.</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">Two of them were doing it.</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒌ ᓈᓃᔓᑭᒧᒡ᙮</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">chii naa-niishukimuch.</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">They were doing it in groups of two.</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒌ ᓀᐅᐦᑌ ᐅ ᒡ᙮</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">chii niishuhtaauch.</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">Two of them were walking.</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒌ ᓈᓀᐅᐦᑌ ᐅ ᒡ᙮</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">chii naa-niishuhtaauch.</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">They were walking in groups of two.</td> </tr></tbody></table><h3 class="head">Note on Exceptions</h3> There are reduplications that are not as obvious as others. They look like the following: <table class="clear med-table"><tbody><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒌᐦᒑᔮᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">chiihchaayaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">it is a corner</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᑭᒌᐦᒑᔮᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">ki-chiihchaayaau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">it is square (has corners)</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"> </td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᒋᓄᑳᑖᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">chinukaataau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he has a long leg</td> </tr><tr><td class="bjcex" style="text-align: right">ᑭᑳᓄᑳᑖᐤ</td> <td style="width: 18px"></td> <td class="crex" style="text-align: left">ki-kaanukaataau</td> <td class="gloss" style="text-align: left">s/he has long legs</td> </tr></tbody></table>These non-reduplicated forms begin with ᒋ chi but the reduplication takes the form of ᑲ ka. This occurs because historically the word initials began with ka, not chi, and although that has changed in the non-reduplicated version of the word, the reduplication has remained faithful to its original form. In the second example, reduplication has caused even the main word to retain its original pronunciation when reduplicated. To find out more about reduplication, see the following papers: <ul><li>Junker, Marie-Odile and Louise Blacksmith (1994). Reduplication in East Cree. In W. Cowan (ed.) Actes du vingt-cinquième Congrès des Algonquinistes, 265-273.</li> <li>Junker, Marie-Odile (2007) La réduplication en cri de l’Est: quantification et distributivité. Faits de Langue, 29. La réduplication. A. Morgenstern & A. Michaud (eds.) 160-175.</li> </ul><div id="cite" style="z-index: 2000000; display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;"> <div style="z-index: 2000000; position: fixed; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5); top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;" onclick="document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';"></div> <div style="z-index: 5000000; position: relative; margin: 10% auto; width: 800px; min-height: 200px; max-height:600px; background-color: white; border-radius: 1em; padding: 1em 2em;"> <button class="closeButton close" title="close" style="float:right; max-height: 14px;" onclick="document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';"></button> <table style="max-width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">APA:</td> <td> Junker, M.-O., & MacKenzie, M. (2013). East Cree Word Formation (Northern Dialect). In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. Retrieved from [URL]</td> </tr><tr><td> </td> <td> </td> </tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold;">MLA:</td> <td> Marie-Odile Junker and Marguerite MacKenzie. East Cree Word Formation (Northern Dialect). In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. 2013. Web. 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