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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pledge of allegiance</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and Israel and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Loyalty_oath" title="Talk:Loyalty oath">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CFC_Loyalty_Bracelet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CFC_Loyalty_Bracelet.JPG/220px-CFC_Loyalty_Bracelet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CFC_Loyalty_Bracelet.JPG/330px-CFC_Loyalty_Bracelet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CFC_Loyalty_Bracelet.JPG/440px-CFC_Loyalty_Bracelet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Countrywide_Financial_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Countrywide Financial Corporation">Countrywide Financial Corporation</a>'s loyalty bracelet bearing the slogan "Protect Our House".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, employees were issued the wristbands upon signing a loyalty oath. According to a senior CFC officer, the consequence of not getting such a wristband was "I will lose my job."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>loyalty oath</b> is a pledge of allegiance to an <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a>, or <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> of which an individual is a member. In the United States, such an oath has often indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Affiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affiant">affiant</a> has not been a member of a particular organization or organizations mentioned in the oath. The U.S. Supreme Court allows the oath to be a form of legal document.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction">Civil War and Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil War and Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almira_V._Brown_Loyalty_oath_Washington_Navy_Yard_21_Mar_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Almira_V._Brown_Loyalty_oath_Washington_Navy_Yard_21_Mar_1864.jpg/220px-Almira_V._Brown_Loyalty_oath_Washington_Navy_Yard_21_Mar_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Almira_V._Brown_Loyalty_oath_Washington_Navy_Yard_21_Mar_1864.jpg/330px-Almira_V._Brown_Loyalty_oath_Washington_Navy_Yard_21_Mar_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Almira_V._Brown_Loyalty_oath_Washington_Navy_Yard_21_Mar_1864.jpg/440px-Almira_V._Brown_Loyalty_oath_Washington_Navy_Yard_21_Mar_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>During the Civil War the United States federal government required all naval shipyard workers to sign a loyalty oath.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_M._Kennard_oath_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samuel_M._Kennard_oath_1865.jpg/220px-Samuel_M._Kennard_oath_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samuel_M._Kennard_oath_1865.jpg/330px-Samuel_M._Kennard_oath_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samuel_M._Kennard_oath_1865.jpg/440px-Samuel_M._Kennard_oath_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Oath to defend the Constitution of the United States and, among other promises, to "abide by and faithfully support all acts of Congress passed during the . . . rebellion having reference to slaves . . . ," signed by former Confederate officer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Kennard" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel M. Kennard">Samuel M. Kennard</a> on June 27, 1865<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, political prisoners and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> were often released upon taking an "oath of allegiance". Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">ten percent plan</a> featured an oath to "faithfully support, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the union of the States thereunder" as a condition for a Presidential <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad oath">retroactive loyalty oaths</a> were proposed by <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, which would have barred former Confederates and Confederate sympathizers from federal, state, or local offices. Beginning in 1862, all U.S. Naval shipyard employees were required to sign a loyalty oath as a condition of employment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s_to_1950s">1930s to 1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1930s to 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg/220px-Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg/330px-Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg/440px-Page_one_of_Executive_Order_9835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Page one of Executive Order 9835, signed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>In support of Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a>, 100,000 school children marched to Boston Common and swore a loyalty oath administered by the mayor, "I promise as a good American citizen to do my part for the NRA. I will buy only where the Blue Eagle flies." </p><p>Loyalty oaths were common during World War II. </p><p>Another use of loyalty oaths in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was during the 1950s and 1960s. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Red_Scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">Red Scare</a> during the 1950s and the Congressional hearings chaired by Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> helped to sustain a national mood of concern about <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">agents</a> and a fear such agents may injure the U.S. government through <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, outright violence, or speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive_Order_9835_"Loyalty_Order"_(1947)"><span id="Executive_Order_9835_.22Loyalty_Order.22_.281947.29"></span>Executive Order 9835 "Loyalty Order" (1947)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Executive Order 9835 "Loyalty Order" (1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 21, 1947, concerned with Soviet subversive penetration and infiltration into the United States government by American citizens who held oaths of allegiance to a foreign power during wartime, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S Truman">Harry S Truman</a> instituted a Loyalty Program by signing <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Executive Order 9835</a>, also known as the "Loyalty Order." It required loyalty oaths and background investigations on persons deemed suspect of holding party membership in organizations that advocated violent and anti-democratic programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_University_of_California_loyalty_oath_(1950)"><span id="The_University_of_California_loyalty_oath_.281950.29"></span>The University of California loyalty oath (1950)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The University of California loyalty oath (1950)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Levering_Act" title="Levering Act">Levering Act</a> was a law enacted by the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1950. It required state employees to subscribe to a loyalty oath that specifically disavowed radical beliefs. It was aimed in particular at employees of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>. In January 1950, 750 faculty members had approved a resolution to oppose the university's regents and create a committee to coordinate legal action against the university should an oath be required. Several teachers resigned in protest or lost their positions when they refused to sign the loyalty oath. Among those who left were the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a> and the classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Edelstein" title="Ludwig Edelstein">Ludwig Edelstein</a>, both of them <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> refugees from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1950, the regents fired 31 faculty members who refused to sign the oath. Those who were terminated sued, and by 1952 had been rehired when the university declined to pursue its case against them in court. One of the fired faculty members, the physics professor <a href="/wiki/David_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="David Saxon">David Saxon</a>, went on with his career and was appointed president of the entire University of California system in 1975, a job he held until 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works_(1951)"><span id="Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works_.281951.29"></span><i>Garner v. Board of Public Works</i> (1951)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically, a loyalty oath has wording similar to that mentioned in the U.S Supreme Court decision of <i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>I further swear (or affirm) that I do not advise, advocate or teach, and have not within the period beginning five (5) years prior to the effective date of the ordinance requiring the making of this oath or affirmation, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the United States of America or of the State of California and that I am not now and have not, within said period, been or become a member of or affiliated with any group, society, association, organization or party which advises, advocates or teaches, or has, within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means of the Government of the United States of America, or of the State of California. I further swear (or affirm) that I will not, while I am in the service of the City of Los Angeles, advise, advocate or teach, or be or become a member of or affiliated with any group, association, society, organization or party which advises, advocates or teaches, or has within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the United States of America or of the State of California . . . .</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speiser_v._Randall_(1958)"><span id="Speiser_v._Randall_.281958.29"></span><i>Speiser v. Randall</i> (1958)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Speiser v. Randall (1958)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Speiser_v._Randall" title="Speiser v. Randall">Speiser v. Randall</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Supreme Court addressed the State of California's loyalty oath, as required by a California law enacted in 1954, as a condition of exemption from property tax. In applying for property tax exemption as a veteran of World War II, ACLU lawyer Lawrence Speiser had refused to sign the loyalty oath. The court ruled that because the state required the claimant to show they are not advocating state overthrow and hence are not criminals within the applicable laws, the loyalty oath requirement to obtain the tax exemption is unconstitutional. The burden of proof for a criminal action rest on the state and not on the individual private citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oaths were repeatedly challenged on grounds that they violated the principles of freedom of speech and freedom of association. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> avoided addressing these problems during the <a href="/wiki/McCarthy_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarthy Era">McCarthy Era</a>. During the 1960s, it began striking down such oaths on the basis of vagueness and undue breadth. October 16, 1961, <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Simon" title="Tobias Simon">Tobias Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dixon" title="Howard Dixon">Howard Dixon</a> argued <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_involving_the_First_Amendment#Speech_by_public_employees" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment">Cramp v. Board of Public Instruction</a></i> before the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962 the Court struck down the Florida requirement that teachers swear "I have not and will not lend my aid, support, advice, counsel or influence to the Communist party". This decision was followed in 1964 by its lack of support for two oaths, one of which required teachers to promote respect for the flag, reverence for law and order, and loyalty to the institutions of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">State of Washington</a>. Arizona and New York teacher oaths affirming lack of association with subversive organizations were struck down in 1966 and 1967. </p><p>New York Education Law Section 3002 requires that any "teacher, instructor or professor in any [state] school or institution in the public school system ... or in any school, college, university or other educational institution" sign an oath pledging support for the federal and state constitutions. The law does not apply to foreign nationals, but only to United States citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was enacted in 1934 in response to a nationwide campaign by the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halberstam_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halberstam-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was challenged by a group of 27 faculty members from <a href="/wiki/Adelphi_University" title="Adelphi University">Adelphi University</a> in 1966 because the oath constrained free speech, and because it selectively applied to faculty members but not staff. For unknown reasons, Adelphi faculty had never been required to sign the oath until 1966 when a staff member in the New York State Education Department discovered the oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-Halberstam_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halberstam-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 22, 1968, after moving through the judicial system, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> affirmed an earlier District Court decision upholding the constitutionality of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Special_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Special-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first occasion on which the Supreme Court evaluated the constitutionality of oaths of this type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s–1990s"><span id="1970s.E2.80.931990s"></span>1970s–1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1970s–1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Last_major_loyalty_oath_case_(1972)"><span id="Last_major_loyalty_oath_case_.281972.29"></span>Last major loyalty oath case (1972)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Last major loyalty oath case (1972)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last major loyalty oath case heard by the court was decided in 1972, when it upheld a requirement that State of Massachusetts employees swear to uphold and defend the Constitution and to "oppose the overthrow of the [government] by force, violence, or by any illegal or unconstitutional method".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a case in 1972, <i>Cole v. Richardson</i>, the court declared four requirements needed for an oath to clear First Amendment muster:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>It cannot go against the First or Fourteenth Amendment rights.</li> <li>The oath cannot keep an employee from participating in protected public speaking.</li> <li>Freedom of association cannot be used in oath as protected by the Constitution.</li> <li>The oath should be direct and clear, so no question comes to what is meant.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2004_Bush_presidential_campaign">2004 Bush presidential campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2004 Bush presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 2004 presidential campaign, the campaign of George W. Bush sometimes required all attendants at its rallies to take an oath. Those who refused to take the oath were not allowed to attend the rally. The "loyalty oath" was actually a pledge of endorsement. These endorsements were used during some of the campaign rallies in 2004. The Bush campaign asserted that the oath was valid because the president was conducting a partisan campaign event. Opponents countered that the oath was intrusive to individual conscience and denied general public access to the president.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">state constitution</a> requires all state workers who are US citizens to sign a <a href="/wiki/Levering_Act" title="Levering Act">loyalty oath</a> as a term of employment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 28, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_East_Bay" title="California State University, East Bay">California State University, East Bay</a> fired Marianne Kearney-Brown, a <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a>, for refusing to do so without inserting a reservation that her defense of the state and country would be done "<a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">nonviolently</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was reinstated a week later, when she agreed to sign the oath when accompanied by a document prepared by the university that included the clarification "Signing the oath does not carry with it any obligation or requirement that public employees bear arms or otherwise engage in violence."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text of that oath begins: "STATE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties upon which I am about to enter." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arizona">Arizona</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arizona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> requires all employees of the state, its counties and localities to sign an oath of loyalty to the country and the state. The oath requirement predates statehood; it was successfully challenged in the 1960s over wording banning Communist Party membership and was rewritten in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ohio">Ohio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ohio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the March 2008 State of Ohio presidential primary, some people might have been required to sign a loyalty oath in order to vote. Voters who wish to switch their party affiliation on Primary Election Day and who are challenged are supposed to sign a statement "stating that the person desires to be affiliated with and supports the principles of the political party whose ballot the person desires to vote."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement is signed under penalty of "election falsification." If the challenged person refuses to sign the statement under penalty of election falsification, he is given a provisional ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Cleveland Plain Dealer</i>, among others, thus describes the nature of the statement and effect of "election falsification": Anyone who signs this loyalty oath, but does not intend to honor it, can be prosecuted for "election falsification", a fifth-degree felony.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Plain_Dealer_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Plain_Dealer-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statute, however, describes the offense differently: "No person, either orally or in writing, on oath lawfully administered or in a statement made under penalty of election falsification, shall knowingly state a falsehood as to a material matter relating to an election in a proceeding before a court, tribunal, or election official, or in a matter in relation to which an oath or statement under penalty of election falsification is authorized by law..."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the requirement is, arguably, more a statement of current intent than a loyalty oath's promise of future support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washington">Washington</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efforts to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>'s anti-communist loyalty oath legislation failed in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_Trump_presidential_campaign">2016 Trump presidential campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2016 Trump presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> sometimes required all attendants at its rallies to take an oath. Fellow candidate <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> likened it pledging to a King.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israel">Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law#Citizenship_by_naturalization" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israeli citizenship law § Citizenship_by_naturalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_citizenship#Israel" title="Oath of citizenship">Oath of citizenship § Israel</a></div> <p>Israeli politician <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Avigdor Lieberman</a> proposed in 2009 that Israeli citizens should be required to sign a loyalty oath, vowing allegiance to Israel as a Jewish, democratic state, to accept its symbols, flag and anthem, and to commit to military service or some alternative service. Those who refused would lose their citizenship and right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt09feb9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt09feb9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Jewish Week</i>, Lieberman justified his "no loyalty – no citizenship" by stating that he had heard "Israeli Arab leaders" calling for "the destruction of the State of Israel" and suicide bombings at pro-Hamas rallies.<sup id="cite_ref-ynet09mar4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynet09mar4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieberman compared his "responsible citizenship" platform with the U.S. naturalization process: "In the U.S., those requesting a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">Green Card</a> must take an oath that they will fulfill the rights and duties of citizenship."<sup id="cite_ref-hz09mar4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hz09mar4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethan Bronner noted in the <i>New York Times</i> that the American practice only applies to naturalized citizens while Lieberman's oath would apply to all Israeli citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt09feb9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt09feb9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 October 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> cabinet approved a loyalty oath bill changing <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_citizenship" title="Oath of citizenship">oath of citizenship</a> for non-Jews from "I declare that I will be a loyal national of the State of Israel" to "I swear that I will be a loyal citizen to the state of Israel, as a Jewish and democratic state, and will uphold its laws" (no oath is required of Jews seeking citizenship).<sup id="cite_ref-ynet10oct10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynet10oct10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far-right Knesset member <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Michael Ben-Ari</a> felt that the vote vindicated <a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-ynet10oct10_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynet10oct10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Twenty years have passed since the assassination of Rabbi Kahane, and today <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> admits he was right. It's a refreshing change to see the Likud government, which persecuted the rabbi over his call to have Arabs sign a loyalty oath, admit today that what Kahane said 20 years ago was correct.</p></blockquote> <p>However, on October 18, prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a> ordered Justice minister <a href="/wiki/Ya%27akov_Ne%27eman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya'akov Ne'eman">Ya'akov Ne'eman</a> to extend Cabinet-level debate on the bill in order to add amendments which make the loyalty oath universal to both Jewish and non-Jewish immigrants who seek citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-hz10oct18_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hz10oct18-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inclusion of Jewish immigrants was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adl_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill didn't pass and the oath remained unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-adalah_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adalah-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_allegiance" title="Oath of allegiance">Oath of allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">Oath of office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Supreme_Court_cases_involving_loyalty_oaths">US Supreme Court cases involving loyalty oaths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: US Supreme Court cases involving loyalty oaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Communications_Assn._v._Douds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Communications Assn. v. Douds (page does not exist)">American Communications Assn. v. Douds</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_339" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 339">339</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/339/382/">382</a> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerende_v._Board_of_Supervisors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerende v. Board of Supervisors (page does not exist)">Gerende v. Board of Supervisors</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">341</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/341/56/">56</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">341</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/341/716/">716</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speiser_v._Randall" title="Speiser v. Randall">Speiser v. Randall</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_357" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 357">357</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/357/513/">513</a> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cole_v._Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cole v. Richardson (page does not exist)">Cole v. Richardson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_405" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 405">405</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/405/676/">676</a> (1972)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_oath&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJayson2007" class="citation web cs1">Jayson, Seth (October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fool.com/investing/dividends-income/2007/10/03/countrywides-misguided-pride.aspx">"Countrywide's Misguided Pride"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Motley_Fool" title="The Motley Fool">The Motley Fool</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countrywide%27s+Misguided+Pride&rft.pub=The+Motley+Fool&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.aulast=Jayson&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fool.com%2Finvesting%2Fdividends-income%2F2007%2F10%2F03%2Fcountrywides-misguided-pride.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagan2007" class="citation web cs1">Kagan, R. (October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013034251/http://www.bestcashcow.com/stocks_-_options_-_mutual_funds/article/rkagan/protect-our-house-wristband-campaign-shows-the-worst-of-corporate-america">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Protect Our House' Wristband Campaign Shows the Worst of Corporate America"</a>. BestCashCow.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestcashcow.com/stocks_-_options_-_mutual_funds/article/rkagan/protect-our-house-wristband-campaign-shows-the-worst-of-corporate-america">the original</a> on October 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Protect+Our+House%27+Wristband+Campaign+Shows+the+Worst+of+Corporate+America&rft.pub=BestCashCow.com&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestcashcow.com%2Fstocks_-_options_-_mutual_funds%2Farticle%2Frkagan%2Fprotect-our-house-wristband-campaign-shows-the-worst-of-corporate-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1991.html">"Loyalty Oaths"</a>. <i>www.u-s-history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.u-s-history.com&rft.atitle=Loyalty+Oaths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-s-history.com%2Fpages%2Fh1991.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/collection/1030/tree/52364050/person/13354023223/media/1758e355-0782-4eb5-95d9-cbb25422f043?_phsrc=6lf-445366&_phstart=successSource">Copy of original document, via Ancestry.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIJIP.In2016" class="citation book cs1">IJIP.In (December 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz_VDQAAQBAJ&q=professors+who+left+the+University+of+California+over+the+Levering+Act&pg=PA3"><i>The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 3, Issue 4, No. 82</i></a>. RED'SHINE Publication. Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781365657177" title="Special:BookSources/9781365657177"><bdi>9781365657177</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Journal+of+Indian+Psychology%2C+Volume+3%2C+Issue+4%2C+No.+82&rft.pub=RED%27SHINE+Publication.+Inc&rft.date=2016-12-25&rft.isbn=9781365657177&rft.au=IJIP.In&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQz_VDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprofessors%2Bwho%2Bleft%2Bthe%2BUniversity%2Bof%2BCalifornia%2Bover%2Bthe%2BLevering%2BAct%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/loyaltyoath/">"Introduction"</a>. <i>bancroft.berkeley.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bancroft.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbancroft.berkeley.edu%2Fcollections%2Floyaltyoath%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/loyaltyoath/timelinesummary.html">"Timeline: Summary of events of the Loyalty Oath Controversy 1949-54"</a>. <i>www.lib.berkeley.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lib.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Summary+of+events+of+the+Loyalty+Oath+Controversy+1949-54&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fuchistory%2Farchives_exhibits%2Floyaltyoath%2Ftimelinesummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i>, 341 U.S. 716 (1951)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Speiser_v._Randall" title="Speiser v. Randall">Speiser v. Randall</a></i>, 357 U.S. 513 (1958)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=357&invol=513">"SPEISER v. RANDALL, 357 U.S. 513 (1958)"</a>. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPEISER+v.+RANDALL%2C+357+U.S.+513+%281958%29&rft.pub=Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3Dus%26vol%3D357%26invol%3D513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a link to the argument from Oyes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1961/1961_72">Cramp v. Bd. Of Public Instruction - Oral Argument</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.onecle.com/new-york/education/EDN03002_3002.html">"New York Education Law Section 3002"</a>. Law.onecle.com. March 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Education+Law+Section+3002&rft.pub=Law.onecle.com&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.onecle.com%2Fnew-york%2Feducation%2FEDN03002_3002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halberstam-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halberstam_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halberstam_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Halberstam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/30/archives/27-on-adelphi-faculty-file-suit-challenging-state-loyalty-oath.html?sq=new%2520york%2520state%2520loyalty%2520oath&scp=2&st=cse">"27 on Adelphi Faculty File Suit Challenging State Loyalty Oath"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, November 30, 1966, pg. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Special-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Special_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/23/archives/justices-uphold-a-teachers-oath-back-state-law-requiring-a.html?sq=new%2520york%2520state%2520loyalty%2520oath&scp=10&st=cse">"JUSTICES UPHOLD A TEACHERS' OATH; Back State Law Requiring a Constitutional Pledge"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, January 23, 1968, pg. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJethro_Koller_Lieberman2005" class="citation book cs1">Jethro Koller Lieberman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmA8a1Q9UekC&q=%22loyalty+oath%22+last&pg=PA292"><i>A Practical Companion to the Constitution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21280-0"><bdi>978-0-520-21280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Companion+to+the+Constitution&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21280-0&rft.au=Jethro+Koller+Lieberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmA8a1Q9UekC%26q%3D%2522loyalty%2Boath%2522%2Blast%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoyalty+oath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaydel" class="citation web cs1">Haydel, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1126/loyalty-oaths">"Loyalty Oaths"</a>. <i>www.mtsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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