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And the situation looks even grimmer if we take into account the fact that inter-human connection, or what Harvard political scientist Robert Putnam refers to as \"social capital,\" appears to be decreasing at alarming rates. In his book Bowling Alone, i Putnam marshals a mind-numbing array of data that shows that on virtually every conceivable measure, from political participation, to volunteering, to religious affiliation, to union membership, to participation in organized sport (hence the title), even to sharing dinner with friends, civic participation is plummeting to levels not seen for almost 100 years. And we should care, Putnam argues, because connectivity is, on the one hand, inversely related to crime, while, on the other, positively related with economic prosperity, physical health, overall sense of personal well-being and how well education works. Given this growing concern over dissipating human bonds, it is hardly surprising that many are tempted by Richard Rorty's ii suggestion that we ought to try to ramp up inter-human connectivity by","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"The Politics of Empathy","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"83095117"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Evolution of Connectivity: A Bridge beyond","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [136503316]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":83095117,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Evolution of Connectivity: A Bridge beyond”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/83095117/mini_magick20220402-11208-1azf387.png?1648925277" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Evolution of Connectivity: A Bridge beyond</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136503316" href="https://capilanou.academia.edu/SGardner"><img alt="Profile image of Susan Gardner" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/136503316/36495554/31232955/s65_susan.gardner.jpg" />Susan Gardner</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, The Politics of Empathy</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">12 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 75172222; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Human's seeming lack of empathy both for one another and for other life forms not only threatens human survival but the very web of life on this planet. And the situation looks even grimmer if we take into account the fact that inter-human connection, or what Harvard political scientist Robert Putnam refers to as "social capital," appears to be decreasing at alarming rates. In his book Bowling Alone, i Putnam marshals a mind-numbing array of data that shows that on virtually every conceivable measure, from political participation, to volunteering, to religious affiliation, to union membership, to participation in organized sport (hence the title), even to sharing dinner with friends, civic participation is plummeting to levels not seen for almost 100 years. And we should care, Putnam argues, because connectivity is, on the one hand, inversely related to crime, while, on the other, positively related with economic prosperity, physical health, overall sense of personal well-being and how well education works. Given this growing concern over dissipating human bonds, it is hardly surprising that many are tempted by Richard Rorty's ii suggestion that we ought to try to ramp up inter-human connectivity by</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":83095117,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/75172222/The_Evolution_of_Connectivity_A_Bridge_beyond"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":83095117,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/75172222/The_Evolution_of_Connectivity_A_Bridge_beyond"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="75172222" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3943432" href="https://northumbria.academia.edu/SophieBudden">Sophie Budden</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Critically examine the extent to which social capital is useful in helping us to understand how trust, association and networks enhance the well being of societies.","attachmentId":37843944,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12830772/Critically_examine_the_extent_to_which_social_capital_is_useful_in_helping_us_to_understand_how_trust_association_and_networks_enhance_the_well_being_of_societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12830772/Critically_examine_the_extent_to_which_social_capital_is_useful_in_helping_us_to_understand_how_trust_association_and_networks_enhance_the_well_being_of_societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="65982080" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65982080/Social_capital_class_gender_and_race_conflict_and_population_health_an_essay_review_of_Bowling_Alones_implications_for_social_epidemiology_Bowling_alone_The_collapse_and_revival_of_American_community_RD_Putnam_New_York_Simon_and_Schuster_2000_pp_544_US_26_ISBN_0_684_83283_6">Social capital, class gender and race conflict, and population health: an essay review of Bowling Alone's implications for social epidemiology: Bowling alone. The collapse and revival of American community.RD Putnam. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000, pp.544, US$26. ISBN: 0 684 83283 6</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56440165" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CMuntaner">Carles Muntaner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Epidemiology, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The bull session buzz about "participatory democracy" and "all power to the people" seemed to augur ever more widespread engagement in community affairs.' Robert D Putnam (ref. 1, p.18) Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone (henceforth BA) 1 serves as justification and support for one of the most influential hypotheses in contemporary social epidemiology, namely that the primary explanation for health inequalities in wealthy countries lies in low levels of social capital or social cohesion. For example, the major textbook of the sub-discipline 2 includes two chapters on this topic. Putnam, and most social epidemiology, defines social capital as the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from social connections among individuals. 1 Although the social capital concept lacks closure and varies with authors and disciplines, 3-6 Putnam uses a consistent set of indicators that have been readily adopted in epidemiology. 1,7 Among these indicators we find community organization membership (clubs, civic or social organizations), engagement in public affairs (voting, town or school public meeting attendance), volunteering (number of non-profit organizations), informal sociability (entertaining, visiting friends), and norms of social trust. Here we present an overview of Putnam's claims, their supporting evidence, and we draw several consequences of the BA hypothesis for epidemiology and public health. We argue that the omission of class, race and gender relations and political variables from research on community trust and norms of reciprocity limits the usefulness of social capital as framework for social epidemiology. Next, we link the current theoretical emphasis on social cohesion to earlier social science attempts at advancing the beneficial effects of lack of conflict in Europe and the US. An appraisal of Bowling Alone Has 'social capital' declined in the US? In order to build the argument that we should be concerned about social capital, Putnam 1 reviews the evidence on a series of indicators showing a decline in community involvement in the US during approximately the last three decades. The author presents evidence on the decline of political participation, faceto-face involvement in community organizations, religious participation (in particular the 'bridging' or community building type), union membership (although the recent growth in the service sector organizing is ignored), informal social connections (e.g. entertaining or bowling), giving to philanthropic organizations, working in community projects, and social trust attitudes (although these later findings have been challenged by other researchers, see below). Putnam also presents trends on increased litigation, and guard labour (although no reference is made to the role of the state in using incarceration as a labour market institution or to the prison-industrial complex). On the other hand, Putnam presents data on trends in volunteering, crime rates, interpersonal telecommunication, small self-help and support groups, and social movements (e.g. environmentalism) that do not visibly support his claims that social capital has declined. Putnam poses several possible causes for the supposed decline in social capital. Among them he lists work related time pressure, economic hardship, women's access to the paid labour force and its effects on the family, residential mobility, suburban sprawl, technological revolution in communications, change in the structure and scale of the economy (chain stores, service sector…), and disruption of marriage. Interestingly, Putnam also includes growth of the welfare state, the civil rights revolution, and the sixties (anti Vietnam war movement, culture of revolt against authority) as potentially all playing a role in the decline of social capital in America (emphasis added). Several of these putative causes of declining social capital and health (e.g. welfare state) have been precisely associated with a reduction in social inequalities in health. 8 Putnam then reviews the empirical support for these alternative explanatory variables and concludes that, in order of importance, it is generational change, television, increased commuting, and time pressure (overwork) which explain US social capital decline. Putnam suggests that generational change accounts for 50% of the decline in social capital. 1 Putnam's</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social capital, class gender and race conflict, and population health: an essay review of Bowling Alone's implications for social epidemiology: Bowling alone. The collapse and revival of American community.RD Putnam. New York: Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000, pp.544, US$26. ISBN: 0 684 83283 6","attachmentId":77348207,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65982080/Social_capital_class_gender_and_race_conflict_and_population_health_an_essay_review_of_Bowling_Alones_implications_for_social_epidemiology_Bowling_alone_The_collapse_and_revival_of_American_community_RD_Putnam_New_York_Simon_and_Schuster_2000_pp_544_US_26_ISBN_0_684_83283_6","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65982080/Social_capital_class_gender_and_race_conflict_and_population_health_an_essay_review_of_Bowling_Alones_implications_for_social_epidemiology_Bowling_alone_The_collapse_and_revival_of_American_community_RD_Putnam_New_York_Simon_and_Schuster_2000_pp_544_US_26_ISBN_0_684_83283_6"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2757620" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2757620/Community_networks_and_the_evolution_of_civic_intelligence">Community networks and the evolution of civic intelligence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2858305" href="https://evergreen.academia.edu/DouglasSchuler">Douglas Schuler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract Although the intrinsic physicality of human beings has not changed in millennia, the species has managed to profoundly reconstitute the physical and social world it inhabits. Although the word “profound” is insufficient to describe the vast changes our world has undergone, it is sufficiently neutral to encompass both the opportunities—and the challenges—that our age provides.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Community networks and the evolution of civic intelligence","attachmentId":30728251,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2757620/Community_networks_and_the_evolution_of_civic_intelligence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2757620/Community_networks_and_the_evolution_of_civic_intelligence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="18719914" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18719914/Capitalizing_on_the_Net_Social_Contact_Civic_Engagement_and_Sense_of_Community">Capitalizing on the Net: Social Contact, Civic Engagement, and Sense of Community</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1925422" href="https://westernu.academia.edu/AnabelQuanHaase">Anabel Quan-Haase</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Internet in Everyday Life, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">How does the Internet affect social capital in terms of social contact, civic engagement, and a sense of community? Does online involvement increase, decrease, or supplement the ways in which people engage? Our evidence comes from a 1998 survey of North American visitors to the National Geographic Society website, one of the first large-scale web surveys of the general public. We find that online social contact supplements the frequency of face-to-face and telephone contact. Online activity also supplements participation in voluntary organizations and politics. Frequent email users have a greater sense of online community, although their overall sense of community is similar to that of infrequent email users. The evidence suggests that as the Internet is incorporated into the routine practices of everyday life, social capital is becoming augmented and more geographically dispersed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Capitalizing on the Net: Social Contact, Civic Engagement, and Sense of Community","attachmentId":40218599,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18719914/Capitalizing_on_the_Net_Social_Contact_Civic_Engagement_and_Sense_of_Community","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18719914/Capitalizing_on_the_Net_Social_Contact_Civic_Engagement_and_Sense_of_Community"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="73767194" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73767194/Bowling_Online_A_Critical_View_of_Social_Capital_and_Virtual_Communities">Bowling Online: A Critical View of Social Capital and Virtual Communities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5709353" href="https://charlestonlaw.academia.edu/MelissaHarness">Melissa A Harness</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Media and Education in the Digital Age: Concepts, Assessments, Subversions, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In 1995, Robert Putnam introduced his theory of social capital in Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital. Furthering his research, in 2000, he published Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, in which Putnam attempts to explain how and why Americans’ social capital has consistently declined in the wake of the 1960s era. Putnam uses his main argument to demonstrate how the United States, historically recognized as a leader in democratic civic engagement, is in danger of reaching critically deficient levels of social capital, thus leading to a society that no longer trusts or knows its own members. This chapter seeks out a modern relevance for Putnam’s concept of social capital in a nation increasingly defined by hyper-realism and virtual lives. In engaging some of the critiques of this particular iteration of social capital, we engage with hidden discourses of marginality and historical contextuality, the effect of dis-association and individualism on the development of communal bonds, and implications for virtual social capital. In the end, we suggest the possibility of a paradigm shift that is reflective of the faceted selves we embody today – where identities lie along a continuum from communal to virtual and technology facilitates choices about engagement and responsibility.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bowling Online: A Critical View of Social Capital and Virtual Communities","attachmentId":82159649,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73767194/Bowling_Online_A_Critical_View_of_Social_Capital_and_Virtual_Communities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73767194/Bowling_Online_A_Critical_View_of_Social_Capital_and_Virtual_Communities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="22315518" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22315518/A_Communicative_Approach_to_Social_Capital">A Communicative Approach to Social Capital</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="444454" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/LewisAFriedland">Lewis A. Friedland</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Communication, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article advances a communicative approach to social capital that views communication as the fundamental source of societal integration. We contend that integration occurring at the system level via news consumption and at the individual level via interpersonal discussion is amplified through ties at the community level. This cross-level interaction is theorized to encourage civic engagement, writ large, above and beyond the influences of news, talk, or social ties. This perspective distinguishes between the extent of news use and political talk and the orientation toward news consumption and political conversation. We offer evidence that communication variables, specifically news attention and exposure along with conversational frequency and orientation toward conversational understanding, interact with associational membership and network size to foster engagement.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Communicative Approach to Social Capital","attachmentId":42954867,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22315518/A_Communicative_Approach_to_Social_Capital","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22315518/A_Communicative_Approach_to_Social_Capital"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":83095117,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":83095117,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_83095117" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="66802582" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66802582/Understanding_the_decline_in_social_capital_1952_1998">Understanding the decline in social capital, 1952-1998</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44400456" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DoraCosta6">Dora Costa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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