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<span>Passive devices (loads)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_devices_(loads)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_sign_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_sign_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Passive sign convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_sign_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistive_circuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistive_circuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Resistive circuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistive_circuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternating_current_without_harmonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternating_current_without_harmonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Alternating current without harmonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternating_current_without_harmonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Electromagnetic fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_power_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_power_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Electric power industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_power_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric power</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriese_drywing" title="Elektriese drywing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektriese drywing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قدرة كهربائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قدرة كهربائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="বৈদ্যুতিক ক্ষমতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক ক্ষমতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-le%CC%8Dk" title="Tiān-le̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-le̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Электрычная магутнасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрычная магутнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Електрическа мощност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрическа мощност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_Leistung" title="Elektrische Leistung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektrische Leistung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_snaga" title="Električna snaga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Električna snaga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A8ncia_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Potència elèctrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potència elèctrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%85%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Электро хăват – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электро хăват" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_v%C3%BDkon" title="Elektrický výkon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrický výkon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%B5er_trydan" title="Pŵer trydan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pŵer trydan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_effekt" title="Elektrisk effekt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk effekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_Leistung" title="Elektrische Leistung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrische Leistung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiivv%C3%B5imsus" title="Aktiivvõimsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aktiivvõimsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%87%CF%8D%CF%82" title="Ηλεκτρική ισχύς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρική ισχύς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencia_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Potencia eléctrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potencia eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_povumo" title="Elektra povumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra povumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentzia_elektriko" title="Potentzia elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Potentzia elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="توان الکتریکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توان الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puissance_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Puissance électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Puissance électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuinneamh_agus_cumhacht_leictreach" title="Fuinneamh agus cumhacht leictreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuinneamh agus cumhacht leictreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A0%A5" title="전력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրական հզորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական հզորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="विद्युत शक्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत शक्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_snaga" title="Električna snaga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električna snaga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_listrik" title="Daya listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daya listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%B2%E1%91%89%E1%90%B3%E1%91%8E%E1%92%A8%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᑲᑉᐳᑎᒨᖅᑐᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑲᑉᐳᑎᒨᖅᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandla_wamazuba" title="Amandla wamazuba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amandla wamazuba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raforka" title="Raforka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Raforka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potenza_elettrica" title="Potenza elettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potenza elettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99" title="הספק חשמלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספק חשמלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D2%9B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Электр қуаты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электр қуаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisans_elektrik" title="Puisans elektrik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Puisans elektrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiyana_karebay%C3%AE" title="Şiyana karebayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şiyana karebayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektros_srov%C4%97s_galia" title="Elektros srovės galia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektros srovės galia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Електрична моќност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрична моќност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuasa_elektrik" title="Kuasa elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuasa elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်စစ်စွမ်းအား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စစ်စွမ်းအား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisch_vermogen" title="Elektrisch vermogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrisch vermogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B" title="電力 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_efekt" title="Elektrisk efekt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektrisk efekt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_effekt" title="Elektrisk effekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrisk effekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_effekt" title="Elektrisk effekt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrisk effekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ଶକ୍ତି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ଶକ୍ତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr_sig%CA%BBimi" title="Elektr sigʻimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektr sigʻimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਿਕ ਪਾਵਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਿਕ ਪਾਵਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="الیکٹرک پاور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرک پاور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moc_elektryczna" title="Moc elektryczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Moc elektryczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%AAncia_el%C3%A9trica" title="Potência elétrica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Potência elétrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putere_electric%C4%83" title="Putere electrică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Putere electrică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Электрическая мощность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрическая мощность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_pouer" title="Electric pouer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electric pouer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroom_-_Laistenge_-_Energie" title="Stroom - Laistenge - Energie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stroom - Laistenge - Energie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rryma_elektrike" title="Rryma elektrike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rryma elektrike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="විදුලි ක්ෂමතාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විදුලි ක්ෂමතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric power" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cinn%C3%BD_v%C3%BDkon" title="Činný výkon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Činný výkon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Електрична снага – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрична снага" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_snaga" title="Električna snaga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električna snaga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4t%C3%B6teho" title="Pätöteho – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pätöteho" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்திறன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்திறன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%A7_(elektrik)" title="Güç (elektrik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güç (elektrik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Потужність електричного струму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Потужність електричного струму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA" title="برقی قوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی قوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_l%E1%BB%B1c" title="Điện lực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện lực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B" title="电力 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电力" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B" title="電力 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電力" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B" title="電力 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Power</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Common symbols</div></th><td class="infobox-data">℘ or P</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI unit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> (W)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit"><span class="wrap">SI base units</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>⋅<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a><sup>2</sup>⋅<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a><sup>−3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Derivations from<br />other quantities</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="texhtml"><i>℘</i> = <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy"><i>E</i></a>/<a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time"><i>t</i></a></span></li><li><span class="texhtml"><i>℘</i> = <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force"><i>F</i></a>·<a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity"><i>v</i></a></span></li><li><span class="texhtml"><i>℘</i> = <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage"><i>U</i></a>·<a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current"><i>I</i></a></span></li><li><span class="texhtml"><i>℘</i> = <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque"><i>τ</i></a>·<a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity"><i>ω</i></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_analysis#Formulation" title="Dimensional analysis">Dimension</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{2}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">M</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{2}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/556e3a9a69c32909f014a9a2d851374e25c1e76c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.263ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{2}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-3}}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIGU_Strain_tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NIGU_Strain_tower.JPG/170px-NIGU_Strain_tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NIGU_Strain_tower.JPG/255px-NIGU_Strain_tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/NIGU_Strain_tower.JPG/340px-NIGU_Strain_tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Electric power is transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">overhead lines</a> like these, and also through underground <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_cable" title="High-voltage cable">high-voltage cables</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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#aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetostatics" title="Magnetostatics">Magnetostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_circuital_law" title="Ampère's circuital law">Ampère law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biot%E2%80%93Savart_law" title="Biot–Savart law">Biot–Savart law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_magnetism" title="Gauss's law for magnetism">Gauss magnetic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">Magnetic dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">Magnetic flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_scalar_potential" title="Magnetic scalar potential">Magnetic scalar potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential" title="Magnetic vector potential">Magnetic vector potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">Magnetization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule#Electromagnetism" title="Right-hand rule">Right-hand rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Electrodynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">Cyclotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_current" title="Displacement current">Displacement current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">Eddy current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">Electromagnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefimenko%27s_equations" title="Jefimenko's equations">Jefimenko equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larmor_formula" title="Larmor formula">Larmor formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenz%27s_law" title="Lenz's law">Lenz law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential" title="Liénard–Wiechert potential">Liénard–Wiechert potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_equations" title="London equations">London equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_stress_tensor" title="Maxwell stress tensor">Maxwell tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynting_vector" title="Poynting vector">Poynting vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Electrical network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">Capacitance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">Electric current</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">Electromotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">Impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">Inductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws" title="Kirchhoff's circuit laws">Kirchhoff laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)" title="Network analysis (electrical circuits)">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Parallel circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetics" title="Resonator">Resonant cavities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Series_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Series circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">Voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(radio_frequency)" title="Waveguide (radio frequency)">Waveguides</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_circuit" title="Magnetic circuit">Magnetic circuit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrator%E2%80%93capacitor_model" title="Gyrator–capacitor model">Gyrator–capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">Linear motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetomotive_force" title="Magnetomotive force">Magnetomotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeance" title="Permeance">Permeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_complex_reluctance" title="Magnetic complex reluctance">Reluctance (complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance" title="Magnetic reluctance">Reluctance (real)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism" title="Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism">Covariant formulation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_tensor" title="Electromagnetic tensor">Electromagnetic tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism_and_special_relativity" title="Classical electromagnetism and special relativity">Electromagnetism and special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-current" title="Four-current">Four-current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_four-potential" title="Electromagnetic four-potential">Four-potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions_of_the_electromagnetic_field" title="Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field">Mathematical descriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations_in_curved_spacetime" title="Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime">Maxwell equations in curved spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_electromagnetism" title="Relativistic electromagnetism">Relativistic electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor" title="Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor">Stress–energy tensor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Biot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Fizeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson">Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" title="Oleg D. Jefimenko">Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Larmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Lenz" title="Emil Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" title="Alfred-Marie Liénard">Liénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_(physicist)" title="William Ritchie (physicist)">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart" title="Félix Savart">Savart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Singer" title="George Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Wiechert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetism" title="Template talk:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Electric power</b> is the rate of transfer of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Electric_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric circuit">circuit</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> unit is the <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>, the general unit of <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a>, defined as one <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> per <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>. Standard prefixes apply to watts as with other SI units: thousands, millions and billions of watts are called kilowatts, megawatts and gigawatts respectively. </p><p>In common parlance, electric power is the production and delivery of electrical energy, an essential <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utility</a> in much of the world. Electric power is usually produced by <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generators</a>, but can also be supplied by sources such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">electric batteries</a>. It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">electric power industry</a> through an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a>. </p><p>Electric power can be delivered over long distances by <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmission lines</a> and used for applications such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">light</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric heat">heat</a> with high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_efficiency" title="Electrical efficiency">efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith-2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric power, like <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">mechanical power</a>, is the rate of doing <a href="/wiki/Work_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Work (electrical)">work</a>, measured in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a>, and represented by the letter <i>P</i>. The term <i>wattage</i> is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts". The electric power in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> produced by an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> <i>I</i> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charge</a> of <i>Q</i> coulombs every <i>t</i> seconds passing through an <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>) difference of <i>V</i> is: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Work done per unit time}}=\wp ={\frac {W}{t}}={\frac {W}{Q}}{\frac {Q}{t}}=VI}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Work done per unit time</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">℘</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>W</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>W</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Work done per unit time}}=\wp ={\frac {W}{t}}={\frac {W}{Q}}{\frac {Q}{t}}=VI}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bac810bded7c160b8cfdaf879b77743618ee76c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:50.734ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Work done per unit time}}=\wp ={\frac {W}{t}}={\frac {W}{Q}}{\frac {Q}{t}}=VI}"></span> where: </p> <ul><li><i>W</i> is work in <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a></li> <li><i>t</i> is time in <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a></li> <li><i>Q</i> is electric charge in <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulombs</a></li> <li><i>V</i> is electric potential or voltage in <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a></li> <li><i>I</i> is electric current in <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a></li></ul> <p>I.e., </p> <dl><dd>watts = volts times amps.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanation">Explanation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif/130px-Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif" decoding="async" width="130" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif/195px-Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif/260px-Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Animation showing power source</figcaption></figure> <p>Electric power is transformed to other forms of energy when <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charges</a> move through an <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a> difference (<a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>), which occurs in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical component">electrical components</a> in electric circuits. From the standpoint of electric power, components in an electric circuit can be divided into two categories: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_load_animation_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Electric_load_animation_2.gif/130px-Electric_load_animation_2.gif" decoding="async" width="130" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Electric_load_animation_2.gif/195px-Electric_load_animation_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Electric_load_animation_2.gif/260px-Electric_load_animation_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Animation showing electric load</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_devices_(power_sources)"><span id="Active_devices_.28power_sources.29"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr">Active</span> devices (power sources)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Active devices (power sources)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> is forced to flow through the device in the direction from the lower electric potential to the higher, so <a href="/wiki/Positive_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive charge">positive charges</a> move from the negative to the positive terminal, work will be done <i>on</i> the charges, and energy is being converted to electric <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> from some other type of energy, such as <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a>. Devices in which this occurs are called <i><a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">active</a></i> devices or <i>power sources</i>; such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generators</a> and batteries. Some devices can be either a source or a load, depending on the voltage and current through them. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a> acts as a source when it provides power to a circuit, but as a load when it is connected to a battery charger and is being recharged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_devices_(loads)"><span id="Passive_devices_.28loads.29"></span>Passive devices (loads)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Passive devices (loads)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If <a href="/wiki/Conventional_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional current">conventional current</a> flows through the device in a direction from higher potential (voltage) to lower potential, so positive charge moves from the positive (+) terminal to the negative (−) terminal, work is done by the charges on the device. The <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> of the charges due to the voltage between the terminals is converted to <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> in the device. These devices are called <i><a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">passive</a></i> components or <i>loads</i>; they 'consume' electric power from the circuit, converting it to other forms of energy such as <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">mechanical work</a>, heat, light, etc. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Electrical_appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical appliance">electrical appliances</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric heater">electric heaters</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) circuits the direction of the voltage periodically reverses, but the current always flows from the higher potential to the lower potential side. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_source_and_load_animation_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Electric_source_and_load_animation_2.gif/260px-Electric_source_and_load_animation_2.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Electric_source_and_load_animation_2.gif/390px-Electric_source_and_load_animation_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Electric_source_and_load_animation_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Transmission of power through an electric circuit</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_sign_convention">Passive sign convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Passive sign convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passive_sign_convention" title="Passive sign convention">Passive sign convention</a></div> <p>Since electric power can flow either into or out of a component, a convention is needed for which direction represents positive power flow. Electric power flowing <i>out</i> of a circuit <i>into</i> a component is arbitrarily defined to have a positive sign, while power flowing <i>into</i> a circuit from a component is defined to have a negative sign. Thus passive components have positive power consumption, while power sources have negative power consumption. This is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Passive_sign_convention" title="Passive sign convention">passive sign convention</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistive_circuits">Resistive circuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resistive circuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Resistive" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistive">resistive</a> (Ohmic, or linear) loads, the power formula (<i>P</i> = <i>I·V</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule's first law</a> (<i>P</i> = <i>I^2·R</i>) can be combined with <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a> (<i>V</i> = <i>I·R</i>) to produce alternative expressions for the amount of power that is dissipated: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp =IV=I^{2}R={\frac {V^{2}}{R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">℘</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp =IV=I^{2}R={\frac {V^{2}}{R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81261992eee38f9e1b2d08e6497cb120512d6335" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:21.575ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp =IV=I^{2}R={\frac {V^{2}}{R}}}"></span> where <i>R</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternating_current_without_harmonics">Alternating current without harmonics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alternating current without harmonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">alternating current</a> circuits, energy storage elements such as <a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">inductance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a> may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of energy flow (power) that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as <a href="/wiki/Real_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Real power">real power</a> (also referred to as active power).<sup id="cite_ref-ThomasRosaToussaint_2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomasRosaToussaint_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amplitude of that portion of energy flow (power) that results in no net transfer of energy but instead oscillates between the source and load in each cycle due to stored energy, is known as the absolute value of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive power">reactive power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ThomasRosaToussaint_2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomasRosaToussaint_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FraileMora_2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraileMora_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_1459_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_1459-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product of the RMS value of the voltage wave and the RMS value of the current wave is known as <a href="/wiki/Apparent_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent power">apparent power</a>. The real power <i><b>P</b></i> in watts consumed by a device is given by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp ={1 \over 2}V_{p}I_{p}\cos \theta =V_{\rm {rms}}I_{\rm {rms}}\cos \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">℘</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp ={1 \over 2}V_{p}I_{p}\cos \theta =V_{\rm {rms}}I_{\rm {rms}}\cos \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10b28a9a0c0b59a57c1fc01a3e86fd8aa2eeae9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.288ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp ={1 \over 2}V_{p}I_{p}\cos \theta =V_{\rm {rms}}I_{\rm {rms}}\cos \theta }"></span> where </p> <ul><li><i>V</i><sub>p</sub> is the peak voltage in volts</li> <li><i>I</i><sub>p</sub> is the peak current in amperes</li> <li><i>V</i><sub>rms</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Root-mean-square" class="mw-redirect" title="Root-mean-square">root-mean-square</a> voltage in volts</li> <li><i>I</i><sub>rms</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Root-mean-square" class="mw-redirect" title="Root-mean-square">root-mean-square</a> current in amperes</li> <li><i>θ</i> = <i>θ</i><sub>v</sub> − <i>θ</i><sub>i</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase angle</a> by which the voltage sine wave leads the current sine wave, or equivalently the phase angle by which the current sine wave lags the voltage sine wave</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_Triangle_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Power_Triangle_01.svg/220px-Power_Triangle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Power_Triangle_01.svg/330px-Power_Triangle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Power_Triangle_01.svg/440px-Power_Triangle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="113" /></a><figcaption>Power triangle: The components of <a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be expressed by representing the quantities as vectors. Real power is represented as a horizontal vector and reactive power is represented as a vertical vector. The apparent power vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by connecting the real and reactive power vectors. This representation is often called the <i>power triangle</i>. Using the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagorean Theorem">Pythagorean Theorem</a>, the relationship among real, reactive and apparent power is: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{(apparent power)}}^{2}={\text{(real power)}}^{2}+{\text{(reactive power)}}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(apparent power)</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(real power)</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(reactive power)</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{(apparent power)}}^{2}={\text{(real power)}}^{2}+{\text{(reactive power)}}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb3b4ec61b962dedec3ace2fd2db3c4c7f09e8c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:55.257ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{(apparent power)}}^{2}={\text{(real power)}}^{2}+{\text{(reactive power)}}^{2}}"></span> </p><p>Real and reactive powers can also be calculated directly from the apparent power, when the current and voltage are both <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sinusoids</a> with a known phase angle θ between them: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{(real power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\cos \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(real power)</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(apparent power)</mtext> </mrow> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{(real power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\cos \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2f45e9a1c5e56a3cb57a31f6b760e2abf81286a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.813ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{(real power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\cos \theta }"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{(reactive power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\sin \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(reactive power)</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>(apparent power)</mtext> </mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{(reactive power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\sin \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a4666eacebc2ebf4987472b0ab554a6f94b8eb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.754ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{(reactive power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\sin \theta }"></span> </p><p>The ratio of real power to apparent power is called <a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">power factor</a> and is a number always between −1 and 1. Where the currents and voltages have non-sinusoidal forms, power factor is generalized to include the effects of distortion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetic_fields">Electromagnetic fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrical energy flows wherever electric and magnetic fields exist together and fluctuate in the same place. The simplest example of this is in electrical circuits, as the preceding section showed. In the general case, however, the simple equation <i>P</i> = <i>IV</i> may be replaced by a more complex calculation. The closed <a href="/wiki/Surface_integral" title="Surface integral">surface integral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cross_product" title="Cross product">cross-product</a> of the electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometric)">vectors</a> gives the total instantaneous power (in watts) <i>out of</i> the volume: <sup id="cite_ref-HaytBuck_2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaytBuck_2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \wp =\oint _{\text{area}}(\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} )\cdot d\mathbf {A} .}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">℘</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>area</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \wp =\oint _{\text{area}}(\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} )\cdot d\mathbf {A} .}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c438216da6c63e145547fba055d5f6a8dde0847" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:23.18ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \wp =\oint _{\text{area}}(\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} )\cdot d\mathbf {A} .}"></span> </p><p>The result is a scalar since it is the <i><a href="/wiki/Surface_integral" title="Surface integral">surface integral</a></i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Poynting_vector" title="Poynting vector">Poynting vector</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generation">Generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:#d8d800"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#d8d800"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#d8d800"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 157.57478599687px; border-left-color:#dc8496"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#dc8496"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#dc8496"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.461929754415px; border-left-color:#0fafff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#0fafff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#0fafff"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px 0 0; border-top-color:#009080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#009080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:53.5826794979px 84.432792550202px 0 0; border-top-color:#d0b090"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#d0b090"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 82.727194597248px 100px 0; border-right-color:#303030"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#303030"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>2021 <a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">world electricity generation</a> by source. Total generation was 28 <a href="/wiki/Petawatt-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Petawatt-hour">petawatt-hours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ember_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ember-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#303030; color:white;"> </span> Coal (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d0b090; color:black;"> </span> Natural gas (23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009080; color:black;"> </span> Hydro (15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0fafff; color:black;"> </span> Nuclear (10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dc8496; color:black;"> </span> Wind (7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d8d800; color:black;"> </span> Solar (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (5%)</div> </div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity generation</a></div> <p>The fundamental principles of much electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>. His basic method is still used today: electric current is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">electric utilities</a>, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a>, and electrical energy storage and recovery using <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pumped-storage</a> methods are normally carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">electric power industry</a>. </p><p>Electricity is mostly generated at a <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a> by electromechanical <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generators</a>, driven by <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engines</a> heated by <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>. Other generators are driven by the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that are used to generate electricity such as <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> solar panels. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> is a device consisting of one or more <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">electrochemical cells</a> that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the invention of the first battery (or "<a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a>") in 1800 by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> and especially since the technically improved <a href="/wiki/Daniell_cell" title="Daniell cell">Daniell cell</a> in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>48 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> in sales each year,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 6% annual growth. There are two types of batteries: <a href="/wiki/Primary_battery" title="Primary battery">primary batteries</a> (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary battery">secondary batteries</a> (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries are available in many sizes; from miniature <a href="/wiki/Button_cell" title="Button cell">button cells</a> used to power <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a> and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a> and computer <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_power_industry">Electric power industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electric power industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">Electric power industry</a></div> <p>The electric power industry provides the production and delivery of power, in sufficient quantities to areas that need <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, through a <a href="/wiki/Grid_connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid connection">grid connection</a>. The grid distributes electrical energy to customers. Electric power is generated by central <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">distributed generation</a>. The electric power industry has gradually been trending towards deregulation – with emerging players offering consumers competition to the traditional public utility companies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric power, produced from central generating stations and distributed over an electrical transmission grid, is widely used in industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. A country's per capita electric power consumption correlates with its industrial development. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric motors power manufacturing machinery and propel subways and railway trains. Electric lighting is the most important form of artificial light. Electrical energy is used directly in processes such as extraction of aluminum from its ores and in production of steel in <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnaces</a>. Reliable electric power is essential to telecommunications and broadcasting. Electric power is used to provide air conditioning in hot climates, and in some places, electric power is an economically competitive energy source for building space heating. The use of electric power for pumping water ranges from individual household wells to irrigation and energy storage projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-smith-2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith-2001_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Clare (2001). <i>Environmental Physics</i>. 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(2012). <i>Engineering Electromagnetics</i> (8 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338066-7"><bdi>978-0-07-338066-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Electromagnetics&rft.pages=385&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-07-338066-7&rft.aulast=Hayt&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Buck%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ember-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ember_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/">"Yearly electricity data"</a>. <i>ember-energy.org</i>. 6 Dec 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Dec</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ember-energy.org&rft.atitle=Yearly+electricity+data&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fember-energy.org%2Fdata%2Fyearly-electricity-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webster_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/battery">"battery" (def. 4b)</a>, <i>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i> (2009). Retrieved 25 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfj.com/cgi-bin/artman/publish/article_141.shtml">Power Shift: DFJ on the lookout for more power source investments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201015849/http://www.dfj.com/cgi-bin/artman/publish/article_141.shtml">Archived</a> 2005-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Draper Fisher Jurvetson</i>. Retrieved 20 November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.en-powered.com/blog/the-opportunity-of-energy-group-buying">The Opportunity of Energy Group-Buying</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165435/https://www.en-powered.com/blog/the-opportunity-of-energy-group-buying">Archived</a> 2017-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>EnPowered</i>, April 18, 2016,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ignacio J. Pérez-Arriaga (ed), <i>Regulation of the Power Sector</i>, Springer Science & Business Media, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1447150341" title="Special:BookSources/1447150341">1447150341</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616214056/http://www.nerc.com/~filez/blackout.html">Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North American Electric Reliability Council website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroftSummers,_Wilford_I.1987" class="citation book cs1">Croft, Terrell; Summers, Wilford I. (1987). <i>American Electricians' Handbook</i> (Eleventh ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-013932-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-013932-6"><bdi>0-07-013932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Electricians%27+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Eleventh&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-07-013932-6&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=Terrell&rft.au=Summers%2C+Wilford+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkBeaty,_H._Wayne1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Fink" title="Donald G. Fink">Fink, Donald G.</a>; Beaty, H. Wayne (1978). <i>Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers</i> (Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-020974-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-020974-X"><bdi>0-07-020974-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Handbook+for+Electrical+Engineers&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Eleventh&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-07-020974-X&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft.au=Beaty%2C+H.+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electricity_delivery" title="Template talk:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electricity_delivery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br />devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br />production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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