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<span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Голяма Апалачка долина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голяма Апалачка долина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley" title="Great Appalachian Valley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Great Appalachian Valley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="עמק האפלצ'ים הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמק האפלצ'ים הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="დიდი ველი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი ველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_Apala%C4%8D%C5%B3_sl%C4%97nis" title="Didysis Apalačų slėnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis Apalačų slėnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolina_Appalaska" title="Dolina Appalaska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dolina Appalaska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Большая Долина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большая Долина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%91%E5%B1%B1%E8%B0%B7" title="大阿帕拉契山谷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大阿帕拉契山谷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3816357#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Appalachian_Valley&params=39_30_N_77_50_W_region:US-MD_scale:15000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">77°50′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.500°N 77.833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.500; -77.833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major landform in eastern North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatvalley-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greatvalley-map.png/220px-Greatvalley-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greatvalley-map.png/330px-Greatvalley-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greatvalley-map.png/440px-Greatvalley-map.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and the Great Appalachian Valley, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> in the south</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Great Appalachian Valley</b>, also called <b>The Great Valley</b> or <b>Great Valley Region</b>, is one of the major landform features of eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. It is a gigantic trough, including a chain of valley lowlands, and the central feature of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> system. The trough stretches about 1,200 miles (1,900 km) from <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> in the south and has been an important north–south route of travel since prehistoric times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Great Valley marks the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a> <a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">physiographic province</a>. There are many regional names of the Great Valley, such as the Shenandoah Valley. From a large perspective the Great Valley can be divided into a northern section and a southern section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_section">Northern section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Northern section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Mountain_Ridge_(Pennsylvania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Blue_Mountain_Ridge_%28Pennsylvania%29.jpg/250px-Blue_Mountain_Ridge_%28Pennsylvania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Blue_Mountain_Ridge_%28Pennsylvania%29.jpg/330px-Blue_Mountain_Ridge_%28Pennsylvania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Blue_Mountain_Ridge_%28Pennsylvania%29.jpg/500px-Blue_Mountain_Ridge_%28Pennsylvania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_(Pennsylvania)" title="Blue Mountain (Pennsylvania)">Blue Mountain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> region of eastern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_Mountain_Trail_(7)_(15394266867).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Top_Mountain_Trail_%287%29_%2815394266867%29.jpg/220px-Top_Mountain_Trail_%287%29_%2815394266867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Top_Mountain_Trail_%287%29_%2815394266867%29.jpg/330px-Top_Mountain_Trail_%287%29_%2815394266867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Top_Mountain_Trail_%287%29_%2815394266867%29.jpg/440px-Top_Mountain_Trail_%287%29_%2815394266867%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bald_Eagle_State_Forest" title="Bald Eagle State Forest">Bald Eagle State Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Union County, Pennsylvania">Union County, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In its northern section, the Great Valley includes the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a> around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a> that drains it into the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson River Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Newburgh (city), New York">Newburgh Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallkill_River" title="Wallkill River">Wallkill Valley</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kittatinny_Valley" title="Kittatinny Valley">Kittatinny Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Upper Delaware River Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Valley" title="Lebanon Valley">Lebanon Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a>. </p><p>A series of mountains bounds the northern half of the Great Valley on both sides. To the east or coastward side, these include, from north to south, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taconic_Mountains" title="Taconic Mountains">Taconic Mountains</a> of Vermont, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reading_Prong" title="Reading Prong">Reading Prong</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93New_Jersey_Highlands" title="New York–New Jersey Highlands">New York–New Jersey Highlands</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Highlands" title="Hudson Highlands">Hudson Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schunemunk_Mountain" title="Schunemunk Mountain">Schunemunk Mountain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramapo_Mountains" title="Ramapo Mountains">Ramapo Mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Mountain_(Eastern_Pennsylvania)" title="South Mountain (Eastern Pennsylvania)">South Mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> beyond <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a>. There is a wide gap between the Reading Prong and South Mountain at Harrisburg, through which the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> passes, connecting the Great Valley with the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> region of southeast Pennsylvania. This gap is often considered the dividing point between the northern and southern sections of the Great Valley. </p><p>To the west or continental side, a series of more impenetrable mountain regions border the northern Great Valley. The northernmost is the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a>, a southern extension of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>, which reach the valley along the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a>. To their south, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley">Mohawk Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a>, which form the northeastern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a>, border the valley in the form of the dramatic <a href="/wiki/Catskill_Escarpment" title="Catskill Escarpment">Catskill Escarpment</a>, which overlooks the middle reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a>. Just south of the Catskills, the first folds of the <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a> border the valley, in the form of a continuous ridge (heading south) and known as the <a href="/wiki/Shawangunk_Ridge" title="Shawangunk Ridge">Shawangunk Ridge</a> in New York, <a href="/wiki/Kittatinny_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Kittatinny Mountains">Kittatinny Mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_(Pennsylvania)" title="Blue Mountain (Pennsylvania)">Blue Mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. This long ridge is broken by several narrow and dramatic gaps, known as <a href="/wiki/Wind_gap_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind gap (topography)">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">water gaps</a>, including Culver's Gap in New Jersey, the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap" title="Delaware Water Gap">Delaware Water Gap</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> passes into the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> along the border between New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and many gaps in Pennsylvania, including the <a href="/wiki/Wind_Gap,_Pennsylvania" title="Wind Gap, Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Wind Gap</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_River" title="Lehigh River">Lehigh River</a> Gap north of <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> Gap, the <a href="/wiki/Swatara_Gap" title="Swatara Gap">Swatara Gap</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> Gap, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_section">Southern section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southern section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its southern section, the Great Valley is bounded to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>, which extend north into <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> as <a href="/wiki/South_Mountain_(Maryland_and_Pennsylvania)" title="South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)">South Mountain</a>. Regional names of the southern Great Valley include <a href="/wiki/Hagerstown_Valley" title="Hagerstown Valley">Hagerstown Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, Winchester Valley, and <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, the upper valley of the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Valley" title="Roanoke Valley">Roanoke Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_River_Valley" title="New River Valley">New River Valley</a> in Virginia, the <a href="/wiki/Holston_River" title="Holston River">Holston River</a> Valley in Virginia and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and the East <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a> extending from Virginia through Tennessee to <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coosa_River" title="Coosa River">Coosa River</a> Valley is often considered the southernmost part of the Great Valley. These southern portions of the Great Valley are sometimes grouped into two parts, the Valley of Virginia and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a>. </p><p>The southern Great Valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge physiographic province, which includes, from north to south, South Mountain in Pennsylvania and Maryland, the Blue Ridge of Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Holston_Mountain" title="Holston Mountain">Holston Mountain</a> in Tennessee, and the <a href="/wiki/Unaka_Range" title="Unaka Range">Unaka Range</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a> of Tennessee and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. A gap in these mountains exists near <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a>. Other gaps of note in the Blue Ridge of Virginia, connecting the Piedmont region with the Great Valley, include <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Gap" title="Thornton Gap">Thornton Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_Run_Gap" title="Swift Run Gap">Swift Run Gap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rockfish_Gap" title="Rockfish Gap">Rockfish Gap</a>. </p><p>Another series of mountains bounds the southern Great Valley to the west, including <a href="/wiki/North_Mountain_(Virginia-West_Virginia)" title="North Mountain (Virginia-West Virginia)">North Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Mountain" title="Great North Mountain">Great North Mountain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Front" title="Allegheny Front">Allegheny Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powell_Mountain" title="Powell Mountain">Powell Mountain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walden_Ridge" title="Walden Ridge">Walden Ridge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a> connects the Great Valley region with <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and Tennessee lands to the west. <a href="/wiki/Massanutten_Mountain" title="Massanutten Mountain">Massanutten Mountain</a> lies in the middle of the Valley of Virginia portion of the Great Valley. The Valley of Virginia is a region of <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caverns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate of the Great Valley is generally <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Warm- or Hot-summer Humid continental</a> in the northern third and <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> southward. The first weather box is from the temperate portion and the second subtropical portion of the valley. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Albany_International_Airport" title="Albany International Airport">Albany International Airport</a>, New York (1981–2010 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1874–present<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(22) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72<br />(22) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.8<br />(11.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.5<br />(11.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.2<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6<br />(27.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.7<br />(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.1<br />(32.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.3<br />(33.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.2<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.0<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8<br />(24.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.1<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.8<br />(12.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">94.3<br />(34.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(−0.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3<br />(14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.4<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.9<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.4<br />(26.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.2<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.8<br />(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.9<br />(8.8) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">57.9<br />(14.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(−9.7) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(−8.2) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(−3.5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.5<br />(13.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.9<br />(15.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6<br />(10.9) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(4.2) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(−0.3) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(−6.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.7<br />(3.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(−21.7) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(−19.3) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(−14.2) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(5.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(−3.4) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(−8.9) </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(−16.9) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−9.6<br />(−23.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28<br />(−33) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−22<br />(−30) </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−21<br />(−29) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(−3) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(4) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(1) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(−4) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(−9) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−11<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−22<br />(−30) </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−28<br />(−33) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.59<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.20<br />(56) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.21<br />(82) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.17<br />(81) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.61<br />(92) </td> <td style="background: #6BFF6B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.79<br />(96) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.12<br />(105) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.46<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.30<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.68<br />(93) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.93<br />(74) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.35<br />(999) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #00005C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(5.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.25) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.76) </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(7.1) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(35) </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.3<br />(153) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">137.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.5 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.8 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.2 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000E3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BFBF26; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.1 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218.9 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">262.2 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">289.2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253.2 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.5 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.8 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.7 </td> <td style="background: #B0B080; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,360.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NCDC_txt_KALB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDC_txt_KALB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWS_Albany,_NY_(ALY)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWS_Albany,_NY_(ALY)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_1961–90_KALB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KALB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Knoxville (<a href="/wiki/McGhee_Tyson_Airport" title="McGhee Tyson Airport">McGhee Tyson Airport</a>), 1981−2010 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1871–present<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.3<br />(21.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.1<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.6<br />(29.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.9<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.8<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.2<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.6<br />(34.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.1<br />(32.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.7<br />(28.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.6<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.3<br />(20.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.1<br />(35.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3<br />(8.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(11.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3<br />(21.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1<br />(25.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.4<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.2<br />(31.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.8<br />(31.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.8<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.2<br />(21.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4<br />(15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.8<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69.5<br />(20.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(−1.6) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(4.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3<br />(8.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.2<br />(13.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7<br />(18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.7<br />(20.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4<br />(15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5<br />(9.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(−0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.8<br />(9.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(−12.4) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(−9.9) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(−5.4) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(−0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8<br />(4.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.9<br />(15.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.7<br />(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.2<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(−4.7) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(−9.6) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.6<br />(−14.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24<br />(−31) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10<br />(−23) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(−17) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(−6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(9) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(−4) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(−15) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(−21) </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24<br />(−31) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.32<br />(110) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.26<br />(108) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.34<br />(110) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.01<br />(102) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.51<br />(115) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.81<br />(97) </td> <td style="background: #3EFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.08<br />(129) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.27<br />(83) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.24<br />(82) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.51<br />(64) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.01<br />(102) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.50<br />(114) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.86<br />(1,216) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(4.1) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.5<br />(17) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">125.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.8 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.8 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256.6 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">287.2 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.1 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">287.3 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">278.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.3 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.2 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.7 </td> <td style="background: #B7B759; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.5 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,613.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA-K_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-K-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a></div> <p>Routes through the valley were first used by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. In pre-colonial and the early <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial era</a>, a major Indian pathway through the Great Valley was known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_Warpath" title="Great Indian Warpath">Great Indian Warpath</a>, Seneca Trail, and various other names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonialism">European colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></div> <p>For European colonists, the Great Valley was a major route for settlement and commerce in the United States along the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wagon_Road" title="Great Wagon Road">Great Wagon Road</a>, which began in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. In the Shenandoah Valley, the road was known as the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Pike" title="Valley Pike">Valley Pike</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a> branched off from Great Wagon Road in present-day <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a> and led to <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, including the fertile <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_region" title="Bluegrass region">Bluegrass region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Basin" title="Nashville Basin">Nashville Basin</a>. Another branch at Roanoke, called the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Road" title="Carolina Road">Carolina Road</a>, led into the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. </p><p>The various gaps connecting the Great Valley to lands to the east and west have played important roles in American history. On the east side, the wide gap in southeast <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> became the main route for colonization of the Great Valley. By the 1730s, the Pennsylvanian Great Valley west of South Mountain was open to settlement after treaty cessions and purchases from the Indians. The region drew a steady and growing stream of immigrants and became known as "the best poor man's country". European immigrants ultimately thoroughly settled the Great Valley in Pennsylvania and were rapidly migrating and settling southwards into the Shenandoah Valley of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. The entire region between southeast Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Valley soon became famous as a breadbasket, the most productive mixed farming region in America (Meinig, 1986:134). The road from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> west to the valley and then south through it became very heavily used and known variously as the Great Wagon Road, the Philadelphia Wagon Road, and the Valley Road. The <a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">Conestoga wagon</a> was developed around 1725 in the area of the wide opening between Philadelphia and the Great Valley. The Conestoga wagon became the main vehicle for transportation through the Great Valley until the railroad era. </p><p>Culver Gap near <a href="/wiki/Culver%27s_Lake" title="Culver's Lake">Culver's Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Sussex County, New Jersey">Sussex County, New Jersey</a>, was an important route through the <a href="/wiki/Kittatinny_Mountain" title="Kittatinny Mountain">Kittatinny Mountain</a> from about 10,000 years ago to present. The gap is more than 400 feet (120 m) below the top of the mountain. <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> Native Americans used the gap to hunt and trade on both sides of the mountain. Early settlers from Pennsylvania used the water drop from Culvers Lake to <a href="/wiki/Branchville,_New_Jersey" title="Branchville, New Jersey">Branchville</a> for a wide assortment of mills. Turnpikes followed the route of Lenape trails through the gap. </p><p>By the 1750s, the Great Valley was well-settled to the southern end of the Shenandoah Valley. Immigrants continued to travel from the Philadelphia area south through the Great Valley beyond Shenandoah, to the vicinity of present-day <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a>. There is a wide gap in the Blue Ridge near Roanoke. A branch of the Great Wagon Road began there, crossing through the gap east into the Piedmont region of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. This road became known as the Carolina Road. During the 1750s, the stream of migrants traveling south through the valley and into the Carolina Piedmont grew into a flood. At the time, the Carolina Piedmont region offered some of the best land at the lowest prices. A string of towns appeared, including <a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_North_Carolina" title="Salisbury, North Carolina">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Salem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> in North Carolina. In the decades before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the Piedmont "upcountry" of the Carolinas was quickly settled, mostly by recent immigrants who migrated from the north to the south via the Great Valley. Many of these immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> area, and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a>. This upcountry population soon surpassed the older and more established lowcountry population near the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> coast, causing serious geopolitical tensions in the Carolinas during the late 18th century (Meinig, 1986: 291–293). </p><p>On the west side, the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a> became the main route for migration west from the southern Great Valley to <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. In the north, the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley">Mohawk Valley</a> became a major route for westward expansion, especially after the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>, which linked <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in the east to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> of the Great Valley and the Mohawk Valley gap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></div> <p>The Great Valley, especially Shenandoah Valley, played an important role during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, including its Blue Ridge gaps and nearby Piedmont area and its northward extension to <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a>, where the bloodiest and most influential Civil War battle was fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg resulted in over 50,000 casualties, but the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> victory under the command of Major General <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a> over General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> forces turned the war in the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>'s favor. </p><p>Civil War-era sites and events in this region include <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry, West Virginia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg, Pennsylvania</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaign">Valley Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Valley Campaigns of 1864</a>, also in Virginia; the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Campaign">Battles of Chattanooga</a> in Tennessee; and the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery" title="Gettysburg National Cemetery">Gettysburg National Cemetery</a> in Pennsylvania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstate_highways">Interstate highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interstate highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the main thoroughfares occupying the <i>southern</i> Great Valley are: </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/I-81.svg/24px-I-81.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/I-81.svg/36px-I-81.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/I-81.svg/48px-I-81.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_81" title="Interstate 81">I-81</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a> to the road's southern terminus near <a href="/wiki/Dandridge,_Tennessee" title="Dandridge, Tennessee">Dandridge, Tennessee</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/I-40.svg/24px-I-40.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/I-40.svg/36px-I-40.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/I-40.svg/48px-I-40.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 40 in Tennessee">I-40</a> from the I-81 interchange to <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/I-75.svg/40px-I-75.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/I-75.svg/60px-I-75.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 75 in Tennessee">I-75</a> from Knoxville to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland, Tennessee">Cleveland, Tennessee</a></li></ul> <p>In the <i>northern</i> valley, the thoroughfares vary. Heading northeast from Harrisburg, I-81 traces the valley to <a href="/wiki/Swatara_Creek" title="Swatara Creek">Swatara Gap</a>, then swings north across <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_(Pennsylvania)" title="Blue Mountain (Pennsylvania)">Blue Mountain</a> and leaves the valley en route to <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_78_in_Pennsylvania" title="Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania">I-78</a> then continues the route through the valley parallel to the southern slopes of Blue Mountain, connecting Harrisburg with <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutztown,_Pennsylvania" title="Kutztown, Pennsylvania">Kutztown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>. At Allentown, I-78 then swings away south into the hills of the <a href="/wiki/Reading_Prong" title="Reading Prong">Reading Prong</a> en route to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. From Allentown into New Jersey and southern New York, the valley is not traced by an interstate highway, though it is traversed at length (and at oblique angles) by both <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80_in_New_Jersey" title="Interstate 80 in New Jersey">I-80</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_84_in_New_York" title="Interstate 84 in New York">I-84</a>, as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> between <a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton, Pennsylvania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap" title="Delaware Water Gap">Delaware Water Gap</a>. </p><p>In New Jersey and New York, the valley gradually bends from the northeast to the north, and starting near <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Newburgh (city), New York">Newburgh</a> just beyond the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Highlands" title="Hudson Highlands">Hudson Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_87_(New_York)" title="Interstate 87 (New York)">I-87</a> runs much of the valley's length into Canada, passing <a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York" title="Glens Falls, New York">Glens Falls</a>. In an east–west section of the valley, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_New_York" title="Interstate 90 in New York">I-90</a> traverses the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley">Mohawk Valley</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a>. North of Glens Falls, I-87 runs west of the valley through the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a>, though it descends back into the valley near <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattsburgh (city), New York">Plattsburgh</a>. At the Canada–US border, I-87 becomes <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_15" title="Quebec Autoroute 15">Autoroute 15</a> and continues north to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. No interstate highway crosses the rugged section of the valley east of <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(lake),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake George (lake), New York">Lake George</a> or passes through the agriculturally rich <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a> running north to <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>. </p><p>Heading north from Burlington, however, along the east side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_89_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 89 in Vermont">I-89</a> runs through the valley's northernmost stretches to the Canada–US border, where it becomes <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Route_133" title="Quebec Route 133">Quebec Route 133</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_35" title="Quebec Autoroute 35">Autoroute 35</a>, which trace the route of the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a> in its southern section, where the Great Valley finally dissipates into the plain of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> to the east of Montreal. (The Richelieu River continues northward across the plain and empties into the Saint Lawrence to the northeast of Montreal.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Great Valley, especially the southern-middle portion, is within the region known as <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinsburg_Formation" title="Martinsburg Formation">Martinsburg Formation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the National Weather Service, the snowfall data has been readjusted as of June 3, 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. As such, snowfall data is based the source at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/aly/Climate/PNS_ALB_Snowfall_Normals.pdf">Albany Snowfall Normals</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official records for Albany kept January 1874 to May 1938 at downtown and at Albany Int'l since June 1938. For more information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org">Threadex</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official records for Knoxville kept January 1871 to February 1942 at downtown and at McGhee Tyson Airport since March 1942. For more information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org">Threadex</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NCDC_txt_KALB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCDC_txt_KALB_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00014735.normals.txt">"Station Name: NY ALBANY AP"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Name%3A+NY+ALBANY+AP&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2F1981-2010%2Fproducts%2Fstation%2FUSW00014735.normals.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Appalachian+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWS_Albany,_NY_(ALY)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NWS_Albany,_NY_(ALY)_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=aly">"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NowData+-+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.weather.gov%2Fclimate%2Fxmacis.php%3Fwfo%3Daly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Appalachian+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KALB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_1961–90_KALB_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72518.TXT">"WMO Climate Normals for ALBANY/ALBANY COUNTY, NY 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+ALBANY%2FALBANY+COUNTY%2C+NY+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_IV%2FUS%2FGROUP3%2F72518.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Appalachian+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/new-york-usa/albany-climate">"Albany, NY - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. <i>Weather Atlas</i>. Yu Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Albany%2C+NY+-+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fnew-york-usa%2Falbany-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Appalachian+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-K-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA-K_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mrx">"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NowData+-+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.weather.gov%2Fclimate%2Fxmacis.php%3Fwfo%3Dmrx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Appalachian+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00013891.normals.txt">"Station Name: TN KNOXVILLE MCGHEE TYSON AP"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Name%3A+TN+KNOXVILLE+MCGHEE+TYSON+AP&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2F1981-2010%2Fproducts%2Fstation%2FUSW00013891.normals.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Appalachian+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72326.TXT">"WMO Climate Normals for KNOXVILLE/MUNICIPAL, TN 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+KNOXVILLE%2FMUNICIPAL%2C+TN+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_IV%2FUS%2FGROUP3%2F72326.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Appalachian+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Appalachian_Valley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910102047/http://www.priweb.org/ed/TFGuide/NE/topo/topo_files2/topo_pdfs/ne_topo2.pdf">Appalachian Topography – Paleontological Research Institution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507064945/http://bartleby.com/69/71/A05871.html">Appalachian Mountains – Columbia Gazetteer of North America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154205/http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/valleyandridge/valleyandridge.htm">USGS – Valley and Ridge Province</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011116133635/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map13.pdf">Pennsylvania Geology Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070420000900/http://www.libraries.psu.edu/emsl/guides/X/explanation.htm">Geological Structure of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>Drake, Richard B. (2001), <i>A History of Appalachia</i>. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2169-8">0-8131-2169-8</a></li> <li>Kercheval, Samuel (1850), <i>A History of the Valley of Virginia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Virginia" title="Woodstock, Virginia">Woodstock, Virginia</a> – History (much of it anecdotal) of the colonial Virginia northern frontier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Meinig" class="mw-redirect" title="D. W. Meinig">Meinig, D. W.</a> (1986), <i>The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History</i>, Volume 1: <i>Atlantic America, 1492–1800</i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03882-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03882-8">0-300-03882-8</a></li> <li>Williams, John Alexander (2002), <i>Appalachia: A History</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5368-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5368-2">0-8078-5368-2</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Appalachian_Valley&params=39_30_N_77_50_W_region:US-MD_scale:15000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">77°50′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.500°N 77.833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.500; -77.833</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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