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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Solution for internationalization and localization support in XML documents</div> <p>The <b>Internationalization Tag Set</b> (<b>ITS</b>) is a set of attributes and elements designed to provide <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization and localization</a> support in <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> documents.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ITS specification identifies concepts (called "ITS data categories") which are important for internationalization and localization. It also defines implementation of these concepts through a set of elements and attributes grouped in the ITS namespace. XML developers can use this namespace to integrate internationalization features directly into their own XML schemas and documents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalization_Tag_Set&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ITS v1.0 includes seven data categories: </p> <ul><li><b>Translate</b>: Defines what parts of a document are translatable or not.</li> <li><b>Localization Note</b>: Provides alerts, hints, instructions, or other information to help the localizers or the translators.</li> <li><b>Terminology</b>: Indicates which parts of the documents are terms and optionally points to information about these terms.</li> <li><b>Directionality</b>: Indicates what type of display directionality should be applied to parts of the document.</li> <li><b>Ruby</b>: Indicates what parts of the document should be displayed as ruby text. (<a href="/wiki/Ruby_character" title="Ruby character">Ruby</a> is a short run of text alongside a base text, typically used in East Asian documents to indicate pronunciation or to provide a brief annotation).</li> <li><b>Language Information</b>: Identifies the language of the different parts of the document.</li> <li><b>Elements Within Text</b>: Indicates how elements should be treated with regard to linguistic segmentation.</li></ul> <p>The vocabulary is designed to address two different aspects: First by providing markup usable directly in the XML documents. Second, by offering a way to indicate if there are parts of a given markup that correspond to some of the ITS data categories and should be treated as such by ITS processors. </p><p>ITS applies to both new document types as well as existing ones. It also applies to both markups without any internationalization features as well documents already supporting internationalization or localization-related functions. </p><p>ITS can be specified using <b>global rules</b> and <b>local rules</b>. </p> <ul><li>The global rules are expressed anywhere in the document (embedded global rules), or even outside the document (external global rules), using the <code>its:rules</code> element.</li> <li>The local rules are expressed by specialized attributes (and sometimes elements) specified inside the document instance, at the location where they apply.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalization_Tag_Set&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translate_data_category">Translate data category</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalization_Tag_Set&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Translate data category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following ITS markup example, the elements and attributes with the <code>its</code> prefix are part of the ITS namespace. The <code>its:rules</code> element lists the different rules to apply to this file. There is one <code>its:translateRule</code> rule that indicates that any content inside the <code>head</code> element should not be translated. </p><p>The <code>its:translate</code> attributes used in some elements are utilized to override the global rule. Here, to make translatable the content of <code>title</code> and to make non-translatable the text "faux pas". </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><text</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:its=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><head></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><revision></span>2006-09-10<span class="w"> </span>v5<span class="nt"></revision></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><author></span>Gerson<span class="w"> </span>Chicareli<span class="nt"></author></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><contact></span>someone@example.com<span class="nt"></contact></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><title</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">its:translate=</span><span class="s">"yes"</span><span class="nt">></span>The<span class="w"> </span>Origins<span class="w"> </span>of<span class="w"> </span>Modern<span class="w"> </span>Novel<span class="nt"></title></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><its:rules</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">version=</span><span class="s">"1.0"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><its:translateRule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">translate=</span><span class="s">"no"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">selector=</span><span class="s">"/text/head"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></its:rules></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></head></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><body></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><div</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xml:id=</span><span class="s">"intro"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><head></span>Introduction<span class="nt"></head></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><p></span>It<span class="w"> </span>would<span class="w"> </span>certainly<span class="w"> </span>be<span class="w"> </span>quite<span class="w"> </span>a<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><span</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">its:translate=</span><span class="s">"no"</span><span class="nt">></span>faux pas<span class="nt"></span></span><span class="w"> </span>to<span class="w"> </span>start<span class="w"> </span>a<span class="w"> </span>dissertation<span class="w"> </span>on<span class="w"> </span>the<span class="w"> </span>origin<span class="w"> </span>of<span class="w"> </span>modern<span class="w"> </span>novel<span class="w"> </span>without<span class="w"> </span> mentioning<span class="w"> </span>the<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><tl></span>HKLM<span class="w"> </span>of<span class="w"> </span>GFDL<span class="nt"></tl></span>...<span class="nt"></p></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></div></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></body></span> <span class="nt"></text></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localization_Note_data_category">Localization Note data category</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalization_Tag_Set&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Localization Note data category"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following ITS markup example, the <code>its:locNote</code> element specifies that any node corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath expression</a> <code>"//msg/data"</code> has an associated note. The location of that note is expressed by the <code>locNotePointer</code> attribute, which holds a relative XPath expression pointing to the node where the note is, here <code>="../notes"</code>. </p><p>Note also the use of the <code>its:translate</code> attribute to mark the <code>notes</code> elements as non-translatable. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><Res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:its=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><prolog></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><its:rules</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">version=</span><span class="s">"1.0"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><its:translateRule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">selector=</span><span class="s">"//msg/notes"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">translate=</span><span class="s">"no"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><its:locNoteRule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">locNoteType=</span><span class="s">"description"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">selector=</span><span class="s">"//msg/data"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">locNotePointer=</span><span class="s">"../notes"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></its:rules></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></prolog></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><body></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><msg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"FileNotFound"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><notes></span>Indicates<span class="w"> </span>that<span class="w"> </span>the<span class="w"> </span>resource<span class="w"> </span>file<span class="w"> </span>{0}<span class="w"> </span>could<span class="w"> </span>not<span class="w"> </span>be<span class="w"> </span>loaded.<span class="nt"></notes></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><data></span>Cannot<span class="w"> </span>find<span class="w"> </span>the<span class="w"> </span>file<span class="w"> </span>{0}.<span class="nt"></data></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></msg></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><msg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"DivByZero"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><notes></span>A<span class="w"> </span>division<span class="w"> </span>by<span class="w"> </span>0<span class="w"> </span>was<span class="w"> </span>going<span class="w"> </span>to<span class="w"> </span>be<span class="w"> </span>computed.<span class="nt"></notes></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><data></span>Invalid<span class="w"> </span>parameter.<span class="nt"></data></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></msg></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></body></span> <span class="nt"></Res></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ITS_limitations">ITS limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalization_Tag_Set&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ITS limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ITS does not have a solution to all XML internationalization and localization issues. </p><p>One reason is that version 1.0 does not have data categories for everything. For example, there is currently no way to indicate a relation source/target in bilingual files where some parts of a document store the source text and some other parts the corresponding translation. </p><p>The other reason is that many aspects of internationalization cannot be resolved with markup. This is due to the design of the DTD or the schema itself. There are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-i18n-bp/">best practices, design and authoring guidelines</a> help make documents are correctly internationalized and easy to localize. For example, using attributes to store translatable text is a bad idea for many different reasons, but ITS cannot prevent an XML developer from making such choice. </p><p>Some of the ITS 1.0 limitations are being addressed in the version 2.0: See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/its20/">http://www.w3.org/TR/its20/</a> for more details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalization_Tag_Set&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/its/">Internationalization Tag Set (ITS)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalization_Tag_Set&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-its-20070403/">Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 1.0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/its20/">Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 2.0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/International/">W3C Internationalization Home</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-i18n-bp/">Best Practices for XML Internationalization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/International/its/links.html">List of ITS 1.0 implementations and articles about ITS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/International/its/wiki/ITS_Implementations">List of ITS 2.0 implementations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">WoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thing_Description" title="Thing Description">TD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">+RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-binary_Optimized_Packaging" title="XML-binary Optimized Packaging">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath_3" title="XPath 3">3.x</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Advisory Board (page does not exist)">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Board (page does not exist)">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Architecture_Group" title="Technical Architecture Group">TAG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community & business groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(browser/editor, 1996–2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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