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Velarization - Wikipedia

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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82" title="إطباق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إطباق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarizaci%C3%B3n" title="Velarización – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Velarización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Велярызацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Велярызацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goueliekadur" title="Goueliekadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goueliekadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velaritzaci%C3%B3" title="Velarització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Velarització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarizace" title="Velarizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velarizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarisierung" title="Velarisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Velarisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarizaci%C3%B3n" title="Velarización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Velarización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="نرم‌کامی‌شدگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌کامی‌شدگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9larisation" title="Vélarisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vélarisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים מוולניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים מוולניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9)_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Веляр (таңдай) дауыссыздар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Веляр (таңдай) дауыссыздар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Веляризация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Веляризация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarisatie" title="Velarisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Velarisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E5%8F%A3%E8%93%8B%E5%8C%96" title="軟口蓋化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軟口蓋化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welaryzacja" title="Welaryzacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Welaryzacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velariza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Velarização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Velarização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Веляризация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веляризация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velaaristuminen" title="Velaaristuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Velaaristuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarisering" title="Velarisering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Velarisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Веляризація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Веляризація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of secondary articulation in speech</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealization</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>.&#32;For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.&#32;For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[&#160;]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/&#160;/</span> and &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#160;</span>&#x27e9;, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA §&#160;Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Velarized</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌ˠ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">422</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&amp;#736;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+02E0</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Velarized or pharyngealized</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̴</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">428</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&amp;#820;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width:18em;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding: 0.3em; font-size: 120%;"><a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_metathesis" title="Quantitative metathesis">Quantitative metathesis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">Consonant gradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">Assibilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">Spirantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">Debuccalization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">Fortition</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">Prothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">Paragoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpacking_(linguistics)" title="Unpacking (linguistics)">Unpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">Vowel breaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Apheresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">Syncope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplology" title="Haplology">Haplology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">Cluster reduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transphonologization" title="Transphonologization">Transphonologization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Origin" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_tone" title="Floating tone">Floating tone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">Assimilation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">Coarticulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">Final devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">Metaphony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">Consonant harmony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">Dissimilation</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">Vowel hiatus</a></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">Synalepha</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(prosody)" title="Diaeresis (prosody)">diaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synizesis" title="Synizesis">Synizesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">Affrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" title="Clipping (phonetics)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">Betacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">Iotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">Merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoglottophilia" title="Rhinoglottophilia">Rhinoglottophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shm-reduplication" title="Shm-reduplication">Shm-reduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">Vowel shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">Chain shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; padding-top: 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sound_change" title="Template:Sound change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_change" title="Template talk:Sound change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sound_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sound change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Velarization</b> or <b>velarisation</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">secondary articulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> by which the back of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> is raised toward the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">velum</a> during the articulation of the consonant. In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swung_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Swung dash">swung dash</a> through the letter <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0334</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌&#x334;</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY</span> covers velarization, <a href="/wiki/Uvularization" title="Uvularization">uvularization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealization</a>, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span> (the velarized equivalent of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>)</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Superscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscript">superscript</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_gamma" title="Latin gamma">Latin gamma</a> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02E0</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2e0;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GAMMA</span> after the letter standing for the velarized consonant, as in &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tˠ</span>&#x27e9; (a velarized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>)</li> <li>To distinguish velarization from a velar fricative release, &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵚ</span>&#x27e9; may be used instead of &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˠ</span>&#x27e9;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>A superscript <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;w&#x27e9;</span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02B7</span>&#x20;</span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">&#x2b7;</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W</span> indicates either simultaneous velarization and <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a>, as in &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sʷ</span>&#x27e9; or &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʷ</span>&#x27e9;, or labialization of a velar consonant, as in &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷ</span>&#x27e9;.</li></ul> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Electropalatographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropalatographic">electropalatographic</a> studies have shown that there is a continuum of possible degrees of velarization,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the IPA does not specify any way to indicate degrees of velarization, as the difference has not been found to be contrastive in any language. However, the IPA convention of doubling diacritics to indicate a greater degree can be used: &#x27e8;<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˠˠ</span>&#x27e9;. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velarization&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velarization&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Velarization" title="Special:EditPage/Velarization">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A common example of a velarized consonant is the <a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">velarized alveolar lateral approximant</a> (or "dark L"). In some accents of English, such as <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> and arguably <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American English</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> has "dark" and "light" allophones: the "dark", velarized allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span> appears in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a> position (e.g. in <i>fu<b>ll</b></i>), while the "light", non-velarized allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> appears in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">syllable onset</a> position (e.g. in <i><b>l</b>awn</i>). Other accents of English, such as <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, and potentially standard U.S. and Canadian accents, have "dark L" in all positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velarized_/l/"><span id="Velarized_.2Fl.2F"></span>Velarized /l/</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velarization&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Velarized /l/"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> phonemically contrasts light <i>l</i> and dark <i>ll</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a> dialect and allophonic variance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a> dialect and allophonic variance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li></ul> <p>For many languages, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or dentoalveolar, and clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_velarized_consonants">Other velarized consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velarization&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Other velarized consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> realizes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> in some environments as a velarized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a> have velarized consonants that systematically contrast with palatalized consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-Padgett2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padgett2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> has velarized consonants as allophones of the non-palatalized (plain) series, especially prominent before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Padgett2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padgett2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> has a three-way contrast in <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">laterals</a> between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>l̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʎ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> has three velarized consonants (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˠ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zˠ/</span>) which contrast with plain ones.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a> has three velarized consonants (/mˠ/, /pˠ/, and /βˠ/), two of which (/mˠ/ and /pˠ/) contrast with a plain form.</li></ul> <p>The palatalized/velarized contrast is known by other names, especially in language pedagogy: in Irish and Scottish Gaelic language teaching, the terms <b>slender</b> (for palatalized) and <b>broad</b> (for velarized) are often used. In Scottish Gaelic the terms are <i>caol</i> (for palatalized) and <i>leathann</i> (for velarized). </p><p>The terms <b>light</b> or <b>clear</b> (for non-velarized or palatalized) and <b>dark</b> (for velarized) are also widespread. The terms "<b>soft</b> <i>l</i> " and "<b>hard</b> <i>l</i> " are not equivalent to "light <i>l</i> " and "dark <i>l</i> ". The former pair refers to <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> ("soft" or <a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotated</a>) and plain ("hard") <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velarization&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vd. Tryon (1995) <i>Comparative Austronesian Dictionary"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005">Recasens &amp; Espinosa (2005</a>:2) citing <a href="#CITEREFRecasensFontdevilaPallarès1995">Recasens, Fontdevila &amp; Pallarès (1995)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005">Recasens &amp; Espinosa (2005</a>:4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPharao" class="citation web cs1">Pharao, Nicolai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013720/https://dgcss.hum.ku.dk/aarsberetninger/2010/conference_proceedings_presentations/poster_sound_change_workshop_Barcelona_2010_N_Pharao.pdf">"Word frequency and sound change in groups and individuals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dgcss.hum.ku.dk/aarsberetninger/2010/conference_proceedings_presentations/poster_sound_change_workshop_Barcelona_2010_N_Pharao.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Word+frequency+and+sound+change+in+groups+and+individuals&amp;rft.aulast=Pharao&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicolai&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdgcss.hum.ku.dk%2Faarsberetninger%2F2010%2Fconference_proceedings_presentations%2Fposter_sound_change_workshop_Barcelona_2010_N_Pharao.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelarization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padgett2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Padgett2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Padgett2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadgett2003" class="citation cs2">Padgett, Jaye (2003), Holt, D. Eric (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0195-3_12">"The Emergence of Contrastive Palatalization in Russian"</a>, <i>Optimality Theory and Language Change</i>, Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol.&#160;56, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">307–</span>335, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-010-0195-3_12">10.1007/978-94-010-0195-3_12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-0195-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-0195-3"><bdi>978-94-010-0195-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Optimality+Theory+and+Language+Change&amp;rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Contrastive+Palatalization+in+Russian&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-010-0195-3_12&amp;rft.isbn=978-94-010-0195-3&amp;rft.aulast=Padgett&amp;rft.aufirst=Jaye&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-94-010-0195-3_12&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelarization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoonWhalen2019" class="citation cs2">Roon, Kevin D.; Whalen, D. H. (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709212624/https://icphs2019.org/icphs2019-fullpapers/pdf/full-paper_828.pdf">"Velarization of Russian labial consonants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>International Congress of Phonetic Sciences ICPhS 2019</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icphs2019.org/icphs2019-fullpapers/pdf/full-paper_828.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Congress+of+Phonetic+Sciences+ICPhS+2019&amp;rft.atitle=Velarization+of+Russian+labial+consonants&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.aulast=Roon&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin+D.&amp;rft.au=Whalen%2C+D.+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficphs2019.org%2Ficphs2019-fullpapers%2Fpdf%2Ffull-paper_828.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelarization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Michael. <i>Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.</i> Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattah2000" class="citation cs2">Fattah, Ismaïl Kamandâr (2000), <i>Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux</i>, Acta Iranica, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042909188" title="Special:BookSources/9042909188"><bdi>9042909188</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+dialectes+Kurdes+m%C3%A9ridionaux&amp;rft.pub=Acta+Iranica&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=9042909188&amp;rft.aulast=Fattah&amp;rft.aufirst=Isma%C3%AFl+Kamand%C3%A2r&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelarization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarus1958" class="citation cs2">McCarus, Ernest N. (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED089545.pdf"><i>—A Kurdish Grammar</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%E2%80%94A+Kurdish+Grammar&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.aulast=McCarus&amp;rft.aufirst=Ernest+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED089545.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelarization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velarization&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasensFontdevilaPallarès1995" class="citation cs2">Recasens, Daniel; Fontdevila, J; Pallarès, Maria Dolores (1995), "Velarization degree and coarticulatory resistance for /l/ in Catalan and German", <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>, <b>23</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>52, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0095-4470%2895%2980031-X">10.1016/S0095-4470(95)80031-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&amp;rft.atitle=Velarization+degree+and+coarticulatory+resistance+for+%2Fl%2F+in+Catalan+and+German&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0095-4470%2895%2980031-X&amp;rft.aulast=Recasens&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Fontdevila%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Pallar%C3%A8s%2C+Maria+Dolores&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelarization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasensEspinosa2005" class="citation cs2">Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>25, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305001878">10.1017/S0025100305001878</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14140079">14140079</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&amp;rft.atitle=Articulatory%2C+positional+and+coarticulatory+characteristics+for+clear+%2Fl%2F+and+dark+%2Fl%2F%3A+evidence+from+two+Catalan+dialects&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100305001878&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14140079%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Recasens&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Espinosa%2C+Aina&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelarization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesWard1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a>; Ward, Dennis (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9rrVMQ-PxsC"><i>The Phonetics of Russian</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521153003" title="Special:BookSources/9780521153003"><bdi>9780521153003</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+of+Russian&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.isbn=9780521153003&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C+Dennis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9rrVMQ-PxsC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelarization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">Subapical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">Double articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–coronal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_consonant" title="Labial–alveolar consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93palatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial–palatal consonant">Labial–palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Coronal–velar consonant">Coronal–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">Pathological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velopharyngeal_consonant" title="Velopharyngeal consonant">Velopharyngeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidental_consonant" title="Bidental consonant">Bidental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">Airstream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingressive_sound" title="Ingressive sound">Ingressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic-contour clicks">Pulmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective-contour clicks">Ejective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussive consonant">Percussive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">Secondary <br />articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labio-palatalization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvularization" title="Uvularization">Uvularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domed_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domed consonant">Domed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">Voice onset time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">Stiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953016#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4428426-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐b766959bd‐knszn Cached time: 20250214041724 Cache expiry: 2592000 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>22 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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