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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modal voice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vocal register associated with speech and singing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal registers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%;"> <small>Highest</small><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>  <a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">Whistle</a></li><li>  <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li><li>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modal</a></li><li>  <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">Vocal fry</a></li></ul></div><small>Lowest</small></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vocal_registration" title="Template:Vocal registration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vocal_registration" title="Template talk:Vocal registration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vocal_registration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vocal registration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Modal voice</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">vocal register</a> used most frequently in speech and singing in most languages. It is also the term used in linguistics for the most common <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. The term "modal" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonant mode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal folds</a>; that is, the optimal combination of airflow and <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottal</a> tension that yields maximum vibration.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, modal voice is the only phonation found in the vowels and other <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> (consonants such as <i>m, n, l,</i> and <i>r)</i> of most of the languages of the world, but a significant minority contrasts modal voice with other phonations. Among <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (consonants such as <i>k, g, t͡ʃ/ch, d͡ʒ/j, s,</i> and <i>z),</i> it is very common for languages to contrast modal voice with <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voicelessness</a>, but in <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a>, many supposedly-voiced obstruents do not usually have modal voice.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">speech pathology</a>, the modal register is one of the four identifiable registers within the human voice. It is above the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">vocal fry register</a> and overlapping the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Falsetto_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsetto register">falsetto register</a>. That view is also adopted by many <a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogists" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal pedagogists">vocal pedagogists</a>, but some vocal pedagogists may view <a href="/wiki/Vocal_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal registration">vocal registration</a> differently. In singing, the modal register may also overlap part of the <a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">whistle register</a>. A well trained singer or speaker can <a href="/wiki/Phonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonate">phonate</a> two octaves or more within the modal register with consistent production, beauty of tone, dynamic variation, and vocal freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinneyONE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinneyONE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modal register begins and ends in different places within the human voice. The placement of the modal register within the individual human voice is one of the key determining factors in identifying <a href="/wiki/Vocal_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal type">vocal type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-large_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-large-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_process">Physiological process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_voice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physiological process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the modal register, the length, the tension, and the mass of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal folds</a> are in a state of flux which causes the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds to vary.<sup id="cite_ref-large_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-large-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> rises, the vocal folds increase in length and in tension, and their edges become thinner. If a speaker or singer holds any of the three factors constant and interferes with the progressive state of change, the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">laryngeal</a> function of the voice becomes static and eventually breaks occur, resulting in obvious changes in <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">vocal quality</a>. </p><p>While some vocal pedagogists identify such breaks as register boundaries or transition areas between registers, other vocal pedagogists maintain that the breaks are a result of vocal problems caused by a static laryngeal adjustment that does not permit the necessary changes to take place within the modal register.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinneyONE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinneyONE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vocal_fold_scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vocal_fold_scheme.svg/150px-Vocal_fold_scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vocal_fold_scheme.svg/225px-Vocal_fold_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vocal_fold_scheme.svg/300px-Vocal_fold_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Vocal fold, scheme</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vocal_fold_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vocal_fold_animated.gif/150px-Vocal_fold_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vocal_fold_animated.gif/225px-Vocal_fold_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vocal_fold_animated.gif/300px-Vocal_fold_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Glottal cycle, modal voice</figcaption></figure> <p>On the lower pitches in the modal register, the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal folds</a> are thick and wedge-shaped. Because of the thickness, large portions of the opposing surfaces of the vocal folds are brought into contact, and the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> remains closed for a considerable time in each cycle. The glottis opens from the bottom first before it opens at the top, which imparts a fluid, wavelike motion to the cords. The modal voice has a broad harmonic spectrum, rich in <a href="/wiki/Overtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtones">overtones</a>, because of the rolling motion of the cords. It is comparatively loud to the other vocal registers because of the vibratory energy present, but it is capable of dynamic variation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the lowest tones, only the <a href="/wiki/Thyroarytenoid_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroarytenoid muscles">thyroarytenoid muscles</a> are active, but as the pitch rises, the <a href="/wiki/Cricothyroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricothyroids">cricothyroids</a> enter the action, which begins to lengthen the folds. As longitudinal tension increases, the glottis tends to develop a gap in the middle. To counteract the tendency, the lateral cricoarytenoids are brought into action, pulling forward on the muscular process of the <a href="/wiki/Arytenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Arytenoids">arytenoids</a>. The process is sometimes referred to as medial compression.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the stretching of the vocal folds and the increasing tension on them as the pitch rises, the opposing surfaces of the folds, which may be brought into contact, becomes smaller and smaller, as the edges of the folds become thinner. The basic vibratory or <a href="/wiki/Phonatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonatory">phonatory</a> pattern remains the same, with the whole vocal fold still involved in the action, but the vertical excursions are not as large and the rolling motion is not as apparent as it was on the lower pitches of the modal register.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physical limits of muscular strength of the internal thyroarytenoids or <a href="/wiki/Vocalis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocalis muscle">vocalis muscle</a> are being approached. To sing or speak above this pitch level, the voice must adopt a new phonatory pattern to change registers.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinneyONE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinneyONE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_voice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voice (phonetics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_voice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SOWL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModal+voice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinneyONE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKinneyONE_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinneyONE_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinneyONE_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1994" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, James (1994). <i>The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults</i>. Genovex Music Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0"><bdi>978-1-56593-940-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diagnosis+and+Correction+of+Vocal+Faults&rft.pub=Genovex+Music+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56593-940-0&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModal+voice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-large-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-large_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-large_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1972" class="citation journal cs1">Large, John (February–March 1972). "Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers". <i>NATS Bulletin</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">30–</span>35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NATS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Towards+an+Integrated+Physiologic-Acoustic+Theory+of+Vocal+Registers&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1972-02%2F1972-03&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModal+voice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_Berg1963" class="citation journal cs1">Van den Berg, J.W. (December 1963). "Vocal Ligaments versus Registers". <i>NATS Bulletin</i>. <b>19</b>: 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NATS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Vocal+Ligaments+versus+Registers&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1963-12&rft.aulast=Van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModal+voice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVennard1967" class="citation book cs1">Vennard, William (1967). <i>Singing: The Mechanism and the Technic</i>. Carl Fischer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8258-0055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8258-0055-9"><bdi>978-0-8258-0055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing%3A+The+Mechanism+and+the+Technic&rft.pub=Carl+Fischer&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8258-0055-9&rft.aulast=Vennard&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModal+voice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene,_MargaretLesley_Mathieson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_C._L._Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret C. L. Greene">Greene, Margaret</a>; Lesley Mathieson (2001). <i>The Voice and its Disorders</i> (6E ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86156-196-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86156-196-1"><bdi>978-1-86156-196-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+and+its+Disorders&rft.edition=6E&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86156-196-1&rft.au=Greene%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Lesley+Mathieson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModal+voice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_voice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1973" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Morton (1973). <i>Modern Techniques of Vocal Rehabilitation</i>. Charles C. Thomas. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000JC1U76">B000JC1U76</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Techniques+of+Vocal+Rehabilitation&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Thomas&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000JC1U76%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModal+voice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">Glottal</a> states (from open to closed)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Breath</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid 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airstream)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(fortis)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Supra-glottal</a> phonation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faucalized_voice" title="Faucalized voice">Faucalized voice</a> ("hollow")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_voice" title="Harsh voice">Harsh/ventricular voice</a> ("pressed")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strident_vowel" title="Strident vowel">Strident voice</a> (epiglottal trilled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-phonemic phonation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whispering" title="Whispering">Whisper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_range_or_compass_and_register129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano"> Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">Sopranist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">Heldentenor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">Basso profondo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bass" title="Sub-bass">Sub-bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_(sound)" title="Treble (sound)">Treble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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