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class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCs%C9%99lman_Qarda%C5%9Flar_(Suriya)" title="Müsəlman Qardaşlar (Suriya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müsəlman Qardaşlar (Suriya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimbr%C3%BCder_(Syrien)" title="Muslimbrüder (Syrien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muslimbrüder (Syrien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اخوان‌المسلمین سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخوان‌المسلمین سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_musulmans_en_Syrie" title="Frères musulmans en Syrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frères musulmans en Syrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwanul_Muslimin_Suriah" title="Ikhwanul Muslimin Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikhwanul Muslimin Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_muslimske_brorskapet_i_Syria" title="Det muslimske brorskapet i Syria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det muslimske brorskapet i Syria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracia_Muzu%C5%82ma%C5%84scy_w_Syrii" title="Bracia Muzułmańscy w Syrii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bracia Muzułmańscy w Syrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F-%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="«Братья-мусульмане» в Сирии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="«Братья-мусульмане» в Сирии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیخوان موسلمین لە سووریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیخوان موسلمین لە سووریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCman_Karde%C5%9Fler_(Suriye)" title="Müslüman Kardeşler (Suriye) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müslüman Kardeşler (Suriye)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A" title="叙利亚穆斯林兄弟会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="叙利亚穆斯林兄弟会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1278453#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #009900; border-bottom:2px solid #009900; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Syrian Muslim Brotherhood<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا</span></span></div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/270px-Emblem_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Emblem_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/360px-Emblem_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Walid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Walid (page does not exist)">Mohammad Walid</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Deputy leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Farouk_Tayfour" title="Mohammad Farouk Tayfour">Mohammad Farouk Tayfour</a><sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_Center_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_Center-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Head of the Shura Council</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Mohammad Hatem al-Tabshi<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_Center_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie_Center-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Siba%27i" title="Mustafa al-Siba'i">Mustafa al-Siba'i</a><br />Muhammad al-Mubarak al-Tayyib</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Banned</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1963<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Historical)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(After the Rebels victory in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Conduit_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conduit_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sufism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Sufism">Neo-Sufism</a> (some elements)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> (some elements)<sup id="cite_ref-Sageman_2004_7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sageman_2004_7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S._Moussalli_1999_259_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Moussalli_1999_259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious conservatism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a><br />Anti-<a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Assad</a><sup id="cite_ref-wp05122012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp05122012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">Right-wing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwansyria.com/">http://www.ikhwansyria.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #009900;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a></span> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_and_Chapter_1_of_the_Syrian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution">Preamble and Chapter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_2_of_the_Syrian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 2 of the Syrian Constitution">Chapter 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_3_of_the_Syrian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 3 of the Syrian Constitution">Chapter 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_4_of_the_Syrian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 4 of the Syrian Constitution">Chapter 4</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Najah_al-Attar" title="Najah al-Attar">Najah al-Attar</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="List of prime ministers of Syria">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_al-Jalali" title="Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali">Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Syria">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><i>Vacant</i></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">People's Assembly</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Sabbagh" title="Hammouda Sabbagh">Hammouda Sabbagh</a></span></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High Judicial Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Syria">Subdivisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdistricts_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdistricts of Syria (page does not exist)">Subdistricts (Nahiyas)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villages_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villages of Syria (page does not exist)">Villages</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2007_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2007 Syrian presidential election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Syrian parliamentary election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian branch</a>)</div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mekdad" title="Faisal Mekdad">Faisal Mekdad</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Syria" title="List of diplomatic missions of Syria">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a 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class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a> </p> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Syria" title="Template:Politics of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Politics of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn fī Sūrīya</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Syrian branch of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> organization. Its objective is the transformation of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> governed by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law through a gradual legal and political process.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p>The party strongly opposes <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> in Syria. Founded at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria was seen as one of several important political parties in the 1950s. When Syria unified with Egypt to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, the disbanding of the Muslim Brotherhood as a political party was a condition of union, one complicated by <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>'s conflict in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Muslim_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood">Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood</a>. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was banned by the government of the Syrian Arab Republic starting after the 1963 coup by the <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated241_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated241-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim Brotherhood played a major role in dissent against the secular Ba'ath Party during the period 1976–1982,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and membership in the Brotherhood in Syria became a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital offence</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright,_2008,_p.248_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright,_2008,_p.248-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S._Moussalli_1999_259_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Moussalli_1999_259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama uprising</a> of 1982 in the wake of the wider <a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist insurgency in Syria (1979–1982)</a>, when thousands of armed insurgents and civilians were killed by the military<sup id="cite_ref-lexicorient1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexicorient1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Brotherhood was effectively broken as an active political force inside Syria. </p><p>The Muslim Brotherhood in exile was among the 250 signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a> of 2005, a statement of unity by Syrian opposition including the Arab nationalist National Democratic Rally, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kurdish_Democratic_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kurdish Democratic Alliance (page does not exist)">the Kurdish Democratic Alliance</a>, the Committees of Civil Society, the Kurdish Democratic Front, and the Movement of the Future, and calling for "peaceful, gradual," reform "founded on accord, and based on dialogue and recognition of the other".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslim Brotherhood was considered the main opposition group in Syria to the government on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian uprising (2011–present)">2011 uprising</a>, but failed to make a significant mark on the protests against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Conduit_2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conduit_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian uprising's core population of protesters came from a younger generation which had come of age in a Syria without significant Muslim Brotherhood presence.<sup id="cite_ref-fnvw.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnvw.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, among the expatriated opposition, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood has come to be seen by some as the "dominant group"<sup id="cite_ref-wp05122012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp05122012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "dominant force"<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the opposition during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> as of spring 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-wp05122012_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp05122012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%99Mohamed_alhamed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/%E2%80%99Mohamed_alhamed.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption> Shaykh Muhammad al-Hamid (1328 AH / 1910 C.E - 1389 AH / 1969 C.E), an <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Islamic scholar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> and major early leader of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the second most important branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Syrian Ikhwan had two wings – the relatively moderate Damascus wing and the militant Aleppo wing. Becoming more revolutionary and radical in the 1960s and 1970s, they aimed to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist">Ba'athist</a> government that controlled Syria. In Egypt, splinter groups inspired by <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> were growing more violent and militant than the mainline Brotherhood. In Syria, the entire organization was effected, as the internally divided leadership failed to contain the radicalization to the splinter groups. Even though the leadership publicly disavowed the radical elements, they were unable to contain the radicalization of the group because were mostly in exile due to the brutality and violent repression of the Syrian government.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the mid-1940s by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Siba%27i" title="Mustafa al-Siba'i">Mustafa al-Siba'i</a> and Muhammad al-Mubarak al-Tayyib, who were friends and colleagues of the founder of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al-Banna. In the first years of Syrian independence the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was part of the legal opposition, and in the <a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1961 Syrian parliamentary election">1961 parliamentary elections</a> it won ten seats. After the 1963 coup brought the <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> to power, it was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated241_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated241-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brotherhood played a major role in the mainly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>-based resistance movement that opposed the secular Ba'ath Party, (since 1971 dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> <a href="/wiki/Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad family">Assad family</a>, adding a religious element to its conflict with the Brotherhood). This conflict developed into an armed struggle in the late 1970s that climaxed in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama uprising</a> of 1982, when thousands were killed by the military.<sup id="cite_ref-lexicorient1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexicorient1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital offence</a> in Syria in the 1980 (under Emergency Law 49)<sup id="cite_ref-Wright,_2008,_p.248_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright,_2008,_p.248-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Brotherhood was crushed, though it retained a network of support in the country, of unknown strength, and had external headquarters in London and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. In recent years it has renounced violence and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist</a> platform, calling for the establishment of a pluralistic, democratic political system. For many years the leader of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a>, who lives as a political refugee in London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of the 1930s, the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> as young Syrians, who had graduated from university in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a> there, returned home and founded associations called "Muhammad's Youth" (<i>Shabab Muhammad</i>), which were to become the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the 1930s (according to lexicorient.com) or in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to journalist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wright_(author)" title="Robin Wright (author)">Robin Wright</a> and the Brotherhood itself).<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brotherhood states its founder was Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Siba%27i" title="Mustafa al-Siba'i">Mustafa al-Siba'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikhwanweb_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikhwanweb-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1954, the Syrian association led by Mustafa al-Siba'i offered assistance to its Egyptian sister organisation, which <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser</a> was then subjecting to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954-present)">severe repression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it was not until the 1960s that the Syrian Brotherhood came to play a major role in politics, as part of a broad-based resistance movement, which developed into armed struggle, against the secular government. After the secular <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'athist</a> military <a href="/wiki/8th_of_March_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="8th of March Revolution">coup of 8 March 1963</a>, the new administration drastically restricted political freedoms, and concentrated power in the hands of the military and awarded prominent positions to the country's <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> minority. <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Syrian Islamists – from the majority faith – did not have representation in the government. From the start, Islamic political groups, of which the Brotherhood was the most prominent, represented the strongest opposition to the government. The outlawing of Brotherhood in 1964 resulted in its radicalisation. In 1964 and 1965, strikes and mass <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstrations</a> spread throughout Syria's major cities, especially in <a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">Hama</a>, and were crushed by the military. In 1971, General <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, an Alawite, seized power; in 1973 violent demonstrations broke out again in response to a proposed constitution that did not require the president to be a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. Syria's intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">Lebanese civil war</a> in 1976 on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronites</a> sparked renewed agitation in Syria, and assassinations began to target members of the Syrian government and prominent Alawites; the Muslim Brotherhood later claimed responsibility for most of these.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976–82_Islamist_insurgency"><span id="1976.E2.80.9382_Islamist_insurgency"></span>1976–82 Islamist insurgency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1976–82 Islamist insurgency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria#Islamist_uprising" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism in Syria § Islamist uprising</a></div> <p>On 16 June 1979, the Muslim Brotherhood carried out an <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Artillery_School_massacre" title="Aleppo Artillery School massacre">attack</a> on cadets at the Aleppo Artillery School, officially killing 83.<sup id="cite_ref-talhamy9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talhamy9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, professor Yusef al-Yusef was assassinated in Aleppo. The Syrian government responded by sentencing to death about 15 prisoners, already accused of being Iraqi agents, for belonging to the Islamic resistance movement. Terrorist attacks then became a daily occurrence, particularly in Aleppo and other northern cities. The government tended to ascribe these attacks to the Brotherhood, but as the armed resistance gained widespread popular support and more loosely defined armed groups appeared, especially in poor neighborhoods, it became difficult to determine the extent of the Brotherhood's involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1979, a Brotherhood leaflet stated: </p> <blockquote><p>We reject all forms of despotism, out of respect for the very principles of Islam, and we don't demand the fall of Pharaoh so that another one can take his place. Religion is not imposed by force....<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the days leading to 8 March 1980 (the seventeenth anniversary of the Ba'thist coup), nearly all Syrian cities were paralysed by strikes and protests, which developed into pitched battles with security forces. Many organisations, both religious and secular, were involved, including the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. The government responded with overwhelming military force, sending in tens of thousands of troops, supported by tanks and helicopters. In and around Aleppo, hundreds of demonstrators were killed, and eight thousand were arrested. By April, the uprising had been crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A newspaper article by the president's brother, <a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a>, stated that the government was prepared to "sacrifice a million martyrs" (over a tenth of Syria's population at that time) in order to stamp out "the nation's enemies". On 7 July 1980, the government passed a law making membership in the Brotherhood punishable by death. Typically, however, the administration practiced indiscriminate, collective punishment: in August, the army executed 80 residents of a block of flats in response to an attack on soldiers stationed in Aleppo. In April 1981, the army executed about 400 of Hama's inhabitants, chosen among male loyalists over the age of 14. This was as a retribution after a failed terrorist attack on an Alawite village near <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Hama_Massacre_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/After_Hama_Massacre_11.jpg/220px-After_Hama_Massacre_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/After_Hama_Massacre_11.jpg/330px-After_Hama_Massacre_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/After_Hama_Massacre_11.jpg/440px-After_Hama_Massacre_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Photograph showing destruction in the al-Kilani district of Hama following the massacre.</figcaption></figure> <p>During a 50-day moratorium on the application of the 7 July law, over a thousand Muslim Brothers surrendered to the authorities, hoping to escape the death penalty; information published about them in the official press may give some insight into the composition of the Brotherhood's membership at that time. Most of those who gave themselves up were students under twenty-five years of age, from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and other large cities; others were schoolteachers, professors or engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August, September and November 1981, the Brotherhood carried out three car-bomb attacks against government and military targets in Damascus, killing hundreds of people, according to the official press. On 2 February 1982, the Brotherhood led a <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">major insurrection in Hama</a>, rapidly taking control of the city; the military responded by bombing Hama (whose population was about 250,000) throughout the rest of the month, killing between 10,000 and 30,000 people. The tragedy of the Hama Massacre marked the defeat of the Brotherhood, and the militant Islamic movement in general, as a political force in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Hama_era">Post-Hama era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Hama era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having suppressed all opposition, Hafez al-Assad released some imprisoned members of the Brotherhood in the mid-1990s. After his death in 2000, Assad was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, who initially signalled greater openness to political debate. In May 2001, encouraged by a new political climate, the Muslim Brotherhood published a statement in London rejecting political violence, and calling for a modern, democratic state. Many <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, including Muslim Brothers, were pardoned and released. However, this reform was short-lived; in the same year, the few political freedoms that had been granted were abruptly revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although its leadership is in exile, the Brotherhood continues to enjoy considerable sympathy among Syrians. <a href="/wiki/Riyad_al-Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyad al-Turk">Riyad al-Turk</a>, a secular opposition leader, considers it "the most credible" Syrian opposition group. The Brotherhood has continued to advocate a democratic political system; it has abandoned its calls for violent resistance and for the application of <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">shari'a</a></i> law, as well as for Sunni uprisings against Alawites. Al-Turk and others in the secular opposition are inclined to take this evolution seriously, as a sign of the Brotherhood's greater political maturity, and believe that the Brotherhood would now be willing to participate in a democratic system of government.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a January 2006 interview, the Brotherhood's leader, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Bayanouni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Sadreddine Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Bayanouni</a>, "said the Muslim Brotherhood wants a peaceful change of government in Damascus and the establishment of a 'civil, democratic state', not an Islamic republic."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bayanouni, the Syrian government admits having detained 30,000 people, giving a fair representation of the Brotherhood's strength.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked American cables</a>, Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al_Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashar al Assad">Bashar al Assad</a> allegedly called <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> an "uninvited guest" and said "If you want me to be effective and active, I have to have a relationship with all parties. Hamas is Muslim Brotherhood, but we have to deal with the reality of their presence", comparing Hamas to the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood which was crushed by his father <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al_Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafez al Assad">Hafez al Assad</a>. He then allegedly claimed Hamas would disappear if peace was brought to the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011–present_Syrian_civil_war"><span id="2011.E2.80.93present_Syrian_civil_war"></span>2011–present Syrian civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2011–present Syrian civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the MB-led insurgency of 1976–1982, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War">civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War</a> which started in March 2011 began as a secular and nonviolent youth-led movement.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesters, mostly formerly apolitical Syrians in their twenties and thirties, came together on a local, grassroots basis and had affiliations to older political ideologies, calling instead for the release of prisoners of conscience, guarantees of democratic freedoms, and the fall of the Assad government. In August, 2011, expatriated Syrian oppositionists formed the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a> to seek international support for the uprising. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood officially held five seats in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a>, the main opposition umbrella outside Syria, but created a network of alliances with other SNC members, and created a controlling influence on the council's relief committee. Since the formation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a> in November, 2012, the Syrian National Council has taken a backseat to the Coalition, which is recognized as the external political body of oppositionists "leading" the revolution. </p><p>In 2012, Brotherhood activists created the Commission for Civilian Protection (CCP). The CCP is considered to be a front for the Brotherhood,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tasked with helping armed units inside Syria connect with each other and with sponsors abroad. Its website lists numerous affiliated factions, distributed across Homs, Damascus, Idlib, and elsewhere; however, most of these groups are small and generally self-identify as members of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Syrian Islamic Liberation Front">Syrian Islamic Liberation Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood is believed to control, through funding, one-fourth to one-third of the disparate armed rebel brigades known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA).<sup id="cite_ref-fnvw.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnvw.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite that, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> reported in August 2012 that the Muslim Brotherhood had established its own militia not affiliated to the FSA inside Syria, called "Armed Men of the Muslim Brotherhood", with presence in Damascus and other places like Homs or Idlib.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durou al-Thawra Commission (<a href="/wiki/Shields_of_the_Revolution_Council" title="Shields of the Revolution Council">Shields of the Revolution Council</a>) created in 2012 with assistance from the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood allegedly consisting of some 43 fighting units most of them in Idlib or Hama.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time Brotherhood leaders have been reaching out to reassure leaders in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> – as well as the West – that they "have no intention of dominating a future Syrian political system"<sup id="cite_ref-wp05122012_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp05122012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have "played down" their "growing influence" in the Syrian opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian MB has assured outsiders that it is "going to great lengths to ensure" that its donated weapons "don't fall into the hands of extremists".<sup id="cite_ref-wp05122012_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp05122012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hassan Hassan writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> newspaper in mid-2012, while the Brotherhood did come to dominate the Syrian National Council, a body formed outside Syria, the Brotherhood appears to be more popular among exiles than in the uprising population inside Syria. "Activists from various parts of Syria have told me that, prior to the uprising last year, the country had almost zero Brotherhood presence." "At least 70%" of Syria's population – non-<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunnis</a> (Muslim and Christian), Kurds, and tribal groups "have been outside" the Brotherhood's influence "in the past", and Hassan believes will remain so in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian Brotherhood harshly condemned Iranian political intervention in Bahrain.<sup id="cite_ref-ikhwansyria.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikhwansyria.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This condemnation was formulated "politely," without any obvious insulting references to Shi'a. However, the effort failed.<sup id="cite_ref-ikhwansyria.com_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikhwansyria.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood issued a statement declaring <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against Russia obligatory (<a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a> 'ayn) upon all who are able to carry weapons after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Syria">Russian military intervention in Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reiterated the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>'s call of the operation as a Holy War.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personalities">Personalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Walid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Walid (page does not exist)">Mohammad Walid</a> – current Brotherhood leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Farouk_Tayfour" title="Mohammad Farouk Tayfour">Mohammad Farouk Tayfour</a> – deputy leader, vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-wp05122012_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp05122012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mohammad Hatem al-Tabshi – current head of Shura Council</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molham_al-Droubi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molham al-Droubi (page does not exist)">Molham al-Droubi</a> – member of the Brotherhood's leadership and sits on the Syrian National Council's foreign affairs committee.<sup id="cite_ref-wp05122012_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp05122012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Surur" title="Muhammad Surur">Muhammad Surur</a> – former member, died in 2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Riad_al-Shaqfeh" title="Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh">Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh</a> – former Brotherhood leader</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_leaders">General leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supreme guides or General leaders (G.L.) of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria have been: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Founder & first General leader (1945–1961): <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Siba%27i" title="Mustafa al-Siba'i">Mustafa al-Siba'i</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُصطَفى السِّبَاعِي</span></span></li> <li>2nd G.L. (1961–1973): <a href="/wiki/Issam_al-Attar" title="Issam al-Attar">Issam al-Attar</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عصام العطار</span></span></li> <li>3rd G.L. (1973–1976): <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Fattah_Abu_Ghudda" title="Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda">Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عبد الفتاح أبو غدة</span></span></li> <li>4th G.L. (1976–1981): <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Saad_al-Din" title="Adnan Saad al-Din">Adnan Saad al-Din</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عدنان سعد الدين</span></span></li> <li>5th G.L. (1981–1985): Hassan Howeidi <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حسن هويدي</span></span></li> <li>6th G.L. (1985–1985): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Munir_Ghadban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munir Ghadban (page does not exist)">Munir Ghadban</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">منير الغضبان</span></span></li> <li>7th G.L. (1985–1986): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib_Gaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adib Gaja (page does not exist)">Adib Gaja</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أديب الجاجي</span></span></li> <li>8th G.L. (1986–1991): <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Fattah_Abu_Ghudda" title="Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda">Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عبد الفتاح أبو غدة</span></span></li> <li>9th G.L. (1991–1996): Hassan Howeidi <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حسن هويدي</span></span></li> <li>10th G.L. (1996–2010): <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">علي صدر الدين البيانوني</span></span></li> <li>11th G.L. (2010–2014): <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Riad_al-Shaqfeh" title="Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh">Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد رياض خالد الشقفة</span></span></li> <li>12th G.L. & current leader (2014–present): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Walid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Walid (page does not exist)">Mohammad Walid</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد حكمت وليد</span></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_Brotherhood_of_Syria_politicians" title="Category:Muslim Brotherhood of Syria politicians">Category:Muslim Brotherhood of Syria politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-brotherhood-in-syria/25B0E21E959D6F92C2BE88B58E357DF6">Dara Conduit. 2019. <i>The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</i>. Cambridge University Press.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.net/news/reportsandinterviews/2014/11/9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF"><bdi lang="ar">محمد حكمت وليد</bdi></a>. <i>Al-Jazeera</i> (in Arabic). 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%AA+%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Freportsandinterviews%2F2014%2F11%2F9%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2583%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carnegie_Center-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carnegie_Center_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carnegie_Center_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=48370">"The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria"</a>. Carnegie Middle East Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria&rft.pub=Carnegie+Middle+East+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegie-mec.org%2Fpublications%2F%3Ffa%3D48370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banned after the coup that brought the Secular <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Syrian Ba'ath Party</a> to power, but remained active in Syria</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conduit_2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conduit_2019_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conduit_2019_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConduit2019" class="citation book cs1">Conduit, Dara (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-brotherhood-in-syria/25B0E21E959D6F92C2BE88B58E357DF6"><i>The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria by Dara Conduit</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108758321">10.1017/9781108758321</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F297515">11343/297515</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108758321" title="Special:BookSources/9781108758321"><bdi>9781108758321</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201528149">201528149</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria+by+Dara+Conduit&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11343%2F297515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201528149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108758321&rft.isbn=9781108758321&rft.aulast=Conduit&rft.aufirst=Dara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fmuslim-brotherhood-in-syria%2F25B0E21E959D6F92C2BE88B58E357DF6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Halverson2010" class="citation book cs1">R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010). <i>Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 62, 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10279-8"><bdi>978-0-230-10279-8</bdi></a>. <q>Neo-Sufism assumed the basis of a secondary Athari tendency that we find in the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood... Neo-Sufism... was a major influence on the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the development of the Muslim Brotherhood.. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62%2C+65&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10279-8&rft.aulast=R.+Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sageman_2004_7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sageman_2004_7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSageman2004" class="citation book cs1">Sageman, Marc (2004). "Chapter 1: The Origins of the Jihad". <i>UNDERSTANDING TERROR NETWORKS</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3808-7"><bdi>0-8122-3808-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Jihad&rft.btitle=UNDERSTANDING+TERROR+NETWORKS&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8122-3808-7&rft.aulast=Sageman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S._Moussalli_1999_259-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S._Moussalli_1999_259_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Moussalli_1999_259_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Moussalli1999" class="citation book cs1">S. Moussalli, Ahmad (1999). <i>Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran and Turkey</i>. Folkestone, Kent: The Scarecrow Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3609-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3609-2"><bdi>0-8108-3609-2</bdi></a>. <q>AL-SALAFIYYA. .. In Damascus, many Jordanian students were influenced by the Muslim Brotherhood's Shaykh Mustapha al-Siba'i and 'Isam al-'Attar, both with a long history in al-Salafiyya.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalist+Movements+in+the+Arab+World%2C+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.place=Folkestone%2C+Kent&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8108-3609-2&rft.aulast=S.+Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp05122012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp05122012_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp05122012_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp05122012_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp05122012_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp05122012_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp05122012_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp05122012_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSly2012" class="citation news cs1">Sly, Liz (12 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrias-muslim-brotherhood-is-gaining-influence-over-anti-assad-revolt/2012/05/12/gIQAtIoJLU_story.html">"Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Muslim+Brotherhood+is+gaining+influence+over+anti-Assad+revolt&rft.date=2012-05-12&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Sly&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fsyrias-muslim-brotherhood-is-gaining-influence-over-anti-assad-revolt%2F2012%2F05%2F12%2FgIQAtIoJLU_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/more-divisions-among-syrian-opposition">"More Divisions Among the Syrian Opposition"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwansyria.com%2FPortals%2FContent%2F%3FName%3D%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%2520%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%2520%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B4%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%2520%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%26info%3DYVdROU5EWTBNRFFtYzI5MWNtTmxQVk4xWWxCaFoyVW1kSGx3WlQweEpuaHRiR2xrUFRJeU9EVXhKZz09K3U%3D.Syr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/mobile/arabic/middleeast/syria/041020151">"جماعة اخوان سوريا تستنفر المسلمين لرد "العدوان" الروسي"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Rudaw</i>. اربيل. 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rudaw&rft.atitle=%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%22+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%22&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frudaw.net%2Fmobile%2Farabic%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F041020151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005044330/http://www.ikhwansyria.com/Portals/Copy/?info=YVdROU5EWTRPVEFtYzI5MWNtTmxQVk4xWWxCaFoyVW1kSGx3WlQweEpuaHRiR2xrUFRJek16UTJKZz09K3U=.Syr">"جماعة الإخوان المسلمين "سورية" :-: إحتلال روسي سوف يدفعه الشعب السوري بالجهاد"</a>. <i>إخوان سورية</i>. 10 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwansyria.com/Portals/Copy/?info=YVdROU5EWTRPVEFtYzI5MWNtTmxQVk4xWWxCaFoyVW1kSGx3WlQweEpuaHRiR2xrUFRJek16UTJKZz09K3U=.Syr">the original</a> on 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86+%22%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%3A-%3A+%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81+%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwansyria.com%2FPortals%2FCopy%2F%3Finfo%3DYVdROU5EWTRPVEFtYzI5MWNtTmxQVk4xWWxCaFoyVW1kSGx3WlQweEpuaHRiR2xrUFRJek16UTJKZz09K3U%3D.Syr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zamanalwsl.net/news/64717.html">"الإخوان: جهاد "الدفع" في مواجهة الروس "فرض عين" اخبار سورية – زمان الوصل"</a>. <i>اخبار سورية – زمان الوصل</i>. 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%E2%80%93+%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%3A+%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%22+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3+%22%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%22+%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%E2%80%93+%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzamanalwsl.net%2Fnews%2F64717.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Brotherhood+in+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwansyria.com">Official Site</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_political_parties" title="Template:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Syria_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties in Syria</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a>) (167</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Syrian Communist Party (Unified)</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Arab Socialist Movement</a> (0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Will_Party" title="People's Will Party">People's Will Party</a> (0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Unrepresented</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_People%27s_Party" title="Syrian Democratic People's Party">Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Assembly" title="Syrian Turkmen Assembly">Syrian Turkmen Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Turkmen Bloc">Syrian Turkmen Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Turkmen_Movement" title="Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement">Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Arab_Socialist_Union" title="Democratic Arab Socialist Union">Democratic Arab Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Development_in_Syria" title="Movement for Justice and Development in Syria">Movement for Justice and Development in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Youth_Party" title="Syrian National Youth Party">National Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Syria" title="Reform Party of Syria">Reform Party of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">National Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Syria)" title="National Party (Syria)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Egypt)" title="National Union (Egypt)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nationalist_Action" title="League of Nationalist Action">League of Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_National_Party_(historical)" title="Arab National Party (historical)">Arab National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party">Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Cooperation_Party" title="Socialist Cooperation Party">Socialist Cooperation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Communist_Party" title="Arab Communist Party">Arab Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_(Syria)" title="Communist Labour Party (Syria)">Communist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned Islamist parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party">Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assyrian parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Party" title="Assyrian Democratic Party">Assyrian Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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