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<span><i>De materia medica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_materia_medica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dioscorides</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="ديسقوريدس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديسقوريدس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8" title="পেডানিয়াস ডায়োস্কোরাইডস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেডানিয়াস ডায়োস্কোরাইডস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Педаний Диоскурид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Педаний Диоскурид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorid" title="Dioskorid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dioskorid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorides" title="Dioskorides – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B2rides_Pedaci" title="Dioscòrides Pedaci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dioscòrides Pedaci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pedanius Dioscorides" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanios_Dioskurides" title="Pedanios Dioskurides – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pedanios Dioskurides" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διοσκουρίδης ο Πεδάνιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διοσκουρίδης ο Πεδάνιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorido" title="Dioskorido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dioskorido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorides" title="Dioskorides – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="دیوسکوریدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوسکوریدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoride" title="Dioscoride – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioscoride" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Դիոսկորիդես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիոսկորիդես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanije_Dioskorid" title="Pedanije Dioskorid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pedanije Dioskorid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioskorides" title="Pedanius Dioskorides – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pedanius Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoride_Pedanio" title="Dioscoride Pedanio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dioscoride Pedanio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A1" title="פדניוס דיוסקורידס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדניוס דיוסקורידס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="დიოსკორიდე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიოსკორიდე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanios_Diosk%C3%BBr%C3%AEd%C3%AAs" title="Pedanios Dioskûrîdês – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pedanios Dioskûrîdês" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dioscorides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedaniosz_Dioszkorid%C3%A9sz" title="Pedaniosz Dioszkoridész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pedaniosz Dioszkoridész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Диоскорид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Диоскорид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പെഡാനിയസ് ഡയസ്ക്കോറിഡ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെഡാനിയസ് ഡയസ്ക്കോറിഡ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ديسقوريدوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديسقوريدوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pedanius Dioscorides" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9" title="ペダニウス・ディオスコリデス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペダニウス・ディオスコリデス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorides" title="Dioskorides – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dioscorides" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanios_Dioskurydes" title="Pedanios Dioskurydes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pedanios Dioskurydes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3rides" title="Dioscórides – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dioscórides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoride" title="Dioscoride – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dioscoride" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Диоскорид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диоскорид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="डयोस्कोरिडीस् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="डयोस्कोरिडीस्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanije_Dioskorid" title="Pedanije Dioskorid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pedanije Dioskorid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorid" title="Dioskorid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dioskorid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioskorides" title="Dioskorides – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dioskorides" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greco-Roman physician and pharmacologist, prominent writer on plant drugs (AD c.40–90)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Dioscorides, see <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dioscorides (disambiguation)">Dioscorides (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pedanius Dioscorides</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg/220px-ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg/330px-ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg/440px-ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1808" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dioscorides receives a <a href="/wiki/Mandrake_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandrake (plant)">mandrake</a> root, an illumination from the 6th century (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 512</span>) Greek <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Anicia_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Juliana Anicia Codex">Juliana Anicia Codex</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 40</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 90</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Dioscurides</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Army <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacologist">pharmacologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica_(Dioscorides)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica (Dioscorides)">De Materia Medica</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pedanius Dioscorides</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pedánios Dioskourídēs</i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40–90 AD), "the father of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">pharmacognosy</a>", was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a></i></span> (in the original <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Peri hulēs iatrikēs</i></span>, both meaning "On <a href="/wiki/Materia_medica" title="Materia medica">Medical Material</a>") , a 5-volume Greek encyclopedic <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacopeia">pharmacopeia</a> on herbal medicine and related medicinal substances, that was widely read for more than 1,500 years. For almost two millennia Dioscorides was regarded as the most prominent writer on plants and plant drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A native of <a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, Dioscorides likely studied medicine nearby at the school in <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, which had a pharmacological emphasis, and he dedicated his medical books to Laecanius Arius, a medical practitioner there.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stobart_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stobart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he writes he lived a "soldier's life" or "soldier-like life", his pharmacopeia refers almost solely to plants found in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean, making it likely that he served in campaigns, or travelled in a civilian capacity, less widely as supposed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stobart_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stobart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Pedanius is Roman, suggesting that an aristocrat of that name sponsored him to become a Roman citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_materia_medica"><i>De materia medica</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: De materia medica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg/170px-ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg/255px-ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg/340px-ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a> from the 6th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Dioscurides" title="Vienna Dioscurides">Vienna Dioscurides</a></i> manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>Between AD 50 and 70 <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioscorides wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς</span></span> (Perì hylēs íatrikēs), known in Western Europe more often by its Latin title <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span> ("On Medical Material"), which became the precursor to all modern <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacopeia">pharmacopeias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to many classical authors, Dioscorides' works were not "rediscovered" in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, because his book had never left circulation; indeed, with regard to Western <i>materia medica</i> through the early modern period, Dioscorides' text eclipsed the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic corpus">Hippocratic corpus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vos_2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vos_2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the medieval period, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span> was circulated in Greek, as well as Latin and Arabic translation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1554Arnoullet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1554Arnoullet.jpg/250px-1554Arnoullet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1554Arnoullet.jpg/255px-1554Arnoullet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/1554Arnoullet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Cover of an early printed version of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, 1554</figcaption></figure><p>While being reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, it was often supplemented with commentary and minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Baitar">Ibn al-Baitar</a>'s commentary on Dioscorides' <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span>, entitled <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs</i></span>: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تفسير كتاب دياسقوريدوس</span></span>, has been used by scholars to identify many of the flora mentioned by Dioscorides.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of illustrated manuscripts of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span> survive. The most famous of these is the lavishly illustrated <i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Dioscurides" title="Vienna Dioscurides">Vienna Dioscurides</a></i>, produced in Constantinople in 512/513 AD. Densely illustrated Arabic copies survive from the 12th and 13th centuries, while Greek manuscripts survive today in the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span> is the prime historical source of information about the medicines used by the Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of antiquity. The work also records the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a> and North African (Carthaginian) names for some plants, which otherwise would have been lost. The work presents about 600 plants in all,<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the descriptions are sometimes obscurely phrased, leading to comments such as: "Numerous individuals from the Middle Ages on have struggled with the identity of the recondite kinds",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some of the botanical identifications of Dioscorides' plants remain merely guesses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Goodyer" title="John Goodyer">John Goodyer</a> translated the work into English in 1655, and bequeathed it to <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>; it was published by the Oxford University Press in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorea_communis_RF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dioscorea_communis_RF.jpg/220px-Dioscorea_communis_RF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dioscorea_communis_RF.jpg/330px-Dioscorea_communis_RF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dioscorea_communis_RF.jpg/440px-Dioscorea_communis_RF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>The genus <i>Dioscorea</i> includes different species of <a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">yam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span> formed the core of the European pharmacopeia through the 19th century, suggesting that "the timelessness of Dioscorides' work resulted from an empirical tradition based on trial and error; that it worked for generation after generation despite social and cultural changes and changes in medical theory".<sup id="cite_ref-Vos_2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vos_2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plant genus <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a>, was named after him by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>. </p><p>A butterfly, the bush hopper, <i><a href="/wiki/Ampittia_dioscorides" title="Ampittia dioscorides">Ampittia dioscorides</a></i> which is found from India southeast towards Indonesia and east towards China, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uc2.ark_13960_t8rb76g72-seq_449_(cropped_Dioscorides).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of an old man; perhaps the physician Dioscorides, whose name is cut in front of it. Antique paste"><img alt="Portrait of an old man; perhaps the physician Dioscorides, whose name is cut in front of it. Antique paste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Uc2.ark_13960_t8rb76g72-seq_449_%28cropped_Dioscorides%29.jpg/120px-Uc2.ark_13960_t8rb76g72-seq_449_%28cropped_Dioscorides%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Uc2.ark_13960_t8rb76g72-seq_449_%28cropped_Dioscorides%29.jpg/250px-Uc2.ark_13960_t8rb76g72-seq_449_%28cropped_Dioscorides%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of an old man; perhaps the physician Dioscorides, whose name is cut in front of it. Antique paste</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorides01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Later representation of Dioscorides"><img alt="Later representation of Dioscorides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dioscorides01.jpg/104px-Dioscorides01.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dioscorides01.jpg/156px-Dioscorides01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dioscorides01.jpg/208px-Dioscorides01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Later representation of Dioscorides</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Dioscorides_from_De_Materia_Medica_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dioscorides as depicted in a 1240 Arabic edition of De materia medica"><img alt="Dioscorides as depicted in a 1240 Arabic edition of De materia medica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portrait_of_Dioscorides_from_De_Materia_Medica_cropped.jpg/80px-Portrait_of_Dioscorides_from_De_Materia_Medica_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portrait_of_Dioscorides_from_De_Materia_Medica_cropped.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Dioscorides_from_De_Materia_Medica_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portrait_of_Dioscorides_from_De_Materia_Medica_cropped.jpg/160px-Portrait_of_Dioscorides_from_De_Materia_Medica_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dioscorides as depicted in a 1240 Arabic edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Spain_12th_13th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De materia medica in Arabic, Spain, 12th–13th century"><img alt="De materia medica in Arabic, Spain, 12th–13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Spain_12th_13th_century.jpg/120px-Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Spain_12th_13th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Spain_12th_13th_century.jpg/250px-Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Spain_12th_13th_century.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2086" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, 12th–13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cumin and dill from an Arabic book of simples (c. 1334) after Dioscorides (British Museum)"><img alt="Cumin and dill from an Arabic book of simples (c. 1334) after Dioscorides (British Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg/120px-Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg/180px-Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg/240px-Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cumin and dill from an Arabic <a href="/wiki/Herbalism#Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">book of simples</a> (c. 1334) after Dioscorides (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine De materia medica, 15th century"><img alt="Byzantine De materia medica, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg/120px-Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg/180px-Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg/240px-Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De materia medica</i></span>, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio from an Arabic manuscript of Dioscorides, De materia medica, 1229"><img alt="Folio from an Arabic manuscript of Dioscorides, De materia medica, 1229" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_004.jpg/85px-Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_004.jpg/128px-Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_004.jpg/170px-Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio from an Arabic manuscript of Dioscorides, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a></i></span>, 1229</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerlynx.com/dioscorides.html"><i>De Materia Medica: Being an Herbal with many other medicinal materials</i></a>. Translated by Tess Anne Osbaldeston. Based on the 1655 translation of <a href="/wiki/John_Goodyer" title="John Goodyer">John Goodyer</a>. Johannesburg: Ibidis Press. 2000 – via cancerlynx.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Materia+Medica%3A+Being+an+Herbal+with+many+other+medicinal+materials&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Ibidis+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Dioscorides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerlynx.com%2Fdioscorides.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>De Materia Medica</i>. Translated by Lily Y. Beck. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms-Weidmann. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Materia+Medica&rft.place=Hildesheim%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Olms-Weidmann&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Dioscorides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gunther" title="Robert Gunther">Gunther, R. W. T.</a>, ed. (1933) [1655]. <i>The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides</i>. Translated by John Goodyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Herbal+of+Dioscorides&rft.date=1933&rft.au=Dioscorides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10994207"><i>De Materia Medica : libri V Eiusdem de Venenis Libri duo</i></a>. Translated by Iano Antonio Saraceno Lugdunaeo (aka: Janus Antonius Saracenus). 1598 – via digitale-sammlungen.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Materia+Medica+%3A+libri+V+Eiusdem+de+Venenis+Libri+duo&rft.date=1598&rft.au=Dioscorides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitale-sammlungen.de%2Fen%2Fview%2Fbsb10994207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Materia_medica" title="Materia medica">Materia medica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dedication, translated by Scarborough and Nutton,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began "At your insistence I have assembled my material into five books, and I dedicate my compendium to you in fulfilment of a debt of gratitude for your sentiments towards me".<sup id="cite_ref-Stobart_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stobart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pedanius-Dioscorides">"Pedanius Dioscorides"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>. September 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2020</span> – via britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pedanius+Dioscorides&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPedanius-Dioscorides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer_Petrovska2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bauer Petrovska, Biljana (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358962">"Historical review of medicinal plants' usage"</a>. <i>Pharmacognosy Reviews</i>. <b>6</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-7847.95849">10.4103/0973-7847.95849</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358962">3358962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22654398">22654398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacognosy+Reviews&rft.atitle=Historical+review+of+medicinal+plants%27+usage&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3358962%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22654398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0973-7847.95849&rft.aulast=Bauer+Petrovska&rft.aufirst=Biljana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3358962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsbaldeston2008" class="citation web cs1">Osbaldeston, Tess Anne (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerlynx.com/dioscorides.html">"De Materia Medica - Pedanius Dioscorides -"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Materia+Medica+-+Pedanius+Dioscorides+-&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Osbaldeston&rft.aufirst=Tess+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerlynx.com%2Fdioscorides.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scarborough and Nutton, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stobart-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stobart_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stobart_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stobart_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStobart2014" class="citation book cs1">Stobart, Anne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SseAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193"><i>Critical Approaches to the History of Western Herbal Medicine: From Classical Antiquity to the Early Modern Period</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8418-4"><bdi>978-1-4411-8418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Approaches+to+the+History+of+Western+Herbal+Medicine%3A+From+Classical+Antiquity+to+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8418-4&rft.aulast=Stobart&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SseAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorzelleca,_Joseph_F.Lane,_Richard_W.2008" class="citation book cs1">Borzelleca, Joseph F.; Lane, Richard W. (2008). "The Art, the Science, and the Seduction of Toxicology: an Evolutionary Development". In Hayes, Andrew Wallace (ed.). <i>Principles and methods of toxicology</i> (5th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Art%2C+the+Science%2C+and+the+Seduction+of+Toxicology%3A+an+Evolutionary+Development&rft.btitle=Principles+and+methods+of+toxicology&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Borzelleca%2C+Joseph+F.&rft.au=Lane%2C+Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nutton, Vivian. Ancient medicine. Routledge, 2012. p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTobyn,_GraemeDenham,_AlisonWhitelegg,_Midge2016" class="citation book cs1">Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Midge (2016). <i>The Western Herbal Tradition: 2000 Years of Medicinal Plant Knowledge</i> (illustrated ed.). Singing Dragon. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857012593" title="Special:BookSources/9780857012593"><bdi>9780857012593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Herbal+Tradition%3A+2000+Years+of+Medicinal+Plant+Knowledge&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Singing+Dragon&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780857012593&rft.au=Tobyn%2C+Graeme&rft.au=Denham%2C+Alison&rft.au=Whitelegg%2C+Midge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_dioscorides.html">"Greek Medicine"</a>. National Institutes of Health, USA. 16 September 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Medicine&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health%2C+USA&rft.date=2002-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fhmd%2Fgreek%2Fgreek_dioscorides.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRooney,_Anne2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Rooney" title="Anne Rooney">Rooney, Anne</a> (2012). <i>The History of Medicine</i>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448873708" title="Special:BookSources/9781448873708"><bdi>9781448873708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Medicine&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781448873708&rft.au=Rooney%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vos_2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vos_2010_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vos_2010_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Vos (2010) "European Materia Medica in Historical Texts: Longevity of a Tradition and Implications for Future Use", <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i> 132(1):28–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some detail about medieval manuscripts of <i>De Materia Medica</i> at pages xxix–xxxi in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerlynx.com/FRONTsection.PDF">Introduction to Dioscorides Materia Medica</a> by TA Osbaldeston, year 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zohar Amar, <i>Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages</i> (Hebrew title: <b>גידולי ארץ-ישראל בימי הביניים</b>), Ben-Zvi Institute: Jerusalem 2000, p. 270 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-217-174-3" title="Special:BookSources/965-217-174-3">965-217-174-3</a> (Hebrew); <i>Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs - commentaire de la "Materia Medica" de Dioscoride de Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdallāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Bayṭār de Malaga</i> (ed. Ibrahim Ben Mrad), Beirut 1989 (Arabic title: تفسير كتاب دياسقوريدوس)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSelin,_Helaine2008" class="citation book cs1">Selin, Helaine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&q=dioscorides+%22mount+athos&pg=PA1077"><i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i></a>. Springer. p. 1077. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402045592" title="Special:BookSources/9781402045592"><bdi>9781402045592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.pages=1077&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402045592&rft.au=Selin%2C+Helaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkt9DIY1g9HYC%26q%3Ddioscorides%2B%2522mount%2Bathos%26pg%3DPA1077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNutton2004" class="citation book cs1">Nutton, Vivian (2004). <i>Ancient Medicine</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Medicine&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Nutton&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span>. Page 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray1884" class="citation book cs1">Murray, J. (1884). <i>The Academy</i>. Alexander and Shephrard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Academy&rft.pub=Alexander+and+Shephrard&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span>. Page 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krebs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2003" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E.; Krebs, Carolyn A. (2003). <i>Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Carolyn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span>. Pages 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isely, Duane (1994). One hundred and one botanists. Iowa State University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/133231a0">"The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>133</b> (3355): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>233. February 1934. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934Natur.133..231.">1934Natur.133..231.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F133231a0">10.1038/133231a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Herbal+of+Dioscorides&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=3355&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=1934-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F133231a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934Natur.133..231.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F133231a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/blog/the-john-goodyer-collection-of-botanical-books/">"The John Goodyer Collection of Botanical Books"</a>. <i>Magdalen College</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magdalen+College&rft.atitle=The+John+Goodyer+Collection+of+Botanical+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magd.ox.ac.uk%2Fblog%2Fthe-john-goodyer-collection-of-botanical-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin,_Daniel_F.2004" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Daniel F. (2004). <i>Florida Ethnobotany</i> (illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203491881" title="Special:BookSources/9780203491881"><bdi>9780203491881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida+Ethnobotany&rft.pages=267&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780203491881&rft.au=Austin%2C+Daniel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllbutt1921" class="citation book cs1">Allbutt, T. Clifford (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekmedicineinr00allbuoft"><i>Greek medicine in Rome</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57898-631-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57898-631-1"><bdi>1-57898-631-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+medicine+in+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=1-57898-631-1&rft.aulast=Allbutt&rft.aufirst=T.+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekmedicineinr00allbuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bruins: <i>Codex Constantinopolitanus</i>: Palatii Veteris NO. 1 [3 volume set] Part 1: Reproduction of the Manuscript; Part 2: Greek Text; Part 3: Translation and Commentary Bruins, E. M. (Ed.)</li> <li>Forbes, Andrew; Henley, Daniel; Henley, David (2013). 'Pedanius Dioscorides' in: <i>Health and Well Being: A Medieval Guide</i>. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, J. S. (1986). "Scribonius Largus on the medical profession". <i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i>. <b>60</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3521772">3521772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Scribonius+Largus+on+the+medical+profession&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3521772&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLazrisStavros,_V.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lazris, J.; Stavros, V. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pallas.revues.org/1400">"L'image paradigmatique: des Schémas anatomiques d'Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscoride"</a>. <i>Pallas</i>. <b>93</b> (93): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fpallas.1400">10.4000/pallas.1400</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pallas&rft.atitle=L%27image+paradigmatique%3A+des+Sch%C3%A9mas+anatomiques+d%27Aristote+au+De+materia+medica+de+Dioscoride&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=93&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fpallas.1400&rft.aulast=Lazris&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Stavros%2C+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpallas.revues.org%2F1400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLazrisStavros,_V." class="citation journal cs1">Lazris, J.; Stavros, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1387283">"The medical illustration in Antiquity"</a>. <i>Reality Through Image</i>: 18–23 (abstract).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reality+Through+Image&rft.atitle=The+medical+illustration+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=18-23+%28abstract%29&rft.aulast=Lazris&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Stavros%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1387283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiddle1980" class="citation journal cs1">Riddle, John (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogustranslationum.org/PDFs/volume04/v04_dioscorides.pdf">"Dioscorides"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catalogus_Translationum_et_Commentariorum" title="Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum">Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum</a></i>. <b>4</b>: 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalogus+Translationum+et+Commentariorum&rft.atitle=Dioscorides&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogustranslationum.org%2FPDFs%2Fvolume04%2Fv04_dioscorides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiddle1985" class="citation book cs1">Riddle, John M. (1985). <i>Dioscorides on pharmacy and medicine</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71544-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71544-7"><bdi>0-292-71544-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dioscorides+on+pharmacy+and+medicine&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-292-71544-7&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSadek1983" class="citation book cs1">Sadek, M. M. (1983). <i>The Arabic materia medica of Dioscorides</i>. Québec, Canada: Les Éditions du sphinx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-920123-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-920123-02-5"><bdi>2-920123-02-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+materia+medica+of+Dioscorides&rft.place=Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+du+sphinx&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=2-920123-02-5&rft.aulast=Sadek&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScarboroughNutton,_V.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Scarborough, J.; Nutton, V. (1982). "The Preface of Dioscorides' Materia Medica: introduction, translation, and commentary". <i>Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6753260">6753260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+%26+Studies+of+the+College+of+Physicians+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=The+Preface+of+Dioscorides%27+Materia+Medica%3A+introduction%2C+translation%2C+and+commentary&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6753260&rft.aulast=Scarborough&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Nutton%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorides&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42073">Works by Dr. Dioscorides</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Dioscorides%2C%20Pedanius%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pedanius%20Dioscorides%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dioscorides%2C%20Pedanius%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pedanius%20Dioscorides%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dioscorides%2C%20P%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pedanius%20Dioscorides%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Dioscorides%2C%20Pedanius%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pedanius%20Dioscorides%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Dioscorides</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28dioscorides%29">Works by Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerlynx.com/dioscorides.html">Dioscorides <i>Materia Medica</i>, in English</a>—the full book downloadable in PDF fileformat.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitale.bnnonline.it/index.php?it/113/dioscurides-neapolitanus">"Dioscurides Neapolitanus: Codex ex Vindobonensis Graecus 1"</a> (in Italian and Latin). Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dioscurides+Neapolitanus%3A+Codex+ex+Vindobonensis+Graecus+1&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Nazionale+di+Napoli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitale.bnnonline.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%2F113%2Fdioscurides-neapolitanus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web2.bium.univ-paris5.fr/livanc/?cote=00821&do=chapitre">"Medic: Catalogue des textes en ligne: Dioscoride/Dioscodirides, Pedanius"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (in French and Latin). Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Université Paris Descartes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medic%3A+Catalogue+des+textes+en+ligne%3A+Dioscoride%2FDioscodirides%2C+Pedanius&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+interuniversitaire+de+m%C3%A9decine+et+d%27odontologie%2C+Universit%C3%A9+Paris+Descartes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb2.bium.univ-paris5.fr%2Flivanc%2F%3Fcote%3D00821%26do%3Dchapitre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioscorides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/228705"><i>Pedacio Dioscorides anazarbeo: Acerca de la materia medicinal y de los venenos mortiferos</i></a>, Antwerp, 1555, digitized at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Digital_Hisp%C3%A1nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Digital Hispánica (page does not exist)">Biblioteca Digital Hispánica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0o8AAAAcAAJ&q=orpiment"><i>Les VI livres de Ped. Diosc. de la materie medicinale</i>, Lyon (1559), French edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/ch5203.pdf">The 1500th Anniversary (512–2012) of the Juliana Anicia Codex: An Illustrated Dioscoridean Recension. Jules Janick and Kim E. Hummer. Chronica horticulturae. 52(3) 2012 pp. 9–15</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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anaesthesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants / animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">Aconitum</a></i> (aconite)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></i> (belladonna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castoreum" title="Castoreum">Castoreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conium" title="Conium">Conium</a></i> (hemlock)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_innoxia" title="Datura innoxia">Datura innoxia</a></i> (thorn-apple)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_metel" title="Datura metel">Datura metel</a></i> (devil's trumpet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></i> (henbane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactucarium" title="Lactucarium">Lactucarium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></i> (mandrake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saussurea" title="Saussurea">Saussurea</a></i> (saw-wort)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcohols_(medicine)" title="Alcohols (medicine)">medical use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine">Hyoscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Δ9-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abulcasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Avenzoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Rhazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuoglu_Sherefeddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabuncuoglu Sherefeddin">Sabuncuoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushrutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_history50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_history" title="Template:Natural history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_history" title="Template talk:Natural history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_history50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering<br />naturalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical<br />antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (<i>De Natura Animalium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (<i>Pinax theatri botanici</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (<i>Avium Praecipuarum</i>, <i>New Herball</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (<i>Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (<i>The Naturalist's Library</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (<i>The Royal Natural History</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (<i>The Study of Instinct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (<i>The Dancing Bees</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (<i>Shearwaters</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/120px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/250px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_biology_(timeline)253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_biology" title="Template:History of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_biology" title="Template talk:History of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_biology_(timeline)253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields,<br />disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" title="Timeline of immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" title="History of model organisms">Model organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">Plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" title="History of RNA biology">RNA biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">Zoology (through 1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_since_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zoology since 1859">Zoology (since 1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories,<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_gene%E2%80%93one_enzyme_hypothesis" title="One gene–one enzyme hypothesis">One gene–one enzyme hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_hypothesis" title="Sequence hypothesis">Sequence hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="History of the creation–evolution controversy">History of the creation-evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldtian_science" title="Humboldtian science">Humboldtian science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and 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href="/wiki/Aurelius_Opilius" title="Aurelius Opilius">Aurelius Opilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meges_of_Sidon" title="Meges of Sidon">Meges of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextius_Niger" title="Sextius Niger">Sextius Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archagathus_(son_of_Lysanias)" title="Archagathus (son of Lysanias)">Archagathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelius_Aurelianus" title="Caelius Aurelianus">Caelius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Felix" title="Cassius Felix">Cassius Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gessius_of_Petra" title="Gessius of Petra">Gessius of Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyllus" title="Antyllus">Antyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criton_of_Heraclea" title="Criton of Heraclea">Criton of Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Side" title="Marcellus of Side">Marcellus of Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenus_Sammonicus" title="Serenus Sammonicus">Serenus Sammonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Placitus" title="Sextus Placitus">Sextus Placitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilia_Hilaria" title="Aemilia Hilaria">Aemilia Hilaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Gargilius_Martialis" title="Quintus Gargilius Martialis">Quintus Gargilius Martialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalus_of_Tralles" title="Thessalus of Tralles">Thessalus of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albucius" title="Albucius">Albucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcyon" title="Arcyon">Arcyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus_of_Attalia" title="Athenaeus of Attalia">Athenaeus of Attalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crinas_of_Marseilles" title="Crinas of Marseilles">Crinas of Marseilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocrates" title="Damocrates">Damocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmis_of_Marseilles" title="Charmis of Marseilles">Charmis of Marseilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonius_Largus" title="Scribonius Largus">Scribonius Largus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromachus_(physician)" title="Andromachus (physician)">Andromachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_(physician)" title="Eudemus (physician)">Eudemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcon_(classical_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcon (classical history)">Alcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus_(physician)" title="Herodotus (physician)">Herodotus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_literature" title="Medical literature">Medical literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Gynaecology</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Medicina" title="De Medicina">De Medicina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galenic_corpus" title="Galenic corpus">Galenic Corpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medicina_Plinii" title="Medicina Plinii">Medicina Plinii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Roles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archiater" title="Archiater">Archiater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_ancient_Rome" title="Dentistry in ancient Rome">Dentistry in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_ancient_Rome" title="Disability in ancient Rome">Disability in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_in_Imperial_Rome" title="Disease in Imperial Rome">Disease in Imperial Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_diet_in_ancient_medicine" title="Food and diet in ancient medicine">Food and diet in ancient medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecology_in_ancient_Rome" title="Gynecology in ancient Rome">Gynecology in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_ancient_Rome" title="Mental illness in ancient Rome">Mental illness in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_community_of_ancient_Rome" title="Medical community of ancient Rome">Medical community of ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_in_classical_antiquity" title="Nutrition in classical antiquity">Nutrition in classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Surgery in ancient Rome">Surgery in ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_school" title="Dogmatic school">Dogmatic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_school" title="Eclectic school">Eclectic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiric_school" title="Empiric school">Empiric school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodic_school" title="Methodic school">Methodic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">Miasma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic school">Pneumatic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Febris" title="Febris">Febris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vejovis" title="Vejovis">Vejovis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plagues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprian Plague">Cyprian Plague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/284875848">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247291055">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/314148995814159751116">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1004159474209027661820">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/477159474065327660102">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/671159233947803370313">8</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/120272/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118843400">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83204415">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13092799r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13092799r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437970">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dioscorides, Pedanius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV062527">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35801425">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000083449&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX880203">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/86436">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069916179">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074624458">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/95001407">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000662082&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000187067">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=202122">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bb7tg041vkll">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674469605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/55884">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007590907305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513494106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14665145">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01525983?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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