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encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical political movement within liberalism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical political movement. For contemporary political use of the term radical, see <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_left_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Radical left (disambiguation)">Radical left</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_right_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Radical right (disambiguation)">Radical right</a>, and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Radical (disambiguation)">Radical (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Radicalism_(historical)" title="Category:Radicalism (historical)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radicalism (historical)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic Revolutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History of liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement" title="Reform movement">Reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">Laicité</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_N._Alem" title="Leandro N. Alem">Alem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cartwright_(political_reformer)" title="John Cartwright (political reformer)">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mossadegh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Virchow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Authentic Radical Liberal Party">Authentic Radical Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> (elements)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Free-thinking Democratic League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">Historical Far Left</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Italian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">The Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Liberal_Party" title="Mexican Liberal Party">Mexican Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Ecologista_Radical_Intransigente" title="Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente">Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">People's Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Change" title="Radical Change">Radical Change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicales_K" title="Radicales K">Radicales K</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_League" title="Radical League">Radical League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Radical Left</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Movement" title="Radical Movement">Radical Movement</a></li> <li>Radical Party <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical Party of Chile <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile" title="Radical Party of Chile">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile_(2018)" title="Radical Party of Chile (2018)">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a></li> <li>Radical People's Party <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_People%27s_Party_(Finland)" title="Radical People's Party (Finland)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Ultra-radicals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Liberalism in Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_history.svg" class="image"><img alt="P history.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"/></a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="image"><img alt="Yellow flag waving.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268"/></a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Template:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Radicalism_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Radicalism sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Radicalism_sidebar&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #c5c12b;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0;background:#c5c12b;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:#c5c12b"><b><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Liberalism</small></span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour#Yellow"><img alt="Yellow flag waving.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268"/></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockean_proviso" title="Lockean proviso">Lockean proviso</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models" title="List of basic income models">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_liberalism" title="Democratic liberalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Thinkers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Camillo di Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k" title="Ferenc Deák">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals<br/>and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals<br/>and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Party_for_Individual_Liberty" title="European Party for Individual Liberty">European Party for Individual Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Iceland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="image"><img alt="Yellow flag waving.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268"/></a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="image"><img alt="A coloured voting box.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Liberalism_sidebar&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Radicalism</b> (from <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i lang="la" title="Latin-language text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radix#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:radix">radix</a></i>, "root") or <b>classical radicalism</b><sup id="cite_ref-classical_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classical-1">[1]</a></sup> was a historical <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> within <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and a precursor to <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">modern progressivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Its identified radicals were proponents of democratic reform in what subsequently became the parliamentary <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> in the United Kingdom. </p><p>During the 19th century in the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Latin America, the term <i>radical</i> came to denote a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> liberal ideology inspired by the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Historically, radicalism emerged in an early form with the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the similar movements it inspired in other countries. It grew prominent during the 1830s in the United Kingdom with the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists</a> and Belgium with the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Revolution of 1830</a>, then across Europe in the 1840s–1850s during the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. In contrast to the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> of existing liberal politics, radicalism sought political support for a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reform</a> of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> to widen <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>. It was also associated with <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-militarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-militarism">anti-militarism</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a>, abolition of titles, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and the resistance to a single established <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, redistribution of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>. </p><p>In 19th-century France, radicalism had emerged as a minor political force by the 1840s as the extreme left of the day (in contrast to the socially-conservative liberalism of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(France)" title="Moderate Republicans (France)">Moderate Republicans</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a> monarchists and the anti-parliamentarianism of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimist</a> monarchists and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonapartists" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartists">Bonapartists</a>). By the 1890s, the French radicals were not organised under a single nationwide structure, but rather they had become a significant political force in parliament. In 1901, they consolidated their efforts by forming the country's first major extra-parliamentary political party, the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican,_Radical_and_Radical-Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party">Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party</a> which became the most important party of government during the second half (1899 to 1940) of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>. The success of the French Radicals encouraged radicals elsewhere to organise themselves into formal parties in a range of other countries in the late 19th and early 20th century, with radicals holding significant political office in <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(Bulgaria)" title="Radical Democratic Party (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Denmark</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Greece</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Ireland</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Liberal Party (Italy)">Italy</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Costa" title="Joaquín Costa">Portugal</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._Rosetti" title="C. A. Rosetti">Romania</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudoviks" title="Trudoviks">Russia</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Spain</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberals_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberals (Sweden)">Sweden</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. During the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, European radical parties organised the Radical Entente, their own <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">political international</a>. </p><p>Before <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> emerged as mainstream political ideologies, radicalists was in a "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a>" political position similar to social liberals or socialists in modern politics. As <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> emerged as a distinct political force in its own right, the differences that once existed between historical left-wing radicalism and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative liberalism</a> diminished. Between 1940 and 1973, radicalism became defunct in most of its <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> heartlands, with its role and philosophy taken on by social-democratic and conservative-liberal parties. However, some regions, (such as <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>,) still have a "radical" tradition. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Radicalism_and_liberalism"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Radicalism and liberalism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#By_country"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">By country</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Popular_agitation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Popular agitation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Political_reform"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Political reform</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Chartists"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Chartists</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Liberal_reforms"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Liberal reforms</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Belgium"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Continental_Europe_and_Latin_America"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Continental Europe and Latin America</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Serbia_and_Montenegro"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Serbia and Montenegro</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Radicalism_and_liberalism">Radicalism and liberalism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radicalism and liberalism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Progressivism" title="Category:Progressivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Age" title="Industrial Age">Industrial Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_of_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Progress">Idea of Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history#Cyclical_and_linear_history" title="Philosophy of history">Linear history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical progress">Philosophical progress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">in Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement" title="Reform movement">Reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Boff" title="Leonardo Boff">Boff</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Kirchner (Néstor)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Kirchner (Cristina)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Yun" title="Long Yun">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">Rodríguez Zapatero</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Sampedro" title="José Luis Sampedro">Sampedro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh_Hoe-chan" title="Roh Hoe-chan">Roh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformist_party_(Japan)" title="Reformist party (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Muslim world</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socrates.png" class="image"><img alt="Socrates.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500"/></a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="image"><img alt="A coloured voting box.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Progressivism_sidebar&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The two <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> philosophies of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and radicalism both shared the goal of liberating humanity from traditionalism. However, liberals regarded it as sufficient to establish individual rights that would protect the individual while radicals sought institutional, social/economic, and especially cultural/educational reform to allow every citizen to put those rights into practice. For this reason, radicalism went beyond the demand for liberty by seeking also equality, i.e. universality as in <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%89galit%C3%A9,_Fraternit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité">Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité</a></i>. </p><p>In some countries, radicalism represented a minor wing within the Liberal political family as in the case of England's <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a>. Sometimes, the radical wing of the liberals were hardline or doctrinaire and in other cases more moderate and pragmatic. In other countries, radicalism had had enough electoral support on its own, or a favourable electoral system or coalition partners, to maintain distinct radical parties such as in <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a> (<i>Freisinn</i>), <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> but also <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a>), <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> Britain possessed both trends: In England the Radicals were simply the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">left wing of the Liberal coalition</a>, though they often rebelled when the coalition's socially conservative <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whigs</a> resisted democratic reforms, whereas in <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Ireland Radicals</a> lost faith in the ability of parliamentary gradualism to deliver egalitarian and democratic reform and, breaking away from the main body of liberals, pursued a radical-democratic parliamentary republic through separatism and insurrection. This does not mean that all radical parties were formed by left-wing liberals. In French political literature, it is normal to make a clear separation between Radicalism as a distinct political force to the left of Liberalism but to the right of Socialism. Over time, as new left-wing parties formed to address the new social issues, the right wing of the Radicals would splinter off in disagreement with the main Radical family and became absorbed as the left wing of the Liberal family—rather than the other way around, as in Britain and Belgium. </p><p>The distinction between Radicals and Liberals was made clear by the two mid-20th-century attempts to create an international for centrist democratic parties. In 1923-4, the French Radicals created an <i>Entente Internationale des Partis Radicaux et des Partis Démocratiques similaires</i>: it was joined by the centre-left Radical parties of Europe, and in the democracies where no equivalent existed—Britain and Belgium—the liberal party was to allowed attend instead. After the Second World War the Radical International was not reformed; instead, a centre-right <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a> was established, closer to the conservative-liberalism of the British and Belgian Liberal parties.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> This marked the end of Radicalism as an independent political force in Europe, though some countries such as France and Switzerland retained politically-important Radical parties well into the 1950s–1960s. Many European parties that are nowadays categorised in the group of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-liberal">social-liberal</a> parties have a historical affinity with radicalism and may therefore be called "liberal-radical".<sup id="cite_ref-liberal-radical_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberal-radical-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="By_country">By country</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFCD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; color:black; line-height:1em;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">Liberalism <br/> in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;">School</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_liberalism#Green_Liberal_Democrats" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#United_Kingdom" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_Kingdom" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Justice">Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Swinson" title="Jo Swinson">Swinson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in the United Kingdom">Politics in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="image"><img alt="Yellow flag waving.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268"/></a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the United Kingdom.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Liberalism in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Liberalism in the United Kingdom (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals (UK)</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/200px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/300px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/400px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="728"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jeremy Bentham</div></div></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, the first use of the term <i>radical</i> in a political sense is generally ascribed to the English <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliamentarian</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>, a leader of the left wing of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig party</a> who dissented from the party's <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative-liberalism</a> and looked favourably upon the radical reforms being undertaken by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin" title="Jacobin">French republicans</a>, such as universal male suffrage. In 1797, Fox declared for a "radical reform" of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a>. This led to a general use of the term to identify all supporting the movement for parliamentary reform. </p><p>Initially confined to the upper and middle classes,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; It appears to be opinion or rhetoric as UK devolution of power has a much longer history arguably not initiated by the upper and middle classes. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the early 19th century "popular radicals" brought <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> and the "labouring classes" into widespread agitation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; it appears to be opinion or rhetoric as UK devolution of power has a much longer history arguably not initiated by the upper and middle classes. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the face of harsh government repression. More respectable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; it appears to be opinion. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical radicals">philosophical radicals</a>" followed the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> philosophy of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and strongly supported parliamentary reform, but were generally hostile to the arguments and tactics of the "popular radicals". By the middle of the century, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">parliamentary Radicals</a> joined with others in the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> to form the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, eventually achieving reform of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a>. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The Radical movement had its beginnings at a time of tension between the American colonies and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, with the first Radicals, angry at the state of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, drawing on the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Leveller</a> tradition and similarly demanding improved parliamentary representation. These earlier concepts of democratic and even egalitarian reform had emerged in the turmoil of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and the brief establishment of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> amongst the vague political grouping known as the Levellers, but with the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a> of the monarchy such ideas had been discredited. Although the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 had increased parliamentary power with a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">union of the parliaments</a> brought <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> together, towards the end of the 18th century the monarch still had considerable influence over the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> which itself was dominated by the English aristocracy and by patronage. Candidates for the House of Commons stood as <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whigs</a> or <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a>, but once elected formed shifting coalitions of interests rather than splitting along party lines. At <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general elections</a>, the vote was restricted to property owners in constituencies which were out of date and did not reflect the growing importance of manufacturing towns or shifts of population, so that in many <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs" title="Rotten and pocket boroughs">rotten borough</a> seats could be bought or were controlled by rich landowners while major cities remained unrepresented. Discontent with these inequities inspired those individuals who later became known as the "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a>". </p><p><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beckford_(politician)" title="William Beckford (politician)">William Beckford</a> fostered early interest in reform in the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> area. The "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> radicals" were led by the politician <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">John Wilkes</a>, an opponent of war with the colonies who started his weekly publication <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_Briton" title="The North Briton">The North Briton</a></i> in 1764 and within two years had been charged with <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a> and expelled from the House of Commons. The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Defence_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Defence of the Bill of Rights">Society for the Defence of the Bill of Rights</a> which he started in 1769 to support his re-election, developed the belief that every man had the right to vote and "natural reason" enabling him to properly judge political issues. Liberty consisted in frequent elections and for the first time middle-class radicals obtained the backing of the London "mob". Middlesex and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a> were among the few parliamentary constituencies with a large and socially diverse electorate including many <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> as well as the middle class and aristocracy and along with the county association of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> led by the Reverend <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wyvill" title="Christopher Wyvill">Christopher Wyvill</a> were at the forefront of reform activity. The writings of what became known as the "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a>" had an influence on the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. </p><p><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cartwright_(political_reformer)" title="John Cartwright (political reformer)">Major John Cartwright</a> also supported the colonists, even as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> began and in 1776 earned the title of the "Father of Reform" when he published his pamphlet <i>Take Your Choice!</i> advocating annual parliaments, the secret ballot and manhood <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>. In 1780, a draft programme of reform was drawn up by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brand_Hollis" title="Thomas Brand Hollis">Thomas Brand Hollis</a> and put forward by a sub-committee of the electors of Westminster. This included calls for the six points later adopted in the <i>People's Charter</i> (see <a href="#Chartists">Chartists</a> below). </p><p>The American Revolutionary War ended in humiliating defeat of a policy which King <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a> had fervently advocated and in March 1782 the King was forced to appoint an administration led by his opponents which sought to curb Royal patronage. In November 1783, he took his opportunity and used his influence in the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> to defeat a Bill to reform the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, dismissed the government and appointed <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> as his Prime Minister. Pitt had previously called for Parliament to begin to reform itself, but he did not press for long for reforms the King did not like. Proposals Pitt made in April 1785 to redistribute seats from the "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten boroughs</a>" to London and the counties were defeated in the House of Commons by 248 votes to 174. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Popular_agitation">Popular agitation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular agitation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/220px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/330px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/440px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1244"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Mary Wollstonecraft</div></div></div> <p>In the wake of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolution of 1789">French Revolution of 1789</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> wrote <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rights_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Man">The Rights of Man</a></i> (1791) as a response to <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a>'s <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterrevolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolutionary">counterrevolutionary</a> essay <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> (1790), itself an attack on <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a>'s sermon that kicked off the so-called "pamphlet war" known as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Controversy" title="Revolution Controversy">Revolution Controversy</a>. <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, another supporter of Price, soon followed with <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i>. They encouraged mass support for democratic reform along with rejection of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and all forms of privilege. Different strands of the movement developed, with middle class "reformers" aiming to widen the franchise to represent commercial and industrial interests and towns without parliamentary representation, while "Popular radicals" drawn from the middle class and from <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> agitated to assert wider rights including relieving distress. The theoretical basis for electoral reform was provided by "Philosophical radicals" who followed the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> philosophy of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and strongly supported parliamentary reform, but were generally hostile to the arguments and tactics of the "popular radicals". </p><p>In Ireland, the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> movement took another direction, adding to the doctrine of a secular and parliamentary republic inspired by the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French republican revolutions</a>, another doctrine of the French Revolution: <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a>. Dismayed by the inability of British parliamentarianism to introduce the root-and-branch democratic reforms desired, Irish Radicals channelled their movement into a republican form of nationalism that would provide equality as well as liberty. This was pursued through armed revolution and often with French assistance at <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">various points over the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries</a>. </p><p>Popular Radicals were quick to go further than Paine, with <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> schoolmaster <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Spence" title="Thomas Spence">Thomas Spence</a> demanding land nationalisation to redistribute wealth in a penny periodical he called <i>Pig's Meat</i> in a reference to <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s phrase "swinish multitude". Radical organisations sprang up, such as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">London Corresponding Society</a> of artisans formed in January 1792 under the leadership of the shoemaker <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy_(political_reformer)" title="Thomas Hardy (political reformer)">Thomas Hardy</a> to call for the vote. One such was the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_People" title="Friends of the People">Friends of the People</a></i> society which in October 1793 held a British convention in <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> with delegates from some of the English <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">corresponding societies</a>. They issued a manifesto demanding universal male suffrage with annual elections and expressing their support for the principles of the French Revolution. The numbers involved in these movements were small and most wanted reform rather than revolution, but for the first time working men were organising for political change. </p><p>The government reacted harshly, imprisoning leading Scottish radicals, temporarily suspending <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> in England and passing the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seditious_Meetings_Act_1795" title="Seditious Meetings Act 1795">Seditious Meetings Act 1795</a> which meant that a license was needed for any meeting in a public place consisting of fifty or more people. Throughout the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the government took extensive stern measures against feared domestic unrest. The corresponding societies ended, but some radicals continued in secret, with Irish sympathisers in particular forming secret societies to overturn the government and encourage mutinies. In 1812, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cartwright_(political_reformer)" title="John Cartwright (political reformer)">Major John Cartwright</a> formed the first <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampden Club">Hampden Club</a>, named after the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> Parliamentary leader <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hampden" title="John Hampden">John Hampden</a>, aiming to bring together middle class moderates and lower class radicals. </p><p>After the Napoleonic Wars, the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn laws">Corn laws</a> (in force between 1815 and 1846) and bad harvests fostered discontent. The publications of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a> were influential and at political meetings speakers like <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Henry Hunt</a> complained that only three men in a hundred had the vote. Writers like the radicals <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hone" title="William Hone">William Hone</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jonathan_Wooler" title="Thomas Jonathan Wooler">Thomas Jonathan Wooler</a> spread dissent with publications such as <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Dwarf" title="The Black Dwarf">The Black Dwarf</a></i> in defiance of a series of government acts to curb circulation of political literature. Radical riots in 1816 and 1817 were followed by the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterloo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterloo massacre">Peterloo massacre</a> of 1819 publicised by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carlile" title="Richard Carlile">Richard Carlile</a>, who then continued to fight for press freedom from prison. The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Acts" title="Six Acts">Six Acts</a> of 1819 limited the right to demonstrate or hold public meetings. In <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, agitation over three years culminated in an attempted general strike and abortive workers' uprising crushed by government troops in the "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_War" title="Radical War">Radical War</a>" of 1820. Magistrates powers were increased to crush demonstrations by manufacturers and action by radical <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddites</a>. </p><p>To counter the established <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> doctrine that the aristocratic social order was divinely ordained, radicals supported <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarckian</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a>, a theme proclaimed by street corner agitators as well as some established scientists such as <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edmund_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Edmund Grant">Robert Edmund Grant</a>. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_reform">Political reform</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political reform">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Economic conditions improved after 1821 and the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> government made economic and criminal law improvements, abandoning policies of repression. In 1823, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> co-founded the <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Review">Westminster Review</a></i> with <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a> as a journal for "philosophical radicals", setting out the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> philosophy that right actions were to be measured in proportion to the greatest good they achieved for the greatest number. <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a> elected two radicals to Parliament during the 1820s. </p><p>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a> gained power and despite defeats in the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> and the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> was put through with the support of public outcry, mass meetings of "political unions" and riots in some cities. This now enfranchised the middle classes, but failed to meet radical demands. The Whigs introduced reforming measures owing much to the ideas of the philosophic radicals, abolishing slavery and in 1834 introducing <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Malthusian</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law</a> reforms which were bitterly opposed by "popular radicals" and writers like <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>. Following the 1832 Reform Act, the mainly aristocratic Whigs in the House of Commons were joined by a small number of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">parliamentary Radicals</a> as well as an increased number of middle class Whigs. By 1839, they were informally being called "the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal party</a>". </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Chartists">Chartists</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chartists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chartist_Demonstration_Kennington_Common_Flyer_1848.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chartist_Demonstration_Kennington_Common_Flyer_1848.jpg/170px-Chartist_Demonstration_Kennington_Common_Flyer_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chartist_Demonstration_Kennington_Common_Flyer_1848.jpg/255px-Chartist_Demonstration_Kennington_Common_Flyer_1848.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chartist_Demonstration_Kennington_Common_Flyer_1848.jpg/340px-Chartist_Demonstration_Kennington_Common_Flyer_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="3017"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chartist_Demonstration_Kennington_Common_Flyer_1848.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Flyer for the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, 1848</div></div></div> <p>From 1836, working class Radicals unified around the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> cause of electoral reform expressed in the <i>People's Charter</i> drawn up by six members of Parliament and six from the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Working_Men%27s_Association" title="London Working Men's Association">London Working Men's Association</a> (associated with <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Owenite">Owenite</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a>), which called for six points: <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, equal-sized <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" title="Election">electoral</a> districts, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>, an end to property qualification for Parliament, pay for Members of Parliament and Annual Parliaments. Chartists also expressed economic grievances, but their mass demonstrations and petitions to parliament were unsuccessful. </p><p>Despite initial disagreements, after their failure their cause was taken up by the middle class <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> founded by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> in 1839 to oppose duties on imported grain which raised the price of food and so helped landowners at the expense of ordinary people. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Liberal_reforms">Liberal reforms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liberal reforms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">parliamentary Radicals</a> joined with the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whigs (UK)">Whigs</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">anti-protectionist</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a> to form the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> by 1859. Demand for parliamentary reform increased by 1864 with agitation from <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> and the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_League" title="Reform League">Reform League</a>. </p><p>When the Liberal government led by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord Russell</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> introduced a modest bill for parliamentary reform, it was defeated by both Tories and reform Liberals, forcing the government to resign. The Tories under <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> took office and the new government decided to "dish the Whigs" and "take a leap in the dark" to take the credit for the reform. As a minority government, they had to accept radical amendments and Disraeli's <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a> almost doubled the electorate, giving the vote even to working men. </p><p>The Radicals, having been strenuous in their efforts on behalf of the working classes, earned a deeply loyal following—British trade unionists from 1874 until 1892, upon being elected to Parliament, never considered themselves to be anything other than Radicals and were labeled <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal-Labour_(UK)" title="Liberal-Labour (UK)">Lib-Lab</a> candidates. Radical trade unionists formed the basis for what later became the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Belgium">Belgium</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></div> <p>The territories of modern Belgium had been merged into the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. Aside from various religious and socioeconomic tensions between the Dutch north and proto-Belgian south, over the 1820s a young generation of Belgians, heavily influenced by French Enlightenment ideas, had formulated criticisms of the Dutch monarchy as autocratic. The monarch enjoyed broad personal powers, his ministers were irresponsible before parliament; the separation of powers was minimal; freedom of press and association were limited; the principle of universal suffrage was undermined by the fact that the largely Catholic south, despite possessing two-thirds of the population, received as many seats to the Estates-General (parliament) as the smaller Protestant north; and the Dutch authorities were suspected of forcing Protestantism onto Catholics. These concerns combined to produce a pro-Catholic Radicalism distinct from both the anticlerical Radicalism of France, and the Protestant Liberalism of the Dutch north. </p><p>Following the political crisis of 1829, where the Crown Prince was named prime minister, a limited reform was introduced establishing constitutional rights, similar to the charter of rights of France's autocratic Restoration Monarchy; the Belgian Radicals, like their French counterparts, regarded such a charter of rights as insufficient, potentially revocable by a whim of the monarch. Belgian Radicals closely followed the situation in France when, on 26 July to 1 August 1830, a conservative-liberal <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">revolution broke out</a>, overthrowing the autocratic monarchy for a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">liberal constitutional monarchy</a>. Within a month a revolt had erupted in Brussels before spreading to the rest of the Belgian provinces. After Belgian independence, the Constitution of 1831 established a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary regime, and provided a list of fundamental civil rights inspired by the French Declaration of the Right of Man. </p><p>As in Britain, Radicals in Belgium continued to operate within the Liberal Party, campaigning throughout the 19th Century for the property-restricted suffrage to be extended. This was extended a first time in 1883, and universal male suffrage was achieved in 1893 (though female suffrage would have to wait until 1919). After this Radicalism was a minor political force in Belgium, its role taken over by the emergence of a powerful <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Labour_Party" title="Belgian Labour Party">social-democratic party</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a>, and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical-Socialist_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical-Socialist Party (France)">Radical-Socialist Party (France)</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robespierre_Ducreux.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robespierre_Ducreux.jpeg/180px-Robespierre_Ducreux.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robespierre_Ducreux.jpeg/270px-Robespierre_Ducreux.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robespierre_Ducreux.jpeg/360px-Robespierre_Ducreux.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1000"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robespierre_Ducreux.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre. He belonged to <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">The Mountain</a> of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> Club, a radical force during the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</div></div></div> <p>During the nineteenth century, the Radicals in France were the political group of the far-left, relative to the centre-left "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunism" title="Opportunism">opportunists</a>" (Gambetta: conservative-liberal and republican), the centre-right <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanists</a> (conservative-liberal and monarchist), the far-right <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimists</a> (anti-liberal monarchist), and the supporters of a republican military dictatorship, the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartists</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and until <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_Revolutions_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Revolutions in France">1848</a>, it was technically illegal to advocate <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> openly. Some republicans reconciled themselves to pursuing liberalism through the socially-conservative monarchy—the 'opportunists'. Those who remained intransigent in believing that the French Revolution needed to be completed through a republican regime based on parliamentary democracy and universal suffrage therefore tended to call themselves "Radicals" – a term meaning 'Purists'. </p><p>Under the Second Republic (1848–52), the Radicals, on a platform of seeking a "social and democratic republic", sat together in parliament in a group named <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountain_(1849)" title="The Mountain (1849)">The Mountain</a>. When <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> launched his <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup d'état of 1851">military coup</a>, Radicals across France rose up in insurrection to defend the democratic republic. This experience would mark French Radicalism for the next century, prompting permanent vigilance against all those who – from <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon,_Duke_of_Magenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta">Marshall Mac-Mahon</a> to <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">General De Gaulle</a> – were suspected of seeking to overthrow the constitutional, parliamentary regime. </p><p>After the return to parliamentary democracy in 1871, the Radicals emerged as a significant political force: led by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, they claimed that the socially-conservative liberal republicanism of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> had drifted away from the ideals of the French Revolution, and that the Radicals were the true heirs to 1791. In 1881, they put forward their programme of broad social reforms: from then on, the tactic of the main Radical Party was to have 'no enemies to the left' of the Republic, allying with any group that sought social reform while accepting the legality of the parliamentary republic. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georges_Clemenceau_Nadar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Georges_Clemenceau_Nadar.jpg/180px-Georges_Clemenceau_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="231" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Georges_Clemenceau_Nadar.jpg/270px-Georges_Clemenceau_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Georges_Clemenceau_Nadar.jpg/360px-Georges_Clemenceau_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="1709"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georges_Clemenceau_Nadar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Georges Eugène Benjamin Clemenceau</div></div></div> <p>The Radicals were not yet a political party as they sat together in parliament out of kinship, but they possessed minimal organisation outside of parliament. The first half of the Third Republic saw several events that caused them to fear a far-right takeover of parliament that might end democracy, as Louis-Napoléon had: <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_de_Mac-Mahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrice de Mac-Mahon">Marshall Mac-Mahon</a>'s self-coup in 1876, the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulangism" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangism">General Boulanger</a> crisis in the 1880s, the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> in the 1890s. The Radicals were swept to power first in a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">coalition government</a> (1899) then in <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">governments of their own</a> from 1902. They finally managed to implement their long-standing programme of reforms, such as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">separation of Church and State</a>, or the introduction of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secret_ballotting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secret ballotting (page does not exist)">secret ballotting</a>. In order to ensure that their legacy would remain unreversed, they unified the local Radical committees into an elector party: the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical-Socialist Party</a>, the first major modern political party in French history. </p><p>Intellectuals played a powerful role. A major spokesman of radicalism was <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Chartier" title="Émile Chartier">Émile Chartier</a> (1868-1951), who wrote under the pseudonym "Alain." He was a leading theorist of radicalism, and his influence extended through the Third and Fourth Republics. He stressed individualism, seeking to defend the citizen against the state. He warned against all forms of power – military, clerical, and economic. To oppose them he exalted the small farmer, the small shopkeeper, the small town, and the little man. He idealized country life and saw Paris as a dangerous font of power.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p><p>The Radical–Socialist Party was the main governmental party of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> between 1901 and 1919, and dominated government again between 1924–26, 1932–33 and 1937–40; the centre-right governments dominated by the conservative-liberal centre-right often gave a portfolio to a Radical, who would join cabinet in a personal capacity as the most left-leaning minister. </p><p>The party itself was discredited after 1940, due to fact that many (though not all) of its parliamentarians had voted to establish the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy regime</a>. Under the dictatorship several prominent Radicals, such as the young left-leaning former education minister <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Zay" title="Jean Zay">Jean Zay</a>, and the influential editorialist <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Sarraut" title="Maurice Sarraut">Maurice Sarraut</a> (brother to the more famous Radical party leader <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert</a>), were assassinated by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">the regime's paramilitary police</a>, while others, notably <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a>, participated in the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">resistance movement</a> to <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">restore the Republic</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a> was established after <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to combine the politics of French Radicalism with credibility derived from members' activism in the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a>. </p><p>In the 1950s, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s-France" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Mendès-France">Pierre Mendès-France</a> attempted to rebuilt the Radical Party as an alternative to both the Christian-democratic <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republican Movement">MRP</a>, while also leading the opposition to <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a> which he feared to be another attempt at a right-wing coup. During this period the Radicals frequently governed as part of a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Force_(France)" title="Third Force (France)">coalition of centrist parties</a>, spanning from the Socialists to the Christian-democrats. </p><p>Ultimately the installation of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> in 1958, and the subsequent emergence of a two-party system based on the Socialist and Gaullist movements, destroyed the niche for an autonomous Radical party. The Radical Party split into various tendencies. Its leading personality, Mendès-France himself, left in 1961 in protest at the party's acceptance of De Gaulle's military coup and joined the small social-democratic <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Unified Socialist Party (France)">Unified Socialist Party</a>. A decade later, a second faction advocated maintaining an alliance with the Socialist-dominated coalition of the left; it broke away in 1972 to form the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a>, which maintains close ties to the Socialist Party. The remainder of the original Radical Party became a de facto liberal-conservative party of the centre-right: renamed as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">'Valoisien' Radical Party</a>, it advocated alliances with the rest of the liberal centre-right, participating first in the pro-<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giscard_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a> (1972), then with the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (2002). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Continental_Europe_and_Latin_America">Continental Europe and Latin America</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Continental Europe and Latin America">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In continental <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, as for instance in France, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a>), Radicalism developed as an ideology in the 19th century to indicate those who supported at least in theory a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> form of government, universal male suffrage and, particularly, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a> policies. </p><p>In German-speaking countries, this current is known as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freisinn" class="extiw" title="de:Freisinn">Freisinn</a> (literally "free mind", or "<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethought</a>"), as in <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Freeminded_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Freeminded Party">German Freeminded Party</a> from 1884 to 1893, then <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Richter" title="Eugen Richter">Eugen Richter</a>'s <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeminded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeminded People's Party (Germany)">Freeminded People's Party</a>; and the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democratic Party of Switzerland</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freethinker" class="mw-redirect" title="Freethinker">Freethinker</a> parties, located mainly in the Netherlands, Scandinavia and German-speaking countries, included: </p> <ul><li>In Switzerland: <ul><li>The Radical movement (or "Free-thinking" movement in the German-speaking cantons), not yet a political party, emerged during the period of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Regeneration</a>, starting 1830 (coincident with the French <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>). It became the dominant political force under the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">1848 Constitution</a>, holding all seven posts in the Federal Council until 1891.</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Democratic Party of Switzerland">Radical-Democratic Party</a> (PRD; in French-speaking Switzerland), also known as the Free-minded Democratic Party (FDP; in German-speaking Switzerland) existed from 1894 to 2009. It started as a centre-left party but gradually moved to the centre-right in the course of time. It was still by far the strongest party until the 1940s, holding at least four of seven posts in the Federal Council. Under the 1959 "magic formula" it held two of seven posts in the Federal Council.</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Liberal Party of Switzerland">Radical-Liberal Party</a> (PLR), or <i>FDP. The Liberals</i> (in the German-speaking regions), was formed in 2009 by the merger of PRD/FDP with the smaller, more right-leaning <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Liberal Party of Switzerland">Liberal Party of Switzerland</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>In the Netherlands: <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Free-minded Democratic League</a>, a political party in the Netherlands from 1901 to 1946</li></ul></li> <li>In Germany, a succession of Radical parties existed: <ul><li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" title="German Free-minded Party">German Free-minded Party</a> (1884 to 1893), which split into two successors:</li> <li>The left-leaning <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-minded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Free-minded People's Party (Germany)">Free-minded People's Party</a> (1893 to 1910)</li> <li>The centre-leaning <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-minded_Union" title="Free-minded Union">Free-minded Union</a> (1893 to 1910)</li> <li>These merged as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party</a> (1910 to 1918)</li> <li>This was reformed as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP; 1918 to 1930)</li> <li>The Radical Democratic Party formed by left-leaning and pacifist members of the DDP (1930 to 1933)</li></ul></li> <li>In Denmark: <ul><li>The current Liberal Party began as a radical party in 1870, hence its name in Danish (<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a>, meaning 'Left'). When it became more conservative, the Radical wing split in 1905 to form a new party, known as <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Radikale Venstre</a> ('Radical Left').</li></ul></li> <li>In Norway: <ul><li>The current Liberal Party began as a radical party in 1884, hence its name in Norwegian (<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Venstre</a>, meaning 'Left').</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In Mediterranean Europe, Radical parties were often labelled 'Democratic' or 'Republican' parties: </p> <ul><li>In France, during the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century, radicalism was intertwined with republicanism to the point that radical parties were often simply labelled 'republicans'. The election of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a> in 1841 is generally considered the start of the radical-republican movement as a political force in France. Over the next century a pattern emerged of Radicals forming a party on the left of the parliamentary spectrum (but to the right of socialists), only for the party to drift to the centre, which would cause the party's left to splinter off and re-establish a new main Radical party while the weakened parent party was eventually absorbed by the liberal centre. This meant that there were generally two rival Radical parties at any one time, one leaning relatively towards socialism, and the other relatively towards liberalism. <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountain_(1849)" title="The Mountain (1849)">La Montagne</a> (The Mountain) (1848–51) was the first parliamentary group to provide a home for France's miscellaneous radical republicans. Its official name, the Socialist Democrat group, signalled its two tendencies: the more socialist-leaning tendency of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a>, and the more middle-class democratic-reformist tendency of <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a>. At that time it represented a very small political current situated on the far-left of the parliamentary spectrum.</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Union_(France)" title="Republican Union (France)">Republican Union</a> (1871–84), led by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a>, was the Mountain's spiritual successor during the transition to democracy; its members included former parliamentarians of the Montagne such as <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a>, and prominent Radical intellectuals like <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>. A minor force at first, by 1876 it had grown in parliamentary strength but begun to drift towards centrist cooperation with liberal Catholics; this prompted the party's more fervent radicals to splinter off in several waves and form new Radical parties (<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> in 1876; René Goblet's Radical Left in 1881; Isambart's Progressive Union in 1894).</li> <li>The <i>Progressive Union</i> (1894-1902) was originally a splinter of the Republican Union by left-leaning radicals during the Dreyfus Affair. In 1902 the formation of the major new Radical-Socialist Party to its immediate left forced it to pick a political family, and it chose to ally then merge with other centrist parties to form the politically-liberal Republican Democratic Alliance.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Left_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Left (France)">Radical Left</a> (1881-1940), a parliamentary group initially formed by hardline anticlerical radicals dissatisfied with the Republican Union's centrism. It was a major political force in centre-left and centrist governments between 1898 and 1918, and regularly provided ministers in centrist and right-wing governments between 1918 and 1940; the importance of this current was underlined by its leader, the veteran Radical <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, being called to lead the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Union" title="Sacred Union">war government</a> during the First World War. The foundation of the PRRRS to its left in 1901 pushed it one space towards the centre and it increasingly drifted into alliance with the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Alliance (France)">liberal republican centre-right</a>. By 1918 it was de facto a party of the centre-right, and from 1936 was essentially absorbed by the liberal right, its old political niche taken over by the PRRRS.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical-Socialist Party</a></i> (officially the <i>Radical, Republican and Radical-Socialist Party</i> or <i>PRRRS</i>), the most famous of France's many radical parties. It was the dominant political force in France from 1901 to 1919, and a major force from 1920 to 1940. Due to its central political role it could alternate in and out of alliance with both socialists and with conservative-liberals; this prompted several splinters by the party's most left- and right-wing members:</li> <li>Centrist and centre-right Radical splinters: The <i>Social and Unionist Radical Party</i> (1928–37) was a small splinter of anti-socialist radicals from the PRRRS, led by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Franklin-Bouillon" title="Henry Franklin-Bouillon">Henry Franklin-Bouillon</a>, who preferred to ally with the centrist Radical Left and other liberal rifhtwing parties. The <i>French Radical Party</i> (1937–38) was a similar small anti-communist splinter, led by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Grisoni" title="André Grisoni">André Grisoni</a>. These two small groups merged in 1938 as the short-lived <i>Independent</i> <i>Radical Party,</i> which was itself restored after the Second World War and was a founding organisation of the <i>Alliance of Left Republicans.</i></li> <li><i>Independent Radical Party</i> (1937–40), a merger of the <i>Unionist Radical Party</i> and the <i>French Radical Party</i>.</li> <li>Social-democratic Radical splinters: The <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican-Socialist_Party" title="Republican-Socialist Party">Republican-Socialist Party</a></i> (1911-1935) and the <i>French Socialist Party</i> (1923–35) were two small parties formed of left-wing Radicals philosophically close to social-democracy or rightwing social-democrats philosophically close to Radicalism, but unable or unwilling to join either the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">official socialist party</a> or the PRRRS. Although electorally small, they were a significant political force as they regularly provided ministers and heads of government in left-wing and centrist coalitions. They merged with other social-democratic parties and independents in 1935 as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republican_Union" title="Socialist Republican Union">Socialist Republican Union</a>.</li> <li>The <i>Camille Pelletain Radical Party</i>, a small splinter of anti-fascists from the PRRRS that briefly existed between 1934-36. The party opposed the willingness by the PRRRS's party leaders during 1934-35 to prefer cooperation with the right and far-right rather than with other left-wing parties. Its name was a reference to a leading historical figure of left-wing Radicalism, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pelletan" title="Camille Pelletan">Camile Pelletain</a>, as a way to lay claim to an authentic Radical tradition felt to have been abandoned by the official party. Once the PRRRS returned to allying with the rest of the left in 1936, the Pelletanist Radicals returned to the old party.</li> <li>After the Second World War, the pre-war Radical-Socialist Party, Radical Left party and their smaller counterparts were left discredited and weakened as <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">communism</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">social-democracy</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Christian-democracy</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a> exploded in popularity. The remaining Radicals mostly banded together with the remnants of other pre-war liberal parties to form a centre-right umbrella party named the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_of_Republican_Lefts" title="Rally of Republican Lefts">Rally of the Republican Left</a>: this was no longer distinctly Radical in ideology, but espoused <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> parliamentary <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal-democracy</a>. In 2017 the Radical-Socialist Party merged with the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a> to form the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Movement" title="Radical Movement">Radical Movement</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>In Spain, Radicalism took the form of various 'democratic', 'progressive', 'republican' and 'radical' parties. <ul><li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Spain)" title="Progressive Party (Spain)">Progressive Party</a> (1835–69), formed by former participants in the radical Revolution of 1820;</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Spain)" title="Democratic Party (Spain)">Democratic Party</a> (1849–69), split from the Progressive Party, a progressive party of Jacobin inspiration, mainly active in the 1850s. It split into two successor parties:</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republican_Party" title="Federal Democratic Republican Party">Federal Democratic Republican Party</a> (1868–1910) or "Federal Party" for short, whose leaders <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanislao_Figueras" title="Estanislao Figueras">Estanislao Figueras</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Francesc Pi i Margall</a> and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Castelar" title="Emilio Castelar">Emilio Castelar</a> were Presidents during the First Republic (1873–74), and</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(Spain)" title="Radical Democratic Party (Spain)">Radical Democratic Party</a> (or just "Radical Party") (1869/71–76), whose leader <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Ruiz_Zorrilla" title="Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla">Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla</a> was Prime Minister for two short periods in 1871 and 1872–73; later known as the <i>Republican Reformist Party</i> (1876–80). It was refounded as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Republican_Party_(Spain)" title="Progressive Republican Party (Spain)">Progressive Republican Party</a> (1880–1912), whose majority merged into the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Union_Party_(Spain)" title="Republican Union Party (Spain)">Republican Union Party</a> (1903–10)</li> <li>The Democratic Party (1876–79), split from the Federal Democratic Republican Party, reformed as the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possibilist_Democratic_Party" title="Possibilist Democratic Party">Possibilist Democratic Party</a> (1879–90)</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a> (1908–36), a splinter of the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Union_Party_(Spain)" title="Republican Union Party (Spain)">Republican Union Party</a>, becoming the major radical party of the Second Republic (1931–1936/39), moving to the centre-right under <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> (Prime Minister from 1933 to 1935);</li> <li>Its leftist splinter, the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">Radical-Socialist Republican Party</a> (1928–34). This merged with others to form the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Republican Left</a> (1934–59)</li> <li>A second splinter of the Radical-Republican Party formed the Republican Democratic Party and <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">Republican Union</a> (1934–59)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformist_Party_(Spain)" title="Reformist Party (Spain)">Reformist Party</a> (1912–24) and its successor <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a> (1925–34) which was to the left of Radical Republican Party; merged into the Republican Left; its leader <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> was two-time Prime Minister of the Second Republic (1931–33 and 1936)</li></ul></li> <li>In Italy: <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/200px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/300px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/400px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1280"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Giuseppe Mazzini</div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Party (Italy, 1848)">Action Party</a>, formed by <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> leaders around <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>, striving for a unitary, secular Italian republic with universal suffrage, popular sovereignty and freedom of speech (1848/53–1867)</li> <li>"<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">Historical Far Left</a>" also known as "Party of Democracy" (1867/77–1904)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a> (founded in 1895)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Italian Radical Party</a> (1904–1922)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberals%E2%80%93Democrats%E2%80%93Radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberals–Democrats–Radicals">Liberals–Democrats–Radicals</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Liberal Party (Italy)">Democratic Liberal Party (Italy)</a> (1921–26)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a> (1942–47)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a> (1955–89)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_Radical_Party" title="Transnational Radical Party">Transnational Radical Party</a> (1989–)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiprohibitionists_on_Drugs" title="Antiprohibitionists on Drugs">Antiprohibitionists on Drugs</a> (1989–92)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannella_List" title="Pannella List">Pannella List</a> (1992–99) <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonino_List" title="Bonino List">Bonino List</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonino-Pannella_List" title="Bonino-Pannella List">Bonino-Pannella List</a> (2009–13)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_Justice_Freedom_List" title="Amnesty Justice Freedom List">Amnesty Justice Freedom List</a> (2013)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a> (2001–)</li></ul></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Serbia_and_Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Serbia and Montenegro">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Serbia">Liberalism and radicalism in Serbia</a></div> <p>Radicalism had played a pivotal role in the birth and development of parliamentarism and the construction of the modern Serbian state leading to the Yugoslavian unification. The <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">People's Radical Party</a> formed in 1881 was the strongest political party and was in power in the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> more than all others together. The 1888 Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbia that defined it as an independent nation and formalised parliamentary democracy was among the most advanced in the entire world due to Radical contribution and it is known as <i>The Radical Constitution</i>. In 1902, a crack had occurred in which the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Radical_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Radical Party">Independent Radical Party</a> left and "the Olde" remained in the party, leading the original People's Radical Party to stray far from progressivism and into right-wing nationalism and conservatism. In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Independent Radicals united with the rest of the Serbian opposition and the liberal and civic groups in the rest of the new country, forming the <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Yugoslavia)" title="Democratic Party (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav Democratic Party</a>, while several Republican dissidents formed a Republican Party. The NRS had promoted Serb nationalism and put itself as the defender of Serb national interests. Democrats and Radicals were the dominant political parties, especially since the exclusion of the Communists. </p><p>In Montenegro, a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Montenegro,_1906)" title="People's Party (Montenegro, 1906)">People's Party</a> was formed in 1907 as the country's first political party and remained the largest in the period of country's parliamentary history until the Yugoslavian unification. Later, a <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_People%27s_Party" title="True People's Party">True People's Party</a> was formed, which never got widespread popular support and whose bigger part had joined the original NS, but the difference was not ideological and instead was opposition and support of the Crown and sometimes in foreign relations to Serbia (the clubbists were the crown's dissidents and supporters of the people as well as Serbia as a regional power and brotherly ally—the rightists were generally anti-democratic and autocratic monarchist and also distrustful to the Serbian government's acts on the national plan). </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a>, a part of the 19th-century (classical) liberal tradition and was also used in contrast to 'radical liberalism'.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Danish Social Liberal Party</a>, literally The Radical Left</li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Radical_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Radical Party">Industrial Radical Party</a>, a fictional party in the British Empire in the novel <i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Difference_Engine" title="The Difference Engine">The Difference Engine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_Radical_Party" title="Transnational Radical Party">Transnational Radical Party</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-classical-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-classical_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220116174256im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFNails_GreneMarjorie_GreneDebra_Nails1986" class="citation book cs1">Nails Grene; Marjorie Grene; Debra Nails, eds. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1WAp3Ww7C4C&dq=%22Classical+radicalism%22&pg=PA162"><i>Spinoza and the Sciences</i></a>. <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 162. <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027719768" title="Special:BookSources/9789027719768"><bdi>9789027719768</bdi></a>. <q>... Yet we are sufficiently outside classical radicalism or classical liberal Utopianism to draw a few conclusions. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spinoza+and+the+Sciences&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9789027719768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1WAp3Ww7C4C%26dq%3D%2522Classical%2Bradicalism%2522%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadicalism+%28historical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPaul_McLaughlin,_P._McLaughlin2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul McLaughlin, P. McLaughlin, ed. (2012). <i>Radicalism: A Philosophical Study</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicalism%3A+A+Philosophical+Study&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadicalism+%28historical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Kramer2017" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Kramer, ed. (2017). <i>The New Freedom and the Radicals: Woodrow Wilson, Progressive Views of Radicalism, and the Origins of Repressive Tolerance</i>. Temple University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Freedom+and+the+Radicals%3A+Woodrow+Wilson%2C+Progressive+Views+of+Radicalism%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Repressive+Tolerance&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadicalism+%28historical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for more information the section on <i>Liberale und radikale Parteien</i> in Klaus von Beyme: Parteien in westlichen Demokratien, München, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare page 255 and further in the Guide to the Political Parties of South America (<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a>, 1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://www.liberal-social.org/internacional-liberal">Internacional Liberal|Movimento Liberal Social – Liberalismo em Portugal</a>, <a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Liberal_Movement" title="Social Liberal Movement">Social Liberal Movement</a> official website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://www.europe-politique.eu/internationale-liberale.htm">Internationale Libérale</a>, Europe Politique | europe-politique.eu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See page 1 and further of <i>A sense of liberty</i> by Julie Smith, published by the Liberal International in 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberal-radical-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liberal-radical_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHloušekKopeček2010" class="citation cs2">Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010), <i>Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared</i>, Ashgate, p. 108</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+Ideology+and+Transformation+of+Political+Parties%3A+East-Central+and+Western+Europe+Compared&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hlou%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADt&rft.au=Kope%C4%8Dek%2C+Lubom%C3%ADr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadicalism+%28historical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick H. Hutton, ed. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940</i> (1986) vol 1 pp 12-13.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFanonymousc._1870" class="citation book cs1">anonymous (c. 1870). <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Radicalism,_what_is_it%3F" class="extiw" title="s:Radicalism, what is it?">Radicalism</a> : a letter to a West Kent elector</i>. Tonbridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicalism+%3A+a+letter+to+a+West+Kent+elector&rft.place=Tonbridge&rft.au=anonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadicalism+%28historical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1880" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, John Morrison (1880). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent English liberals in and out of Parliament"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_English_liberals_in_and_out_of_Parliament"><i>Eminent English liberals in and out of Parliament</i> </a></span>. Boston: James R. Osgood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eminent+English+liberals+in+and+out+of+Parliament&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=James+R.+Osgood&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=John+Morrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadicalism+%28historical%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radicalism_(historical)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=39478#n16">British History Online – London Radicalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://web.archive.org/web/20041210005950/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Essays/Bibliographical/Kramnick0285/Radicalism.html">Kramnick, "English middle-class radicalism in the eighteenth century"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/chartism/lonchar.htm">London Chartism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://www.grazian-archive.com/politics/Republic/C_02_d.html">Public & Republic – The New English Radicals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://www.spartacus-educational.com/PRradicals.htm">Radical Reformers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://web.archive.org/web/20051201171404/http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/cobbetto.htm">Reformers – William Cobbett</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/11_16.html">Scotland Guide – Thomas Muir (and the 1820 Radical War: extracts from Steel's <i>Scotland's Story</i>)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://www.cs.grinnell.edu/1790s/Projects/Sara/Radicals.php">The Transatlantic 1790s: Project: Loyalists – Radical Activities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_073200_radicalism.htm">USA: Readers Companion to American History – Radicalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/http://vlib.iue.it/history/USA/radicalism.html">WWW-VL: History: US Radicalism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style 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rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a>/<a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Monopoly">Natural Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Old Whig</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_liberalism" title="Democratic liberalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Iceland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberism" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and<br/>the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Key Figures</a><br/><br/>See also:<br/><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History of<br/>Liberalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alberdi" title="Juan Bautista Alberdi">Alberdi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Allais</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu" title="Nicolae Bălcescu">Bălcescu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_de_Barante" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosper de Barante">Barante</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances" title="Ramón Emeterio Betances">Betances</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blum" title="Robert Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Camillo di Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Chicherin" title="Boris Chicherin">Chicherin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Chydenius" title="Anders Chydenius">Chydenius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k" title="Ferenc Deák">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Dongsun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="József Eötvös">Eötvös</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Gobetti" title="Piero Gobetti">Gobetti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Frederik_Severin_Grundtvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Harrison" title="Frederic Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Havl%C3%AD%C4%8Dek_Borovsk%C3%BD" title="Karel Havlíček Borovský">Havlíček</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">Hobson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Jovanović">Jovanović</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zef_Jubani" title="Zef Jubani">Jubani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_Felicit%C3%A9_Robert_de_Lamennais" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Victorino_Lastarria" title="José Victorino Lastarria">Lastarria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Lelewel" title="Joachim Lelewel">Lelewel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shenzhi" title="Li Shenzhi">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Lutfi_el-Sayed" title="Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed">Lufti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Madariaga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Masterman" title="Charles Masterman">Masterman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87" title="Ivan Mažuranić">Mažuranić</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Barkly_Molteno" title="Donald Barkly Molteno">Molteno</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Montalembert" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Montalembert">Montalembert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora" title="José María Luis Mora">Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakae_Ch%C5%8Dmin" title="Nakae Chōmin">Nakae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Nitti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Ozaki" title="Yukio Ozaki">Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Paton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Prieto</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)" title="Qin Hui (historian)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Ram%C3%ADrez_(politician)" title="Ignacio Ramírez (politician)">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Renouvier" title="Charles Renouvier">Renouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edwin_Thorold_Rogers" class="mw-redirect" title="James Edwin Thorold Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ropke" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Ropke">Ropke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Alexandru_Rosetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Alexandru Rosetti">Rosetti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Rosselli</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_De_Ruggiero" title="Guido De Ruggiero">Ruggiero</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Shklar" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Shklar">Shklar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_%C5%9Einasi" title="İbrahim Şinasi">Şinasi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Sismondi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_von_Stein" title="Lorenz von Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Tahtawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Tav%C4%8Dar" title="Ivan Tavčar">Tavčar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Thierry" title="Augustin Thierry">Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Rudolph_Thorbecke" title="Johan Rudolph Thorbecke">Thorbecke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Destutt_de_Tracy" title="Antoine Destutt de Tracy">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Treub" title="Willem Treub">Treub</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Zambrano" title="María Zambrano">Zambrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Party_for_Individual_Liberty" title="European Party for Individual Liberty">European Party for Individual Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220116174256/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Радыкалізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalisme" title="Radicalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalismus" title="Radikalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalismus" title="Radikalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalism" title="Radikalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ριζοσπαστισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalismo" title="Radicalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalismo" title="Radikalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erradikalismo_(politika)" title="Erradikalismo (politika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="رادیکالیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalisme" title="Radicalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalismo" title="Radicalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%89%EC%A7%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="급진주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արմատականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="राजनीतिक आमूलवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalizam" title="Radikalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalisme_(sejarah)" title="Radikalisme (sejarah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3tt%C3%A6kni" title="Róttækni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalismo" title="Radicalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რადიკალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Радикализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Радикализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism" title="Radicalism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalizmus" title="Radikalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Радикализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalisme" title="Radicalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E9%80%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="急進主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalisme" title="Radikalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikal" title="Radikal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radykalizm" title="Radykalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalismo" title="Radicalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(istoric)" title="Radicalism (istoric) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Радикализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleetical_radicalism" title="Poleetical radicalism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalizmus" title="Radikalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalizam" title="Radikalizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalizam" title="Radikalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalismi" title="Radikalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikal_(samh%C3%A4llsvetenskap)" title="Radikal (samhällsvetenskap) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikalizm" title="Radikalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Радикалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radica%C5%82ismo" title="Radicałismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="激进主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116174256/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q913401#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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