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id="toc-Drainage_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accordant_versus_discordant_drainage_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accordant_versus_discordant_drainage_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Accordant versus discordant drainage patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accordant_versus_discordant_drainage_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dendritic_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dendritic_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Dendritic drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dendritic_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Parallel drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trellis_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trellis_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Trellis drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trellis_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rectangular_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectangular_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Rectangular drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectangular_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radial_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radial_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Radial drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radial_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centripetal_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centripetal_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Centripetal drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centripetal_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deranged_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deranged_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Deranged drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deranged_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annular_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annular_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.8</span> <span>Annular drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annular_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angular_drainage_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angular_drainage_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.9</span> <span>Angular drainage pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angular_drainage_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Integrated drainage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_drainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flusssystem" title="Flusssystem – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Flusssystem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6)" title="منظومة تصريف (مورفولوجيا الأرض) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظومة تصريف (مورفولوجيا الأرض)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drenaj_sistemi" title="Drenaj sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Drenaj sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Йылға системаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йылға системаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рачная сістэма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рачная сістэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Речна система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Речна система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarxa_de_drenatge" title="Xarxa de drenatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xarxa de drenatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Říční systém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říční systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flodsystem" title="Flodsystem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flodsystem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flusssystem" title="Flusssystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flusssystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5gikond" title="Jõgikond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jõgikond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_de_drenaje" title="Red de drenaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Red de drenaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DA%98%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="سامانه زهکشی (ژئومورفولوژی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه زهکشی (ژئومورفولوژی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_de_drainage_(g%C3%A9omorphologie)" title="Réseau de drainage (géomorphologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réseau de drainage (géomorphologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EA%B3%84" title="수계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अपवाह तन्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपवाह तन्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_sungai" title="Sistem sungai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem sungai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Өзен торы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өзен торы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9D-%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯂꯝ-ꯇꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯝ-ꯇꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ляень системась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ляень системась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagepatroon" title="Drainagepatroon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drainagepatroon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B3%BB" title="水系 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassdrag" title="Vassdrag – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vassdrag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassdrag" title="Vassdrag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vassdrag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryo_sistemasi" title="Daryo sistemasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Daryo sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%87_rzeczna" title="Sieć rzeczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sieć rzeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_de_drenagem" title="Rede de drenagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rede de drenagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Речная система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Речная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_system" title="River system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="River system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rie%C4%8Dny_syst%C3%A9m" title="Riečny systém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Riečny systém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uomaverkosto" title="Uomaverkosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uomaverkosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ระบบลำธาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบลำธาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drenaj_sistemi" title="Drenaj sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Drenaj sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Річкова система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річкова система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Yarlung_Tsangpo_river_tibet.jpg/300px-Yarlung_Tsangpo_river_tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Yarlung_Tsangpo_river_tibet.jpg/450px-Yarlung_Tsangpo_river_tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Yarlung_Tsangpo_river_tibet.jpg/600px-Yarlung_Tsangpo_river_tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Dendritic drainage: the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung Tsangpo River">Yarlung Tsangpo River</a>, Tibet, seen from space: snow cover has melted in the valley system.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>, <b>drainage systems</b>, also known as <b>river systems</b>, are the patterns formed by the <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> in a particular <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>. They are governed by the topography of land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. <a href="/wiki/Geomorphologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomorphologist">Geomorphologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrologist">hydrologists</a> often view streams as part of drainage basins (and <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">sub-basins</a>). This is the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographic</a> region from which a stream receives <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throughflow" title="Throughflow">throughflow</a>, and its saturated equivalent, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_flow" title="Groundwater flow">groundwater flow</a>. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins varies and the larger and more detailed the <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic map</a>, the more information is available.<sup id="cite_ref-physicalgeography.net_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicalgeography.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drainage_patterns">Drainage patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Drainage patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per the lie of <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a>, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories, known as drainage patterns. These depend on the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwsp.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All forms of transitions can occur between parallel, dendritic, and trellis patterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accordant_versus_discordant_drainage_patterns">Accordant versus discordant drainage patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accordant versus discordant drainage patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A drainage system is described as accordant if its pattern correlates to the structure and relief of the landscape over which it flows.<sup id="cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwsp.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A discordant system or pattern does not correlate to the topography and geology of the area. Discordant drainage patterns are classified into two main types: <i><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">antecedent</a></i> and <i>superimposed</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwsp.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i>ante position</i> drainage patterns combine the two. In <i>antecedent</i> drainage, a river's vertical incision ability matches that of land uplift due to tectonic forces. <i>Superimposed</i> drainage develops differently: initially, a drainage system develops on a surface composed of 'younger' rocks, but due to denudation activities this surface of younger rocks is removed and the river continues to flow over a seemingly new surface, but one in fact made up of rocks of old geological formation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dendritic_drainage_pattern">Dendritic drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dendritic drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg/220px-Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg/330px-Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg/440px-Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Dendritic drainage patterns</figcaption></figure> <p>Dendritic drainage systems (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δενδρίτης</span></span>, <i>dendrites</i>, "of or like a tree") are not straight and are the most common form of the drainage system. In this, there are many sub-tributaries (analogous to the twigs of a tree), which merge into <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a> of the main river (the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively). They are seen to feed a river channel that matches and is strongly accordant to the overriding gradient of the land. Truly dendritic systems form in <a href="/wiki/V-shaped_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="V-shaped valley">V-shaped valleys</a>; as a result, the rock types must be <a href="/wiki/Impervious" class="mw-redirect" title="Impervious">impervious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-porous" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-porous">non-porous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fieldguide_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fieldguide-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parallel_drainage_pattern">Parallel drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parallel drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parallel_drainage_pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Parallel_drainage_pattern.jpg/220px-Parallel_drainage_pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Parallel_drainage_pattern.jpg/330px-Parallel_drainage_pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Parallel_drainage_pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Parallel drainage pattern</figcaption></figure> <p>A parallel drainage system occurs on elongate landforms like outcropping resistant rock bands), typically following natural faults or erosion (such as prevailing wind scars). The watercourses run swift and straight, with very few tributaries, and all flow in the same direction. This system forms on very long, uniform slopes, for instance, high rivers flowing southeast from the <a href="/wiki/Aberdare_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdare Mountains">Aberdare Mountains</a> in Kenya and many rivers of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. </p><p>This sometimes indicates a major fault that cuts across an area of steeply folded bedrock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trellis_drainage_pattern">Trellis drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trellis drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geometry of a trellis drainage system is similar to that of a common garden <a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">trellis</a>. Along a strike valley, smaller tributaries feed into the steep slopes of mountainsides. These tributaries enter the main river about perpendicular, causing a trellis-like appearance of the system. They form where hard and soft formations exist on both banks of the main river, and are reflective of height, accentuated by erosion. Trellis drainage is characteristic of folded mountains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> in North America and in the north part of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwsp.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rectangular_drainage_pattern">Rectangular drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rectangular drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rectangular.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rectangular.png/220px-Rectangular.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Rectangular.png 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Rectangular drainage pattern</figcaption></figure> <p>Rectangular drainage develops on rocks that are of approximately uniform resistance to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, but which have two directions of <a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">jointing</a> at approximately right angles or 90 degrees. The joints are usually less resistant to erosion than the bulk rock so erosion tends to preferentially open the joints and streams eventually develop along the joints. The result is a stream system in which streams consist mainly of straight line segments with right-angle bends and tributaries join larger streams at right angles.<sup id="cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwsp.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pattern can be found with the <a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China%E2%80%93Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China–Nepal">Arun River</a> in Nepal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radial_drainage_pattern">Radial drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Radial drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radial.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Radial.png/220px-Radial.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Radial.png 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Radial drainage pattern</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DT_drainage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of Dogu'a Tembien in Ehtiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DT_drainage.jpg/330px-DT_drainage.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DT_drainage.jpg/495px-DT_drainage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DT_drainage.jpg/660px-DT_drainage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The radial drainage network of <a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Dogu’a Tembien</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a radial drainage system, the streams radiate outwards from a central high point. <a href="/wiki/Volcanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanos">Volcanos</a> usually have archetypal features on which this commonly develops are modest or hard <a href="/wiki/Dome_(geology)" title="Dome (geology)">domes</a> pattern develops when streams flow in many general directions (meaning quite long-term) </p><p>In India, the <a href="/wiki/Amarkantak" title="Amarkantak">Amarkantak</a> range and <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh_crater" title="Ramgarh crater">Ramgarh crater</a> are most archetypal; and <a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Dogu'a Tembien</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chapriver_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapriver-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Centripetal_drainage_pattern">Centripetal drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Centripetal drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the streams converge at a point, which is generally a depression or a basin they form centripetal or inland drainage pattern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deranged_drainage_pattern">Deranged drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deranged drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A deranged drainage system is a drainage system in <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> where there is no coherent pattern to the rivers and lakes. These can form in areas with extensive limestone deposits, where surface streams can disappear into the groundwater via caves and subterranean drainage routes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also form in areas where there has been much geological disruption. </p><p>A classic example is the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>. During the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> was scraped off, leaving mostly bare rock. The melting of the glaciers left land with many irregularities of elevation and a great deal of water to collect in the low points, resulting in the region's many lakes. The drainage basins are young and are still sorting themselves out; eventually the system will stabilize.<sup id="cite_ref-physicalgeography.net_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicalgeography.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annular_drainage_pattern">Annular drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Annular drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annular.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Annular.png/220px-Annular.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Annular.png 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Annular drainage pattern</figcaption></figure> <p>In an annular drainage pattern, streams trace a tangential or greater concentric path along a belt of weak rock so, with others, a roughly traced out ring can be seen. It is best displayed by streams draining a maturely dissected <a href="/wiki/Structural_dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural dome">structural dome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">basin</a> where erosion has exposed rimming <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> strata of greatly varying degrees of hardness, as in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Valley_(South_Dakota)" title="Red Valley (South Dakota)">Red Valley</a>, which nearly encircles the domal structure of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Astrobleme" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrobleme">Astroblemes</a> and mud <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapirs</a> are also thought to be able to cause this kind of drainage pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angular_drainage_pattern">Angular drainage pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Angular drainage pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Angular drainage patterns form where <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> joints and faults intersect at angles other than rectangular drainage patterns. Angles can be more or less than 90 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrated_drainage">Integrated drainage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Integrated drainage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>integrated drainage</b> is a mature drainage system characteristic of arid climates. It is formed by coalescing of individual basins formerly separated by high ground, such as mountains or ridges. Headward erosion from a lower basin may breach the barrier, as may spilling over from a higher basin due to <a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">aggradation</a> (accumulation of sediments in the basin). The effect of integration of a drainage system is to replace local higher <a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">base levels</a> with a single lower base level.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of an integrated drainage is the area drained by the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande River">Rio Grande River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basins</a> forming the modern Rio Grande Valley were not integrated into a single river system draining into the Gulf of Mexico until relatively recent geologic time. Instead, the basins formed by the opening of the Rio Grande rift were initially <a href="/wiki/Bolson" title="Bolson">bolsons</a>, with no external drainage and a central <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">playa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-repasch-etal-2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-repasch-etal-2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An axial river existed in the Espanola Basin as early as 13 million years ago, reaching the Santo Domingo Basin by 6.9 million years ago. However, at this time, the river drained into a playa in the southern <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_Basin" title="Albuquerque Basin">Albuquerque Basin</a> where it deposited the <a href="/wiki/Popotosa_Formation" title="Popotosa Formation">Popotosa Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koning-etal-2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koning-etal-2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper reach of this river corresponded to the modern <a href="/wiki/Rio_Chama" title="Rio Chama">Rio Chama</a>, but by 5 million years ago, an ancestral Rio Grande draining the eastern <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Mountains" title="San Juan Mountains">San Juan Mountains</a> had joined the ancestral Rio Chama.<sup id="cite_ref-repasch-etal-2017_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-repasch-etal-2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancestral Rio Grande progressively integrated basins to the south, reaching the Palomas basin by 4.5 million years ago, the Mesilla basin by 3.1 million years, to Texas by 2.06 million years, and finally joining the Pecos River at 800,000 years to drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Volcanism in the Taos Plateau reduced drainage from the San Luis basin until a spillover event 440,000 years ago that drained <a href="/wiki/Lake_Alamosa" title="Lake Alamosa">Lake Alamosa</a> and fully reintegrated the San Luis basin into the Rio Grande basin.<sup id="cite_ref-repasch-etal-2017_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-repasch-etal-2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Integrated drainages were widespread in western North America in the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is evidence of integrated drainages on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_catchment_management" title="Integrated catchment management">Integrated catchment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-physicalgeography.net-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-physicalgeography.net_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-physicalgeography.net_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10aa.html">Pidwirny, M., (2006). "The Drainage Basin Concept". <i>Fundamentals of Physical Geography,</i> 2nd Edition.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uwsp.edu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uwsp.edu_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902032117/http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/title_page.html">"Ritter, Michael E., <i>The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography.</i> 2006"</a>. 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"Birth and evolution of the Rio Grande fluvial system in the past 8 Ma: Progressive downward integration and the influence of tectonics, volcanism, and climate". <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>168</b>: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESRv..168..113R">2017ESRv..168..113R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2017.03.003">10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Birth+and+evolution+of+the+Rio+Grande+fluvial+system+in+the+past+8+Ma%3A+Progressive+downward+integration+and+the+influence+of+tectonics%2C+volcanism%2C+and+climate&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2017.03.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ESRv..168..113R&rft.aulast=Repasch&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft.au=Karlstrom%2C+Karl&rft.au=Heizler%2C+Matt&rft.au=Pecha%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrainage+system+%28geomorphology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koning-etal-2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koning-etal-2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoningJochemsHeizler2018" class="citation journal cs1">Koning, Daniel J.; Jochems, Andy P.; Heizler, Matthew T. 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N.; Horton, B. K.; Milliken, K. L. (2012-05-01). "Provenance of the Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox Group, western Gulf of Mexico basin: Evidence for integrated drainage of the southern Laramide Rocky Mountains and Cordilleran arc". <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>124</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">1007–</span>1024. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GSAB..124.1007M">2012GSAB..124.1007M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB30458.1">10.1130/B30458.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Provenance+of+the+Paleocene-Eocene+Wilcox+Group%2C+western+Gulf+of+Mexico+basin%3A+Evidence+for+integrated+drainage+of+the+southern+Laramide+Rocky+Mountains+and+Cordilleran+arc&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1007-%3C%2Fspan%3E1024&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FB30458.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012GSAB..124.1007M&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft.au=Horton%2C+B.+K.&rft.au=Milliken%2C+K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrainage+system+%28geomorphology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHynekPhillips2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hynek, Brian M.; Phillips, Roger J. (2003). "New data reveal mature, integrated drainage systems on Mars indicative of past precipitation". <i>Geology</i>. <b>31</b> (9): 757. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geo....31..757H">2003Geo....31..757H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG19607.1">10.1130/G19607.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=New+data+reveal+mature%2C+integrated+drainage+systems+on+Mars+indicative+of+past+precipitation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=757&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG19607.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Geo....31..757H&rft.aulast=Hynek&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Roger+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrainage+system+%28geomorphology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drainage_system_(geomorphology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/star/hydro/">StarHydro – software tool that covers concepts of fluvial geomorphology and watershed hydrology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drainage system (geomorphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number (stream order)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_sinuosity" class="mw-redirect" title="River sinuosity">River sinuosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">Meander cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_channel_migration" title="River channel migration">River channel migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-off_slope" title="Slip-off slope">Slip-off slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_river" title="Bedrock river">Bedrock river</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">Bedforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidune" title="Antidune">Antidune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Current ripple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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