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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffusion_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffusion_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diffusion and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffusion_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-religious_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-religious_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Inter-religious conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-religious_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prayers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ramadan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Charity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_of_attendance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_of_attendance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Frequency of attendance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_of_attendance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer_hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prayer hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_prayer_hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_prayer_hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Women's prayer hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_prayer_hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mihrab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mihrab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mihrab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mihrab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minarets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minarets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Minarets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minarets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Domes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ablution_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ablution_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ablution facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ablution_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Contemporary features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_etiquette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rules and etiquette</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules_and_etiquette-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules and etiquette subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prayer_leading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_leading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prayer leading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_leading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleanliness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleanliness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cleanliness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleanliness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Concentration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Gender separation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Muslim_inclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Muslim_inclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Non-Muslim inclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Muslim_inclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_contemporary_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_contemporary_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in contemporary society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_contemporary_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in contemporary society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_contemporary_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_mobilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_mobilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Political mobilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_mobilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Political controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_violent_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_violent_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Role in violent conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_violent_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Saudi influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosque</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 163 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">163 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuseujid" title="Meuseujid – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meuseujid" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moskee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschee" title="Moschee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Moschee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%8A%E1%8B%B5" title="መስጊድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መስጊድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="मस्जिद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मस्जिद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="مسجد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسجد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquita" title="Mesquita – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mesquita" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="মছজিদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মছজিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezquita" title="Mezquita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mezquita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мажгит – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мажгит" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99scid" title="Məscid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məscid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="مسجید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مسجید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="মসজিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মসজিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masigit" title="Masigit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Masigit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng-chin-s%C4%AB" title="Chheng-chin-sī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng-chin-sī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesjid" title="Mesjid – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Mesjid" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мәсет – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәсет" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Мячэць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мячэць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Мячэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мячэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="महजिद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महजिद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moske" title="Moske – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Moske" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Джамия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джамия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁ་ཆེའི་ཆོས་ཁང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁ་ཆེའི་ཆོས་ཁང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEamija" title="Džamija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džamija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskeenn" title="Moskeenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moskeenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquita" title="Mesquita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesquita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%C4%95%D1%82" title="Мичĕт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мичĕт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskita" title="Meskita – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Meskita" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%A1ita" title="Mešita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mešita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosg" title="Mosg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mosg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%8Bli" title="Jiŋli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Jiŋli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%A9" title="Moské – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moské" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9" title="جامع – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جامع" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschee" title="Moschee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moschee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%A1ee" title="Mošee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mošee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF" title="Τζαμί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαμί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezquita" title="Mezquita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mezquita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskeo" title="Moskeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moskeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskita" title="Meskita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Meskita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="مسجد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسجد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska" title="Moska – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Moska" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqu%C3%A9e" title="Mosquée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mosquée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moskee" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juulirde" title="Juulirde – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Juulirde" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc" title="Mosc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mosc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosg" title="Mosg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mosg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquita" title="Mesquita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mesquita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Маьждиг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Маьждиг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86%DA%86%D8%AF" title="مچچد – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مچچد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="모스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallaci" title="Masallaci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masallaci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Մզկիթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մզկիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="मस्जिद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मस्जिद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEamija" title="Džamija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džamija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihi" title="Tihi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Tihi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskeo" title="Moskeo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moskeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid" title="Masjid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masjid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%A9" title="Moské – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Moské" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Мæзджыт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæзджыт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska" title="Moska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Moska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschea" title="Moschea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moschea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%93" title="מסגד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסגד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid" title="Masjid – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Masjid" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C5%8Bili" title="Ciŋili – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ciŋili" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಸೀದಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಸೀದಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მეჩეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეჩეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%AF" title="مشیٖد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مشیٖد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%96%D1%82" title="Мешіт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мешіт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msikiti" title="Msikiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Msikiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizgeft" title="Mizgeft – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mizgeft" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мечит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мечит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Мечеть – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мечеть" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishkita" title="Mishkita – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mishkita" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мизит – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мизит" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meschita" title="Meschita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Meschita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%A1eja" title="Mošeja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mošeja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschee" title="Moschee – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moschee" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%8Det%C4%97" title="Mečetė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mečetė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosagi" title="Mosagi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Mosagi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Moskee" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschea" title="Moschea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Moschea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecset" title="Mecset – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mecset" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="मस्जिद – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मस्जिद" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Џамија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џамија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4skea" title="Môskea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môskea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%85_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ജുമുഅ മസ്ജിദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജുമുഅ മസ്ജിദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6" title="मशीद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मशीद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მეჩეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მეჩეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9" title="جامع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86%D8%AA" title="مچت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مچت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid" title="Masjid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masjid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AA" title="ꯄꯥꯡꯒꯟ ꯂꯥꯢꯁꯪ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯥꯡꯒꯟ ꯂꯥꯢꯁꯪ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musajik" title="Musajik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Musajik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мечет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мечет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moskee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="मस्जिद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मस्जिद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="मस्जिद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मस्जिद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="モスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Маьждиг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Маьждиг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%A9" title="Moské – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moské" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%A9" title="Moské – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moské" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueta" title="Mosqueta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mosqueta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjiida" title="Masjiida – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Masjiida" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid" title="Masjid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Masjid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A6" title="ਮਸਜਿਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਸਜਿਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%A9" title="Moské – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Moské" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جومات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جومات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask" title="Mask – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mask" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meczet" title="Meczet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Meczet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquita" title="Mesquita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mesquita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshit" title="Meshit – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Meshit" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschee" title="Moschee – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Moschee" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschee" title="Moschee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moschee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiya" title="Jamiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jamiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskita" title="Miskita – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Miskita" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мечет – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мечет" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Мечеть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мечеть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Мэчиэт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мэчиэт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mosque" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhamia" title="Xhamia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhamia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muschea" title="Muschea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Muschea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mosque" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="مسجد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مسجد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%A1ita" title="Mešita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mešita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%A1eja" title="Mošeja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mošeja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moszeja" title="Moszeja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Moszeja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaajid" title="Masaajid – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Masaajid" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA" title="مزگەوت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مزگەوت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Џамија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џамија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEamija" title="Džamija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džamija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masigit" title="Masigit – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Masigit" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskeija" title="Moskeija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moskeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%A9" title="Moské – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moské" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moske" title="Moske – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Moske" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பள்ளிவாசல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பள்ளிவாசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timzgida" title="Timzgida – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Timzgida" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мәчет – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәчет" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E2%80%8B%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81" title="మసీదు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మసీదు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="มัสยิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัสยิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Масҷид – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Масҷид" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cami" title="Cami – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cami" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesjid" title="Mesjid – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mesjid" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1vwuokpaa%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1" title="A̱vwuokpaa̱pyia̱ – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱vwuokpaa̱pyia̱" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Мечеть – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мечеть" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Мечеть – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мечеть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="مسجد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسجد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89" title="جامى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جامى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Nhà thờ Hồi giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thờ Hồi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossee" title="Mossee – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mossee" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%AAye" title="Moskêye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moskêye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="清真寺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moske" title="Moske – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Moske" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BA%99" title="回庙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="回庙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%98" title="מעטשעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטשעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" 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data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="清真寺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesigit" title="Mesigit – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mesigit" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masigid" title="Masigid – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Masigid" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezquita&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezquita">Mezquita</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place of worship for Muslims</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Masjed" and "Musjid" redirect here. For the Iranian villages, see <a href="/wiki/Masjed,_Iran_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Masjed, Iran (disambiguation)">Masjed, Iran (disambiguation)</a>. For the 19th-century British racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Musjid_(horse)" title="Musjid (horse)">Musjid (horse)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_e_Nabawi_Interior_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Masjid_e_Nabawi_Interior_2.jpg/245px-Masjid_e_Nabawi_Interior_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Masjid_e_Nabawi_Interior_2.jpg/368px-Masjid_e_Nabawi_Interior_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Masjid_e_Nabawi_Interior_2.jpg/490px-Masjid_e_Nabawi_Interior_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque" title="Prophet's Mosque">Prophet's Mosque (<i>al-Masjid an-Nabawi</i>)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, one of the holiest mosques in Islam.</figcaption></figure> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>mosque</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MOSK</span></i></a>), also called a <b>masjid</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MASS</span>-jid, <span style="font-size:90%">MUSS</span>-</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">place of worship</a> for <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Islamic prayers</a> are performed, such as an outdoor courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, mosques were simple places of prayer for the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslims" title="Early Muslims">early Muslims</a>, and may have been open spaces rather than elaborate buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabar196934_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar196934-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first stage of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> (650–750 CE), early mosques comprised open and closed covered spaces enclosed by walls, often with <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Islamic call to prayer</a> was issued on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabar196934-35_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar196934-35-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typical of mosque buildings to have a special ornamental niche (a <i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a></i>) set into the wall in the direction of the city of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a></i>), which Muslims must face during prayer,<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a facility for ritual cleansing (<i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-campo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pulpit (<i><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a></i>), from which public sermons (<i><a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khutbah</a></i>) are delivered on the event of <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayer</a>, was, in earlier times, characteristic of the central city mosque, but has since become common in smaller mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-EIMW_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIMW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To varying degrees, mosque buildings are designed so that there are <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">segregated spaces for men and women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This basic pattern of organization has assumed different forms depending on the region, period, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic denomination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-campo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to being places of worship in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, mosques also serve as locations for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">funeral services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funeral_prayer_(Islam)" title="Funeral prayer (Islam)">funeral prayers</a>, marriages (<a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">nikah</a>), vigils during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, business agreements, collection and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Alms_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alms in Islam">alms</a>, and homeless shelters.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EIMW_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIMW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, mosques have historically been multi-purpose buildings functioning as community centres, courts of law, and <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">religious schools</a>. In modern times, they have also preserved their role as places of religious instruction and debate.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EIMW_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIMW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special importance is accorded to, in descending order of importance: <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">al-Masjid al-Haram</a> in the city of Mecca, where <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> are performed; the <a href="/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque" title="Prophet's Mosque">Prophet's Mosque</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is buried; and <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">al-Aqsa Mosque</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, where Muslims believe that <a href="/wiki/Isra%27_and_Mi%27raj" title="Isra' and Mi'raj">Muhammad ascended to heaven to meet God</a> around 621 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There's a growing realization among scholars that the present-day perception of mosques doesn't fully align with their original concept. Early Islamic texts and practices highlight mosques as vibrant centers integral to Muslim communities, supporting religious, social, economic, and political affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During and after the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>, mosques were established outside of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> in the hundreds; many <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a> were <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">converted into mosques</a> and thus influenced Islamic architectural styles over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-EIMW_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIMW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most pre-modern mosques were funded by charitable endowments (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern-day trend of government regulation of large mosques has been countered by the rise of privately funded mosques, many of which serve as bases for different streams of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalism</a> and social activism.<sup id="cite_ref-EIMW_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIMW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word 'mosque' entered the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word <i>mosquée</i>, probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>moschea</i> (a variant of Italian <i>moscheta</i>), from either <a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Armenian language">Middle Armenian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:մզկիթ">մզկիթ</a> (<i>mzkit‘</i>), <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">μασγίδιον</span> (<i>masgídion</i>), or Spanish <i>mezquita</i>, from [مسجد] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> (meaning "site of prostration (in prayer)" and hence a place of worship), either from <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a> <i>masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́</i> or from Arabic <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سَجَدَ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">sajada</a></i></span> (meaning "to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prostrate" class="extiw" title="wikt:prostrate">prostrate</a>"), probably ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a> <i>masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́</i> or <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> <i>s<sup>ĕ</sup>ghēdh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_mosques" title="List of the oldest mosques">List of the oldest mosques</a></div> <p>Islam was established in Arabia during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in the 7th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_mosques" title="List of the oldest mosques">first mosque</a> in history could be either the sanctuary built around the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'bah</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, known today as <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Haram">Al-Masjid al-Haram</a></i> ('The Sacred Mosque'), or the <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the first structure built by Muhammad upon his <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">emigration from Mecca</a> in 622 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both located in the Hejaz region in present-day Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars reference Islamic tradition<sup id="cite_ref-Esposito1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2002b_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2002b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and passages of the Quran,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to which Islam as a religion precedes Muhammad, and includes previous prophets such as Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-Alli2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alli2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islamic tradition, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a> is credited with having built the <i>Ka'bah</i> in Mecca, and consequently its sanctuary, <i>Al-Masjid al-Haram</i>, which is seen by Muslims as the first mosque that existed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michigan_C_1986_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michigan_C_1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Sway_2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Sway_2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyrness2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyrness2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> states that the sanctuary of the <i>Ka'bah</i> was the first mosque on Earth, with the second mosque being <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also associated with Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-Michigan_C_1986_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michigan_C_1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since as early as 638 CE, the Sacred Mosque of Mecca has been expanded on several occasions to accommodate the increasing number of Muslims who either live in the area or make the annual pilgrimage known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i> to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Either way, after the Quba Mosque, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Muhammad went on to establish another mosque in Medina</a>, which is now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></i> ('The Prophet's Mosque'). Built on the site of his home, Muhammad participated in the construction of the mosque himself and helped pioneer the concept of the mosque as the focal point of the Islamic city.<sup id="cite_ref-chiu678_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiu678-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prophet's Mosque is considered by some scholars of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> to be the first mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen_p.195–6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen_p.195–6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosque had a roof supported by columns made of palm tree trunks<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it included a large courtyard, a motif common among mosques built since then.<sup id="cite_ref-chiu678_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiu678-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebuilt and expanded over time,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996182–184_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996182–184-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it soon became a larger <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It probably served as a model for the construction of early mosques elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen_p.195–6_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen_p.195–6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0522_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It introduced some of the features still common in today's mosques, including the niche at the front of the prayer space known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a></i> (first added in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad period">Umayyad period</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996182–184_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996182–184-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tiered pulpit called the <i><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:After_their_time_in_Mina_has_passed,_pilgrims_head_back_to_Mecca._-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of the Sacred Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām) of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, the largest mosque and holiest site in Islam, with the Kaaba in the center (2010 photo)"><img alt="Aerial view of the Sacred Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām) of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, the largest mosque and holiest site in Islam, with the Kaaba in the center (2010 photo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/After_their_time_in_Mina_has_passed%2C_pilgrims_head_back_to_Mecca._-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/271px-After_their_time_in_Mina_has_passed%2C_pilgrims_head_back_to_Mecca._-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/After_their_time_in_Mina_has_passed%2C_pilgrims_head_back_to_Mecca._-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/407px-After_their_time_in_Mina_has_passed%2C_pilgrims_head_back_to_Mecca._-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/After_their_time_in_Mina_has_passed%2C_pilgrims_head_back_to_Mecca._-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/542px-After_their_time_in_Mina_has_passed%2C_pilgrims_head_back_to_Mecca._-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque (<i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i>)</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in Saudi Arabia, the largest mosque and <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">holiest site in Islam</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in the center (2010 photo)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madinah,_Al_haram_at_night_(2512058060).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Prophet's Mosque (al-Masjid an-Nabawi) in Medina, Islam's second holiest site"><img alt="The Prophet's Mosque (al-Masjid an-Nabawi) in Medina, Islam's second holiest site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Madinah%2C_Al_haram_at_night_%282512058060%29.jpg/240px-Madinah%2C_Al_haram_at_night_%282512058060%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Madinah%2C_Al_haram_at_night_%282512058060%29.jpg/360px-Madinah%2C_Al_haram_at_night_%282512058060%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Madinah%2C_Al_haram_at_night_%282512058060%29.jpg/480px-Madinah%2C_Al_haram_at_night_%282512058060%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque" title="Prophet's Mosque">Prophet's Mosque (<i>al-Masjid an-Nabawi</i>)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, Islam's second holiest site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_entrance_of_Masjid_al-Qiblatayn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Mosque of the two Qiblahs) in Medina"><img alt="Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Mosque of the two Qiblahs) in Medina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Main_entrance_of_Masjid_al-Qiblatayn.jpg/241px-Main_entrance_of_Masjid_al-Qiblatayn.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Main_entrance_of_Masjid_al-Qiblatayn.jpg/361px-Main_entrance_of_Masjid_al-Qiblatayn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Main_entrance_of_Masjid_al-Qiblatayn.jpg/481px-Main_entrance_of_Masjid_al-Qiblatayn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a></i> (Mosque of the two <a href="/wiki/Qiblah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiblah">Qiblahs</a>) in Medina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(NE_exposure).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, Islam's third holiest site"><img alt="The Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, Islam's third holiest site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_%28NE_exposure%29.jpg/335px-Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_%28NE_exposure%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_%28NE_exposure%29.jpg/503px-Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_%28NE_exposure%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_%28NE_exposure%29.jpg/670px-Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_%28NE_exposure%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="4299" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Islam's third holiest site</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffusion_and_evolution">Diffusion and evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diffusion and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Mosque_(2020-01-07).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Umayyad_Mosque_%282020-01-07%29.jpg/220px-Umayyad_Mosque_%282020-01-07%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Umayyad_Mosque_%282020-01-07%29.jpg/330px-Umayyad_Mosque_%282020-01-07%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Umayyad_Mosque_%282020-01-07%29.jpg/440px-Umayyad_Mosque_%282020-01-07%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, built during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> was particularly instrumental in spreading Islam and establishing mosques within the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, as the Umayyads constructed among the most revered mosques in the region — <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designs of the Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>, a trend that continued much later with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> was the first mosque built in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (northwest Africa), with its present form (dating from the ninth century) serving as a model for other Islamic places of worship in the Maghreb. It was the first in the region to incorporate a square <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a>, which was characteristic of later Maghrebi mosques, and includes <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">naves</a> akin to a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elleh114_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elleh114-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those features can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> mosques, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Cordoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Cordoba">Great Mosque of Cordoba</a>, as they tended to reflect the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> instead of their <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoth</a> predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-elleh114_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elleh114-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, some elements of <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic architecture">Visigothic architecture</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe arches</a>, were infused into the mosque architecture of Spain and the Maghreb.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faisal_mosque2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Faisal_mosque2.jpg/220px-Faisal_mosque2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Faisal_mosque2.jpg/330px-Faisal_mosque2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Faisal_mosque2.jpg/440px-Faisal_mosque2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque">Faisal Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> is the largest mosque in Pakistan and in South Asia with a capacity of 300,000</figcaption></figure> <p>Muslim empires were instrumental in the evolution and spread of mosques. Although mosques were first established in India during the seventh century, they were not commonplace across <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">the subcontinent</a> until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries. Reflecting their <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> origins, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal-style</a> mosques included <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion domes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">pointed arches</a>, and elaborate circular minarets, features common in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian architecture">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Central Asian styles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, built in a similar manner in the mid-17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remain two of the largest mosques on the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The first mosque in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> was established in the eighth century in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an">Great Mosque of Xi'an</a>, whose current building dates from the 18th century, does not replicate the features often associated with mosques elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-cow30_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cow30-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minarets were initially prohibited by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-ahm109_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahm109-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a>, the Great Mosque of Xi'an, like many other mosques in eastern China, resembles a <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a>, with a green roof instead of the yellow roof common on imperial structures in China. Mosques in western China were more likely to incorporate elements, like domes and minarets, traditionally seen in mosques elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-cow30_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cow30-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kampung_Hulu_Mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kampung_Hulu_Mosque.JPG/220px-Kampung_Hulu_Mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kampung_Hulu_Mosque.JPG/330px-Kampung_Hulu_Mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kampung_Hulu_Mosque.JPG/440px-Kampung_Hulu_Mosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Hulu_Mosque" title="Kampung Hulu Mosque">Kampung Hulu Mosque</a>, the oldest mosque in Malaysia</figcaption></figure><p>A similar integration of foreign and local influences could be seen on the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, where mosques, including the <a href="/wiki/Demak_Great_Mosque" title="Demak Great Mosque">Demak Great Mosque</a>, were first established in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-blobla439_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blobla439-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Javanese mosques took design cues from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a>, and Chinese architectural influences, with tall timber, multi-level roofs similar to the pagodas of <a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Balinese Hindu temples</a>; the ubiquitous Islamic dome did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ahm109_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahm109-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, the Javanese style influenced the styles of mosques in Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesian</a> neighbors—<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, and the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-blobla439_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blobla439-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of the early mosques in the Ottoman Empire were originally churches or cathedrals from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> (one of those converted cathedrals) informing the architecture of mosques from after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Ottoman conquest of Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans developed <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">their own architectural style</a> characterized by large central domes (sometimes surrounded by multiple smaller domes), pencil-shaped minarets, and open façades.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg/220px-Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg/330px-Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg/440px-Great-Mosque-of-Tirana-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Namazgah_Mosque" title="Namazgah Mosque">Namazgah Mosque</a> in 2018. It was the largest mosque in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> at the time of completion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mosques from the Ottoman period are still scattered across <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, but the most rapid growth in the number of mosques in Europe has occurred within the past century as more Muslims have migrated to the continent. Many major European cities are home to mosques, like the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">Grand Mosque of Paris</a>, that incorporate domes, minarets, and other features often found with mosques in Muslim-majority countries.<sup id="cite_ref-blobla193_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blobla193-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mosque in North America was founded by <a href="/wiki/Albanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian American">Albanian Americans</a> in 1915, but the continent's oldest surviving mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Mosque_of_America" title="Mother Mosque of America">Mother Mosque of America</a>, was built in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in Europe, the number of American mosques has rapidly increased in recent decades as Muslim immigrants, particularly from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, have come in the United States. Greater than forty percent of mosques in the United States were constructed after 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-religious_conversion">Inter-religious conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inter-religious conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Muslim_places_of_worship_into_mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_mosques_in_Spain" title="List of former mosques in Spain">List of former mosques in Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_mosques_in_Portugal" title="List of former mosques in Portugal">List of former mosques in Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_(2216460729).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/220px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/330px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/440px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="2534" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey, was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453</figcaption></figure> <p>According to early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">Muslim historians</a>, towns that surrendered without resistance and made treaties with the Muslims were allowed to retain their churches and the towns captured by Muslims had many of their churches converted to mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria, where in 705 <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">Al-Walid I</a> bought the church of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">St. John</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and had it rebuilt as a mosque in exchange for building a number of new churches for the Christians in Damascus. Overall, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> (Al-Waleed's father) is said to have transformed 10 churches in Damascus into mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of turning churches into mosques were especially intensive in the villages where most of the inhabitants <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converted</a> to Islam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> turned many churches into mosques. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> converted nearly all churches, monasteries, and chapels in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, into mosques immediately after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">capturing the city in 1453</a>. In some instances mosques have been established on the places of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> or Christian sanctuaries associated with <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> personalities who were also recognized by Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masdjid1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosques have also been converted for use by other religions, notably in southern Spain, following the conquest of the Moors in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent of them is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral%E2%80%93Mosque_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral–Mosque of Córdoba">Great Mosque of Cordoba</a>, itself constructed on the site of a church demolished during the period of Muslim rule. Outside of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, such instances also occurred in southeastern Europe once regions were no longer under Muslim rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_functions">Religious functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayers">Prayers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prayers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two holidays (<i><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eids</a></i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">ʿĪd al-Fiṭr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">ʿĪd al-Aḍḥā</a></i>, during which there are special prayers held at mosques in the morning. These <a href="/wiki/Salat_al_Eid" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat al Eid">Eid prayers</a> are supposed to be offered in large groups, and so, in the absence of an outdoor <i><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></i>, a large mosque will normally host them for their congregants as well as the congregants of smaller local mosques. Some mosques will even rent <a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">convention centers</a> or other large public buildings to hold the large number of Muslims who attend. Mosques, especially those in countries where Muslims are the majority, will also host Eid prayers outside in courtyards, <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">town squares</a> or on the outskirts of town in an <i>Eidgah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramadan">Ramadan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ramadan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_Grand_Mosque_-_Fast_Break.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Taipei_Grand_Mosque_-_Fast_Break.JPG/220px-Taipei_Grand_Mosque_-_Fast_Break.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Taipei_Grand_Mosque_-_Fast_Break.JPG/330px-Taipei_Grand_Mosque_-_Fast_Break.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Taipei_Grand_Mosque_-_Fast_Break.JPG/440px-Taipei_Grand_Mosque_-_Fast_Break.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Grand_Mosque" title="Taipei Grand Mosque">Taipei Grand Mosque</a>, Taiwan during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Islam's holiest month, <i><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></i>, is observed through many events. As Muslims must <a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">fast</a> during the day during Ramadan, mosques will host <i><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Ifṭār</a></i> dinners after sunset and the fourth required prayer of the day, that is <i><a href="/wiki/Maghrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib">Maghrib</a></i>. Food is provided, at least in part, by members of the community, thereby creating daily <a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">potluck</a> dinners. Because of the community contribution necessary to serve <i>iftar</i> dinners, mosques with smaller congregations may not be able to host the <i>iftar</i> dinners daily. Some mosques will also hold <i><a href="/wiki/Suhoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhoor">Suḥūr</a></i> meals before <a href="/wiki/Dawn" title="Dawn">dawn</a> to congregants attending the first required prayer of the day, <i><a href="/wiki/Fajr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajr">Fajr</a></i>. As with iftar dinners, congregants usually provide the food for suhoor, although able mosques may provide food instead. Mosques will often invite poorer members of the Muslim community to share in beginning and breaking the fasts, as providing <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">charity</a> during Ramadan is regarded in Islam as especially honorable.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the last obligatory daily prayer (<i><a href="/wiki/Isha%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Isha'">ʿIshāʾ</a></i>) special, optional <i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarāwīḥ</a></i> prayers are offered in larger mosques. During each night of prayers, which can last for up to two hours each night, usually one member of the community who has memorized the entire Quran (a <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a>) will recite a segment of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-teach-islam_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach-islam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, several such people (not necessarily of the local community) take turns to do this. During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques will host all-night programs to observe <i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i>, the night Muslims believe that Muhammad first received Quranic revelations.<sup id="cite_ref-teach-islam_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach-islam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that night, between <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sunset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a>, mosques employ speakers to educate congregants in attendance about Islam. Mosques or the community usually provide meals periodically throughout the night </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasr_ol_Molk_mosque_vault_ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nasr_ol_Molk_mosque_vault_ceiling.jpg/220px-Nasr_ol_Molk_mosque_vault_ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nasr_ol_Molk_mosque_vault_ceiling.jpg/330px-Nasr_ol_Molk_mosque_vault_ceiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nasr_ol_Molk_mosque_vault_ceiling.jpg/440px-Nasr_ol_Molk_mosque_vault_ceiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Vault ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Mulk_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir al-Mulk Mosque">Nasir al-Mulk Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>During the last ten days of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a>, larger mosques within the Muslim community will host <i><a href="/wiki/I%CA%BFtik%C4%81f" title="Iʿtikāf">Iʿtikāf</a></i>, a practice in which at least one Muslim man from the community must participate. Muslims performing itikaf are required to stay within the mosque for ten consecutive days, often in worship or learning about Islam. As a result, the rest of the Muslim community is responsible for providing the participants with food, drinks, and whatever else they need during their stay.<sup id="cite_ref-teach-islam_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach-islam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charity">Charity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg/220px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg/330px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg/440px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adina_Mosque" title="Adina Mosque">Adina Mosque</a>, once the largest mosque in South Asia, in <a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a>, the first capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The third of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a> states that Muslims are required to give approximately one-fortieth of their wealth to charity as <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since mosques form the center of Muslim communities, they are where Muslims go to both give <i>zakat</i> and, if necessary, collect it. Before the holiday of <i>Eid ul-Fitr</i>, mosques also collect a special <i>zakat</i> that is supposed to assist in helping poor Muslims attend the prayers and celebrations associated with the holiday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_of_attendance">Frequency of attendance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Frequency of attendance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The frequency by which Muslims attend mosque services vary greatly around the world. In some countries, weekly attendance at religious services is common among Muslims while in others, attendance is rare. A study of American Muslims did not find differences in mosque attendance by gender or age.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:500px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Percentage of Muslims who attend mosque at least once a week, 2009–2012<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Countries</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percentage</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:99%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">99%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:94%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">94%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:93%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">93%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:93%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">93%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:92%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">92%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:92%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">92%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:91%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">91%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:88%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">88%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:87%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">87%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:85%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">85%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon"><img alt="Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:84%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">84%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:84%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">84%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:82%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">82%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:81%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">81%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:79%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">79%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:72%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">72%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:65%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">65%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:65%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">65%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:61%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">61%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:61%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">61%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:59%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">59%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:57%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-United_Kingdom_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Kingdom-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:56%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">56%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:55%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:53%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">53%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:52%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">52%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Yemen_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yemen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:51%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">51%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Israel_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">49%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sonage_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonage-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">49%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-Canada_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:48%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">48%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Algeria_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeria-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-regime_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regime-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">47%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">47%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">47%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:44%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">44%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Australia_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:40%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">40%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:40%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">40%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-Germany_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germany-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:35%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">35%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:35%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">35%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><sup id="cite_ref-Libya_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libya-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:35%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">35%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:30%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-France_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:30%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:30%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/17px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/27px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sonage_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonage-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iran_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-regime_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regime-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:27%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">27%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Saudi_Arabia_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saudi_Arabia-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-regime_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regime-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:27%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">27%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:25%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">25%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:24%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:23%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">23%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bulgaria_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulgaria-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReligiousTopline_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReligiousTopline-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:19%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">19%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Georgia_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgia-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReligiousTopline_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReligiousTopline-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:14%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:limegreen; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles">Styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Islamic_Preacher_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mosque_of_Islamic_Preacher_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani.jpg/220px-Mosque_of_Islamic_Preacher_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mosque_of_Islamic_Preacher_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani.jpg/330px-Mosque_of_Islamic_Preacher_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mosque_of_Islamic_Preacher_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani.jpg/440px-Mosque_of_Islamic_Preacher_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>A 14th century mosque of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Arab-plan</i> or <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> mosques are the earliest type of mosques, pioneered under the Umayyad Dynasty. These mosques have square or rectangular plans with an enclosed courtyard (<i><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">sahn</a></i>) and covered prayer hall. Historically, in the warm Middle Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climates</a>, the courtyard served to accommodate the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers. Most early hypostyle mosques had flat roofs on prayer halls, which required the use of numerous <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Support_(structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Support (structure)">supports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masdjid1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notable hypostyle mosques is the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, the building being supported by over 850 columns.<sup id="cite_ref-mit-handout_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-handout-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently, hypostyle mosques have outer <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)"><i>riwaq</i></a>) so that visitors can enjoy the shade. Arab-plan mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The simplicity of the Arab plan limited the opportunities for further development, the mosques consequently losing popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masdjid1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuzla,_hornicka_mesita_(drevena,_18._stol).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tuzla%2C_hornicka_mesita_%28drevena%2C_18._stol%29.jpg/220px-Tuzla%2C_hornicka_mesita_%28drevena%2C_18._stol%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tuzla%2C_hornicka_mesita_%28drevena%2C_18._stol%29.jpg/330px-Tuzla%2C_hornicka_mesita_%28drevena%2C_18._stol%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tuzla%2C_hornicka_mesita_%28drevena%2C_18._stol%29.jpg/440px-Tuzla%2C_hornicka_mesita_%28drevena%2C_18._stol%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Huseina Čauša džamija (a.k.a. Džindijska), 17th century traditional wooden mosque in <a href="/wiki/Tuzla" title="Tuzla">Tuzla</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</figcaption></figure> <p>The first departure within mosque design started in Persia (Iran). The <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> had inherited a rich <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">architectural legacy</a> from the earlier Persian dynasties, and they began incorporating elements from earlier <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> designs into their mosques, influenced by buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ardashir" title="Palace of Ardashir">Palace of Ardashir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_Palace" title="Sarvestan Palace">Sarvestan Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> witnessed the introduction of such structures as domes and large, arched entrances, referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a></i>. During <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq rule</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Islamic mysticism</a> was on the rise, the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Mosque_(Isfahan)#Design_–_the_four-iwan_style" title="Shah Mosque (Isfahan)">four-iwan</a> arrangement took form. The four-iwan format, finalized by the Seljuqs, and later inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a>, firmly established the courtyard façade of such mosques, with the towering gateways at every side, as more important than the actual buildings themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically took the form of a square-shaped central courtyard with large entrances at each side, giving the impression of gateways to the spiritual world.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persians also introduced <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a> into mosque designs. Soon, a distinctly <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian style</a> of mosques started appearing that would significantly influence the designs of later <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a>, mosque designs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF.jpg/220px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF.jpg/330px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF.jpg/440px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an">Great Mosque of Xi'an</a> in China built in 742</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottomans introduced central dome mosques in the 15th century. These mosques have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. In addition to having a large central dome, a common feature is smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, where prayer is not performed.<sup id="cite_ref-mit-vocab_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-vocab-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style was heavily influenced by Byzantine architecture with its use of large central domes.<sup id="cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masdjid1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam forbids <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative art</a>, on the grounds that the artist must not imitate God's creation. Mosques are, therefore, decorated with <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract patterns</a> and beautiful inscriptions. Decoration is often concentrated around doorways and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">miḥrāb</a></i>. Tiles are used widely in mosques. They lend themselves to pattern-making, can be made with beautiful subtle colors, and can create a cool atmosphere, an advantage in the hot Arab countries. Quotations from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> often adorn mosque interiors. These texts are meant to inspire people by their beauty, while also reminding them of the words of Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer_hall">Prayer hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prayer hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prayer hall, also known as the <i>muṣallá</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُصَلَّى</span>), rarely has furniture; chairs and pews are generally absent from the prayer hall so as to allow as many worshipers as possible to line the room.<sup id="cite_ref-unitulsa_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unitulsa-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mosques have <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a> and Quranic verses on the walls to create a more religious atmosphere for worshippers.<sup id="cite_ref-teach-islam_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach-islam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, a limited part of the prayer hall is sanctified formally as a <i>masjid</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharīʿah</a></i> sense (although the term <i>masjid</i> is also used for the larger mosque complex as well). Once designated, there are onerous limitations on the use of this formally designated <i>masjid</i>, and it may not be used for any purpose other than worship; restrictions that do not necessarily apply to the rest of the prayer area, and to the rest of the mosque complex (although such uses may be restricted by the conditions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i> that owns the mosque).<sup id="cite_ref-qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many mosques, especially the early congregational mosques, the prayer hall is built in the <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> form (the roof held up by a multitude of columns).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the finest examples of the hypostyle-plan mosques is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the <i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a></i> wall (the direction of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and thus the direction towards which <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> should face for prayer), the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall. The <i>qibla</i> wall should, in a properly oriented mosque, be set perpendicular to a line leading to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> is located.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congregants pray in rows parallel to the qiblah wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the <i>qibla</i> wall, usually at its center, is the <i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">miḥrāb</a></i>, a niche or depression indicating the direction of Mecca. Usually the <i>mihrab</i> is not occupied by furniture either. A raised <i><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a></i> (pulpit) is located to the right side of the <i>mihrab</i> for a <i><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">khaṭīb</a></i> (preacher), or some other speaker, to offer a <i><a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khuṭbah</a></i> (sermon) during the ritual Friday prayers. </p><p>The <i>mihrab</i> serves as the location where the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullah</a> leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left to the <i>mihrab</i>, in the front left corner of the mosque, sometimes there is a <i>kursu</i> (Turkish: <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tr:k%C3%BCrs%C3%BC#Türkçe" class="extiw" title="wikt:tr:kürsü">kürsü</a></i></span>, Bosnian: <i><span title="Bosnian-language text"><span lang="bs">ćurs/ћурс</span></span></i>), a small elevated plateau (rarely with a chair or other type of seat) used for less formal preaching and speeches. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan,_prayer_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main prayer hall with hypostyle in the Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia"><img alt="Main prayer hall with hypostyle in the Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_prayer_hall.jpg/200px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_prayer_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_prayer_hall.jpg/300px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_prayer_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_prayer_hall.jpg/400px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_prayer_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4385" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main prayer hall with hypostyle in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a>, Tunisia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_5736.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman-style prayer hall of the Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey"><img alt="Ottoman-style prayer hall of the Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%C4%B0stanbul_5736.jpg/200px-%C4%B0stanbul_5736.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%C4%B0stanbul_5736.jpg/300px-%C4%B0stanbul_5736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%C4%B0stanbul_5736.jpg/400px-%C4%B0stanbul_5736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman-style</a> prayer hall of the <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_islamilainen_rukoushuone_-_Keskitalontie_3_-_Kinnari_-_J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden prayer hall of the Järvenpää Mosque, a historic mosque used by the Finnish Tatar community, in Järvenpää, Finland"><img alt="Wooden prayer hall of the Järvenpää Mosque, a historic mosque used by the Finnish Tatar community, in Järvenpää, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_islamilainen_rukoushuone_-_Keskitalontie_3_-_Kinnari_-_J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4.jpg/200px-J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_islamilainen_rukoushuone_-_Keskitalontie_3_-_Kinnari_-_J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_islamilainen_rukoushuone_-_Keskitalontie_3_-_Kinnari_-_J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4.jpg/300px-J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_islamilainen_rukoushuone_-_Keskitalontie_3_-_Kinnari_-_J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_islamilainen_rukoushuone_-_Keskitalontie_3_-_Kinnari_-_J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4.jpg/400px-J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_islamilainen_rukoushuone_-_Keskitalontie_3_-_Kinnari_-_J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4381" data-file-height="2823" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden prayer hall of the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Mosque" title="Järvenpää Mosque">Järvenpää Mosque</a>, a historic mosque used by the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatar</a> community, in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Järvenpää">Järvenpää</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Cultural_Center_E96_jeh_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Postmodern prayer hall of the NYC Mosque in New York, USA"><img alt="Postmodern prayer hall of the NYC Mosque in New York, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Islamic_Cultural_Center_E96_jeh_%28cropped%29.JPG/133px-Islamic_Cultural_Center_E96_jeh_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Islamic_Cultural_Center_E96_jeh_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Islamic_Cultural_Center_E96_jeh_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Islamic_Cultural_Center_E96_jeh_%28cropped%29.JPG/267px-Islamic_Cultural_Center_E96_jeh_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a> prayer hall of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cultural_Center_of_New_York" title="Islamic Cultural Center of New York">NYC Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/NYC" class="mw-redirect" title="NYC">New York</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_picture_from_China_every_day_144.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Islamic-style prayer hall of the Songjiang Mosque in Shanghai, China"><img alt="Chinese Islamic-style prayer hall of the Songjiang Mosque in Shanghai, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/A_picture_from_China_every_day_144.jpg/146px-A_picture_from_China_every_day_144.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/A_picture_from_China_every_day_144.jpg/219px-A_picture_from_China_every_day_144.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/A_picture_from_China_every_day_144.jpg/292px-A_picture_from_China_every_day_144.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese Islamic-style</a> prayer hall of the <a href="/wiki/Songjiang_Mosque" title="Songjiang Mosque">Songjiang Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihrab_of_the_Istiqlal_Mosque_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="International and New Formalism-style prayer hall of the Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta, Indonesia"><img alt="International and New Formalism-style prayer hall of the Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mihrab_of_the_Istiqlal_Mosque_Jakarta.jpg/150px-Mihrab_of_the_Istiqlal_Mosque_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mihrab_of_the_Istiqlal_Mosque_Jakarta.jpg/226px-Mihrab_of_the_Istiqlal_Mosque_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mihrab_of_the_Istiqlal_Mosque_Jakarta.jpg/301px-Mihrab_of_the_Istiqlal_Mosque_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Formalism_(architecture)" title="New Formalism (architecture)">New Formalism-style</a> prayer hall of the <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_prayer_hall"><span id="Women.27s_prayer_hall"></span>Women's prayer hall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women's prayer hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164252.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164252.jpg/142px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164252.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164252.jpg/213px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164252.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164252.jpg/284px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164252.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stairs toward the <i>maqfil</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164523.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164523.jpg/142px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164523.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164523.jpg/213px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164523.jpg/284px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20190509_164523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">View of the <i>maqfil</i></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Women who pray in mosques are separated from men</a>. Their part for prayer is called <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_prayer_in_Islam" title="Women's prayer in Islam">maqfil</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bosnian: <i><span title="Bosnian-language text"><span lang="bs">makfil/макфил</span></span></i>). It is located above the main prayer hall, elevated in the background as stairs-separated gallery or plateau (surface-shortened to the back relative to the bottom main part). It usually has a perforated fence at the front, through which the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullah</a> and the other male worshippers in the main hall can be partially seen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mihrab">Mihrab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mihrab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihrab_Medina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_Medina.JPG/170px-Mihrab_Medina.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_Medina.JPG/255px-Mihrab_Medina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mihrab_Medina.JPG/340px-Mihrab_Medina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Mihrab in <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">miḥrāb</a></i>, also spelled as <i>mehrab</i> is a semicircular <a href="/wiki/Niche_(architecture)" title="Niche (architecture)">niche</a> in the wall of a mosque that faces the <i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qiblah</a></i> (i.e. the "front" of the mosque); the imam stands in this niche and leads prayer. Given that the imam typically stands alone in the frontmost row, this niche's practical effect is to save unused space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban19744_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban19744-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> from which the Friday sermon is delivered. While the <i>minbar</i> of Muhammad was a simple chair, later it became larger and attracted artistic attention. Some remained made of wood, albeit exquisitely carved, while others were made of marble and featured <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban19745-6_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban19745-6-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minarets">Minarets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Minarets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG/170px-Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG/255px-Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG/340px-Tower_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>One of the oldest standing minarets in the world at the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia</figcaption></figure><p> A common feature in mosques is the minaret, the tall, slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure. The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_5_-_022_-_Deux_minarets_de_boue_de_la_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Bobo-Dioulasso,_Burkina_Faso,_19-26_ao%C3%BBt_2001.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_5_-_022_-_Deux_minarets_de_boue_de_la_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Bobo-Dioulasso%2C_Burkina_Faso%2C_19-26_ao%C3%BBt_2001.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_5_-_022_-_Deux_minarets_de_boue_de_la_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Bobo-Dioulasso%2C_Burkina_Faso%2C_19-26_ao%C3%BBt_2001.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_5_-_022_-_Deux_minarets_de_boue_de_la_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Bobo-Dioulasso%2C_Burkina_Faso%2C_19-26_ao%C3%BBt_2001.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_5_-_022_-_Deux_minarets_de_boue_de_la_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Bobo-Dioulasso%2C_Burkina_Faso%2C_19-26_ao%C3%BBt_2001.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_5_-_022_-_Deux_minarets_de_boue_de_la_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Bobo-Dioulasso%2C_Burkina_Faso%2C_19-26_ao%C3%BBt_2001.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_5_-_022_-_Deux_minarets_de_boue_de_la_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Bobo-Dioulasso%2C_Burkina_Faso%2C_19-26_ao%C3%BBt_2001.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6716" data-file-height="4347" /></a><figcaption>Two minarets made of clay with twenty layers of horizontal protruding wooden sticks from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Bobo-Dioulasso" title="Grand Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso">Great Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso</a> in Burkina Faso</figcaption></figure><p>The origin of the minaret and its initial functions are not clearly known and have long been a topic of scholarly discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand1994129-137_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand1994129-137-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2013Chapter_1:_The_History_of_Scholarship_and_the_Nature_of_the_Problem_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2013Chapter_1:_The_History_of_Scholarship_and_the_Nature_of_the_Problem-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest mosques lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller structures or elevated platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom201329-46_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom201329-46-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creswell_12_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creswell_12-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand1994136–137_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillenbrand1994136–137-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Muslim community of Medina gave the call to prayer from the doorway or the roof of the house of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, which doubled as a place for prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom201323-30,_46_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom201323-30,_46-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first confirmed minarets in the form of towers date from the early 9th century under Abbasid rule and they did not become a standard feature of mosques until the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2013xvii,_64,_72_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2013xvii,_64,_72-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996187-188_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996187-188-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These first minaret towers were placed in the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom201373-82_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom201373-82-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them, the minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, dating from 836, is well-preserved and is one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world today.<sup id="cite_ref-:2432_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2432-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996187-188_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996187-188-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom201373-75_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom201373-75-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the five required daily prayers, a <i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27adhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'adhin">Mu’adhdhin</a></i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُـؤَذِّن</span>) calls the worshippers to prayer from the minaret. In many countries like Singapore where Muslims are not the majority, mosques are prohibited from loudly broadcasting the <i><a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Adhān</a></i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَذَان</span>, Call to Prayer), although it is supposed to be said loudly to the surrounding community. The <i>adhan</i> is required before every prayer. Nearly every mosque assigns a <i>muezzin</i> for each prayer to say the <i>adhan</i> as it is a recommended practice or <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سُـنَّـة</span>) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. At mosques that do not have minarets, the <i>adhan</i> is called instead from inside the mosque or somewhere else on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-teach-islam_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach-islam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Iqama" title="Iqama">Iqâmah</a></i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِقَـامَـة</span>), which is similar to the <i>adhan</i> and proclaimed right before the commencement of prayers, is usually not proclaimed from the minaret even if a mosque has one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domes">Domes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Domes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:201_Dome_Mosque_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/201_Dome_Mosque_06.jpg/220px-201_Dome_Mosque_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/201_Dome_Mosque_06.jpg/330px-201_Dome_Mosque_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/201_Dome_Mosque_06.jpg/440px-201_Dome_Mosque_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/201_Dome_Mosque" title="201 Dome Mosque">201 Dome Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tangail_District" title="Tangail District">Tangail District</a>, Bangladesh.</figcaption></figure> <p>The domes, often placed directly above the main prayer hall, may signify the vaults of the <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">heaven</a> and sky.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time progressed, domes grew, from occupying a small part of the roof near the mihrab to encompassing the whole roof above the prayer hall. Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the Mughals in India popularized <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion-shaped domes</a> in South Asia which has gone on to become characteristic of the Arabic architectural style of dome.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mosques have multiple, often smaller, domes in addition to the main large dome that resides at the center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ablution_facilities">Ablution facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ablution facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG/220px-Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG/330px-Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG/440px-Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a></i> ("ablution") area, where Muslims wash their hands, forearm, face and feet before they pray. Example from the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Badshahi Mosque, Lahore">Badshahi Mosque, Lahore</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification#Islam" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> precedes all prayers, mosques often have <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">ablution</a> fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. Worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In traditional mosques, this function is often elaborated into a freestanding building in the center of a courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-mit-handout_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-handout-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This desire for cleanliness extends to the prayer halls where shoes are disallowed to be worn anywhere other than the cloakroom. Thus, foyers with shelves to put shoes and racks to hold coats are commonplace among mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-unitulsa_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unitulsa-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_features">Contemporary features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contemporary features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern mosques have a variety of amenities available to their congregants. As mosques are supposed to appeal to the community, they may also have additional facilities, from <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">health clinics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_club" title="Health club">clubs</a> (gyms) to <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gym" title="Gym">gymnasiums</a>, to serve the community.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain symbols are represented in a mosque's architecture to allude to different aspects of the Islamic religion. One of these feature symbols is the spiral. The "cosmic spiral" found in designs and on minarets is a references to heaven as it has "no beginning and no end".<sup id="cite_ref-Erzen_2011_126–129_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erzen_2011_126–129-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosques also often have floral patterns or images of fruit and vegetables. These are allusions to the paradise after death.<sup id="cite_ref-Erzen_2011_126–129_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erzen_2011_126–129-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_and_etiquette">Rules and etiquette</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rules and etiquette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer_leading">Prayer leading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prayer leading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appointment of a prayer leader is considered desirable, but not always obligatory.<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The permanent prayer leader (<a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a>) must be a free honest individual and is authoritative in religious matters.<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mosques constructed and maintained by the government, the prayer leader is appointed by the ruler;<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in private mosques, appointment is made by members of the congregation through <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority voting</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">school</a> of Islamic jurisprudence, the individual who built the mosque has a stronger claim to the title of imam, but this view is not shared by the other schools.<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leadership at prayer falls into three categories, depending on the type of prayer: five daily prayers, Friday prayer, or optional prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Hanafi and <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of Islamic jurisprudence, appointment of a prayer leader for Friday service is mandatory because otherwise the prayer is invalid. The <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> schools argue that the appointment is not necessary and the prayer is valid as long as it is performed in a congregation. A slave may lead a Friday prayer, but Muslim authorities disagree over whether the job can be done by a minor.<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An imam appointed to lead Friday prayers may also lead at the five daily prayers; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_studies_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Islamic studies scholars">Muslim scholars</a> agree to the leader appointed for five daily services may lead the Friday service as well.<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Muslim authorities hold the consensus opinion that only men may lead prayer for men.<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, women prayer leaders are allowed to lead prayer in front of all-female congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cleanliness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Ritual purity in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoetermeer_Meerzicht_Moskee_Qibla_(04).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zoetermeer_Meerzicht_Moskee_Qibla_%2804%29.JPG/170px-Zoetermeer_Meerzicht_Moskee_Qibla_%2804%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zoetermeer_Meerzicht_Moskee_Qibla_%2804%29.JPG/255px-Zoetermeer_Meerzicht_Moskee_Qibla_%2804%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zoetermeer_Meerzicht_Moskee_Qibla_%2804%29.JPG/340px-Zoetermeer_Meerzicht_Moskee_Qibla_%2804%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="2627" /></a><figcaption>Storage for shoes</figcaption></figure> <p>All mosques have rules regarding cleanliness, as it is an essential part of the worshippers' experience. Muslims before prayer are required to cleanse themselves in an ablution process known as <i>wudu</i>. Shoes must not be worn inside the carpeted prayer hall. Some mosques will also extend that rule to include other parts of the facility even if those other locations are not devoted to prayer. Congregants and visitors to mosques are supposed to be clean themselves. It is also undesirable to come to the mosque after eating something that smells, such as garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islam requires that its adherents wear <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and clothing">clothes</a> that portray <a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">modesty</a>. Men are supposed to come to the mosque wearing loose and clean clothes that do not reveal the shape of the body. Likewise, it is recommended that women at a mosque wear loose clothing that covers to the wrists and ankles, and cover their heads with a <i><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Ḥijāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حِجاب</span>), or other covering. Many Muslims, regardless of their ethnic background, wear Middle Eastern clothing associated with Arabic Islam to special occasions and prayers at mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-teach-islam_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach-islam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentration">Concentration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Concentration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mosques are places of worship, those within the mosque are required to remain respectful to those in prayer. Loud talking within the mosque, as well as discussion of topics deemed disrespectful, is forbidden in areas where people are praying. In addition, it is disrespectful to walk in front of or otherwise disturb Muslims in prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls within the mosque have few items, except for possibly Islamic calligraphy, so Muslims in prayer are not distracted.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims are also discouraged from wearing clothing with distracting <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> so as not to divert the attention of those standing behind them during prayer. In many mosques, even the carpeted prayer area has no designs, its plainness helping worshippers to focus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_separation">Gender separation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gender separation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender_segregation_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender segregation and Islam">Gender segregation and Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mosques" title="Women's mosques">Women's mosques</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Bill_of_Rights_for_Women_in_the_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque">Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Abdul_Majid_mosque_in_Byblos,_Lebanon_(for_women_only).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sultan_Abdul_Majid_mosque_in_Byblos%2C_Lebanon_%28for_women_only%29.JPG/220px-Sultan_Abdul_Majid_mosque_in_Byblos%2C_Lebanon_%28for_women_only%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sultan_Abdul_Majid_mosque_in_Byblos%2C_Lebanon_%28for_women_only%29.JPG/330px-Sultan_Abdul_Majid_mosque_in_Byblos%2C_Lebanon_%28for_women_only%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sultan_Abdul_Majid_mosque_in_Byblos%2C_Lebanon_%28for_women_only%29.JPG/440px-Sultan_Abdul_Majid_mosque_in_Byblos%2C_Lebanon_%28for_women_only%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A women-only mosque in <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <p>There is nothing written in the Qur'an about the issue of space in mosques and gender separation. Traditional rules have segregated women and men. By traditional rules, women are most often told to occupy the rows behind the men. In part, this was a practical matter as the traditional posture for prayer – kneeling on the floor, head to the ground – made mixed-gender prayer uncomfortably revealing for many women and distracting for some men. Traditionalists try to argue that Muhammad preferred women to pray at home rather than at a mosque, and they cite a <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ḥadīth</a></i> in which Muhammad supposedly said: "The best mosques for women are the inner parts of their houses," although women were active participants in the mosque started by Muhammad. Muhammad told Muslims not to forbid women from entering mosques. They are allowed to go in.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second Sunni caliph '<a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> at one time prohibited women from attending mosques especially at night because he feared they might be sexually harassed or assaulted by men, so he required them to pray at home.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes a special part of the mosque was railed off for women; for example, the governor of Mecca in 870 had ropes tied between the columns to make a separate place for women.<sup id="cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masdjid1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many mosques today will put the women behind a barrier or partition or in another room. Mosques in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> put men and women in separate rooms, as the divisions were built into them centuries ago. In nearly two-thirds of American mosques, women pray behind partitions or in separate areas, not in the main prayer hall; some mosques do not admit women at all due to the lack of space and the fact that some prayers, such as the Friday Jumuʻah, are mandatory for men but optional for women.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are sections exclusively for women and children, the Grand Mosque in Mecca is desegregated.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Muslim_inclusion">Non-Muslim inclusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Non-Muslim inclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Islamic_Center_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bush_Islamic_Center_Washington.jpg/220px-Bush_Islamic_Center_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bush_Islamic_Center_Washington.jpg/330px-Bush_Islamic_Center_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bush_Islamic_Center_Washington.jpg/440px-Bush_Islamic_Center_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Islamic Center</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, US</figcaption></figure> <p>Under most interpretations of <i>sharia</i>, non-Muslims are permitted to enter mosques provided that they respect the place and the people inside it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A dissenting opinion and minority view is presented by followers of the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of Islamic jurisprudence, who argue that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques under any circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-mawardi112_118-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quran addresses the subject of non-Muslims, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheists</a>, in mosques in two verses in its ninth chapter, <a href="/wiki/At-Tawba" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tawba">Sura At-Tawba</a>. The seventeenth verse of the chapter prohibits those who <i>join gods with Allah</i>—polytheists—from maintaining mosques: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is not for the polytheists to maintain the mosques of Allah while they openly profess disbelief. Their deeds are void, and they will be in the Fire forever.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/At-Tawbah" title="At-Tawbah">Surah At-Tawbah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=17">9:17</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The twenty-eighth verse of the same chapter is more specific as it only considers polytheists in the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> in Mecca: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O believers! Indeed, the polytheists are ˹spiritually˺ impure, so they should not approach the Sacred Mosque after this year. If you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you out of His bounty, if He wills. Surely, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/At-Tawbah" title="At-Tawbah">Surah At-Tawbah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=28">9:28</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, these verses were followed to the letter at the times of Muhammad, when <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and Christians, considered <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheists</a>, were still allowed to <i>Al-Masjid Al-Haram</i>. The Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a> later forbade non-Muslims from entering mosques, and his ruling remains in practice in present-day Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masdjid1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the decision on whether non-Muslims should be allowed to enter mosques varies. With few exceptions, mosques in the Arabian Peninsula as well as Morocco do not allow entry to non-Muslims. For example, the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca is one of only two mosques in Morocco currently open to non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many other mosques in the West and Islamic world which non-Muslims are welcome to enter. Most mosques in the United States, for example, report receiving non-Muslim visitors every month. Many mosques throughout the United States welcome non-Muslims as a sign of openness to the rest of the community as well as to encourage conversions to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Grand Mosque and all of Mecca are open only to Muslims. Likewise, Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi and the city of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> that surrounds it are also off-limits to those who do not practice Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For mosques in other areas, it has most commonly been taken that non-Muslims may only enter mosques if granted permission to do so by Muslims, and if they have a legitimate reason. All entrants regardless of <a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">religious affiliation</a> are expected to respect the rules and <a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">decorum</a> for mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-teach-islam_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach-islam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern Turkey, non-Muslim tourists are allowed to enter any mosque, but there are some strict rules. Visiting a mosque is allowed only between prayers; visitors are required to wear long trousers and not to wear shoes, women must cover their heads; visitors are not allowed to interrupt praying Muslims, especially by taking photos of them; no loud talk is allowed; and no references to other religions are allowed (no crosses on necklaces, no cross gestures, etc.) Similar rules apply to mosques in Malaysia, where larger mosques that are also tourist attractions (such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Mosque_of_Malaysia" title="National Mosque of Malaysia">Masjid Negara</a>) provide robes and headscarves for visitors who are deemed inappropriately attired.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In certain times and places, non-Muslims were expected to behave a certain way in the vicinity of a mosque: in some Moroccan cities, Jews were required to remove their shoes when passing by a mosque;<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 18th-century Egypt, Jews and Christians had to dismount before several mosques in veneration of their sanctity.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The association of the mosque with education remained one of its main characteristics throughout history,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the school became an indispensable appendage to the mosque. From the earliest days of Islam, the mosque was the center of the Muslim community, a place for prayer, meditation, religious instruction, political discussion, and a school. Anywhere Islam took hold, mosques were established, and basic religious and educational instruction began.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_contemporary_society">Role in contemporary society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Role in contemporary society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_East_London_Mosque_complex_-_Feb_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Aerial_view_of_East_London_Mosque_complex_-_Feb_2014.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_East_London_Mosque_complex_-_Feb_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Aerial_view_of_East_London_Mosque_complex_-_Feb_2014.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_East_London_Mosque_complex_-_Feb_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Aerial_view_of_East_London_Mosque_complex_-_Feb_2014.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_East_London_Mosque_complex_-_Feb_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/East_London_Mosque" title="East London Mosque">East London Mosque</a> was one of the first in Britain to be allowed to use <a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">loudspeakers</a> to broadcast the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_mobilization">Political mobilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Political mobilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late 20th century saw an increase in the number of mosques used for political purposes. While some governments in the Muslim world have attempted to limit the content of Friday sermons to strictly religious topics, there are also independent preachers who deliver <i>khutbas</i> that address social and political issues, often in emotionally charged terms. Common themes include social inequalities, necessity of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> in the face of injustice, and the universal struggle between good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islamic countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, political subjects are preached by imams at Friday congregations on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosques often serve as meeting points for political opposition in times of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Countries with a minority Muslim population are more likely than Muslim-majority countries of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a> to use mosques as a way to promote civic participation.<sup id="cite_ref-tc_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of US Muslims have consistently shown a positive correlation between mosque attendance and political involvement. Some of the research connects civic engagement specifically with mosque attendance for social and religious activities other than prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-westfall_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westfall-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American mosques host <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">voter registration</a> and civic participation drives that promote involving Muslims, who are often first- or second-generation immigrants, in the political process. As a result of these efforts as well as attempts at mosques to keep Muslims informed about the issues facing the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>, regular mosque attendants are more likely to participate in <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a>, sign <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a>, and otherwise be involved in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-tc_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on Muslim civic engagement in other Western countries "is less conclusive but seems to indicate similar trends".<sup id="cite_ref-westfall_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westfall-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_controversy">Political controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Political controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-mosquee-kruszyniany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wikipedia-mosquee-kruszyniany.jpg/220px-Wikipedia-mosquee-kruszyniany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wikipedia-mosquee-kruszyniany.jpg/330px-Wikipedia-mosquee-kruszyniany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wikipedia-mosquee-kruszyniany.jpg/440px-Wikipedia-mosquee-kruszyniany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Historic wooden <a href="/wiki/Kruszyniany_Mosque" title="Kruszyniany Mosque">Kruszyniany Mosque</a>, used by the <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Polish Tatar</a> community, and targeted by an Islamophobic attack in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In the western world, and in the United States in particular, anti-Muslim sentiment and targeted domestic policy has created challenges for mosques and those looking to build them. There has been government and police surveillance of mosques in the US<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and local attempts to ban mosques and block constructions,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite data showing that in fact, most Americans oppose banning the building of mosques (79%) and the surveillance of U.S. mosques (63%) as shown in a 2018 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The sentence does not make sense (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 2017, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese authorities</a> have destroyed or damaged two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_China" title="List of mosques in China">mosques</a> in China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> officials were notified on 3 August 2018 that the <a href="/wiki/Proposed_demolition_of_Weizhou_Grand_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed demolition of Weizhou Grand Mosque">Weizhou Grand Mosque</a> would be forcibly demolished because it had not received the proper permits before construction.<sup id="cite_ref-A1_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A1-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A2_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A3_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A3-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials in the town said that the mosque had not been given proper building permits, because it is built in a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> style and includes numerous <a href="/wiki/Domes" class="mw-redirect" title="Domes">domes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minarets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets">minarets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A1_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A1-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A2_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residents of Weizhou alarmed each other through <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> and finally stopped the mosque destruction by public demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-A2_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_violent_conflicts">Role in violent conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Role in violent conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_Lead_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cast_Lead_Mosque.jpg/299px-Cast_Lead_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cast_Lead_Mosque.jpg/449px-Cast_Lead_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cast_Lead_Mosque.jpg/598px-Cast_Lead_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">Gaza War</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>As they are considered important to the Muslim community, mosques, like other places of worship, can be at the heart of social conflicts. The <a href="/wiki/Babri_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri Mosque">Babri Mosque</a> in India was the subject of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished. Before a mutual solution could be devised, the mosque was destroyed on December 6, 1992, as the mosque was built by <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> allegedly on the site of a previous <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> marking the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy surrounded the mosque was directly linked to <a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">rioting in Bombay</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings" title="1993 Bombay bombings">bombings in 1993</a> that killed 257 people.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bombings in February 2006 and <a href="/wiki/2007_al-Askari_Mosque_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing">June 2007</a> seriously damaged Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Askari Mosque">al-Askari Mosque</a> and exacerbated existing tensions. Other mosque bombings in Iraq, both before and after the February 2006 bombing, have been part of the conflict between the country's groups of Muslims. In June 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombing</a> killed at least 19 people at an Afghan <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> mosque near Jade Maivand.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2006, <a href="/wiki/2006_Jama_Masjid_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Jama Masjid explosions">two explosions</a> occurred at India's Jama Masjid.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in Iraq, imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Friday prayers</a> as vehicles to call for calm and peace in the midst of widespread violence.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study 2005 indicated that while support for suicide bombings is not correlated with personal devotion to Islam among Palestinian Muslims, it is correlated with mosque attendance because "participating in communal religious rituals of any kind likely encourages support for self-sacrificing behaviors that are done for the collective good."<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, several American mosques were targeted in attacks ranging from simple <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a> was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar attacks occurred throughout the United Kingdom following the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a>. Outside the Western world, in June 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Bek_Mosque" title="Hassan Bek Mosque">Hassan Bek Mosque</a> was the target of vandalism and attacks by hundreds of Israelis after a suicide bomber killed 19 people in a night club in Tel Aviv.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although mosquegoing is highly encouraged for men, it is permitted to stay at home when one feels at risk from Islamophobic persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_influence">Saudi influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Saudi influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Saudi involvement in Sunni mosques around the world can be traced back to the 1960s, it was not until later in the 20th century that the government of Saudi Arabia became a large influence in foreign Sunni mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-money-trails_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money-trails-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1980s, the Saudi Arabian government began to finance the construction of Sunni mosques in countries around the world. An estimated US$45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government financing mosques and Sunni Islamic schools in foreign countries. <i><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Yaqeen" title="Ain al-Yaqeen">Ain al-Yaqeen</a></i>, a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi funds may have contributed to building as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi citizens have also contributed significantly to mosques in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>, especially in countries where they see Muslims as poor and oppressed. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1992, mosques in war-torn Afghanistan saw many contributions from Saudi citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-money-trails_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money-trails-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California and the Islamic Cultural Center of Italy in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> represent two of Saudi Arabia's largest investments in foreign mosques as former Saudi king <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud</a> contributed US$8 million<sup id="cite_ref-money-trails_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money-trails-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and US$50 million<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the two mosques, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dambana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambana">Dambana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mosques" title="Lists of mosques">Lists of mosques</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَسْجِد</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈmasdʒid]</a></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">ritual prostration</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Kingdom-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_Kingdom_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2016, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thailand-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was only conducted in the southern five provinces.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yemen-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yemen_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2013, not 2009–2012. Sample was taken from entire population of Yemen, which is approximately 99% Muslim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Israel_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2015, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canada_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2016, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Algeria-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Algeria_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2008, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australia-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Australia_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2015, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germany-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germany_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2008, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libya-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Libya_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2013, not 2009–2012. Sample was taken from entire population of Libya, which is approximately 97% Muslim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-France_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2016, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iran-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iran_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2008, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saudi_Arabia-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saudi_Arabia_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2008, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulgaria-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulgaria_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2017, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgia-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey was conducted in 2017, not 2009–2012.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225191130/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1552">"Mosque"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1552">the original</a> on December 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mosque&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longhurst, Christopher E; Theology of a Mosque: The Sacred Inspiring Form, Function and Design in Islamic Architecture, Lonaard Journal. Mar 2012, Vol. 2 Issue 8, p3-13. 11p. "Since submission to God is the essence of divine worship, the place of worship is intrinsic to Islam's self-identity. This 'place' is not a building per se but what is evidenced by the etymology of the word 'mosque' which derives from the Arabic 'masjid' meaning 'a place of sujud (prostration).'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colledge, R. (1999). The mosque. In: Mastering World Religions. Macmillan Master Series. Palgrave, London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14329-0_16">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14329-0_16</a> "A mosque is a building where Muslims bow before Allah to show their submission to His will. It is not necessary to have a building to do this. Muhammad said that 'Wherever the hour of prayer overtakes you, you shall perform the prayer. That place is the mosque'. In his early days in Makkah there was no mosque, so he and his friends would pray anywhere."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar196934-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabar196934_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabar1969">Grabar 1969</a>, p. 34: "The main characteristic, then, of this first stage was the creation of a space which served exclusively Muslim purposes and which, in cities that were entirely Muslim, existed on two separate levels of exclusivity. The word masjid is always associated with these spaces, but it does not yet possess any formal structure nor does it have any precise function other than that of excluding non-Muslims."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar196934-35-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabar196934-35_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabar1969">Grabar 1969</a>, p. 34-35: "A second stage occurred between 650 and 750. To my knowledge, twenty-seven masjids from this period are archaeologically definable… All mosques had a certain relationship between open and closed covered spaces. The problems posed by this relationship pertain primarily to the history of art, except on one point, which is the apparent tendency to consider the covered parts as the bayt al-salat, i.e. place of prayer, and the rest of the building as an overflow area for prayer. All these buildings were enclosed by walls and did not have an exterior façade. Their orderly form appeared only from the inside where the balance between open and covered spaces served, among other things, to indicate the direction of qibla. Their only outward symbol was the minaret, a feature which appeared early in mosques built in old cities with predominantly non-Muslim populations and only later in primarily Muslim ones."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuha_N._N._Khoury2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nuha N. N. Khoury (2009). "Mosque". In Juan Eduardo Campo (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Infobase Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mosque&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Nuha+N.+N.+Khoury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIMW-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIMW_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIMW_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIMW_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIMW_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIMW_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_D._Gaffney2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Patrick D. Gaffney (2004). "Masjid". In Richard C. Martin (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>. MacMillan Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masjid&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Patrick+D.+Gaffney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtabertaAsifRasdiYunos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Utaberta, Nangkula; Asif, Nayeem; Rasdi, Mohd Tajuddin Mohd; Yunos, Mohd Yazid Mohd; Ismail, Nor Atiah; Ismail, Sumarni (2015-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=19950756&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA606942034&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"The Concept of Mosque Based on Islamic Philosophy: A Review Based on Early Islamic Texts and Practices of the Early Generation of the Muslims"</a>. <i>Advances in Environmental Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (5): 371–375. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224204520/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=19950756&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA606942034&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Environmental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Mosque+Based+on+Islamic+Philosophy%3A+A+Review+Based+on+Early+Islamic+Texts+and+Practices+of+the+Early+Generation+of+the+Muslims.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=371-375&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.aulast=Utaberta&rft.aufirst=Nangkula&rft.au=Asif%2C+Nayeem&rft.au=Rasdi%2C+Mohd+Tajuddin+Mohd&rft.au=Yunos%2C+Mohd+Yazid+Mohd&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Nor+Atiah&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Sumarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D19950756%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA606942034%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the word's origin from French and probable origin from Italian <i>moscheta</i>, see "mosque, n.". <i>OED Online</i>. December 2011. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/122562">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810191209/http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/122562">Archived</a> 2014-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. For the derivation of <i>moscheta</i> from Arabic <i>sajada</i> see "mesquita, n.". <i>OED Online</i>. December 2011. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/117089">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810185728/http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/117089">Archived</a> 2014-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. For the probable origin of "sajada" from Aramaic, and the meanings of <i>sajada</i> and <i>masjid</i> in Arabic, see "masjid, n.". <i>OED Online</i>. December 2011. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/114605">[3]</a>. For the inclusion of Spanish <i>mesquita</i>, possible derivation from Nabataean <i>masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́</i>, and the Aramaic <i>s<sup>ĕ</sup>ghēdh</i>, see Klein, E., <i>A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language</i> (Elsevier Publishing, 1966), p. 1007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watt2003_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" title="W. Montgomery Watt">Watt, William Montgomery</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC"><i>Islam and the Integration of Society</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17587-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17587-6"><bdi>978-0-415-17587-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116132754/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Integration+of+Society&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17587-6&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=William+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQUZ6BGyohQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTajuddin1998">Tajuddin 1998</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer2016_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2016" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Allison Lee (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ&pg=236"><i>Historical Dictionary of Architecture</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6309-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6309-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-6309-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226065604/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ&pg=236">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-26</span></span>. <q>The first mosque is considered to be either the one built around the Kaaba, or "House of God", in Mecca, now called Al-Masjid Al-Haram, or the Quba Mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia, built when Muhammad arrived there from Mecca in 622.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.pages=236&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-6309-3&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Allison+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMsvDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito1998-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito1998_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1998" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (1998). <i>Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.)</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511234-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511234-4"><bdi>978-0-19-511234-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.pages=9%2C+12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511234-4&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito2002b-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito2002b_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peters2003_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2003" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F.E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9"><i>Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11553-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Guide+for+Jews+and+Christians&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11553-5&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamguideforjew00fepe%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=7">2:7-286</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=96">3:96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/22?startingVerse=25">22:25-37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alli2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alli2013_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlli2013" class="citation book cs1">Alli, Irfan (2013-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5nRJK9sLjLsC"><i>25 Prophets of Islam</i></a>. eBookIt.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4566-1307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4566-1307-5"><bdi>978-1-4566-1307-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414010428/https://books.google.com/books">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=25+Prophets+of+Islam&rft.pub=eBookIt.com&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4566-1307-5&rft.aulast=Alli&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5nRJK9sLjLsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuban1974">Kuban 1974</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michigan_C_1986-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michigan_C_1986_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michigan_C_1986_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichigan_Consortium_for_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Studies1986" class="citation book cs1">Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades</i></a>. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9187-2058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9187-2058-0"><bdi>978-0-9187-2058-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meeting+of+Two+Worlds%3A+Cultural+Exchange+Between+East+and+West+During+the+Period+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications%2C+Western+Michigan+University&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-9187-2058-0&rft.au=Michigan+Consortium+for+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp44kAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_Sway_2011-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Sway_2011_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa_Abu_Sway" class="citation news cs1">Mustafa Abu Sway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf">"The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Land%2C+Jerusalem+and+Al-Aqsa+Mosque+in+the+Qur%27an%2C+Sunnah+and+other+Islamic+Literary+Source&rft.au=Mustafa+Abu+Sway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcfia.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAbusway_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyrness2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyrness2013_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyrness,_W._A.2013" class="citation book cs1">Dyrness, W. A. (2013-05-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inJNAwAAQBAJ"><i>Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities</i></a>. Vol. 7. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock" title="Wipf and Stock">Wipf and Stock</a> Publishers. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620321362" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620321362"><bdi>978-1620321362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senses+of+Devotion%3A+Interfaith+Aesthetics+in+Buddhist+and+Muslim+Communities&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1620321362&rft.au=Dyrness%2C+W.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinJNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=0&number=585#585">"55. Prophets - Sahih Al-Bukhari - 585"</a>. <i>www.searchtruth.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613062602/https://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=0&number=585#585">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.searchtruth.com&rft.atitle=55.+Prophets+-+Sahih+Al-Bukhari+-+585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchtruth.com%2Fbook_display.php%3Fbook%3D55%26translator%3D1%26start%3D0%26number%3D585%23585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumperStanley2007">Dumper & Stanley 2007</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiu678-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chiu678_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chiu678_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiu2010">Chiu 2010</a>, pp. 67–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen_p.195–6-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen_p.195–6_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen_p.195–6_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen1996">Petersen 1996</a>, pp. 195–196: "The first mosque was the house of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina. This was a simple rectangular (53 by 56 m) enclosure containing rooms for the Prophet and his wives and a shaded area on the south side of the courtyard which could be used for prayer in the direction of Mecca. This building became the model for subsequent mosques which had the same basic courtyard layout with a prayer area against the qibla wall."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, p. 549, <i>Mosque</i>: "The first mosque, a building that Muhammad erected at Medina in 622, is usually described as the Prophet's house but was probably intended from the outset as a community center as well. Initially, it was a rectangular enclosure of unbaked brick, a little over 50 m square, but a portico of palm trunks supporting a roof of palm-frond thatch was quickly erected on the north side of the court, facing Jerusalem, the first qibla, or direction in which Muslims sent their prayers [...]. In 624 when the qibla was changed to Mecca, another such arcade was built on the south side, facing that city. Muhammad and his family lived in rooms built on to one side of the enclosure, and Muhammad was buried in one of these rooms in 632. During the 7th and early 8th centuries, Muhammad's mosque was repeatedly enlarged and rebuilt, becoming a flat-roofed hypostyle structure with a central court and a prayer-hall deeper than the three other porticos. [...] The form of the mosque of the Prophet was closely imitated in the early congregational mosques built in the Iraqi cities of Wasit, Kufa and Basra, and in the mosque built at Daybul in Sind (now Banbhore, Pakistan)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0522-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabbaa2007" class="citation book cs1">Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161658" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161658"><bdi>9789004161658</bdi></a>. <q>If Mecca provided the first Muslim shrine, the city of Medina, to which Muḥammad migrated in 622 C.E., may have provided the germ of the idea for the Muslim place of prayer, the masjid, in the form of the house of the Prophet himself. Descriptions of the house allow us to reconstruct it as a mud-brick rectangular enclosure consisting of an open courtyard, a three-aisled roofed space to the south, a one-bay space inside the northern wall, and eight separate rooms annexed to the eastern wall. The eight rooms housed Muḥammad's wives; the northern vestibule was a waiting area; the southern space served various residential, official, and ritual functions. The roof was supported by palm trunks and its southern wall, after 6/628, contained a three-stepped platform (minbar), from which Muḥammad spoke and adjudicated. Despite its rudimentary form and construction, Muḥammad's house would provide the basic model for the first mosques.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004161658&rft.aulast=Tabbaa&rft.aufirst=Yasser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996182–184-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996182–184_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996182–184_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen1996">Petersen 1996</a>, pp. 182–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosmanJones2008">Cosman & Jones 2008</a>, p. 610</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuban1985">Kuban 1985</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2001">Flood 2001</a>, pp. 101–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511205253/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1287&lang=en">"Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan"</a>. The Qantara Project. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1287&lang=en">the original</a> on 11 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minaret+of+the+Great+Mosque+of+Kairouan&rft.pub=The+Qantara+Project&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D1287%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elleh114-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elleh114_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elleh114_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElleh2002">Elleh 2002</a>, pp. 114–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuggles2002">Ruggles 2002</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher1992">Asher 1992</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cow30-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cow30_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cow30_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowen1985">Cowen 1985</a>, pp. 30–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahm109-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahm109_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahm109_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2002">Ahmed 2002</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blobla439-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blobla439_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blobla439_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, p. 439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEssaAli2010">Essa & Ali 2010</a>, pp. 230–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEssaAli2010">Essa & Ali 2010</a>, pp. 231–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blobla193-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blobla193_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimer2002">Nimer 2002</a>, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2012" class="citation news cs1">Grossman, Cathy Lynn (29 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917220154/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-02-29/islamic-worship-growth-us/53298792/1">"Number of U.S. mosques up 74% since 2000"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-02-29/islamic-worship-growth-us/53298792/1">the original</a> on 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Number+of+U.S.+mosques+up+74%25+since+2000&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Cathy+Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2Fstory%2F2012-02-29%2Fislamic-worship-growth-us%2F53298792%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1993" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA321"><i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+1913-1936&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09791-9&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVa6oSxzojzoC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houtsma p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masdjid1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masdjid1_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hillenbrand, R. "Masdjid. I. In the central Islamic lands". In P. J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">C.E. Bosworth</a>; E. van Donzel; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">W. P. Heinrichs</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> Online</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masdjid.+I.+In+the+central+Islamic+lands&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2004" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, William (2004) [2004-05-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howislamplanstoc0000wagn/page/99"><i>How Islam Plans to Change the World</i></a>. Kregel Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howislamplanstoc0000wagn/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3965-0"><bdi>978-0-8254-3965-0</bdi></a>. <q>When the Moors were driven out of Spain in 1492, most of the mosques were converted into churches</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Islam+Plans+to+Change+the+World&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-3965-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowislamplanstoc0000wagn%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051223214532/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/prayer/Eid-Prayers_1.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Id Prayers (Salatul 'Idain)"</a>. <i>Compendium of Muslim Texts</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Compendium+of+Muslim+Texts&rft.atitle=%27Id+Prayers+%28Salatul+%27Idain%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fdept%2FMSA%2Ffundamentals%2Fpillars%2Fprayer%2FEid-Prayers_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/eidgah.htm">"Performance of Eid Salah in Eidgah (Open Field)"</a>. <i>www.central-mosque.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315102007/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/eidgah.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.central-mosque.com&rft.atitle=Performance+of+Eid+Salah+in+Eidgah+%28Open+Field%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.central-mosque.com%2Ffiqh%2Feidgah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060205112728/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_51.html">"Charity"</a>. <i>Compendium of Muslim Texts</i>. University of Southern California. 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August 9, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805191834/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-2-religious-commitment/">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%3A+Religious+Commitment&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-2-religious-commitment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icmunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Policy-Exchange-ICM-Muslims-Survey-web.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'What Muslims Want': A survey of British Muslims by ICM on behalf of Policy Exchange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104600/https://www.icmunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Policy-Exchange-ICM-Muslims-Survey-web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27What+Muslims+Want%27%3A+A+survey+of+British+Muslims+by+ICM+on+behalf+of+Policy+Exchange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icmunlimited.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F12%2FPolicy-Exchange-ICM-Muslims-Survey-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003080926/http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1201485/Valores,%20actitudes+y+opiniones+de+los+inmigrantes+de+religi%C3%B3n+musulmana+(NIPO+126-11-022-1).pdf/0bf98a9b-bd97-490f-8e53-0e6885a34e0a">"Valores, Actitudes y Opiniones de los Inmigrantes de Religión Musulmana"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1201485/Valores%2C%20actitudes+y+opiniones+de+los+inmigrantes+de+religi%C3%B3n+musulmana+%28NIPO+126-11-022-1%29.pdf/0bf98a9b-bd97-490f-8e53-0e6885a34e0a">the original</a> on 2020-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valores%2C+Actitudes+y+Opiniones+de+los+Inmigrantes+de+Religi%C3%B3n+Musulmana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interior.gob.es%2Fdocuments%2F642317%2F1201485%2FValores%252C%2520actitudes%2By%2Bopiniones%2Bde%2Blos%2Binmigrantes%2Bde%2Breligi%25C3%25B3n%2Bmusulmana%2B%2528NIPO%2B126-11-022-1%2529.pdf%2F0bf98a9b-bd97-490f-8e53-0e6885a34e0a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp">"WVS Database"</a>. <i>www.worldvaluessurvey.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331011026/https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldvaluessurvey.org&rft.atitle=WVS+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org%2FWVSDocumentationWV6.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"</a>. March 8, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714160916/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fisraels-religiously-divided-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonage-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sonage_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sonage_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yabiladi.com/img/content/docs/sondage_bva_ccme_07-2010.pdf">"Sondage auprès des jeunes Marocains résidant en Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130195612/http://www.yabiladi.com/img/content/docs/sondage_bva_ccme_07-2010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sondage+aupr%C3%A8s+des+jeunes+Marocains+r%C3%A9sidant+en+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yabiladi.com%2Fimg%2Fcontent%2Fdocs%2Fsondage_bva_ccme_07-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155148/http://www.environicsinstitute.org/uploads/institute-projects/survey%20of%20muslims%20in%20canada%202016%20-%20final%20report.pdf">"Survey of Muslims in Canada 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environicsinstitute.org/uploads/institute-projects/survey%20of%20muslims%20in%20canada%202016%20-%20final%20report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Muslims+in+Canada+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environicsinstitute.org%2Fuploads%2Finstitute-projects%2Fsurvey%2520of%2520muslims%2520in%2520canada%25202016%2520-%2520final%2520report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regime-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regime_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regime_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regime_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513202651/http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr08-641.pdf">"Religious Regimes and Prospects for Liberal Politics: Futures of Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr08-641.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Regimes+and+Prospects+for+Liberal+Politics%3A+Futures+of+Iran%2C+Iraq%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psc.isr.umich.edu%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Frr08-641.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/">"Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices"</a>. August 30, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901050905/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+2%3A+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F08%2F30%2Fsection-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/988793/12441_text_challenging_racism_WEB.pdf">"The resilience and ordinariness of Australian Muslims: Attitudes and experiences of Muslims Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329043851/https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/988793/12441_text_challenging_racism_WEB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+resilience+and+ordinariness+of+Australian+Muslims%3A+Attitudes+and+experiences+of+Muslims+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernsydney.edu.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0008%2F988793%2F12441_text_challenging_racism_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npdata.be/Data/Godsdienst/Duitsland/fb6-muslimisches-leben-englisch.pdf">"Muslim Life in Germany: A study conducted on behalf of the German Conference on Islam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611060146/http://www.npdata.be/Data/Godsdienst/Duitsland/fb6-muslimisches-leben-englisch.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Life+in+Germany%3A+A+study+conducted+on+behalf+of+the+German+Conference+on+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npdata.be%2FData%2FGodsdienst%2FDuitsland%2Ffb6-muslimisches-leben-englisch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf">"A French Islam is possible"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+French+Islam+is+possible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutmontaigne.org%2Fres%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fa-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2009" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Ednan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srQ0F6mAiVoC"><i>Islamic Education in Europe</i></a>. Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783205783107" title="Special:BookSources/9783205783107"><bdi>9783205783107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Education+in+Europe&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+Wien&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783205783107&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Ednan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrQ0F6mAiVoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistiek2009" class="citation web cs1">Statistiek, Centraal Bureau voor de (29 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/publicatie/2009/31/religie-aan-het-begin-van-de-21ste-eeuw">"Religie aan het begin van de 21ste eeuw"</a>. <i>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234607/https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/publicatie/2009/31/religie-aan-het-begin-van-de-21ste-eeuw">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de+Statistiek&rft.atitle=Religie+aan+het+begin+van+de+21ste+eeuw&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft.aulast=Statistiek&rft.aufirst=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fpublicatie%2F2009%2F31%2Freligie-aan-het-begin-van-de-21ste-eeuw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReligiousTopline-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReligiousTopline_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReligiousTopline_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: Final Topline"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>. 10 May 2017. p. 118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524170634/https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Final+Topline&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2017%2F05%2F09154356%2FCentral-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit-handout-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mit-handout_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mit-handout_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/4.614/www/handout02.html">"Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures"</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720215715/http://web.mit.edu/4.614/www/handout02.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012990-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012990-8"><bdi>978-3-11-012990-8</bdi></a>. <q>the dome arching over the believers like the spherical dome of the sky</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Art+and+Architecture&rft.btitle=Symmetries+of+Nature%3A+A+Handbook+for+Philosophy+of+Nature+and+Science&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996-06-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012990-8&rft.aulast=Mainzer&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher1992">Asher 1992</a>, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://masjidds.org/tanwir-intensive/student-of-islam/">"Student Life – Masjid DarusSalam"</a>. <i>masjidds.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=masjidds.org&rft.atitle=Student+Life+%E2%80%93+Masjid+DarusSalam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmasjidds.org%2Ftanwir-intensive%2Fstudent-of-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erzen_2011_126–129-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erzen_2011_126–129_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erzen_2011_126–129_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErzen2011" class="citation cs2">Erzen, Jale Nejdet (2011), "Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Aesthetics_and_Art_Criticism" title="The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism">The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism</a></i>, <b>69</b> (1): 126–129, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6245.2010.01453.x">10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42635843">42635843</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Aesthetics+and+Art+Criticism&rft.atitle=Reading+Mosques%3A+Meaning+and+Architecture+in+Islam&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-129&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6245.2010.01453.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42635843%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Erzen&rft.aufirst=Jale+Nejdet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mawardi112-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawardi112_118-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_al-Hasankok_Ibn_Muhammad_Ibn_Habib2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Abu al-Hasankok Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib, Al-Mawardi</a> (2000). <i>The Ordinances of Government (</i>Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w'al-Wilayat al-Diniyya<i>)</i>. Lebanon: Garnet Publishing. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85964-140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85964-140-8"><bdi>978-1-85964-140-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ordinances+of+Government+%28Al-Ahkam+al-Sultaniyya+w%27al-Wilayat+al-Diniyya%29&rft.place=Lebanon&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Garnet+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85964-140-8&rft.aulast=Abu+al-Hasankok+Ibn+Muhammad+Ibn+Habib&rft.aufirst=Al-Mawardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9WF1fRGOsQC&q=false&pg=PA63"><i>Karin van Nieuwkerk, 'Women Embracing Islam'<span></span></i></a>. University of Texas Press. 2006. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292773769" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292773769"><bdi>978-0292773769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karin+van+Nieuwkerk%2C+%27Women+Embracing+Islam%27&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0292773769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ9WF1fRGOsQC%26q%3Dfalse%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128133738/http://www.sunnipath.com/Resources/PrintMedia/Hadith/H0002P0016.aspx">"Chapter 16. The Description of the Prayer"</a>. <i>SunniPath Library</i>. SunniPath. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnipath.com/Resources/PrintMedia/Hadith/H0002P0016.aspx">the original</a> on November 28, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SunniPath+Library&rft.atitle=Chapter+16.+The+Description+of+the+Prayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnipath.com%2FResources%2FPrintMedia%2FHadith%2FH0002P0016.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnecting_Cultures,_Inc." class="citation journal cs1">Connecting Cultures, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060724145207/http://www.maec.org/2004conferencepapers/ismail.doc">"Building Cultural Competency: Understanding Islam, Muslims, and Arab Culture"</a>. <i>MAEC</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MAEC&rft.atitle=Building+Cultural+Competency%3A+Understanding+Islam%2C+Muslims%2C+and+Arab+Culture&rft.pages=15&rft.au=Connecting+Cultures%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maec.org%2F2004conferencepapers%2Fismail.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenard1996" class="citation book cs1">Renard, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ondWbP0sB-MC&q=false&pg=PA47"><i>Seven Doors to Islam: Spirituality and the Religious Life of Muslims</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520917477" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520917477"><bdi>978-0520917477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Doors+to+Islam%3A+Spirituality+and+the+Religious+Life+of+Muslims&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0520917477&rft.aulast=Renard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DondWbP0sB-MC%26q%3Dfalse%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Izzhar_Faizzy_Osman" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammad Izzhar Faizzy Osman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muftiwp.gov.my/ms/artikel/al-kafi-li-al-fatawi/2835-al-kafi-936-tempat-solat-yang-terbaik-bagi-seorang-wanita-2">"Al-Kafi #936: Tempat Solat Yang Terbaik Bagi Seorang Wanita"</a> [Al-Kafi #936: The Best Prayer Place For A Woman]. <i>Mufti of Federal Territory's Office</i> (in Malay)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mufti+of+Federal+Territory%27s+Office&rft.atitle=Al-Kafi+%23936%3A+Tempat+Solat+Yang+Terbaik+Bagi+Seorang+Wanita&rft.au=Mohammad+Izzhar+Faizzy+Osman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuftiwp.gov.my%2Fms%2Fartikel%2Fal-kafi-li-al-fatawi%2F2835-al-kafi-936-tempat-solat-yang-terbaik-bagi-seorang-wanita-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoi" class="citation web cs1">Doi, Abdur Rahman I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060409200739/http://usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/womeninsociety.html">"Women in Society"</a>. <i>Compendium of Muslim Texts</i>. University of Southern California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/womeninsociety.html#mosque">the original</a> on April 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Compendium+of+Muslim+Texts&rft.atitle=Women+in+Society&rft.aulast=Doi&rft.aufirst=Abdur+Rahman+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fdept%2FMSA%2Fhumanrelations%2Fwomeninislam%2Fwomeninsociety.html%23mosque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Syazie2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim Syazie (20 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaysiadateline.com/wanita-dari-maghribi-terkejut-kaum-hawa-di-malaysia-tak-solat-jumaat-masjid-pula-dipenuhi-kaum-adam-sahaja/">"Wanita dari Maghribi terkejut kaum Hawa di Malaysia tak solat Jumaat, masjid pula dipenuhi kaum Adam sahaja"</a> [A woman from Morocco is surprised that women in Malaysia doesn't perform Friday prayer, instead the mosque is only filled with men]. <i>Malaysia Dateline</i> (in Malay)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>Beberapa individu menerangkan bahawa ruangan solat wanita akan dibuka kepada golongan lelaki sewaktu solat Jumaat. Ini kerana mereka akan terpaksa bersembahyang di luar masjid atau atas jalan tar dengan ruangan solat yang tidak mencukupi.</q> [Some individuals explained that women's prayer space will be opened to men during Friday prayer. This is because they would have to pray outside the mosque or on top of the paved road due to inadequate prayer space.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysia+Dateline&rft.atitle=Wanita+dari+Maghribi+terkejut+kaum+Hawa+di+Malaysia+tak+solat+Jumaat%2C+masjid+pula+dipenuhi+kaum+Adam+sahaja&rft.date=2024-03-20&rft.au=Kim+Syazie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysiadateline.com%2Fwanita-dari-maghribi-terkejut-kaum-hawa-di-malaysia-tak-solat-jumaat-masjid-pula-dipenuhi-kaum-adam-sahaja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezk2006" class="citation news cs1">Rezk, Rawya (January 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060527161519/http://www.columbiajournalist.org/rw1_dinges/2005/article.asp?subj=national&course=rw1_dinges&id=624">"Muslim Women Seek More Equitable Role in Mosques"</a>. The Columbia Journalist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiajournalist.org/rw1_dinges/2005/article.asp?subj=national&course=rw1_dinges&id=624">the original</a> on May 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Muslim+Women+Seek+More+Equitable+Role+in+Mosques&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.aulast=Rezk&rft.aufirst=Rawya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbiajournalist.org%2Frw1_dinges%2F2005%2Farticle.asp%3Fsubj%3Dnational%26course%3Drw1_dinges%26id%3D624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012004112/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/25/morocco.travel.ap/index.html">"Morocco travel"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/25/morocco.travel.ap/index.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Morocco+travel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2003%2FTRAVEL%2FDESTINATIONS%2F02%2F25%2Fmorocco.travel.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakim2004" class="citation journal cs1">Takim, Liyakatali (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618192654/http://macdonald.hartsem.edu/articles/mw943f.pdf">"From Conversion to Conversation: Interfaith Dialogue in Post 9–11 America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>94</b> (3): 343–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2004.00058.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2004.00058.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macdonald.hartsem.edu/articles/mw943f.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 18, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=From+Conversion+to+Conversation%3A+Interfaith+Dialogue+in+Post+9%E2%80%9311+America&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=343-355&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2004.00058.x&rft.aulast=Takim&rft.aufirst=Liyakatali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macdonald.hartsem.edu%2Farticles%2Fmw943f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ltakim.com/">Liyakatali Takim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218012727/http://www.ltakim.com/">Archived</a> 2012-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is a professor at <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4511780.stm">"Laptop link-up: A day at the mosque"</a>. BBC. December 5, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418171725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4511780.stm">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Laptop+link-up%3A+A+day+at+the+mosque&rft.date=2005-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F4511780.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoring1997" class="citation book cs1">Goring, Rosemary (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordsworthdictio0000unse"><i>Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions</i></a>. Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-354-5"><bdi>978-1-85326-354-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Beliefs+%26+Religions&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-354-5&rft.aulast=Goring&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwordsworthdictio0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerTaylorFinlay1996" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Peter; Taylor, Chris; Finlay, Hugh (1996). <i>Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei</i> (6 ed.). Hawthorn, Vic.: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-393-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-393-1"><bdi>978-0-86442-393-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%2C+Singapore+%26+Brunei&rft.place=Hawthorn%2C+Vic.&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-86442-393-1&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Chris&rft.au=Finlay%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillman1979" class="citation book cs1">Stillman, Norman (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil/page/83"><i>The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book</i></a>. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil/page/83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0116-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0116-1"><bdi>978-0-8276-0116-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Arab+Lands%3A+A+History+and+Source+Book&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0116-1&rft.aulast=Stillman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsofarablands00stil%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBat_Ye'or2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bat_Ye%27or" title="Bat Ye'or">Bat Ye'or</a> (2002). <i>Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide</i>. Madison/Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3943-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3943-6"><bdi>978-0-8386-3943-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Dhimmitude.+Where+Civilizations+Collide&rft.place=Madison%2FTeaneck%2C+NJ&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press%2FAssociated+University+Presses&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3943-6&rft.au=Bat+Ye%27or&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNizamoglu2001" class="citation web cs1">Nizamoglu, Cem (2001-08-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimheritage.com/education-in-islam-the-role-of-the-mosque/">"Education in Islam - The Role of the Mosque"</a>. <i>Muslim Heritage</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106001009/https://muslimheritage.com/education-in-islam-the-role-of-the-mosque/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim+Heritage&rft.atitle=Education+in+Islam+-+The+Role+of+the+Mosque&rft.date=2001-08-12&rft.aulast=Nizamoglu&rft.aufirst=Cem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimheritage.com%2Feducation-in-islam-the-role-of-the-mosque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qureshi, M. 1990. <i>The Role of the Mosque in Islam</i>. New Delhi: International Islamic Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEade1996" class="citation book cs1">Eade, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress">"Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London"</a>. In Metcalf, Barbara Daly (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmuslimspac0000unse"><i>Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520204041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520204041"><bdi>978-0520204041</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about "noise pollution" when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+Community%2C+and+the+Islamization+of+Space+in+London&rft.btitle=Making+Muslim+Space+in+North+America+and+Europe&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0520204041&rft.aulast=Eade&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft2s2004p0%26chunk.id%3Ds1.12.69%26toc.id%3Dch12%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,411903,00.html">"What Muslims Hear at Friday Prayers"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. April 19, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516160649/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,411903,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=What+Muslims+Hear+at+Friday+Prayers&rft.date=2006-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C411903%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tc-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tc_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tc_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal" class="citation web cs1">Jamal, Amany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143701/http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html">"The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Mosques+in+the+Civic+and+Political+Incorporation+of+Muslim+American&rft.pub=Teachers%27+College+%E2%80%93+Columbia+University&rft.aulast=Jamal&rft.aufirst=Amany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.edu%2Fmuslim-nyc%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Frole%2520of%2520muslims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-westfall-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westfall_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-westfall_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubrey_Westfall2018" class="citation web cs1">Aubrey Westfall (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pomeps.org/2018/12/18/mosques-and-political-engagement-in-europe-and-north-america/">"Mosques and political engagement in Europe and North America"</a>. <i>Project on Middle East Political Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+on+Middle+East+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Mosques+and+political+engagement+in+Europe+and+North+America&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Aubrey+Westfall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpomeps.org%2F2018%2F12%2F18%2Fmosques-and-political-engagement-in-europe-and-north-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program">"Factsheet: The NYPD Muslim Surveillance Program"</a>. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507194636/https://www.aclu.org/other/factsheet-nypd-muslim-surveillance-program">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Center+in+Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pub=King+Fahd+bin+Abdul+Aziz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com%2Fmain%2Fm4506.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-:1_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 27em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2002" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar S. (2002). <i>Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society</i>. Abingdon, Eng.: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415285254" title="Special:BookSources/9780415285254"><bdi>9780415285254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Islam%3A+Making+Sense+of+Muslim+History+and+Society&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415285254&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1992" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine B. (September 24, 1992). "Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style". <i>Architecture of Mughal India</i>. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26728-1"><bdi>978-0-521-26728-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aurangzeb+and+the+Islamization+of+the+Mughal+style&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Mughal+India&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992-09-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26728-1&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearmanBianquisBosworthvan_Donzel" class="citation book cs1">Bearman, P.J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam Online</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.issn=1573-3912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellows2008" class="citation book cs1">Bellows, Keith, ed. (2008). <i>Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426203367" title="Special:BookSources/9781426203367"><bdi>9781426203367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Places+of+a+Lifetime%3A+500+of+the+World%27s+Most+Peaceful+and+Powerful+Destinations&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781426203367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i></a>. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2013" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013). <i>The minaret</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748637256" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748637256"><bdi>978-0748637256</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856037134">856037134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+minaret&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F856037134&rft.isbn=978-0748637256&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. 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Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElleh2002" class="citation book cs1">Elleh, Nnamdi (2002). <i>Architecture and Power in Africa</i>. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275976798" title="Special:BookSources/9780275976798"><bdi>9780275976798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Power+in+Africa&rft.place=Westport%2C+Ct.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780275976798&rft.aulast=Elleh&rft.aufirst=Nnamdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssaAli2010" class="citation book cs1">Essa, Ahmed; Ali, Othman (2010). <i>Title Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance</i>. Herndon, Va.: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565643505" title="Special:BookSources/9781565643505"><bdi>9781565643505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Title+Studies+in+Islamic+Civilization%3A+The+Muslim+Contribution+to+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Herndon%2C+Va.&rft.pub=The+International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781565643505&rft.aulast=Essa&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Ali%2C+Othman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2001" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). <i>The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture</i>. Islamic History and Civilization. Leiden, the Netherlands: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004116382" title="Special:BookSources/9789004116382"><bdi>9789004116382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mosque+of+Damascus%3A+Studies+on+the+Makings+of+an+Ummayyad+Visual+Culture&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.series=Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789004116382&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidtDavidson2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Davidson, Lawrence (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0008gold"><i>A Concise History of the Middle East</i></a></span> (8th ed.). Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4275-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4275-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-4275-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Jr.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0008gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand1994" class="citation book cs1">Hillenbrand, Robert (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning</i></a></span> (Casebound ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231101325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231101325"><bdi>978-0231101325</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30319450">30319450</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWfAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture%3A+Form%2C+Function%2C+and+Meaning&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Casebound&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30319450&rft.isbn=978-0231101325&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdWfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuban1974" class="citation book cs1">Kuban, Doğan (1974). <i>The Mosque and Its Early Development</i>. Iconography of Religions: Islam. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004038134" title="Special:BookSources/9789004038134"><bdi>9789004038134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosque+and+Its+Early+Development&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.series=Iconography+of+Religions%3A+Islam&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9789004038134&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuban1985" class="citation book cs1">Kuban, Doğan (1985). <i>Muslim Religious Architecture: Development of Religious Architecture in Later Periods</i>. Iconography of Religions: Islam. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004070844" title="Special:BookSources/9789004070844"><bdi>9789004070844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Religious+Architecture%3A+Development+of+Religious+Architecture+in+Later+Periods&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.series=Iconography+of+Religions%3A+Islam&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9789004070844&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetton1996" class="citation book cs1">Netton, Ian Richard (1996). <i>Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam</i> (annotated ed.). Abingdon, Eng.: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700703401" title="Special:BookSources/9780700703401"><bdi>9780700703401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seek+Knowledge%3A+Thought+and+Travel+in+the+House+of+Islam&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Eng.&rft.edition=annotated&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780700703401&rft.aulast=Netton&rft.aufirst=Ian+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsenAkgönülAlibašićGoddard2011" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Jørgen Schøler; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Goddard, Hugh; Maréchal, Brigitte, eds. (2011). <i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe</i>. Vol. 3. Leiden, the Netherlands: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004205161" title="Special:BookSources/9789004205161"><bdi>9789004205161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004205161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimer2002" class="citation book cs1">Nimer, Mohamed (2002). <i>The North American Muslim Resource Guide: Muslim Community Life in the United States and Canada</i>. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415937283" title="Special:BookSources/9780415937283"><bdi>9780415937283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+American+Muslim+Resource+Guide%3A+Muslim+Community+Life+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415937283&rft.aulast=Nimer&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1996" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hcebK67IRhkC&pg=PA1"><i>Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-20387-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-20387-3"><bdi>978-0-203-20387-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-203-20387-3&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhcebK67IRhkC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggles2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Fairchild_Ruggles" title="D. Fairchild Ruggles">Ruggles, D. Fairchild</a> (2002). <i>Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain</i>. University Park, Penn.: Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271042725" title="Special:BookSources/9780271042725"><bdi>9780271042725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardens%2C+Landscape%2C+and+Vision+in+the+Palaces+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Penn.&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780271042725&rft.aulast=Ruggles&rft.aufirst=D.+Fairchild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTajuddin1998" class="citation book cs1">Tajuddin, Mohamed (1998). <i>The Mosque as a Community Development Centre: Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines for Contemporary Muslim Societies</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit UTM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789835201318" title="Special:BookSources/9789835201318"><bdi>9789835201318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosque+as+a+Community+Development+Centre%3A+Programme+and+Architectural+Design+Guidelines+for+Contemporary+Muslim+Societies&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Penerbit+UTM&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789835201318&rft.aulast=Tajuddin&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahya_AbdullahiMohamed_Rashid_Bin_Embi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yahya Abdullahi; Mohamed Rashid Bin Embi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2013.03.002">"Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns"</a>. <i>Frontiers of Architectural Research</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 243–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foar.2013.03.002">10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+Architectural+Research&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Islamic+geometric+patterns&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-251&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foar.2013.03.002&rft.au=Yahya+Abdullahi&rft.au=Mohamed+Rashid+Bin+Embi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.foar.2013.03.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArberry1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Arberry" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. Arberry">Arberry, A. J.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar"><i>The Koran Interpreted: A Translation</i></a> (1st ed.). Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82507-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82507-6"><bdi>978-0-684-82507-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran+Interpreted%3A+A+Translation&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82507-6&rft.aulast=Arberry&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoraninterpreted00ajar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Campanini, Massimo, Mosque, in <i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God</i> (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1610691776" title="Special:BookSources/1610691776">1610691776</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabar1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Grabar, Oleg</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EHupkVYFs8C&pg=PA26">"The Architecture of the Middle Eastern City from Past to Present: The Case of the Mosque"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira M.</a> (ed.). <i>Middle Eastern Cities</i>. University of California Press. pp. 26–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520323803-005">10.1525/9780520323803-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520323803" title="Special:BookSources/9780520323803"><bdi>9780520323803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Architecture+of+the+Middle+Eastern+City+from+Past+to+Present%3A+The+Case+of+the+Mosque&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Cities&rft.pages=26-46&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520323803-005&rft.isbn=9780520323803&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EHupkVYFs8C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Hawting" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Hawting">Hawting, Gerald R.</a> (2000). <i>The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24072-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24072-7"><bdi>978-0-415-24072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Dynasty+of+Islam%3A+The+Umayyard+Caliphate+AD+661%E2%80%93750&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24072-7&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahera2008" class="citation book cs1">Kahera, Akel (2008). <i>Deconstructing the American Mosque: Space, Gender and Aesthetics</i>. Austin TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74344-1"><bdi>978-0-292-74344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+the+American+Mosque%3A+Space%2C+Gender+and+Aesthetics&rft.place=Austin+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-292-74344-1&rft.aulast=Kahera&rft.aufirst=Akel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanAl-Hilali_KhanMuhammad_Taqi-ud-Din1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Muhsin_Khan" title="Muhammad Muhsin Khan">Khan, Muhammad Muhsin</a>; Al-Hilali Khan; Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din (1999). <i>Noble Quran</i> (1st ed.). Dar-us-Salam Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9960-740-79-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9960-740-79-9"><bdi>978-9960-740-79-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noble+Quran&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9960-740-79-9&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Muhsin&rft.au=Al-Hilali+Khan&rft.au=Muhammad+Taqi-ud-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kramer" title="Martin Kramer">Kramer, Martin</a>, ed. (1999). <i>The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis</i>. Syracuse University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-224-040-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-224-040-8"><bdi>978-965-224-040-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Discovery+of+Islam%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Bernard+Lewis&rft.pub=Syracuse+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-965-224-040-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminhistoryid00lewi"><i>Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East</i></a>. Open Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9217-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9217-4"><bdi>978-0-8126-9217-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+History%3A+Ideas%2C+People%2C+and+Events+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9217-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminhistoryid00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0"><i>Islam and the West</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509061-1"><bdi>978-0-19-509061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+West&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509061-1&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamwest00lewi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1996" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi"><i>Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510283-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510283-3"><bdi>978-0-19-510283-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+in+Conflict%3A+Christians%2C+Muslims%2C+and+Jews+in+the+Age+of+Discovery&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510283-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturesinconfli0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarkpuri2002" class="citation book cs1">Mubarkpuri, Saifur-Rahman (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Sealed_Nectar" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sealed Nectar"><i>The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet</i></a>. Dar-us-Salam Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59144-071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59144-071-0"><bdi>978-1-59144-071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sealed+Nectar%3A+Biography+of+the+Prophet&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59144-071-0&rft.aulast=Mubarkpuri&rft.aufirst=Saifur-Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajeebabadi2001" class="citation book cs1">Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). <i>History of Islam</i>. Dar-us-Salam Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59144-034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59144-034-5"><bdi>978-1-59144-034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-59144-034-5&rft.aulast=Najeebabadi&rft.aufirst=Akbar+Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigosian2004" class="citation book cs1">Nigosian, S. A. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo"><i>Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices</i></a></span> (New ed.). Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21627-4"><bdi>978-0-253-21627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Its+History%2C+Teaching%2C+and+Practices&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21627-4&rft.aulast=Nigosian&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamitshistoryt0000nigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Rahman, Fazlur</a> (1979). <i>Islam</i> (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70281-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70281-0"><bdi>978-0-226-70281-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-226-70281-0&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Fazlur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Walker_(author)" title="Benjamin Walker (author)">Walker, Benjamin</a> (1998). <i>Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith</i>. Peter Owen Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1038-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7206-1038-3"><bdi>978-0-7206-1038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Islam%3A+The+Making+of+a+World+Faith&rft.pub=Peter+Owen+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachowski2017" class="citation book cs1">Stachowski, Marek (2017). Janyšková I.; Karlíková H.; Boček V. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MarekStachowski/Papers"><i>Slawische Bezeichnungen für Moschee unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Polnischen, Schlesischen, Tschechischen und Slowakischen</i></a>. pp. 361–369. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302034503/https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MarekStachowski/Papers">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-19</span></span>: Etymological research into Czech (=Studia Etymologica Brunensia 22), Brno.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slawische+Bezeichnungen+f%C3%BCr+Moschee+unter+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+des+Polnischen%2C+Schlesischen%2C+Tschechischen+und+Slowakischen&rft.pages=361-369&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Stachowski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjagiellonian.academia.edu%2FMarekStachowski%2FPapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosque" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosque&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mosque</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mosque" class="extiw" title="wikt:mosque">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mosques" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mosques">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mosque" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Mosque">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mosque" class="extiw" title="q:Mosque">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Mosques" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Mosques">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mosque" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mosque">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mosque" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mosque">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/45936/browse?value=Mosques&type=subject">Images of mosques from throughout the world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018060612/http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/45936/browse?value=Mosques&type=subject">Archived</a> 2017-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the Aga Khan Documentation Center at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.devostock.com/index.php?search=mosque">Devostock Public domain images</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003140601/https://www.devostock.com/index.php?search=mosque">Archived</a> 2020-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Images of mosques from around the world</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sufism_terminology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufism_terminology" title="Template:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism_terminology" title="Template talk:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism_terminology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism_terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> terminology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sufis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Khutwa" title="Ahl al-Khutwa">Ahl al-Khutwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_Hezzab" title="Bash Hezzab">Bash Hezzab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezzab" title="Hezzab">Hezzab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majzoob_(Sufism)" title="Majzoob (Sufism)">Majzoob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudaqiq (page does not exist)">Mudaqiq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%82_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:مدقق (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddam" title="Muqaddam">Muqaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarrab_(Sufism)" title="Muqarrab (Sufism)">Muqarrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutahaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutahaqiq (page does not exist)">Mutahaqiq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:متحقق بالحق والخلق">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nass_al-Houdhour" title="Nass al-Houdhour">Nass al-Houdhour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbani_(Sufism)" title="Rabbani (Sufism)">Rabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_(Sufism)" title="Sheikh (Sufism)">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq" title="Siddiq">Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufis_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufis ranks (page does not exist)">Sufis ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibe" title="Talibe">Talibe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Seven_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Seven ranks (page does not exist)">The Seven ranks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:المراتب السبعة">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasil_(Sufism)" title="Wasil (Sufism)">Wasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua" title="Raising hands in Dua"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/240px-IslamSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/320px-IslamSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aayane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aayane (page does not exist)">Aayane</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:أعيان (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aayane_Thabita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aayane Thabita (page does not exist)">Aayane Thabita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الأعيان الثابتة">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaflah" title="Ghaflah">Ghaflah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_(Sufism)" title="Hijab (Sufism)">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismul_Azam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismul Azam">Ismul Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif-e-Sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ran_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ran (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Ran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Rūḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadr_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadr (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wird_(Sufism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wird (Sufism)">Awrad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djamaa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djamaa (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Djamaa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83)" class="extiw" title="ar:جمع (سلوك)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djoua_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djoua (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Djoua</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:جوع (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibara (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Ibara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:عبارة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichara (page does not exist)">Ichara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:إشارة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latifa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latifa (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Latifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazimi" title="Lazimi">Lazimi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhasabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhasabah (page does not exist)">Muhasabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising hands in Dua">Raising hands in Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabr" title="Sabr">Sabr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahar_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahar (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Sahar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:سهر (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salat_al-Fatih" title="Salat al-Fatih">Salat al-Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Salawat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samt_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samt (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Samt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:صمت (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuhud_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuhud (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Shuhud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:شهود (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukr" title="Shukr">Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufism_pillars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufism pillars (page does not exist)">Sufism pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Tafakur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahara (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Tahara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:طهارة معنوية">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahlia (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Tahlia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:تحلية (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takhlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takhlia (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Takhlia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:تخلية (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawajud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tawajud (page does not exist)">Tawajud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:تواجد">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzla_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzla (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Uzla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:عزلة (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">Wajd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazifa" title="Wazifa">Wazifa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wazifa_Zarruqiyya" title="Wazifa Zarruqiyya">Zarruqiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wird" title="Wird">Wird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Zuhd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)" title="Warid (Sufism)">Waridates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Basirah">Basirah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bast_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bast (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Bast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:بسط (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djadba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djadba (page does not exist)">Djadba</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:جذبة (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fath_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fath (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Fath</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:فتح (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidayah" title="Hidayah">Hidayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Ilham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Ishrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatir_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatir (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Khatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qabdh_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qabdh (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Qabdh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:قبض (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabita_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabita (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Rabita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:رابطة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ru%27ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ru'ya (page does not exist)">Ru'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secret_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secret (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajalli" title="Tajalli">Tajalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uns_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uns (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Uns</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="ar:أنس">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)" title="Warid (Sufism)">Warid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misconducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Islamic_antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Rahbaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shath" title="Shath">Shath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Taqabbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandaqa" title="Zandaqa">Zandaqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_Rateb" title="Hizb Rateb">Hizb Rateb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idjaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Idjaza">Idjaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawsim" title="Mawsim">Mawsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salka_(Sufism)" title="Salka (Sufism)">Salka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sbooa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sbooa (page does not exist)">Sbooa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbu%C3%A2" class="extiw" title="fr:Sbuâ">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiba" title="Sebiba">Sebiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweeza" title="Tweeza">Tweeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wezeea" title="Wezeea">Wezeea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashewiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashewiq (page does not exist)">Ashewiq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:أشويق">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madih_nabawi" title="Madih nabawi">Madih nabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BDat" title="Naʽat">Naʽat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">Sufism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daara" title="Daara">Daara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datuk_Keramat" title="Datuk Keramat">Datuk Keramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama masjid">Jama masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(Sufism)" title="Khalwa (Sufism)">Khalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(school)" title="Khalwa (school)"> Khalawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammama" title="Ammama">Ammama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgha" title="Balgha">Balgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandoura" title="Gandoura">Gandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirqa" title="Khirqa">Khirqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misbaha" title="Misbaha">Misbaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashabiya" title="Qashabiya">Qashabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">Tagelmust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarboosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarboosh">Tarboosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_of_worship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Place_of_worship" title="Template:Place of worship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Place_of_worship" title="Template talk:Place of worship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Place_of_worship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Place of worship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_of_worship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Places of worship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahai_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/15px-Bahai_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/23px-Bahai_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/30px-Bahai_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Baháʼí House of Worship</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Buddhist Monastery or Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/12px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/18px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/24px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/15px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/23px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/30px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple or Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Balinese temple or Pura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jainism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/12px-Jainism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/18px-Jainism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/24px-Jainism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1559" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain temple or Derasar or Basadi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/15px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/23px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/30px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue"> Synagogue or Shul</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_of_Islam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/15px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/23px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/30px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/15px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/23px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/30px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">Mandi or Mashkhanna or Beth Manda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> & <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/20px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/30px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/40px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hof or Germanic pagan temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/15px-Torii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/23px-Torii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/30px-Torii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto Shrine or Jinja</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/15px-Pakua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/23px-Pakua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/30px-Pakua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Taoist temple or Dàoguàn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/25px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/38px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/50px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple"> Fire temple or Agiary or Atashkadeh or Atashgah or Dar-e Mehr</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varying religions and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_architecture" title="Sacral architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_(antiquity)" title="Asylum (antiquity)">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Cult image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_temple" title="Sun temple">Sun temple</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Sorted alphabetically except the last one</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/19px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/29px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/38px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballerina-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/16px-Ballerina-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/24px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/32px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/42px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32815#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32815#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32815#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85087470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953036m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953036m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567870">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mešity"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137432&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525304">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546049205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027505464">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cami">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFKaplan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanAl-Hilali_KhanMuhammad_Taqi-ud-Din1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Syazie2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleiner2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuban1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuban1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMainzer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaqsood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichigan_Consortium_for_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Studies1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Izzhar_Faizzy_Osman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMubarkpuri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa_Abu_Sway\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajeebabadi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNetton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsenAkgönülAlibašićGoddard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigosian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNimer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNizamoglu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuha_N._N._Khoury2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttoway2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_D._Gaffney2004\"] 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