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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_throughout_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Development throughout 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_throughout_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Self-government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Urban structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability_and_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability_and_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Sustainability and the environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability_and_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territory_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Territory government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Federal representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary_and_policing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary_and_policing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Judiciary and policing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary_and_policing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ancestry and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Arts and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Twin towns and sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Canberra</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 178 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-178" aria-hidden="true" > 178 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Канберрэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Канберрэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AB" title="ካንበራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካንበራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كانبرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كانبرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Քանպերա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քանպերա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamb%C3%A9rra" title="Kambérra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kambérra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberra" title="Kanberra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanberra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کانبرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کانبرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্যানবেরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যানবেরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канбера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канбера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канбэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канбэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कैनबरा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैनबरा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канбера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канбера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁན་པེ་ར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁན་པེ་ར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Ostralya)" title="Canberra (ulohang dakbayan sa Ostralya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Canberra (ulohang dakbayan sa Ostralya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كانبيرا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كانبيرا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Καμπέρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καμπέρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbero" title="Kanbero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanbero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کانبرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانبرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberra" title="Camberra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Camberra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%94%EB%B2%84%EB%9D%BC" title="캔버라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캔버라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberra" title="Kanberra – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kanberra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanapela" title="Kanapela – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kanapela" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Կանբերրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանբերրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कैनबरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैनबरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Канберрæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Канберрæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94" title="קנברה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנברה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კანბერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანბერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbera" title="Kanbera – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kanbera" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberra" title="Kanberra – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanberra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberra" title="Camberra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Camberra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberra" title="Camberra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Camberra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbera" title="Kanbera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanbera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbera" title="Kanbera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanbera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यानबरा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्यानबरा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канбера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Канбера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1" title="കാൻബറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൻബറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81napera" title="Kānapera – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kānapera" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कॅनबेरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅनबेरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კანბერა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კანბერა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كانبرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كانبرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کانبرا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کانبرا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯀꯦꯟꯕꯦꯔꯔꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯟꯕꯦꯔꯔꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကင်ဘာရာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်ဘာရာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabera" title="Kabera – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kabera" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यानबरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्यानबरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9" title="キャンベラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャンベラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberra" title="Kanberra – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanberra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੈਨਬਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਨਬਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کینبرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کینبرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کانبیرا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانبیرا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambra" title="Kambra – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kambra" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberra" title="Camberra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camberra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberra" title="Kanberra – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kanberra" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanapera" title="Kanapera – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Kanapera" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenepera" title="Kenepera – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kenepera" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कैन्बेर्रा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कैन्बेर्रा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱮᱱᱵᱮᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱱᱵᱮᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberra" title="Kanberra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanberra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="කැන්බරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැන්බරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ڪينبرا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪينبرا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канбєра – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Канбєра" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbera" title="Kanbera – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kanbera" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کانبێرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانبێرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канбера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канбера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="கான்பரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கான்பரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamberra" title="Kamberra – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kamberra" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="แคนเบอร์รา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคนเบอร์รา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanipela" title="Kanipela – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kanipela" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberra" title="Kanberra – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kanberra" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Канберра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канберра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کینبرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کینبرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanb%C3%A9rra" title="Kanbérra – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kanbérra" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanber" title="Kanber – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kanber" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E5%9F%B9%E6%8B%89" title="堪培拉 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="堪培拉" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%9F%B9%E6%8B%89" title="坎培拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="坎培拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90" title="קאנבערא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנבערא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%9F%B9%E6%8B%89" title="坎培拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="坎培拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Canberra" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbera" title="Kanbera – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kanbera" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E5%9F%B9%E6%8B%89" title="堪培拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="堪培拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanberra" title="Kanberra – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kanberra" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Canberra" rel="discussion" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canberra&params=35_17_35_S_149_07_37_E_type:city_region:AU-ACT">35°17′35″S 149°07′37″E / 35.29306°S 149.12694°E / -35.29306; 149.12694</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canberra,_Australia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra, Australia">Canberra, Australia</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital of Australia. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canberra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canberra (disambiguation)">Canberra (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3em; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Canberra <div style="font-weight:normal;font-size:88%">Kanbarra (<a href="/wiki/Ngunawal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngunawal language">Ngunawal</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_panorama_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Canberra viewed from Mount Ainslie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canberra_panorama_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg/268px-Canberra_panorama_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canberra_panorama_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg/402px-Canberra_panorama_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canberra_panorama_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg/536px-Canberra_panorama_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12142" data-file-height="5356" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Canberra viewed from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ainslie" title="Mount Ainslie">Mount Ainslie</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Carillon,_Canberra_ACT_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="National Carillon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Carillon%2C_Canberra_ACT_%282%29.jpg/91px-National_Carillon%2C_Canberra_ACT_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Carillon%2C_Canberra_ACT_%282%29.jpg/137px-National_Carillon%2C_Canberra_ACT_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Carillon%2C_Canberra_ACT_%282%29.jpg/182px-National_Carillon%2C_Canberra_ACT_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="3352" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/National_Carillon" title="National Carillon">National Carillon</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_War_Memorial_Canberra,_ACT_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Australian War Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Australian_War_Memorial_Canberra%2C_ACT_%282%29.jpg/93px-Australian_War_Memorial_Canberra%2C_ACT_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Australian_War_Memorial_Canberra%2C_ACT_%282%29.jpg/140px-Australian_War_Memorial_Canberra%2C_ACT_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Australian_War_Memorial_Canberra%2C_ACT_%282%29.jpg/186px-Australian_War_Memorial_Canberra%2C_ACT_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="3734" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:78px;max-width:78px"><div style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_Telstra,_Canberra_-_panoramio_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black Mountain Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Torre_Telstra%2C_Canberra_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/76px-Torre_Telstra%2C_Canberra_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Torre_Telstra%2C_Canberra_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/114px-Torre_Telstra%2C_Canberra_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Torre_Telstra%2C_Canberra_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/152px-Torre_Telstra%2C_Canberra_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="3216" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Telstra_Tower" title="Telstra Tower">Telstra Tower</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_National_Library_of_Australia,_Canberra,_2023_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="National Library of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023_%282%29.jpg/132px-Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023_%282%29.jpg/198px-Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023_%282%29.jpg/264px-Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2330" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia_February_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="National Gallery of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia_February_2013.jpg/132px-Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia_February_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia_February_2013.jpg/198px-Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia_February_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia_February_2013.jpg/264px-Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Australia_February_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3639" data-file-height="2730" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_and_new_Parliament_Houses;_Canberra_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old Parliament House & New Parliament House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_and_new_Parliament_Houses%3B_Canberra_Australia.jpg/268px-Old_and_new_Parliament_Houses%3B_Canberra_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_and_new_Parliament_Houses%3B_Canberra_Australia.jpg/402px-Old_and_new_Parliament_Houses%3B_Canberra_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Old_and_new_Parliament_Houses%3B_Canberra_Australia.jpg/536px-Old_and_new_Parliament_Houses%3B_Canberra_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5494" data-file-height="3090" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Capital Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Canberra_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City map plan of Canberra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Canberra_Australia.svg/270px-Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Canberra_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Canberra_Australia.svg/405px-Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Canberra_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Canberra_Australia.svg/540px-Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Canberra_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1394" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">City map plan of Canberra</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_relief_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canberra is located in Australia"><img alt="Canberra is located in Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/270px-Australia_relief_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/405px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/540px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.065%;left:86.499%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Canberra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Canberra</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canberra&params=35_17_35_S_149_07_37_E_type:city_region:AU-ACT">35°17′35″S 149°07′37″E / 35.29306°S 149.12694°E / -35.29306; 149.12694</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">466,566 (June 2023)<a href="#cite_note-ABSGCCSA-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">503.932/km2 (1,305.18/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">12 March 1913</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">578 m (1,896 ft)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">814.2 km2 (314.4 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-area-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AEST (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10:00" title="UTC+10:00">UTC+10:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">AEDT (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00" title="UTC+11:00">UTC+11:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> 248 km (154 mi) SW of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li><li> 654 km (406 mi) NE of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li><li> 958 km (595 mi) E of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li><li> 945 km (587 mi) SSW of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li><li> 3,087 km (1,918 mi) ESE of <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electorates of the Australian states and territories">Territory electorate(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> <a href="/wiki/Brindabella_electorate" title="Brindabella electorate">Brindabella</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Ginninderra_electorate" title="Ginninderra electorate">Ginninderra</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Kurrajong_electorate" title="Kurrajong electorate">Kurrajong</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Murrumbidgee_electorate" title="Murrumbidgee electorate">Murrumbidgee</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Yerrabi_electorate" title="Yerrabi electorate">Yerrabi</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">Federal division(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Canberra" title="Division of Canberra">Canberra</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fenner" title="Division of Fenner">Fenner</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Bean" title="Division of Bean">Bean</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; border: 1px #ddd solid;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Mean max temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:34%;">Mean min temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Annual rainfall</td> </tr><tr style="border: 1px #FFF solid" class="mergedrow"> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;"> 20.4 °C 69 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:34%;">7.0 °C 45 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;">579.5 mm 22.8 in</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Canberra (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkænbərə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/21\/En-au-Canberra-ACT.ogg\/En-au-Canberra-ACT.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-au-Canberra-ACT.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/En-au-Canberra-ACT.ogg/En-au-Canberra-ACT.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-au-Canberra-ACT.ogg" title="File:En-au-Canberra-ACT.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAN-bər-ə</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Founded following the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation of the colonies</a> of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">eighth-largest Australian city overall</a>. The city is located at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10">[10]</a> at the northern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Alps" title="Australian Alps">Australian Alps</a>, the country's highest mountain range. As of June 2023,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canberra&action=edit">[update]</a> Canberra's estimated population was 466,566.<a href="#cite_note-ABSGCCSA-1">[1]</a> The area chosen for the capital had been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> for up to 21,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> by groups including the <a href="/wiki/Ngunnawal" title="Ngunnawal">Ngunnawal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngambri" title="Ngambri">Ngambri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_settlement_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="European settlement of Australia">European</a> settlement commenced in the first half of the 19th century, as evidenced by surviving landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">St John's Anglican Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blundells_Cottage" title="Blundells Cottage">Blundells Cottage</a>. On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved. Following a long dispute over whether <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> or <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> should be the national capital,<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> a compromise was reached: the new capital would be built in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, so long as it was at least 100 mi (160 km) from Sydney. The capital city was founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913. A plan by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> architects <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mahony_Griffin" title="Marion Mahony Griffin">Marion Mahony Griffin</a> was selected after an international design contest, and construction commenced in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Unusual among Australian cities, it is an entirely <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">planned city</a>. The Griffins' plan featured geometric motifs and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Australian_Capital_Territory)" title="Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)">Black Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ainslie" title="Mount Ainslie">Mount Ainslie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Hill,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Capital Hill, Australian Capital Territory">Capital Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_Hill,_Canberra" title="City Hill, Canberra">City Hill</a>. Canberra's mountainous location makes it the only mainland Australian city where snow-capped mountains can be seen in winter, although snow in the city itself is uncommon. As the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a>, Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government, national monuments and museums. These include <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Canberra" title="Government House, Canberra">Government House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia_Building" title="High Court of Australia Building">High Court building</a> and the headquarters of numerous government agencies. It is the location of many social and cultural institutions of national significance such as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Mint" title="Royal Australian Mint">Royal Australian Mint</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport" title="Australian Institute of Sport">Australian Institute of Sport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library</a>. The city is home to many important institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Duntroon" title="Royal Military College, Duntroon">Royal Military College Duntroon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force_Academy" title="Australian Defence Force Academy">Australian Defence Force Academy</a>. It hosts <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Australia#Diplomatic_missions_in_Canberra" title="List of diplomatic missions in Australia">all foreign embassies</a> in Australia as well as regional headquarters of many international organisations, not-for-profit groups, lobbying groups and professional associations. Canberra has been ranked among the world's best cities to live in and visit.<a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> Although the Commonwealth Government remains the largest single employer in Canberra, it is no longer the majority employer. Other major industries have developed in the city, including in health care, professional services, education and training, retail, accommodation and food, and construction.<a href="#cite_note-EDA_ACT_Economic_Indicators-21">[21]</a> Compared to the national averages, the unemployment rate is lower and the average income higher; tertiary education levels are higher, while the population is younger. At the 2016 Census, 32% of Canberra's inhabitants were reported as having been born overseas.<a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-22">[22]</a> Canberra's design is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city movement</a> and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation. Its design can be viewed from its highest point at the <a href="/wiki/Telstra_Tower" title="Telstra Tower">Telstra Tower</a> and the summit of Mount Ainslie. Other notable features include the <a href="/wiki/National_Arboretum_Canberra" title="National Arboretum Canberra">National Arboretum</a>, born out of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Canberra_bushfires" title="2003 Canberra bushfires">2003 Canberra bushfires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a>, named for Walter Burley Griffin. Highlights in the annual calendar of cultural events include <a href="/wiki/Floriade_(Canberra)" title="Floriade (Canberra)">Floriade</a>, the largest flower festival in the Southern Hemisphere,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Canberra" title="Enlighten Canberra">Enlighten Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skyfire_(Canberra)" title="Skyfire (Canberra)">Skyfire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Multicultural_Festival" title="National Multicultural Festival">National Multicultural Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summernats" title="Summernats">Summernats</a>. Canberra's main sporting venues are <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Stadium" title="Canberra Stadium">Canberra Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuka_Oval" title="Manuka Oval">Manuka Oval</a>. The city is served with domestic and international flights at <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Airport" title="Canberra Airport">Canberra Airport</a>, while interstate train and coach services depart from <a href="/wiki/Canberra_railway_station" title="Canberra railway station">Canberra railway station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jolimont_Centre" title="Jolimont Centre">Jolimont Centre</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/City_Interchange" title="City Interchange">City Interchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alinga_Street_light_rail_station" title="Alinga Street light rail station">Alinga Street station</a> form the main hub of Canberra's bus and light rail transport network. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> The word "Canberra" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ngunnawal_language" title="Ngunnawal language">Ngunnawal language</a> of a local <a href="/wiki/Ngunnawal" title="Ngunnawal">Ngunnawal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ngambri" title="Ngambri">Ngambri</a> clan who resided in the area and were referred to by the early British colonists as either the Canberry, Kanberri or Nganbra tribe.<a href="#cite_note-:9-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joshua_John_Moore" title="Joshua John Moore">Joshua John Moore</a>, the first European land-owner in the region, named his grant "Canberry" in 1823 after these people. "Canberry Creek" and "Canberry" first appeared on regional maps from 1830, while the derivative name "Canberra" started to appear from around 1857.<a href="#cite_note-selkirk-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Numerous local commentators, including the Ngunnawal elder Don Bell, have speculated upon possible meanings of "Canberra" over the years. These include "meeting place", "woman's breasts" and "the hollow between a woman's breasts".<a href="#cite_note-Frei-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Alternative proposals for the name of the city during its planning included Austral, Australville, Aurora, Captain Cook, Caucus City, Cookaburra, Dampier, Eden, Eucalypta, Flinders, Gonebroke, Home, Hopetoun, Kangaremu, Myola, Meladneyperbane, New Era, Olympus, Paradise, Shakespeare, Sydmelperadbrisho, Swindleville, The National City, Union City, Unison, Wattleton, Wheatwoolgold, Yass-Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canberra" title="History of Canberra">History of Canberra</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="History of the Australian Capital Territory">History of the Australian Capital Territory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Nations_peoples">First Nations peoples</h3></div> The first peoples of the Canberra area include the <a href="/wiki/Ngunnawal" title="Ngunnawal">Ngunnawal</a>, Ngunawal and <a href="/wiki/Ngambri" title="Ngambri">Ngambri</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-:8-12">[12]</a> Other groups claiming a connection to the land include the <a href="/wiki/Ngarigo" title="Ngarigo">Ngarigo</a> (who also lived directly to the south) and the Ngambri-Guumaal.<a href="#cite_note-:9-25">[25]</a> Neighbouring groups include the Wandandian to the east, the Walgulu also to the south, <a href="/wiki/Gandangara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandangara people">Gandangara people</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri" title="Wiradjuri">Wiradjuri</a> to the north-west. The first British settlers into the Canberra area described two clans of Ngunnawal people resident to the vicinity. The Canberry or Nganbra clan lived mostly around Sullivan's Creek and had ceremonial grounds at the base of Galambary (<a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Australian_Capital_Territory)" title="Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)">Black Mountain</a>), while the Pialligo clan had land around what is now <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Airport" title="Canberra Airport">Canberra Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bluett-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The people living here carefully managed and cultivated the land with fire and farmed yams and hunted for food.<a href="#cite_note-:7-37">[37]</a> Archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites as well as stone tools and arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie84-38">[38]</a> Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> Still today, Ngunnawal men into the present conduct ceremony on the banks of the river, Murrumbidgee River. They travel upstream as they receive their Totems and corresponding responsibilities for land management. 'Murrum' means 'Pathway' and Bidgee means 'Boss'.<a href="#cite_note-:7-37">[37]</a> The submerged limestone caves beneath Lake Burley Griffin contained Aboriginal rock art, some of the only sites in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:7-37">[37]</a> Galambary (Black Mountain) is an important Aboriginal meeting and business site, predominantly for men's business. According to the Ngunnawal and <a href="/wiki/Ngambri" title="Ngambri">Ngambri</a> people, Mt Ainslie is primarily for place of women's business. Black Mountain and Mount Ainslie are referred to as women's breasts. Galambary was also used by Ngunnawal people as an initiation site, with the mountain itself said to represent the growth of a boy into a man.<a href="#cite_note-:7-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_exploration_and_colonisation">British exploration and colonisation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_Reid_April_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Exterior_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_Reid_April_2017.jpg/220px-Exterior_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_Reid_April_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Exterior_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_Reid_April_2017.jpg/330px-Exterior_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_Reid_April_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Exterior_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_Reid_April_2017.jpg/440px-Exterior_of_St_John_the_Baptist_Church_Reid_April_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">St John's Anglican Church</a>, the oldest surviving public building in the inner city, consecrated in 1845</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Blundells%27_Cottage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Historic_Blundells%27_Cottage.jpg/250px-Historic_Blundells%27_Cottage.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Historic_Blundells%27_Cottage.jpg/375px-Historic_Blundells%27_Cottage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Historic_Blundells%27_Cottage.jpg/500px-Historic_Blundells%27_Cottage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blundells_Cottage" title="Blundells Cottage">Blundells Cottage</a>, built around 1860,<a href="#cite_note-BLUNDELL-39">[39]</a> is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first white settlers of Canberra.</figcaption></figure> In October 1820, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Throsby" title="Charles Throsby">Charles Throsby</a> led the first British expedition to the area.<a href="#cite_note-cambage-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald19875-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie19913–8-43">[43]</a> Four other expeditions occurred between 1820 and 1823 with the first accurate map being produced by explorer <a href="/wiki/Mark_John_Currie" title="Mark John Currie">Mark John Currie</a> in June 1823. By this stage the area had become known as the Limestone Plains.<a href="#cite_note-cambage-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> British settlement of the area probably dates from late 1823, when a <a href="/wiki/Sheep_station" title="Sheep station">sheep station</a> was formed on what is now the Acton Peninsula by James Cowan, the head stockman employed by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_John_Moore" title="Joshua John Moore">Joshua John Moore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie19919-45">[45]</a> Moore had received a land grant in the region in 1823 and formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826. He named the property "Canberry". On 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres (405 ha) at Canberry.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Other colonists soon followed Moore's example to take up land in the region. Around 1825 <a href="/wiki/James_Ainslie_(pastoralist)" title="James Ainslie (pastoralist)">James Ainslie</a>, working on behalf of the wealthy merchant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campbell_(1769%E2%80%931846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Campbell (1769–1846)">Robert Campbell</a>, arrived to establish a sheep station. He was guided to the region by a local Aboriginal girl who showed him the fine lands of her Pialligo clan.<a href="#cite_note-bluett-35">[35]</a> The area then became the property of Campbell and it was initially named <a href="/wiki/Pialligo,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Pialligo, Australian Capital Territory">Pialligo</a> before Campbell changed it to the Scottish title of <a href="/wiki/Duntroon,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Duntroon, Australian Capital Territory">Duntroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-selkirk-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney198848-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald19879-48">[48]</a> Campbell and his family built a <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> on the site in 1832, now regarded as the oldest standing European building in Canberra,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> followed by the imposing stone house that is now the officers' mess of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Duntroon" title="Royal Military College, Duntroon">Royal Military College, Duntroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The Campbells sponsored settlement by other farmer families to work their land, such as the Southwells of "<a href="/wiki/Weetangera,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Weetangera, Australian Capital Territory">Weetangera</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney198887–95-53">[53]</a> Other notable early colonists included Henry Donnison, who established the <a href="/wiki/Yarralumla,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory">Yarralumla</a> estate—now the site of the <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Canberra" title="Government House, Canberra">official residence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> of Australia—in 1827, and John Palmer who employed Duncan Macfarlane to form the <a href="/wiki/Jerrabomberra_(district)" title="Jerrabomberra (district)">Jerrabomberra</a> property in 1828. A year later, John MacPherson established the <a href="/wiki/Springbank_Island" title="Springbank Island">Springbank</a> estate, becoming the first British owner-occupier in the region.<a href="#cite_note-selkirk-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The Anglican church of <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">St John the Baptist</a>, in the suburb of Reid,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988116-56">[56]</a> was consecrated in 1845 and is now the oldest surviving public building in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie199178-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald198717-58">[58]</a> St John's churchyard contains the earliest graves in the district.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> It has been described as a "sanctuary in the city",<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> remaining a small English village-style church even as the capital grew around it. Canberra's first school, St John's School (now a museum), was situated next to the church and opened in the same year of 1845.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> It was built to educate local settlers children,<a href="#cite_note-Nohra-63">[63]</a> including the Blundell children who lived in nearby <a href="/wiki/Blundell%27s_Cottage" class="mw-redirect" title="Blundell's Cottage">Blundell's Cottage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sue_W-64">[64]</a> As the European presence increased, the Indigenous population dwindled largely due to the destruction of their society, dislocation from their lands and from introduced diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-canb-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_nation's_capital">Creation of the nation's capital</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliamenthouse2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parliamenthouse2.jpg/250px-Parliamenthouse2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Parliamenthouse2.jpg/375px-Parliamenthouse2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Parliamenthouse2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>The opening of <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> in May 1927</figcaption></figure> The district's change from a rural area in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> to the national capital started during debates over <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation</a> in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald198792-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie1991220–230-68">[68]</a> Following a long dispute over whether Sydney or Melbourne should be the national capital,<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> a compromise was reached: the new capital would be built in New South Wales, so long as it was at least 100 mi (160 km) from Sydney,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald198792-67">[67]</a> with Melbourne to be the temporary seat of government while the new capital was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197124-69">[69]</a> A survey was conducted across several sites in New South Wales with <a href="/wiki/Bombala" title="Bombala">Bombala</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Monaro_(New_South_Wales)" title="Monaro (New South Wales)">Monaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales" title="Orange, New South Wales">Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yass,_New_South_Wales" title="Yass, New South Wales">Yass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armidale" title="Armidale">Armidale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumut" title="Tumut">Tumut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalgety,_New_South_Wales" title="Dalgety, New South Wales">Dalgety</a> all discussed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[70]</a> Dalgety was chosen by the federal parliament and it passed the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Government_Act_1904" title="Seat of Government Act 1904">Seat of Government Act 1904</a> confirming Dalgety as the site of the nation's capital. However, the New South Wales government refused to cede the required territory as they did not accept the site.<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[70]</a> In 1906, the New South Wales Government finally agreed to cede sufficient land provided that it was in the Yass-Canberra region as this site was closer to Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald198792-67">[67]</a> Newspaper proprietor <a href="/wiki/John_Gale_(journalist)" title="John Gale (journalist)">John Gale</a> circulated a pamphlet titled 'Dalgety or Canberra: Which?' advocating Canberra to every member of the Commonwealth's seven state and federal parliaments. By many accounts, it was decisive in the selection of Canberra as the site in 1908 as was a result of survey work done by the government <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveyor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scrivener" title="Charles Scrivener">Charles Scrivener</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald198793-71">[71]</a> The NSW government ceded the district to the federal government in 1911 and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Federal Capital Territory</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald198792-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_of_canberra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sketch_of_canberra.jpg/220px-Sketch_of_canberra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sketch_of_canberra.jpg/330px-Sketch_of_canberra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sketch_of_canberra.jpg/440px-Sketch_of_canberra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The Griffins' plan for Canberra</figcaption></figure> An international design competition was launched by the Department of Home Affairs on 30 April 1911, closing on 31 January 1912. The competition was boycotted by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a> and their affiliated bodies throughout the British Empire because the Minister for Home Affairs <a href="/wiki/King_O%27Malley" title="King O'Malley">King O'Malley</a> insisted that the final decision was for him to make rather than an expert in city planning.<a href="#cite_note-tom-72">[72]</a> A total of 137 valid entries were received. O'Malley appointed a three-member board to advise him but they could not reach unanimity. On 24 May 1911,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987100-73">[73]</a> O'Malley came down on the side of the majority of the board with the design by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mahony_Griffin" title="Marion Mahony Griffin">Marion Mahony Griffin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, being declared the winner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie1991178-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1971160–166-75">[75]</a> Second was <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a> of Finland and third was <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Agache_(architect)" title="Alfred Agache (architect)">Alfred Agache</a> of Brazil but resident in Paris, France.<a href="#cite_note-tom-72">[72]</a> O'Malley then appointed a six-member board to advise him on the implementation of the winning design. On 25 November 1912, the board advised that it could not support the Griffins' plan in its entirety and suggested an alternative plan of its own devising. This plan ostensibly incorporated the best features of the three place-getting designs as well as of a fourth design by H. Caswell, R.C.G. Coulter and W. Scott-Griffiths of Sydney, the rights to which it had purchased. It was this composite plan that was endorsed by Parliament and given formal approval by O'Malley on 10 January 1913.<a href="#cite_note-tom-72">[72]</a> However, it was the Griffin plan which was ultimately proceeded with. In 1913, Walter Burley Griffin was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction and construction began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197163-76">[76]</a> On 23 February, King O'Malley drove the first peg in the construction of the future capital city. In 1912, the government invited suggestions from the public as to the name of the future city. Almost 750 names were suggested. At midday on 12 March 1913,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie1991303-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Denman,_Baroness_Denman" title="Gertrude Denman, Baroness Denman">Lady Denman</a>, the wife of Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_3rd_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman">Lord Denman</a>, announced that the city would be named "Canberra" at a ceremony at Kurrajong Hill,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987103-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics1963-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> which has since become Capital Hill and the site of the present <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987105-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Day" title="Canberra Day">Canberra Day</a> is a public holiday observed in the ACT on the second Monday in March to celebrate the founding of Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-canb-66">[66]</a> After the ceremony, bureaucratic disputes hindered Griffin's work;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197170–71-83">[83]</a> a Royal Commission in 1916 ruled his authority had been usurped by certain officials and his original plan was reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987101-84">[84]</a> Griffin's relationship with the Australian authorities was strained and a lack of funding meant that by the time he was fired in 1920, little work had been done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission19884-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197169–79-86">[86]</a> By this time, Griffin had revised his plan, overseen the earthworks of major avenues and established the Glenloch Cork Plantation.<a href="#cite_note-act-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_throughout_20th_century">Development throughout 20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_Government_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Canberra_Government_House.jpg/220px-Canberra_Government_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Canberra_Government_House.jpg/330px-Canberra_Government_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Canberra_Government_House.jpg/440px-Canberra_Government_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Canberra's <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Canberra" title="Government House, Canberra">Government House</a>, the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_11612_Parliament_House_Canberra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11612_Parliament_House_Canberra.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11612_Parliament_House_Canberra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11612_Parliament_House_Canberra.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11612_Parliament_House_Canberra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11612_Parliament_House_Canberra.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11612_Parliament_House_Canberra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption>The land-axis aligns <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> (foreground) with <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House</a> (background) </figcaption></figure> The Commonwealth government purchased the pastoral property of <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Canberra" title="Government House, Canberra">Yarralumla</a> in 1913 to provide an official residence for the Governor-General of Australia in the new capital.<a href="#cite_note-Australiana_Fund-89">[89]</a> Renovations began in 1925 to enlarge and modernise the property.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 1927, the property was officially dubbed Government House.<a href="#cite_note-Australiana_Fund-89">[89]</a> On 9 May that year, the Commonwealth parliament moved to Canberra with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Provisional Parliament House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987130-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a> had officially taken up residence in <a href="/wiki/The_Lodge_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lodge (Australia)">The Lodge</a> a few days earlier.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1971101-94">[94]</a> Planned development of the city slowed significantly during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">depression</a> of the 1930s and during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1971125–128-95">[95]</a> Some projects planned for that time, including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Australia">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a> cathedrals, were never completed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney1988116–126-96">[96]</a> (Nevertheless, in 1973 the Roman Catholic parish church of St. Christopher was remodelled into <a href="/wiki/St._Christopher%27s_Cathedral,_Manuka" title="St. Christopher's Cathedral, Manuka">St. Christopher's Cathedral, Manuka</a>, serving the Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn. It is the only cathedral in Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>) From 1920 to 1957, three bodies — successively the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Advisory_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Advisory Committee">Federal Capital Advisory Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987115-98">[98]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Commission">Federal Capital Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987128-99">[99]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_and_Development_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Planning and Development Committee">National Capital Planning and Development Committee</a> — continued to plan the further expansion of Canberra in the absence of Griffin. However, they were only advisory and development decisions were made without consulting them, which increased inefficiency.<a href="#cite_note-act-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1971113-100">[100]</a> The largest event in Canberra up to World War II was the 24th Meeting of <a href="/wiki/ANZAAS" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAAS">ANZAAS</a> in January 1939. <a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a> described it as "a signal event ... in the history of this, the world's youngest capital city". The city's accommodation was not nearly sufficient to house the 1,250 delegates and a tent city had to be set up on the banks of the Molonglo River. One of the prominent speakers was <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, who was a guest of the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hore-Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">Lord Gowrie</a> for a week. This event coincided with a heatwave across south-eastern Australia during which the temperature in Canberra reached 108.5 degrees Fahrenheit (42.5 Celsius) on 11 January. On Friday, 13 January, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_bushfires" title="Black Friday bushfires">Black Friday bushfires</a> caused 71 deaths in Victoria and Wells accompanied the Governor-General on his tour of areas threatened by fires.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Immediately after the end of the war, Canberra was criticised for resembling a village and its disorganised collection of buildings was deemed ugly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke19886-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke19881–3-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke19887–9-104">[104]</a> Canberra was often derisively described as "several suburbs in search of a city".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Menzies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Menzies">Sir Robert Menzies</a> regarded the state of the national capital as an embarrassment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke198830-106">[106]</a> Over time his attitude changed from one of contempt to that of championing its development. He fired two ministers charged with the development of the city for poor performance. Menzies remained in office for over a decade and in that time the development of the capital sped up rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke198831–32-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988103–104,_145,_188,_323-108">[108]</a> The population grew by more than 50 per cent in every five-year period from 1955 to 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988103–104,_145,_188,_323-108">[108]</a> Several Government departments, together with public servants, were moved to Canberra from Melbourne following the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1971111–120-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Public housing in the Australian Capital Territory">Government housing</a> projects were undertaken to accommodate the city's growing population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney1988230–242-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Development_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Development Commission">National Capital Development Commission</a> (NCDC) formed in 1957 with executive powers and ended four decades of disputes over the shape and design of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a> — the centrepiece of Griffin's design — and construction was completed in 1964 after four years of work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988130–140-111">[111]</a> The completion of the lake finally laid the platform for the development of Griffin's <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Triangle,_Canberra" title="Parliamentary Triangle, Canberra">Parliamentary Triangle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988170–180-112">[112]</a> Since the initial construction of the lake, various buildings of national importance have been constructed on its shores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission198818-113">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_National_Library_of_Australia,_Canberra,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023.jpg/330px-Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023.jpg/440px-Parliament_House%2C_National_Library_of_Australia%2C_Canberra%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Various civic landmarks line <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a>. Pictured is the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> (background)</figcaption></figure> The newly built <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> was expanded and sculptures as well as monuments were built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission198818-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988173–174-114">[114]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library</a> was constructed within the Parliamentary Triangle, followed by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988116-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987138-115">[115]</a> Suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Central" title="Canberra Central">Canberra Central</a> (often referred to as <a href="/wiki/North_Canberra" title="North Canberra">North Canberra</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Canberra" title="South Canberra">South Canberra</a>) were further developed in the 1950s and urban development in the <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_of_Canberra#Districts" title="Suburbs of Canberra">districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Woden_Valley" title="Woden Valley">Woden Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belconnen" title="Belconnen">Belconnen</a> commenced in the mid and late 1960s respectively, followed by the district of <a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong" title="Tuggeranong">Tuggeranong</a> in the mid 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney1988250-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988180-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Many of the new suburbs were named after Australian politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Barton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">Reid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddon" title="Edward Braddon">Braddon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkes" title="Henry Parkes">Parkes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversal_Publishers20076-119">[119]</a> On 9 May 1988, a larger and permanent Parliament House was opened on Capital Hill as part of Australia's bicentenary celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-pho-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987138-115">[115]</a> The Commonwealth Parliament moved there from the Provisional Parliament House, now known as Old Parliament House.<a href="#cite_note-pho-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-government">Self-government</h3></div> In December 1988, the Australian Capital Territory was granted full self-government by the Commonwealth Parliament, a step proposed as early as 1965.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Following the first election on 4 March 1989,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> a 17-member <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> sat at temporary offices at 1 Constitution Avenue, Civic, on 11 May 1989.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-ass-124">[124]</a> Permanent premises were opened on London Circuit in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-ass-124">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> formed the ACT's first government, led by the Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Follett" title="Rosemary Follett">Rosemary Follett</a>, who made history as Australia's first female head of government.<a href="#cite_note-state_el-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The 1990s also saw urban development begin in the district of <a href="/wiki/Gungahlin" title="Gungahlin">Gungahlin</a> in the far north of the ACT.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Skywhale_and_Skywhalepapa_February_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Skywhale_and_Skywhalepapa_February_2021.jpg/220px-The_Skywhale_and_Skywhalepapa_February_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Skywhale_and_Skywhalepapa_February_2021.jpg/330px-The_Skywhale_and_Skywhalepapa_February_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Skywhale_and_Skywhalepapa_February_2021.jpg/440px-The_Skywhale_and_Skywhalepapa_February_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>The Skywhale and Skywhalepapa in 2021</figcaption></figure> Parts of Canberra were engulfed by <a href="/wiki/2003_Canberra_bushfires" title="2003 Canberra bushfires">bushfires on 18 January 2003</a> that killed four people, injured 435 and destroyed more than 500 homes as well as the major research telescopes of Australian National University's <a href="/wiki/Mount_Stromlo_Observatory" title="Mount Stromlo Observatory">Mount Stromlo Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doogan-129">[129]</a> Throughout 2013, several events celebrated the 100th anniversary of the naming of Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On 11 March 2014, the last day of the centennial year, the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Centenary_Column" title="Canberra Centenary Column">Canberra Centenary Column</a> was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/City_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hill">City Hill</a>. Other works included <a href="/wiki/The_Skywhale" title="The Skywhale">The Skywhale</a>, a hot air balloon designed by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Piccinini" title="Patricia Piccinini">Patricia Piccinini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and StellrScope by visual media artist Eleanor Gates-Stuart.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On 7 February 2021, The Skywhale was joined by Skywhalepapa to create a Skywhale family, an event marked by Skywhale-themed pastries and beer produced by local companies as well as an <a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">art pop</a> song entitled "We are the Skywhales".<a href="#cite_note-ABC_2021_New_Skywhale_hot_air_balloon-133">[133]</a> In 2014, Canberra was named the best city to live in the world by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[16]</a> and was named the third best city to visit in the world by <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:4-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_SPOT_1088.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Canberra_SPOT_1088.jpg/220px-Canberra_SPOT_1088.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Canberra_SPOT_1088.jpg/330px-Canberra_SPOT_1088.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Canberra_SPOT_1088.jpg/440px-Canberra_SPOT_1088.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>The Canberra region seen from space</figcaption></figure> Canberra covers an area of 814.2 km2 (314.4 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-area-3">[3]</a> and is located near the <a href="/wiki/Brindabella_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Brindabella Ranges">Brindabella Ranges</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Alps" title="Australian Alps">Australian Alps</a>), approximately 150 km (93 mi) inland from <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast of Australia">Australia's east coast</a>. It has an elevation of approximately 580 m (1,900 ft) <a href="/wiki/Australian_Height_Datum" title="Australian Height Datum">AHD</a>;<a href="#cite_note-bom-134">[134]</a> the highest point is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Majura" title="Mount Majura">Mount Majura</a> at 888 m (2,913 ft).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Other low mountains include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(Australian_Capital_Territory)" title="Mount Taylor (Australian Capital Territory)">Mount Taylor</a> 855 m (2,805 ft),<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ainslie" title="Mount Ainslie">Mount Ainslie</a> 843 m (2,766 ft),<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Mount Mugga Mugga 812 m (2,664 ft)<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Australian_Capital_Territory)" title="Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)">Black Mountain</a> 812 m (2,664 ft).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia200028-141">[141]</a> The native forest in the Canberra region was almost wholly <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalypt</a> species and provided a resource for fuel and domestic purposes. By the early 1960s, logging had depleted the eucalypt, and concern about water quality led to the forests being closed. Interest in forestry began in 1915 with trials of a number of species including <a href="/wiki/Pinus_radiata" title="Pinus radiata">Pinus radiata</a> on the slopes of Mount Stromlo. Since then, plantations have been expanded, with the benefit of reducing erosion in the Cotter catchment, and the forests are also popular recreation areas.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_Map-MJC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canberra_Map-MJC.png/220px-Canberra_Map-MJC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canberra_Map-MJC.png/330px-Canberra_Map-MJC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canberra_Map-MJC.png/440px-Canberra_Map-MJC.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The location of Canberra within the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a>. Canberra's main districts are shown in yellow: <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Central" title="Canberra Central">Canberra Central</a> (marked as North Canberra and South Canberra), <a href="/wiki/Woden_Valley" title="Woden Valley">Woden Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belconnen" title="Belconnen">Belconnen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weston_Creek" title="Weston Creek">Weston Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong" title="Tuggeranong">Tuggeranong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gungahlin" title="Gungahlin">Gungahlin</a>.</figcaption></figure> The urban environs of the city of Canberra straddle the <a href="/wiki/Ginninderra" title="Ginninderra">Ginninderra plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molonglo_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Molonglo plain">Molonglo plain</a>, the Limestone plain, and the <a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong" title="Tuggeranong">Tuggeranong plain</a> (Isabella's Plain).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney1988inside_cover-143">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Molonglo_River" title="Molonglo River">Molonglo River</a> which flows across the Molonglo plain has been dammed to form the national capital's iconic feature <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988131–132-144">[144]</a> The Molonglo then flows into the <a href="/wiki/Murrumbidgee_River" title="Murrumbidgee River">Murrumbidgee</a> north-west of Canberra, which in turn flows north-west toward the New South Wales town of Yass. The <a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan_River" title="Queanbeyan River">Queanbeyan River</a> joins the Molonglo River at Oaks Estate just within the ACT.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney1988inside_cover-143">[143]</a> A number of creeks, including Jerrabomberra and Yarralumla Creeks, flow into the Molonglo and Murrumbidgee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney1988inside_cover-143">[143]</a> Two of these creeks, the Ginninderra and Tuggeranong, have similarly been dammed to form Lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ginninderra" title="Lake Ginninderra">Ginninderra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tuggeranong" title="Lake Tuggeranong">Tuggeranong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988181–182-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2006260-147">[147]</a> Until recently the Molonglo River had a history of sometimes calamitous floods; the area was a flood plain prior to the filling of Lake Burley Griffin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke19884–7,_13–14-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCA_Scrivener-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg/270px-Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg/405px-Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg/540px-Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autumn_foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn foliage">Autumn foliage</a> in Canberra</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger classification</a>, Canberra has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In January, the warmest month, the average high is approximately 29 °C (84 °F); in July, the coldest month, the average high drops to approximately 12 °C (54 °F). Frost is common in the winter months. Snow is rare in the CBD (central business district) due to being on the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> (eastern) side of the dividing range, but the surrounding areas get annual snowfall through winter and often the snow-capped <a href="/wiki/Brindabella_Range" title="Brindabella Range">Brindabella Range</a> can be seen from the CBD. The last significant snowfall in the city centre was in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-bom-134">[134]</a> Canberra is often affected by <a href="/wiki/Foehn" class="mw-redirect" title="Foehn">foehn</a> winds, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Australian_foehn" title="Southeast Australian foehn">especially in winter and spring</a>, evident by its anomalously warm maxima relative to altitude. The highest recorded maximum temperature was 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Winter 2011 was Canberra's warmest winter on record, approximately 2 °C (4 °F) above the average temperature.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_warming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canberra_warming.jpg/220px-Canberra_warming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canberra_warming.jpg/330px-Canberra_warming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canberra_warming.jpg/440px-Canberra_warming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Long-term temperature increase in Canberra</figcaption></figure> The lowest recorded minimum temperature was −10.0 °C (14.0 °F) on the morning of 11 July 1971.<a href="#cite_note-bom-134">[134]</a> Light snow falls only once in every few years, and is usually not widespread and quickly dissipates.<a href="#cite_note-bom-134">[134]</a> Canberra is protected from the west by the <a href="/wiki/Brindabellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brindabellas">Brindabellas</a> which create a strong rain shadow in Canberra's valleys.<a href="#cite_note-bom-134">[134]</a> Canberra gets 100.4 clear days annually.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-153">[153]</a> Annual rainfall is the third lowest of the capital cities (after <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>)<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and is spread fairly evenly over the seasons, with late spring bringing the highest rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorms</a> occur mostly between October and April,<a href="#cite_note-bom-134">[134]</a> owing to the effect of summer and the mountains. The area is generally sheltered from a westerly wind, though strong northwesterlies can develop. A cool, vigorous afternoon easterly change, colloquially referred to as a 'sea-breeze' or the 'Braidwood Butcher',<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> is common during the summer months<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and often exceeds 40 km/h in the city. Canberra is also less humid than the nearby coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-bom-134">[134]</a> Canberra was severely affected by smoke haze during the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019/2020 bushfires</a>. On 1 January 2020, Canberra had the worst air quality of any major city in the world, with an AQI of 7700 (USAQI 949).<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Canberra Airport Comparison (1991–2010 averages, extremes 1939–2023); 578 m AMSL; 35.30° S, 149.20° E </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 (111.2) </td> <td style="background: #EE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7 (108.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.9 (103.8) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.0 (111.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7 (25.3) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5 (18.5) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9 (19.6) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.3 (2.41) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (1.48) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (1.07) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (1.24) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.0 (1.97) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3 (1.74) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.1 (1.70) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8 (2.20) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9 (2.00) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.4 (2.69) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1 (2.13) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">579.5 (22.81) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">95.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.5 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.3 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.6 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.0 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,813.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Climate averages for Canberra Airport Comparison (1939–2010); averages given are for 1991–2010<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Records from Canberra Airport for more recent extremes<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_structure">Urban structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_of_Canberra" title="Suburbs of Canberra">Suburbs of Canberra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner-canberra_01MJC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Inner-canberra_01MJC.png/220px-Inner-canberra_01MJC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Inner-canberra_01MJC.png/330px-Inner-canberra_01MJC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Inner-canberra_01MJC.png/440px-Inner-canberra_01MJC.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Inner Canberra demonstrates some aspects of the Griffin plan, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Triangle,_Canberra" title="Parliamentary Triangle, Canberra">Parliamentary Triangle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_Civic_Centre-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canberra_Civic_Centre-1.jpg/220px-Canberra_Civic_Centre-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canberra_Civic_Centre-1.jpg/330px-Canberra_Civic_Centre-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canberra_Civic_Centre-1.jpg/440px-Canberra_Civic_Centre-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Civic,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Civic, Australian Capital Territory">Civic Centre</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ainslie" title="Mount Ainslie">Mount Ainslie</a></figcaption></figure> Canberra is a <a href="/wiki/New_town" class="mw-redirect" title="New town">planned city</a> and the inner-city area was originally designed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a>, a major 20th-century American architect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197160–63-162">[162]</a> Within the central area of the city near Lake Burley Griffin, major roads follow a wheel-and-spoke pattern rather than a grid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197167-163">[163]</a> Griffin's proposal had an abundance of geometric patterns, including concentric hexagonal and octagonal streets emanating from several radii.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197167-163">[163]</a> However, the outer areas of the city, built later, are not laid out geometrically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversal_Publishers200710–120-164">[164]</a> Lake Burley Griffin was deliberately designed so that the orientation of the components was related to various topographical landmarks in Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission19883-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197164-166">[166]</a> The lakes stretch from east to west and divided the city in two; a land axis perpendicular to the central basin stretches from <a href="/wiki/Capital_Hill,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Capital Hill, Australian Capital Territory">Capital Hill</a>—the eventual location of the new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> on a mound on the southern side—north northeast across the central basin to the northern banks along <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Parade,_Canberra" title="Anzac Parade, Canberra">Anzac Parade</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke19881–3-103">[103]</a> This was designed so that looking from Capital Hill, the War Memorial stood directly at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ainslie" title="Mount Ainslie">Mount Ainslie</a>. At the southwestern end of the land axis was <a href="/wiki/Bimberi_Peak" title="Bimberi Peak">Bimberi Peak</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197164-166">[166]</a> the highest mountain in the ACT, approximately 52 km (32 mi) south west of Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia200028-141">[141]</a> The straight edge of the circular segment that formed the central basin of Lake Burley Griffin was perpendicular to the land axis and designated the water axis, and it extended northwest towards <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Australian_Capital_Territory)" title="Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)">Black Mountain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197164-166">[166]</a> A line parallel to the water axis, on the northern side of the city, was designated the municipal axis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission198817-167">[167]</a> The municipal axis became the location of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue,_Canberra" title="Constitution Avenue, Canberra">Constitution Avenue</a>, which links <a href="/wiki/City_Hill,_Canberra" title="City Hill, Canberra">City Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/City,_Australian_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="City, Australian Capital Territory">Civic Centre</a> and both Market Centre and the Defence precinct on Russell Hill. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Avenue, Canberra">Commonwealth Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_Avenue,_Canberra" title="Kings Avenue, Canberra">Kings Avenue</a> were to run from the southern side from Capital Hill to City Hill and Market Centre on the north respectively, and they formed the western and eastern edges of the central basin. The area enclosed by the three avenues was known as the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Triangle">Parliamentary Triangle</a>, and formed the centrepiece of Griffin's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197164-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission198817-167">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_National_Arboretum_with_Telstra_Tower,_Canberra_ACT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canberra_National_Arboretum_with_Telstra_Tower%2C_Canberra_ACT.JPG/220px-Canberra_National_Arboretum_with_Telstra_Tower%2C_Canberra_ACT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canberra_National_Arboretum_with_Telstra_Tower%2C_Canberra_ACT.JPG/330px-Canberra_National_Arboretum_with_Telstra_Tower%2C_Canberra_ACT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Canberra_National_Arboretum_with_Telstra_Tower%2C_Canberra_ACT.JPG/440px-Canberra_National_Arboretum_with_Telstra_Tower%2C_Canberra_ACT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Australian_Capital_Territory)" title="Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)">Black Mountain</a> with the landmark <a href="/wiki/Telstra_Tower" title="Telstra Tower">Telstra Tower</a> on the right and the <a href="/wiki/National_Arboretum_Canberra" title="National Arboretum Canberra">National Arboretum</a> in the foreground</figcaption></figure> The Griffins assigned spiritual values to Mount Ainslie, Black Mountain, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Red Hill, Australian Capital Territory">Red Hill</a> and originally planned to cover each of these in flowers. That way each hill would be covered with a single, primary colour which represented its spiritual value.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197164–67-168">[168]</a> This part of their plan never came to fruition, as World War I slowed construction and planning disputes led to Griffin's dismissal by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> after the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission19884-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197169–79-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The urban areas of Canberra are organised into a hierarchy of districts, town centres, group centres, local suburbs as well as other industrial areas and villages. There are seven residential districts, each of which is divided into smaller suburbs, and most of which have a town centre which is the focus of commercial and social activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversal_Publishers200710–60-170">[170]</a> The districts were settled in the following chronological order: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Central" title="Canberra Central">Canberra Central</a>, mostly settled in the 1920s and 1930s, with expansion up to the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney1988110–200-171">[171]</a> 25 suburbs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woden_Valley" title="Woden Valley">Woden Valley</a>, first settled in 1964,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988180-117">[117]</a> 12 suburbs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belconnen" title="Belconnen">Belconnen</a>, first settled in 1966,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988180-117">[117]</a> 27 suburbs (2 not yet developed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_Creek" title="Weston Creek">Weston Creek</a>, settled in 1969, 8 suburbs<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong" title="Tuggeranong">Tuggeranong</a>, settled in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1987167-173">[173]</a> 18 suburbs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungahlin" title="Gungahlin">Gungahlin</a>, settled in the early 1990s, 18 suburbs (3 not yet developed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molonglo_Valley" title="Molonglo Valley">Molonglo Valley</a>, development began in 2010, 13 suburbs planned.</li></ul> The Canberra Central district is substantially based on Walter Burley Griffin's designs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197164-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission198817-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-map-174">[174]</a> In 1967 the then <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Development_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Development Commission">National Capital Development Commission</a> adopted the "Y Plan" which laid out future urban development in Canberra around a series of central shopping and commercial area known as the 'town centres' linked by freeways, the layout of which roughly resembled the shape of the letter Y,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988154–155-175">[175]</a> with Tuggeranong at the base of the Y and Belconnen and Gungahlin located at the ends of the arms of the Y.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988154–155-175">[175]</a> Development in Canberra has been closely regulated by government,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-rest-177">[177]</a> both through planning processes and the use of crown lease terms that have tightly limited the use of parcels of land. Land in the ACT is held on 99-year crown leases from the national government, although most leases are now administered by the Territory government.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> There have been persistent calls for constraints on development to be liberalised,<a href="#cite_note-rest-177">[177]</a> but also voices in support of planning consistent with the original 'bush capital' and 'urban forest' ideals that underpin Canberra's design.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Many of Canberra's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canberra_suburbs" title="List of Canberra suburbs">suburbs</a> are named after former Prime Ministers, famous Australians, early settlers, or use Aboriginal words for their title.<a href="#cite_note-name-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Street_name" title="Street name">Street names</a> typically follow a particular theme; for example, the streets of <a href="/wiki/Duffy,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Duffy, Australian Capital Territory">Duffy</a> are named after Australian dams and reservoirs, the streets of <a href="/wiki/Dunlop,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Dunlop, Australian Capital Territory">Dunlop</a> are named after Australian inventions, inventors and artists and the streets of <a href="/wiki/Page,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Page, Australian Capital Territory">Page</a> are named after biologists and naturalists.<a href="#cite_note-name-180">[180]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a> are located in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Yarralumla,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory">Yarralumla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deakin,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Deakin, Australian Capital Territory">Deakin</a> and <a href="/wiki/O%27Malley,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="O'Malley, Australian Capital Territory">O'Malley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> There are three light industrial areas: the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Fyshwick,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory">Fyshwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitchell,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Mitchell, Australian Capital Territory">Mitchell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hume,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Hume, Australian Capital Territory">Hume</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_From_Black_Mountain_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Canberra and Lake Burley Griffin set against the backdrop of distant New South Wales, taken from the Telstra Tower"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Canberra_From_Black_Mountain_Tower.jpg/800px-Canberra_From_Black_Mountain_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Canberra_From_Black_Mountain_Tower.jpg/1200px-Canberra_From_Black_Mountain_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Canberra_From_Black_Mountain_Tower.jpg/1600px-Canberra_From_Black_Mountain_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9905" data-file-height="1942" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_From_Black_Mountain_Tower.jpg" title="File:Canberra From Black Mountain Tower.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Canberra and Lake Burley Griffin set against the backdrop of distant New South Wales, taken from the <a href="/wiki/Telstra_Tower" title="Telstra Tower">Telstra Tower</a></div></div></div> <table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border:1px #ccc solid"><tbody><tr><td align="center" colspan="4"><div style="position:relative;left:0px;top:0px;width:870px;height:582px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_viewed_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Canberra_viewed_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg/870px-Canberra_viewed_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg" decoding="async" width="870" height="582" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Canberra_viewed_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg/1304px-Canberra_viewed_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Canberra_viewed_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg/1739px-Canberra_viewed_from_Mount_Ainslie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><div style="position:absolute;left:500px;top:530px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">1</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:430px;top:470px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Parade,_Canberra" title="Anzac Parade, Canberra">2</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:375px;top:245px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">3</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:375px;top:195px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">4</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:110px;top:260px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">5</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:230px;top:275px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">6</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:540px;top:250px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Questacon" title="Questacon">7</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:735px;top:248px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">8</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:30px;top:270px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton_Building" title="Edmund Barton Building">9</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:210px;top:55px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:green"><a href="/wiki/Brindabella_Range" title="Brindabella Range">10</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:530px;top:125px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Lovett_Tower" title="Lovett Tower">11</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:75px;top:330px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">12</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:810px;top:310px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:blue"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">13</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:650px;top:525px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Avenue,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Limestone Avenue, Canberra">14</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:205px;top:525px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Fairbairn_Avenue" title="Fairbairn Avenue">15</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:420px;top:350px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Parkes_Way" title="Parkes Way">16</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:125px;top:202px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">17</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:220px;top:240px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton_Building" title="John Gorton Building">18</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:420px;top:275px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red">19</div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:175px;top:200px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red">20</div></div><div style="position:absolute;left:635px;top:375px;line-height:95%;z-index:1"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">21</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td>Points of Interest Looking South from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ainslie" title="Mount Ainslie">Mount Ainslie</a><table style="width:100%;border:1px #ccc solid"><tbody><tr><td style="width:0.2%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">1</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">War Memorial</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Parade,_Canberra" title="Anzac Parade, Canberra">2</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Parade,_Canberra" title="Anzac Parade, Canberra">Anzac Parade</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">3</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">4</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">New Parliament House</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">5</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">6</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:0.2%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Questacon" title="Questacon">7</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Questacon" title="Questacon">Questacon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">8</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 4px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton_Building" title="Edmund Barton Building">9</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton_Building" title="Edmund Barton Building">Edmund Barton Building</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:green"><a href="/wiki/Brindabella_Range" title="Brindabella Range">10</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Brindabella_Range" title="Brindabella Range">Brindabella Ranges</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Lovett_Tower" title="Lovett Tower">11</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Lovett_Tower" title="Lovett Tower">Lovett Tower</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">12</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">Ben Chifley Building</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:0.2%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:blue"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">13</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Avenue,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Limestone Avenue, Canberra">14</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Avenue,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Limestone Avenue, Canberra">Limestone Avenue</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Fairbairn_Avenue" title="Fairbairn Avenue">15</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Fairbairn_Avenue" title="Fairbairn Avenue">Fairbairn Avenue</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Parkes_Way" title="Parkes Way">16</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Parkes_Way" title="Parkes Way">Parkes Way</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">17</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">R G Casey Building</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton_Building" title="John Gorton Building">18</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton_Building" title="John Gorton Building">John Gorton Building</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="width:0.2%;vertical-align:top"><table style="width:100%;font-size:85%;line-height:95%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red">19</div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px">King Edward Terrace</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red">20</div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px">Presbyterian Church of Saint Andrew</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:12px;text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px"><div style="display:inline-block;width:auto;height:auto;text-align:center;padding:0px 2px;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:3px;background-color:red"><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">21</a></div></td><td style="padding-bottom:2px"><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">St John's Anglican Church</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability_and_the_environment">Sustainability and the environment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floriade_Canberra_ACT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Floriade_Canberra_ACT.JPG/220px-Floriade_Canberra_ACT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Floriade_Canberra_ACT.JPG/330px-Floriade_Canberra_ACT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Floriade_Canberra_ACT.JPG/440px-Floriade_Canberra_ACT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Floriade_(Canberra)" title="Floriade (Canberra)">Floriade</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Park" title="Commonwealth Park">Commonwealth Park</a> every spring. It is the largest flower festival in the Southern Hemisphere, employing and encouraging environmental practises, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Green_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green energy">green energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-floriadeaustralia-183">[183]</a></figcaption></figure> The average Canberran was responsible for 13.7 tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 2012, the ACT Government legislated <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> targets to reduce its emissions by 40 per cent from 1990 levels by 2020, 80 per cent by 2050, with no net emissions by 2060.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The government announced in 2013 a target for 90% of electricity consumed in the ACT to be supplied from renewable sources by 2020,<a href="#cite_note-renewable-186">[186]</a> and in 2016 set an ambitious target of 100% by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In 1996 Canberra became the first city in the world to set a vision of <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">no waste</a>, proposing an ambitious target of 2010 for completion.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The strategy aimed to achieve a waste-free society by 2010, through the combined efforts of industry, government and community.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> By early 2010, it was apparent that though it had reduced waste going to landfill, the ACT initiative's original 2010 target for absolutely zero landfill waste would be delayed or revised to meet the reality.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bags" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic bags">Plastic bags</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> polymer with a thickness of less than 35 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> were banned from retail distribution in the ACT from November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-PlasticBags-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The ban was introduced by the ACT Government in an effort to make Canberra more sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-PlasticBags-194">[194]</a> Of all waste produced in the ACT, 75 per cent is <a href="/wiki/Recycled" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycled">recycled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Average household <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> in the ACT remains above the Australian average, costing an average $641 per household per annum.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Canberra's annual <a href="/wiki/Floriade_(Canberra)" title="Floriade (Canberra)">Floriade</a> festival features a large display of flowers every Spring in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Park" title="Commonwealth Park">Commonwealth Park</a>. The organisers of the event have a strong environmental standpoint, promoting and using <a href="/wiki/Green_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green energy">green energy</a>, "green catering", <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable paper</a>, the conservation and saving of water.<a href="#cite_note-floriadeaustralia-183">[183]</a> The event is also smoke-free.<a href="#cite_note-floriadeaustralia-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory_government">Territory government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories">Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_ACT_Legislative_Assembly_building_July_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Entrance_to_the_ACT_Legislative_Assembly_building_July_2022.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_the_ACT_Legislative_Assembly_building_July_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Entrance_to_the_ACT_Legislative_Assembly_building_July_2022.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_the_ACT_Legislative_Assembly_building_July_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Entrance_to_the_ACT_Legislative_Assembly_building_July_2022.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_the_ACT_Legislative_Assembly_building_July_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>ACT Legislative Assembly and the statue Ethos (Tom Bass, 1961)</figcaption></figure> There is no local council or city government for the city of Canberra. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly</a> performs the roles of both a <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> for the city and a territory government for the rest of the Australian Capital Territory.<a href="#cite_note-ass-124">[124]</a> However, the vast majority of the population of the Territory reside in Canberra and the city is therefore the primary focus of the ACT Government. The assembly consists of 25 members elected from five districts using proportional representation. The five districts are <a href="/wiki/Brindabella_electorate" title="Brindabella electorate">Brindabella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginninderra_electorate" title="Ginninderra electorate">Ginninderra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurrajong_electorate" title="Kurrajong electorate">Kurrajong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murrumbidgee_electorate" title="Murrumbidgee electorate">Murrumbidgee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yerrabi_electorate" title="Yerrabi electorate">Yerrabi</a>, which each elect five members.<a href="#cite_note-elecpage-198">[198]</a> The Chief Minister is elected by the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and selects colleagues to serve as ministers alongside him or her in the Executive, known informally as the cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-ass-124">[124]</a> Whereas the ACT has federally been dominated by Labor,<a href="#cite_note-ABCelections2007-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-fras-200">[200]</a> the Liberals have been able to gain some footing in the ACT Legislative Assembly and were in government during a period of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6+1⁄2 years from 1995 and 2001. Labor took back control of the Assembly in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-state_el-125">[125]</a> At the 2004 election, Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stanhope" title="Jon Stanhope">Jon Stanhope</a> and the Labor Party won 9 of the 17 seats allowing them to form the ACT's first majority government.<a href="#cite_note-state_el-125">[125]</a> Since 2008, the ACT has been governed by a coalition of Labor and the Greens.<a href="#cite_note-state_el-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-anniv-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canberra&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Chief Minister was <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Barr" title="Andrew Barr">Andrew Barr</a> from the Australian Labor Party. The Australian federal government retains some influence over the ACT government. In the administrative sphere, most frequently this is through the actions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Authority" title="National Capital Authority">National Capital Authority</a> which is responsible for planning and development in areas of Canberra which are considered to be of national importance or which are central to Griffin's plan for the city,<a href="#cite_note-nca-203">[203]</a> such as the Parliamentary Triangle, Lake Burley Griffin, major approach and processional roads, areas where the Commonwealth retains ownership of the land or undeveloped hills and ridge-lines (which form part of the Canberra Nature Park).<a href="#cite_note-nca-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The national government also retains a level of control over the Territory Assembly through the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_(Self-Government)_Act_1988" title="Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988">Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> This federal act defines the legislative power of the ACT assembly.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_representation">Federal representation</h3></div> The ACT was given its first federal parliamentary representation in 1949 when it gained a seat in the House of Representatives, the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Division of Australian Capital Territory">Division of Australian Capital Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988289-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-1948act-209">[209]</a> However, the ACT member could only vote on matters directly affecting the territory.<a href="#cite_note-1948act-209">[209]</a> In 1974, the ACT was allocated two Senate seats and the House of Representatives seat was divided into two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988289-208">[208]</a> A third was created in 1996, but was abolished in 1998 because of changes to the regional demographic distribution.<a href="#cite_note-ABCelections2007-199">[199]</a> At the 2019 election, the third seat has been reintroduced as the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Bean" title="Division of Bean">Division of Bean</a>. The House of Representatives seats have mostly been held by Labor and usually by comfortable margins.<a href="#cite_note-ABCelections2007-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-fras-200">[200]</a> The Labor Party has polled at least seven percentage points more than the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> at every federal election since 1990 and their average lead since then has been 15 percentage points.<a href="#cite_note-state_el-125">[125]</a> The ALP and the Liberal Party held one Senate seat each until the <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022 election</a> when Independent candidate <a href="/wiki/David_Pocock" title="David Pocock">David Pocock</a> unseated the Liberal candidate <a href="/wiki/Zed_Seselja" title="Zed Seselja">Zed Seselja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary_and_policing">Judiciary and policing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ACT_Policing" title="ACT Policing">ACT Policing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Crime in the Australian Capital Territory">Crime in the Australian Capital Territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Court_of_Australia_building,_Canberra_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/High_Court_of_Australia_building%2C_Canberra_03.jpg/220px-High_Court_of_Australia_building%2C_Canberra_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/High_Court_of_Australia_building%2C_Canberra_03.jpg/330px-High_Court_of_Australia_building%2C_Canberra_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/High_Court_of_Australia_building%2C_Canberra_03.jpg/440px-High_Court_of_Australia_building%2C_Canberra_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a> (AFP) provides all of the constabulary services in the territory in a manner similar to state police forces, under a contractual agreement with the ACT Government.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The AFP does so through its community policing arm <a href="/wiki/ACT_Policing" title="ACT Policing">ACT Policing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-afpact-212">[212]</a> People who have been charged with offences are tried either in the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT Magistrates Court</a> or, for more severe offences, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Prior to its closure in 2009, prisoners were held in <a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">remand</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Belconnen_Remand_Centre" title="Belconnen Remand Centre">Belconnen Remand Centre</a> in the ACT but usually imprisoned in New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Maconochie_Centre" title="Alexander Maconochie Centre">Alexander Maconochie Centre</a> was officially opened on 11 September 2008 by then Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stanhope" title="Jon Stanhope">Jon Stanhope</a>. The total cost for construction was $130 million.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ACT_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal">ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal</a> deal with minor civil law actions and other various legal matters.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Canberra has the lowest rate of crime of any capital city in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canberra&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canberra&action=edit">[update]</a> the most common crimes in the ACT were property related crimes, unlawful entry with intent and <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">motor vehicle theft</a>. They affected 2,304 and 966 people (580 and 243 per 100,000 persons respectively). <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a> and related offences—murder, attempted murder and manslaughter, but excluding driving causing death and conspiracy to murder—affect 1.0 per 100,000 persons, which is below the national average of 1.9 per 100,000. Rates of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> (64.4 per 100,000 persons) are also below the national average (98.5 per 100,000).<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> However the 2017 crime statistics showed a rise in some types of personal crime, notably burglaries, thefts and assaults. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:220_London_Circuit_May_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/220_London_Circuit_May_2021.jpg/220px-220_London_Circuit_May_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/220_London_Circuit_May_2021.jpg/330px-220_London_Circuit_May_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/220_London_Circuit_May_2021.jpg/440px-220_London_Circuit_May_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Just under a third of Canberrans are employed in the public sector, working in government departments such as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT Government</a></figcaption></figure> In February 2020, the unemployment rate in Canberra was 2.9% which was lower than the national unemployment rate of 5.1%.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> As a result of low unemployment and substantial levels of public sector and commercial employment, Canberra has the highest average level of <a href="/wiki/Disposable_income" title="Disposable income">disposable income</a> of any Australian capital city.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The gross average weekly wage in Canberra is <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">$</a>1827 compared with the national average of $1658 (November 2019).<a href="#cite_note-CMTED_Brief-224">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_Marcus_Clarke_Street_Feb_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/50_Marcus_Clarke_Street_Feb_2016.jpg/220px-50_Marcus_Clarke_Street_Feb_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/50_Marcus_Clarke_Street_Feb_2016.jpg/330px-50_Marcus_Clarke_Street_Feb_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/50_Marcus_Clarke_Street_Feb_2016.jpg/440px-50_Marcus_Clarke_Street_Feb_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Civic,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Civic, Australian Capital Territory">Civic</a> is home to various administrative departments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education,_Skills_and_Employment" title="Department of Education, Skills and Employment">Department of Education, Skills and Employment</a></figcaption></figure> The median house price in Canberra as of February 2020 was $745,000, lower than only Sydney among capital cities of more than 100,000 people, having surpassed Melbourne and Perth since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-CMTED_Brief-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The median weekly rent paid by Canberra residents is higher than rents in all other states and territories.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> As of January 2014 the median unit rent in Canberra was $410 per week and median housing rent was $460, making the city the third most expensive in the country.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Factors contributing to this higher weekly rental market include; higher average weekly incomes, restricted land supply,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> and inflationary clauses in the ACT Residential Tenancies Act.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunda_Street_July_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bunda_Street_July_2021.jpg/220px-Bunda_Street_July_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bunda_Street_July_2021.jpg/330px-Bunda_Street_July_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bunda_Street_July_2021.jpg/440px-Bunda_Street_July_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunda_Street" title="Bunda Street">Bunda Street</a> in Canberra's shopping district; tourism, retail and hospitality are also major employers.</figcaption></figure> The city's main industry is public administration and safety, which accounted for 27.1% of Gross Territory Product in 2018-19 and employed 32.49% of Canberra's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-EDA_ACT_Economic_Indicators-21">[21]</a> The headquarters of many <a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Australian Public Service</a> agencies are located in Canberra, and Canberra is also host to several <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> establishments, most notably the Australian Defence Force headquarters and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Harman" title="HMAS Harman">HMAS Harman</a>, which is a naval communications centre that is being converted into a tri-service, multi-user depot.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Other major sectors by employment include Health Care (10.54%), Professional Services (9.77%), Education and Training (9.64%), Retail (7.27%), Accommodation & Food (6.39%) and Construction (5.80%). <a href="#cite_note-EDA_ACT_Economic_Indicators-21">[21]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%27s_Deep_Space_Antenna_Upgrade_to_Affect_Voyager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NASA%27s_Deep_Space_Antenna_Upgrade_to_Affect_Voyager.jpg/220px-NASA%27s_Deep_Space_Antenna_Upgrade_to_Affect_Voyager.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NASA%27s_Deep_Space_Antenna_Upgrade_to_Affect_Voyager.jpg/330px-NASA%27s_Deep_Space_Antenna_Upgrade_to_Affect_Voyager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NASA%27s_Deep_Space_Antenna_Upgrade_to_Affect_Voyager.jpg/440px-NASA%27s_Deep_Space_Antenna_Upgrade_to_Affect_Voyager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A growing number of Canberrans work in the science and technology sector, such as at the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex</a>.</figcaption></figure> The former <a href="/wiki/Fairbairn_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairbairn Airbase">RAAF Fairbairn</a>, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Airport" title="Canberra Airport">Canberra Airport</a> was sold to the operators of the airport,<a href="#cite_note-fb-233">[233]</a> but the base continues to be used for <a href="/wiki/RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF">RAAF</a> VIP flights.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> A growing number of software vendors have based themselves in Canberra, to capitalise on the concentration of government customers; these include <a href="/wiki/Tower_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Software">Tower Software</a> and <a href="/wiki/RuleBurst" class="mw-redirect" title="RuleBurst">RuleBurst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> A consortium of private and government investors is making plans for a billion-dollar data hub, with the aim of making Canberra a leading centre of such activity in the Asia-Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> A Canberra Cyber Security Innovation Node was established in 2019 to grow the ACT's cyber security sector and related space, defence and education industries.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canberra" title="Demographics of Canberra">Demographics of Canberra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belconnen_Apartments_-_DSC07473-HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Belconnen_Apartments_-_DSC07473-HDR.jpg/220px-Belconnen_Apartments_-_DSC07473-HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Belconnen_Apartments_-_DSC07473-HDR.jpg/330px-Belconnen_Apartments_-_DSC07473-HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Belconnen_Apartments_-_DSC07473-HDR.jpg/440px-Belconnen_Apartments_-_DSC07473-HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4307" data-file-height="3465" /></a><figcaption>High-density residential apartments in <a href="/wiki/Belconnen" title="Belconnen">Belconnen</a>; Canberra has one of the fastest growing populations in the nation<a href="#cite_note-:6-240">[240]</a></figcaption></figure> At the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>, the population of Canberra was 453,558,<a href="#cite_note-:6-240">[240]</a> up from 395,790 at the 2016 census,<a href="#cite_note-Census2016-241">[241]</a> and 355,596 at the <a href="/wiki/2011_Australian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Australian census">2011 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census2011-242">[242]</a> Canberra has been the fastest-growing city in Australia in recent years, having grown 23.3% from 2011 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:6-240">[240]</a> Canberrans are relatively young, highly <a href="/wiki/Population_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Population mobility">mobile</a> and well educated. The median age is 35 years and only 12.7% of the population is aged over 65 years.<a href="#cite_note-Census2016-241">[241]</a> Between 1996 and 2001, 61.9% of the population either moved to or from Canberra, which was the second highest mobility rate of any Australian capital city.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> As at May 2017, 43% of ACT residents (25–64) had a level of educational attainment equal to at least a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, significantly higher that the national average of 31%.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> According to statistics collected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Australia_Bank" title="National Australia Bank">National Australia Bank</a> and reported in The Canberra Times, Canberrans on average give significantly more money to charity than Australians in other states and territories, for both dollar giving and as a proportion of income.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_immigration">Ancestry and immigration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_Candle_Festival_2016_(203914161).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canberra_Candle_Festival_2016_%28203914161%29.jpeg/220px-Canberra_Candle_Festival_2016_%28203914161%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canberra_Candle_Festival_2016_%28203914161%29.jpeg/330px-Canberra_Candle_Festival_2016_%28203914161%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canberra_Candle_Festival_2016_%28203914161%29.jpeg/440px-Canberra_Candle_Festival_2016_%28203914161%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The annual Canberra Nara Candle Festival</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Country of birth (2016)<a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-22">[22]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Birthplace<a href="#cite_note-246">[N 1]</a></th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>269,682 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td> <td>12,739 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></td> <td>11,334 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>10,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>4,722 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>3,789 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>3,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>2,775 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>2,774 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>2,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>2,283 </td></tr></tbody></table> At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<a href="#cite_note-247">[N 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-22">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 13em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a> (35%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> (34%)<a href="#cite_note-249">[N 3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a> (14%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a> (11%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a> (6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a> (4.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a> (3.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a> (3.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a> (1.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> (1.6%)<a href="#cite_note-250">[N 4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a> (1.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese</a> (1.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek</a> (1.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Croatian</a> (1.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish</a> (1.1%)</li></ul></div> The 2016 census showed that 32% of Canberra's inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">born overseas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-22">[22]</a> Of inhabitants born outside Australia, the most prevalent countries of birth were England, China, India, New Zealand and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> 1.6% of the population, or 6,476 people, identified as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>) in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-252">[N 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> At the 2016 census, 72.7% of people spoke only English at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home were <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> (3.1%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (1.1%), <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (1%), <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (0.9%) and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (0.8%).<a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> On census night in 2016, approximately 50.0% of ACT residents described themselves as Christian (excluding not stated responses), the most common denominations being <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a>; 36.2% described themselves as having no religion.<a href="#cite_note-Census2016-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Education in the Australian Capital Territory">Education in the Australian Capital Territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANU_School_of_Art,_Canberra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ANU_School_of_Art%2C_Canberra.jpg/220px-ANU_School_of_Art%2C_Canberra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ANU_School_of_Art%2C_Canberra.jpg/330px-ANU_School_of_Art%2C_Canberra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ANU_School_of_Art%2C_Canberra.jpg/440px-ANU_School_of_Art%2C_Canberra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">ANU</a> School of Art (formerly the Canberra High School)</figcaption></figure> The two main tertiary institutions are the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> (ANU) in <a href="/wiki/Acton,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Acton, Australian Capital Territory">Acton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canberra" title="University of Canberra">University of Canberra</a> (UC) in <a href="/wiki/Bruce,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Bruce, Australian Capital Territory">Bruce</a>, with over 10,500 and 8,000 full-time-equivalent students respectively.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-anu-254">[249]</a> Established in 1946,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney1988258–262-255">[250]</a> the ANU has always had a strong research focus and is ranked among the leading universities in the world and the best in Australia by <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times Higher Education Supplement">The Times Higher Education Supplement</a> and the Shanghai Jiao Tong World University Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-anu-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> There are two religious university campuses in Canberra: Signadou in the northern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Watson,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Watson, Australian Capital Territory">Watson</a> is a campus of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Catholic_University" title="Australian Catholic University">Australian Catholic University</a>;<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> St Mark's Theological College in <a href="/wiki/Barton,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Barton, Australian Capital Territory">Barton</a> is part of the secular <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sturt_University" title="Charles Sturt University">Charles Sturt University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> The ACT Government announced on 5 March 2020 that the CIT campus and an adjoining carpark in <a href="/wiki/Reid,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Reid, Australian Capital Territory">Reid</a> would be leased to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> (UNSW) for a <a href="/wiki/Peppercorn_lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppercorn lease">peppercorn lease</a>, for it to develop as a campus for a new UNSW Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-2020-03-05_ABC-259">[254]</a> UNSW released a master plan in 2021 for a 6,000 student campus to be realised over 15 years at a cost of $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_College" title="Australian Defence College">Australian Defence College</a> has two campuses: the Australian Command and Staff College (ACSC) plus the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS) at <a href="/wiki/Weston,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Weston, Australian Capital Territory">Weston</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force_Academy" title="Australian Defence Force Academy">Australian Defence Force Academy</a> (ADFA) beside the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Duntroon" title="Royal Military College, Duntroon">Royal Military College, Duntroon</a> located in the inner-northern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Campbell,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Campbell, Australian Capital Territory">Campbell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> ADFA teaches military undergraduates and <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary education">postgraduates</a> and includes UNSW@ADFA, a campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>;<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> Duntroon provides <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> training.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> Tertiary level vocational education is also available through the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Institute_of_Technology" title="Canberra Institute of Technology">Canberra Institute of Technology</a> (CIT), with campuses in <a href="/wiki/Bruce,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Bruce, Australian Capital Territory">Bruce</a>, Reid, <a href="/wiki/Gungahlin" title="Gungahlin">Gungahlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong" title="Tuggeranong">Tuggeranong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fyshwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyshwick">Fyshwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> The combined enrolment of the CIT campuses was over 28,000 students in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> Following the transfer of land in Reid for the new UNSW Canberra, a new CIT <a href="/wiki/Woden_Valley" title="Woden Valley">Woden</a> is scheduled to be completed by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> In 2016 there were 132 <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="List of schools in the Australian Capital Territory">schools</a> in Canberra; 87 were operated by the government and 45 were private.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> During 2006, the ACT Government announced closures of up to 39 schools, to take effect from the end of the school year, and after a series of consultations unveiled its Towards 2020: Renewing Our Schools policy.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> As a result, some schools closed during the 2006–08 period, while others were merged; the creation of combined primary and secondary government schools was to proceed over a decade. The closure of schools provoked significant opposition.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> Most suburbs were planned to include a primary and a nearby preschool; these were usually located near open areas where recreational and sporting activities were easily available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversal_Publishers20071–90-274">[269]</a> Canberra also has the highest percentage of non-government (private) school students in Australia, accounting for 40.6 per cent of ACT enrollments.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canberra" title="Music of Canberra">Music of Canberra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Film_and_Sound_Archive,_Canberra,_2022,_03_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive%2C_Canberra%2C_2022%2C_03_%282%29.jpg/220px-National_Film_and_Sound_Archive%2C_Canberra%2C_2022%2C_03_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive%2C_Canberra%2C_2022%2C_03_%282%29.jpg/330px-National_Film_and_Sound_Archive%2C_Canberra%2C_2022%2C_03_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive%2C_Canberra%2C_2022%2C_03_%282%29.jpg/440px-National_Film_and_Sound_Archive%2C_Canberra%2C_2022%2C_03_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive" title="National Film and Sound Archive">National Film and Sound Archive</a></figcaption></figure> Canberra is home to many national monuments and institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(Australia)" title="National Portrait Gallery (Australia)">National Portrait Gallery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library</a>,<a href="#cite_note-map-174">[174]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a>,<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_%26_Sound_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film & Sound Archive">National Film & Sound Archive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-map-174">[174]</a> Many Commonwealth government buildings in Canberra are open to the public, including <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Mint" title="Royal Australian Mint">Royal Australian Mint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Australia_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/National_Museum_of_Australia_03.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Australia_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/National_Museum_of_Australia_03.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_Australia_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/National_Museum_of_Australia_03.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_Australia_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a> established in 2001 records Australia's social history and is one of Canberra's more architecturally daring buildings.</figcaption></figure> Lake Burley Griffin is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook_Memorial" title="Captain James Cook Memorial">Captain James Cook Memorial</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Carillon" title="National Carillon">National Carillon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-map-174">[174]</a> Other sites of interest include the <a href="/wiki/Australian%E2%80%93American_Memorial" title="Australian–American Memorial">Australian–American Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Park" title="Commonwealth Park">Commonwealth Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Place,_Canberra" title="Commonwealth Place, Canberra">Commonwealth Place</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Telstra_Tower" title="Telstra Tower">Telstra Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens" title="Australian National Botanic Gardens">Australian National Botanic Gardens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoo_and_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="National Zoo and Aquarium">National Zoo and Aquarium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Dinosaur_Museum" title="National Dinosaur Museum">National Dinosaur Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Technology_Centre,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science and Technology Centre, Canberra">Questacon – the National Science and Technology Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-map-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_memorial_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/War_memorial_01.jpg/220px-War_memorial_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/War_memorial_01.jpg/330px-War_memorial_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/War_memorial_01.jpg/440px-War_memorial_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Museum_and_Gallery" title="Canberra Museum and Gallery">Canberra Museum and Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Civic,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Civic, Australian Capital Territory">the city</a> is a repository of local history and art, housing a permanent collection and visiting exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> Several historic homes are open to the public: Lanyon and Tuggeranong Homesteads in the <a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong" title="Tuggeranong">Tuggeranong Valley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> Mugga-Mugga in <a href="/wiki/Symonston,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Symonston, Australian Capital Territory">Symonston</a>,<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> and Blundells' Cottage in <a href="/wiki/Parkes,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Parkes, Australian Capital Territory">Parkes</a> all display the lifestyle of the early European settlers.<a href="#cite_note-BLUNDELL-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calthorpes%27_House" title="Calthorpes' House">Calthorpes' House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Red Hill, Australian Capital Territory">Red Hill</a> is a well-preserved example of a 1920s house from Canberra's very early days.<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strathnairn_Homestead,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Strathnairn Homestead, Australian Capital Territory">Strathnairn Homestead</a> is an historic building which also dates from the 1920s. Canberra has many venues for live music and theatre: the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Theatre">Canberra Theatre and Playhouse</a> which hosts many major concerts and productions;<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> and Llewellyn Hall (within the <a href="/wiki/ANU_School_of_Music" title="ANU School of Music">ANU School of Music</a>), a world-class concert hall are two of the most notable.<a href="#cite_note-rg-288">[283]</a> The Street Theatre is a venue with less mainstream offerings.<a href="#cite_note-rg-288">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hall,_Canberra" title="Albert Hall, Canberra">The Albert Hall</a> was the city's first performing arts venue, opened in 1928. It was the original performance venue for theatre groups such as the Canberra Repertory Society.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_Skyfire_2017_(203911129).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canberra_Skyfire_2017_%28203911129%29.jpeg/220px-Canberra_Skyfire_2017_%28203911129%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canberra_Skyfire_2017_%28203911129%29.jpeg/330px-Canberra_Skyfire_2017_%28203911129%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canberra_Skyfire_2017_%28203911129%29.jpeg/440px-Canberra_Skyfire_2017_%28203911129%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>The annual Skyfire fireworks display over Lake Burley Griffin, held during the <a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Canberra" title="Enlighten Canberra">Enlighten Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stonefest" title="Stonefest">Stonefest</a> was a large annual festival, for some years one of the biggest festivals in Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> It was downsized and rebranded as Stone Day in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> There are numerous bars and nightclubs which also offer live entertainment, particularly concentrated in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Dickson,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Dickson, Australian Capital Territory">Dickson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Kingston, Australian Capital Territory">Kingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/City,_Australian_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="City, Australian Capital Territory">the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaisutis2009283–285-293">[288]</a> Most town centres have facilities for a community theatre and a cinema, and they all have a library.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversal_Publishers200710–12-294">[289]</a> Popular cultural events include the <a href="/wiki/National_Folk_Festival_(Australia)" title="National Folk Festival (Australia)">National Folk Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canberra_Show" title="Royal Canberra Show">Royal Canberra Show</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Summernats" title="Summernats">Summernats</a> car festival, <a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Canberra" title="Enlighten Canberra">Enlighten</a> festival, the <a href="/wiki/National_Multicultural_Festival" title="National Multicultural Festival">National Multicultural Festival</a> in February and the Celebrate Canberra festival held over 10 days in March in conjunction with Canberra Day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaisutis2009278-295">[290]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toku_in_the_Nara_Peace_Park_June_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Toku_in_the_Nara_Peace_Park_June_2014.jpg/220px-Toku_in_the_Nara_Peace_Park_June_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Toku_in_the_Nara_Peace_Park_June_2014.jpg/330px-Toku_in_the_Nara_Peace_Park_June_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Toku_in_the_Nara_Peace_Park_June_2014.jpg/440px-Toku_in_the_Nara_Peace_Park_June_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4099" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption>Toku in the Canberra-Nara Peace Park, which is located in the <a href="/wiki/Lennox_Gardens" title="Lennox Gardens">Lennox Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> Canberra maintains sister-city relationships with both <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, Japan and Beijing, China. Canberra has friendship-city relationships with both <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, East Timor and <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China.<a href="#cite_note-Canberra-296">[291]</a> City-to-city relationships encourage communities and special interest groups both locally and abroad to engage in a wide range of exchange activities. The Canberra Nara Candle Festival held annually in spring, is a community celebration of the Canberra Nara Sister City relationship.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> The festival is held in Canberra Nara Park on the shores of Lake Burley Griffin.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> The history of Canberra was told in the 1938 radio feature <a href="/wiki/Canberra_the_Great" title="Canberra the Great">Canberra the Great</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> As Australia's capital, Canberra is the most important centre for much of Australia's political reportage and thus all the major media, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>, the commercial television networks, and the metropolitan newspapers maintain local bureaus. News organisations are represented in the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Press_Gallery" title="Canberra Press Gallery">press gallery</a>, a group of journalists who report on the national <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">parliament</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Press Club of Australia">The National Press Club of Australia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barton,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Barton, Australian Capital Territory">Barton</a> has regular television broadcasts of its lunches at which a prominent guest, typically a politician or other public figure, delivers a speech followed by a question-and-answer session.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> Canberra has a daily newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a>, which was established in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore197187-300">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> There are also several free weekly publications, including news magazines CityNews and Canberra Weekly as well as entertainment guide <a href="/wiki/BMA_Magazine" title="BMA Magazine">BMA Magazine</a>. BMA Magazine first went to print in 1992; the inaugural edition featured coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a> tour.<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> There are a number of AM and FM stations broadcasting in Canberra (<a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_station_callsigns_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="List of radio station callsigns in the Australian Capital Territory">AM/FM Listing</a>). The main commercial operators are the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Radio_Network" title="Capital Radio Network">Capital Radio Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/2CA" title="2CA">2CA</a> and <a href="/wiki/2CC" title="2CC">2CC</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Austereo" title="Austereo">Austereo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Australian_Radio_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Radio Network">ARN</a> (<a href="/wiki/104.7_(Canberra)" class="mw-redirect" title="104.7 (Canberra)">104.7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mix_106.3" title="Mix 106.3">Mix 106.3</a>). There are also several community operated stations. A DAB+ digital radio trial is also in operation, it simulcasts some of the AM/FM stations, and also provides several digital only stations (<a href="/wiki/Digital_radio_in_Australia#Canberra" title="Digital radio in Australia">DAB+ Trial Listing</a>). Five free-to-air television stations service Canberra: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)" title="ABC Television (Australian TV network)">ABC</a> Canberra (<a href="/wiki/ABC_Canberra_(TV_station)" title="ABC Canberra (TV station)">ABC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> New South Wales (<a href="/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="SBS (Australian TV channel)">SBS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_(Southern_Cross_Austereo)" title="10 (Southern Cross Austereo)">Southern Cross 10</a> Southern NSW & ACT (<a href="/wiki/CTC_(TV_station)" title="CTC (TV station)">CTC</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Network 10</a> affiliate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> Southern NSW & ACT (<a href="/wiki/CBN_(Australian_TV_station)" title="CBN (Australian TV station)">CBN</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> owned and operated station</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_Television" title="WIN Television">WIN Television</a> Southern NSW & ACT (<a href="/wiki/WIN_(TV_station)" title="WIN (TV station)">WIN</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a> affiliate</li></ul> Each station broadcasts a primary channel and several <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Australia#Additional_channels" title="Digital terrestrial television in Australia">multichannels</a>. Of the three main commercial networks: <ul><li>WIN airs a half-hour local <a href="/wiki/WIN_News" title="WIN News">WIN News</a> each weeknight at 6pm, produced from a newsroom in the city and broadcast from studios in <a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a>.</li> <li>Southern Cross 10 airs short local news updates throughout the day, produced and broadcast from its Hobart studios. It previously aired a regional edition of <a href="/wiki/Nine_News" title="Nine News">Nine News</a> from Sydney each weeknight at 6pm, featuring opt-outs for Canberra and the ACT when it was a Nine affiliate.</li> <li>Seven airs short local news and weather updates throughout the day, produced and broadcast from its Canberra studios.</li></ul> Prior to 1989, Canberra was serviced by just the ABC, SBS and Capital Television (CTC), which later became Ten Capital in 1994 then Southern Cross Ten in 2002 then Channel 9/Southern Cross Nine in 2016 and finally Channel 10 in 2021, with Prime Television (now Prime7) and WIN Television arriving as part of the Government's regional aggregation program in that year.<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a> services are available from <a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> (via satellite) and telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/TransACT" title="TransACT">TransACT</a> (via cable).<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Sport in the Australian Capital Territory">Sport in the Australian Capital Territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BruceStadium19032005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BruceStadium19032005.JPG/220px-BruceStadium19032005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BruceStadium19032005.JPG/330px-BruceStadium19032005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BruceStadium19032005.JPG/440px-BruceStadium19032005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A rugby league match at <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Stadium" title="Canberra Stadium">Canberra Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to local sporting leagues, Canberra has a number of sporting teams that compete in national and international competitions. The best known teams are the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Raiders" title="Canberra Raiders">Canberra Raiders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ACT_Brumbies" title="ACT Brumbies">ACT Brumbies</a> who play <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> respectively; both have been champions of their leagues.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> Both teams play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Stadium" title="Canberra Stadium">Canberra Stadium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> which is the city's largest stadium and was used to hold group matches in <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a> and in rugby union for the <a href="/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2003 Rugby World Cup">2003 Rugby World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canberra_United_FC" title="Canberra United FC">Canberra United</a> represents the city in the <a href="/wiki/A-League_Women" title="A-League Women">A-League Women</a> (formerly the W-League), the national <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">women's soccer</a> league and were champions in the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_W-League" title="2011–12 W-League">2011–12 season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> A men's team is set to join the <a href="/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League Men</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_A-League_Men" title="2024–25 A-League Men">2024–25 season</a>. The city also has a successful basketball team, the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Capitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Capitals">Canberra Capitals</a>, which has won seven out of the last eleven <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">national women's basketball</a> titles.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Vikings" title="Canberra Vikings">Canberra Vikings</a> represent the city in the <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_Championship" title="National Rugby Championship">National Rugby Championship</a> and finished second in the <a href="/wiki/2015_National_Rugby_Championship" title="2015 National Rugby Championship">2015 season</a>. There are also teams that participate in national competitions in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_Trophy" title="Commonwealth Bank Trophy">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Hockey_League" title="Australian Hockey League">field hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Australian Ice Hockey League">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futures_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Futures League">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">baseball</a>. The historic <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_XI" title="Prime Minister's XI">Prime Minister's XI</a> cricket match is played at <a href="/wiki/Manuka_Oval" title="Manuka Oval">Manuka Oval</a> annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrowden2008200–210-312">[307]</a> Other significant annual sporting events include the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Marathon" title="Canberra Marathon">Canberra Marathon</a><a href="#cite_note-Canberra_Marathon-313">[308]</a> and the City of Canberra Half Ironman Triathlon. Canberra has been bidding for an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> club since 1981 when <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian rules football in the Australian Capital Territory">Australian rules in the Australian Capital Territory</a> was more popular.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> While the league has knocked back numerous proposals, according to the AFL Canberra belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants" title="Greater Western Sydney Giants">Greater Western Sydney Giants</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> who play three home games at Manuka Oval each season. Other significant annual sporting events include the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Marathon" title="Canberra Marathon">Canberra Marathon</a><a href="#cite_note-Canberra_Marathon-313">[308]</a> and the City of Canberra Half Ironman Triathlon. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport" title="Australian Institute of Sport">Australian Institute of Sport</a> (AIS) is located in the Canberra suburb of <a href="/wiki/Bruce,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Bruce, Australian Capital Territory">Bruce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988304-316">[311]</a> The AIS is a specialised educational and training institution providing coaching for elite junior and senior athletes in a number of sports. The AIS has been operating since 1981 and has achieved significant success in producing elite athletes, both local and international.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparke1988304-316">[311]</a> The majority of Australia's team members and medallists at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a> in Sydney were AIS graduates.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> Canberra has numerous sporting ovals, golf courses, skate parks, and swimming pools that are open to the public. Tennis courts include those at the National Sports Club, <a href="/wiki/Lyneham,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Lyneham, Australian Capital Territory">Lyneham</a>, former home of the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Women%27s_Tennis_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Women's Tennis Classic">Canberra Women's Tennis Classic</a>. A Canberra-wide series of bicycle paths are available to cyclists for recreational and sporting purposes. Canberra Nature Parks have a large range of walking paths, horse and mountain bike trails. Water sports like sailing, rowing, dragon boating and water skiing are held on Canberra's lakes.<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally of Canberra">Rally of Canberra</a> is an annual motor sport event, and from 2000 to 2002, Canberra hosted the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_400" title="Canberra 400">Canberra 400</a> event for <a href="/wiki/V8_Supercars" class="mw-redirect" title="V8 Supercars">V8 Supercars</a> on the temporary <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Street_Circuit" title="Canberra Street Circuit">Canberra Street Circuit</a>, which was located inside the Parliamentary Triangle. A popular form of exercise for people working near or in the Parliamentary Triangle is to do the "bridge to bridge walk/run" of about 5 km around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a>, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue_Bridge" title="Commonwealth Avenue Bridge">Commonwealth Avenue Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_Avenue,_Canberra" title="Kings Avenue, Canberra">Kings Avenue Bridge</a>, using the paths beside the lake. The walk takes about 1 hour, making it ideal for a lunchtime excursion. This is also popular on weekends. Such was the popularity during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Australia#Australian_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 coronavirus pandemic in Australia">isolation in 2020</a> that the ACT Government initiated a 'Clockwise is COVID-wise' rule for walkers and runners.<a href="#cite_note-2020-04-19_ABC-320">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_Hospital_February_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canberra_Hospital_February_2018.jpg/220px-Canberra_Hospital_February_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canberra_Hospital_February_2018.jpg/330px-Canberra_Hospital_February_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canberra_Hospital_February_2018.jpg/440px-Canberra_Hospital_February_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Hospital" title="Canberra Hospital">Canberra Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> Canberra has two large public hospitals, the approximately 600-bed <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Hospital" title="Canberra Hospital">Canberra Hospital</a>—formerly the Woden Valley Hospital—in <a href="/wiki/Garran,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Garran, Australian Capital Territory">Garran</a> and the 174-bed Calvary Public Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Bruce,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Bruce, Australian Capital Territory">Bruce</a>. Both are teaching institutions.<a href="#cite_note-hos-321">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-calvary-act1-323">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a> The largest private hospital is the Calvary John James Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Deakin,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Deakin, Australian Capital Territory">Deakin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> Calvary Private Hospital in Bruce and <a href="/wiki/Healthscope" title="Healthscope">Healthscope</a>'s National Capital Private Hospital in Garran are also major healthcare providers.<a href="#cite_note-hos-321">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-calvary-act1-323">[318]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canberra_Hospital" title="Royal Canberra Hospital">Royal Canberra Hospital</a> was located on <a href="/wiki/Acton_Peninsula" title="Acton Peninsula">Acton Peninsula</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a>; it was closed in 1991 and was demolished in 1997 in a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canberra_Hospital_implosion" title="Royal Canberra Hospital implosion">controversial and fatal implosion</a> to facilitate construction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission198818-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Development_Commission198817-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-map-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> The city has 10 aged care facilities. Canberra's hospitals receive emergency cases from throughout southern New South Wales,<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACT_Ambulance_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT Ambulance Service">ACT Ambulance Service</a> is one of four operational agencies of the <a href="/wiki/ACT_Emergency_Services_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT Emergency Services Authority">ACT Emergency Services Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newborn_Emergency_Transport_Service" title="Newborn Emergency Transport Service">NETS</a> provides a dedicated ambulance service for inter-hospital transport of sick newborns within the ACT and into surrounding New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highways_into_Canberra_(6768361501).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Highways_into_Canberra_%286768361501%29.jpg/220px-Highways_into_Canberra_%286768361501%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Highways_into_Canberra_%286768361501%29.jpg/330px-Highways_into_Canberra_%286768361501%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Highways_into_Canberra_%286768361501%29.jpg/440px-Highways_into_Canberra_%286768361501%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Glenloch_Interchange" title="Glenloch Interchange">Glenloch Interchange</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong_Parkway" title="Tuggeranong Parkway">Tuggeranong Parkway</a> with <a href="/wiki/Parkes_Way" title="Parkes Way">Parkes Way</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACTION_(BUS_680)_Volgren_Optimus_bodied_Scania_K360UA_6x2-2_(Euro_VI)_at_the_intersection_of_Alinga_St_and_Northbourne_Ave_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ACTION_%28BUS_680%29_Volgren_Optimus_bodied_Scania_K360UA_6x2-2_%28Euro_VI%29_at_the_intersection_of_Alinga_St_and_Northbourne_Ave_%281%29.jpg/220px-ACTION_%28BUS_680%29_Volgren_Optimus_bodied_Scania_K360UA_6x2-2_%28Euro_VI%29_at_the_intersection_of_Alinga_St_and_Northbourne_Ave_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ACTION_%28BUS_680%29_Volgren_Optimus_bodied_Scania_K360UA_6x2-2_%28Euro_VI%29_at_the_intersection_of_Alinga_St_and_Northbourne_Ave_%281%29.jpg/330px-ACTION_%28BUS_680%29_Volgren_Optimus_bodied_Scania_K360UA_6x2-2_%28Euro_VI%29_at_the_intersection_of_Alinga_St_and_Northbourne_Ave_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ACTION_%28BUS_680%29_Volgren_Optimus_bodied_Scania_K360UA_6x2-2_%28Euro_VI%29_at_the_intersection_of_Alinga_St_and_Northbourne_Ave_%281%29.jpg/440px-ACTION_%28BUS_680%29_Volgren_Optimus_bodied_Scania_K360UA_6x2-2_%28Euro_VI%29_at_the_intersection_of_Alinga_St_and_Northbourne_Ave_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ACTION" title="ACTION">ACTION</a> <a href="/wiki/Volgren" title="Volgren">Volgren</a> bodied <a href="/wiki/Scania_K-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania K-series">Scania K360UA</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tram_at_Alinga_Street_light_rail_stop_July_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tram_at_Alinga_Street_light_rail_stop_July_2022.jpg/220px-Tram_at_Alinga_Street_light_rail_stop_July_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tram_at_Alinga_Street_light_rail_stop_July_2022.jpg/330px-Tram_at_Alinga_Street_light_rail_stop_July_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tram_at_Alinga_Street_light_rail_stop_July_2022.jpg/440px-Tram_at_Alinga_Street_light_rail_stop_July_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alinga_Street_light_rail_station" title="Alinga Street light rail station">Alinga Street light rail station</a></figcaption></figure> The automobile is by far the dominant form of transport in Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-road-332">[327]</a> The city is laid out so that arterial roads connecting inhabited clusters run through undeveloped areas of open land or forest, which results in a low population density;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia200023–25-333">[328]</a> this also means that idle land is available for the development of future transport corridors if necessary without the need to build tunnels or acquire developed residential land. In contrast, other capital cities in Australia have substantially less green space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia20003–6,_32–35,_53–59,_74–77,_90–91,_101–104-334">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_of_Canberra#Districts" title="Suburbs of Canberra">Canberra's districts</a> are generally connected by <a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">parkways</a>—limited access <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a> roads<a href="#cite_note-road-332">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a> with speed limits generally set at a maximum of 100 km/h (62 mph).<a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> An example is the <a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong_Parkway" title="Tuggeranong Parkway">Tuggeranong Parkway</a> which links Canberra's CBD and Tuggeranong, and bypasses Weston Creek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversal_Publishers200757,_67,_77-338">[333]</a> In most districts, discrete residential suburbs are bounded by main arterial roads with only a few residential linking in, to deter non-local traffic from cutting through areas of housing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversal_Publishers20071–100-339">[334]</a> In an effort to improve road safety, traffic cameras were first introduced to Canberra by the <a href="/wiki/Kate_Carnell" title="Kate Carnell">Kate Carnell</a> Government in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-LawsonTraffic-340">[335]</a> The traffic cameras installed in Canberra include fixed red-light and speed cameras and point-to-point speed cameras; together they bring in revenue of approximately $11 million per year in fines.<a href="#cite_note-LawsonTraffic-340">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/ACTION" title="ACTION">ACTION</a>, the government-operated bus service, provides public transport throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/CDC_Canberra" title="CDC Canberra">CDC Canberra</a> provides bus services between Canberra and nearby areas of New South Wales of (<a href="/wiki/Murrumbateman" title="Murrumbateman">Murrumbateman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yass,_New_South_Wales" title="Yass, New South Wales">Yass</a>)<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> and as Qcity Transit (<a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_Canberra" title="Light rail in Canberra">light rail line</a> commenced service on 20 April 2019 linking the CBD with the northern district of <a href="/wiki/Gungahlin" title="Gungahlin">Gungahlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a> A planned Stage 2A of Canberra's light rail network will run from Alinga Street station to Commonwealth Park, adding three new stops at City West, City South and Commonwealth Park.<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> In February 2021 ACT Minister for Transport and City Services Chris Steel said he expects construction on Stage 2A to commence in the 2021-22 financial year, and for "tracks to be laid" by the next Territory election in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> At the 2016 census, 7.1% of the journeys to work involved public transport, while 4.5% walked to work.<a href="#cite_note-Census2016-241">[241]</a> There are two local taxi companies. <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Consolidated_Transport" title="Aerial Consolidated Transport">Aerial Capital Group</a> enjoyed monopoly status until the arrival of Cabxpress in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> In October 2015 the ACT Government passed legislation to regulate ride sharing, allowing ride share services including <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> to operate legally in Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a> The ACT Government was the first jurisdiction in Australia to enact legislation to regulate the service.<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> Since then many other ride sharing and taxi services have started in ACT namely <a href="/wiki/Ola_Cabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ola Cabs">Ola</a>, Glide Taxi<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a> and GoCatch<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> An interstate <a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">NSW TrainLink</a> railway service connects Canberra to Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-traindestinations-354">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canberra_railway_station" title="Canberra railway station">Canberra railway station</a> is in the inner south suburb of <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Kingston, Australian Capital Territory">Kingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> Between 1920 and 1922 the train line crossed the Molonglo River and ran as far north as the city centre, although the line was closed following major flooding and was never rebuilt, while plans for a line to <a href="/wiki/Yass,_New_South_Wales" title="Yass, New South Wales">Yass</a> were abandoned. A <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">3 ft 6 in</a> (1,067 mm) gauge construction railway was built in 1923 between the <a href="/wiki/Yarralumla_brickworks" title="Yarralumla brickworks">Yarralumla brickworks</a> and the provisional Parliament House; it was later extended to Civic, but the whole line was closed in May 1927.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> Train services to Melbourne are provided by way of a NSW TrainLink bus service which connects with a rail service between Sydney and Melbourne in Yass, about a one-hour drive from Canberra.<a href="#cite_note-traindestinations-354">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia200020-357">[352]</a> Plans to establish a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia" title="High-speed rail in Australia">high-speed rail</a> service between Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney,<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> have not been implemented, as the various proposals have been deemed economically unviable.<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a> The original plans for Canberra included proposals for railed transport within the city,<a href="#cite_note-railways-361">[356]</a> however none eventuated.<a href="#cite_note-railways-361">[356]</a> The phase 2 report of the most recent proposal, the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia#High-Speed_Rail_Study_(2008–2013)" title="High-speed rail in Australia">High Speed Rail Study</a>, was published by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Transport" title="Department of Infrastructure and Transport">Department of Infrastructure and Transport</a> on 11 April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> A railway connecting Canberra to <a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay" title="Jervis Bay">Jervis Bay</a> was also planned but never constructed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbney198858,_60-363">[358]</a> Canberra is about three hours by road from Sydney on the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_(Australia)" title="Federal Highway (Australia)">Federal Highway</a> (National Highway 23),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia2000inside_cover-364">[359]</a> which connects with the <a href="/wiki/Hume_Highway" title="Hume Highway">Hume Highway</a> (National Highway 31) near <a href="/wiki/Goulburn" title="Goulburn">Goulburn</a>, and seven hours by road from Melbourne on the <a href="/wiki/Barton_Highway" title="Barton Highway">Barton Highway</a> (National Highway 25), which joins the Hume Highway at Yass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia2000inside_cover-364">[359]</a> It is a two-hour drive on the <a href="/wiki/Monaro_Highway" title="Monaro Highway">Monaro Highway</a> (National Highway 23) to the ski fields of the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains" title="Snowy Mountains">Snowy Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_National_Park" title="Kosciuszko National Park">Kosciuszko National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia200020-357">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Batemans_Bay" title="Batemans Bay">Batemans Bay</a>, a popular holiday spot on the New South Wales coast, is also two hours away via the <a href="/wiki/Kings_Highway,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings Highway, Australia">Kings Highway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenguin_Books_Australia200020-357">[352]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_International_Airport_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Canberra_International_Airport_01.jpg/220px-Canberra_International_Airport_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Canberra_International_Airport_01.jpg/330px-Canberra_International_Airport_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Canberra_International_Airport_01.jpg/440px-Canberra_International_Airport_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Airport" title="Canberra Airport">Canberra Airport</a> terminal</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Airport" title="Canberra Airport">Canberra Airport</a> provides direct domestic services to <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Airport" title="Adelaide Airport">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Airport" title="Brisbane Airport">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairns_Airport" title="Cairns Airport">Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin Airport">Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Airport" title="Gold Coast Airport">Gold Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobart_Airport" title="Hobart Airport">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport" title="Melbourne Airport">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth_Airport" title="Perth Airport">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_Airport" title="Sunshine Coast Airport">Sunshine Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney</a> with connections to other domestic centres.<a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a> There are also direct flights to small regional towns: <a href="/wiki/Ballina_Byron_Gateway_Airport" title="Ballina Byron Gateway Airport">Ballina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubbo_City_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbo City Airport">Dubbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Airport,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Airport, New South Wales">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Macquarie_Airport" title="Port Macquarie Airport">Port Macquarie</a> in New South Wales. Canberra Airport is, as of September 2013, designated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Regional_Development" title="Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development">Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development</a> as a restricted use designated international airport.<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> International flights have previously been operated by both <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Airways" title="Fiji Airways">Fiji Airways</a> has announced direct flights to <a href="/wiki/Nadi" title="Nadi">Nadi</a> commencing in July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a> Until 2003 the civilian airport shared runways with <a href="/wiki/Fairbairn_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairbairn airbase">RAAF Base Fairbairn</a>. In June of that year, the Air Force base was decommissioned and from that time the airport was fully under civilian control.<a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a> Canberra has one of the highest rates of active travel of all Australian major cities, with 7.1 per cent of commuters walking or cycling to work in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> An ACT Government survey conducted in late 2010 found that Canberrans walk an average of 26 minutes each day.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> According to The Canberra Times in March 2014, Canberra's cyclists are involved in an average of four reported collisions every week.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> The newspaper also reported that Canberra is home to 87,000 cyclists, translating to the highest cycling participation rate in Australia; and, with higher popularity, bike injury rates in 2012 were twice the national average.<a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> Since late 2020, two <a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">scooter-sharing systems</a> have been operational in Canberra: orange scooters from Neuron Mobility and purple scooters from Beam Mobility,<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> both <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>-based companies that operate in many Australian cities. These services cover much of <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Central" title="Canberra Central">Canberra Central</a> and Central <a href="/wiki/Belconnen" title="Belconnen">Belconnen</a>, with plans to expand coverage to more areas of the city in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm_August_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm_August_2024.jpg/220px-Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm_August_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm_August_2024.jpg/330px-Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm_August_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm_August_2024.jpg/440px-Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm_August_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Majura Solar Farm">Mount Majura Solar Farm</a> has a rated output of 2.3 megawatts and was opened on 6 October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_Choice-375">[370]</a></figcaption></figure> The government-owned <a href="/wiki/Icon_Water" title="Icon Water">Icon Water</a> manages Canberra's water and sewerage infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/ActewAGL" title="ActewAGL">ActewAGL</a> is a joint venture between ACTEW and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Gas_Light_Company" title="Australian Gas Light Company">AGL</a>, and is the retail provider of Canberra's utility services including water, natural gas, electricity, and also some telecommunications services via a subsidiary <a href="/wiki/TransACT" title="TransACT">TransACT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> Canberra's water is stored in four reservoirs, the Corin, Bendora and Cotter dams on the <a href="/wiki/Cotter_River" title="Cotter River">Cotter River</a> and the Googong Dam on the Queanbeyan River. Although the Googong Dam is located in New South Wales, it is managed by the ACT government.<a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a> Icon Water owns Canberra's two wastewater treatment plants, located at <a href="/wiki/Fyshwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyshwick">Fyshwick</a> and on the lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Molonglo_River" title="Molonglo River">Molonglo River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Energy in the Australian Capital Territory">Electricity for Canberra</a> mainly comes from the national power grid through substations at <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Holt, Australian Capital Territory">Holt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fyshwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyshwick">Fyshwick</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> Power was first supplied from the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Powerhouse" title="Kingston Powerhouse">Kingston Powerhouse</a> near the Molonglo River, a thermal plant built in 1913, but this was finally closed in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> The ACT has four solar farms, which were opened between 2014 and 2017: <a href="/wiki/Royalla_Solar_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalla Solar Farm">Royalla</a> (rated output of 20 megawatts, 2014),<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Majura_Solar_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Majura Solar Farm">Mount Majura</a> (2.3 MW, 2016),<a href="#cite_note-Solar_Choice-375">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mugga_Lane_Solar_Park" title="Mugga Lane Solar Park">Mugga Lane</a> (13 MW, 2017)<a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamsdale_Solar_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamsdale Solar Farm">Williamsdale</a> (11 MW, 2017).<a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> In addition, numerous houses in Canberra have photovoltaic panels or solar hot water systems. In 2015 and 2016, rooftop solar systems supported by the ACT government's feed-in tariff had a capacity of 26.3 megawatts, producing 34,910 MWh. In the same year, retailer-supported schemes had a capacity of 25.2 megawatts and exported 28,815 MWh to the grid (power consumed locally was not recorded).<a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a> There are no wind-power generators in Canberra, but several have been built or are being built or planned in nearby New South Wales, such as the 140.7 megawatt <a href="/wiki/Capital_Wind_Farm" title="Capital Wind Farm">Capital Wind Farm</a>. The ACT government announced in 2013 that it was raising the target for electricity consumed in the ACT to be supplied from renewable sources to 90% by 2020,<a href="#cite_note-renewable-186">[186]</a> raising the target from 210 to 550 megawatts.<a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> It announced in February 2015 that three wind farms in Victoria and South Australia would supply 200 megawatts of capacity; these are expected to be operational by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> Contracts for the purchase of an additional 200 megawatts of power from two wind farms in South Australia and New South Wales were announced in December 2015 and March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> The ACT government announced in 2014 that up to 23 megawatts of feed-in-tariff entitlements would be made available for the establishment of a facility in the ACT or surrounding region for burning household and business waste to produce electricity by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> The ACT has the highest rate with internet access at home (94 per cent of households in 2014–15).<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Oceania" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Oceania">List of twin towns and sister cities in Oceania</a></div> Canberra has three <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-Canberra-296">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, Japan<a href="#cite_note-Canberra-296">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a></li></ul> In addition, Canberra has the following friendship cities: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China: The ACT Government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Hangzhou Municipal People's Government on 29 October 1998. The Agreement was designed to promote business opportunities and cultural exchanges between the two cities.<a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, East Timor: The Canberra Dili Friendship Agreement was signed in 2004, aiming to build friendship and mutual respect and promote educational, cultural, economic, humanitarian and sporting links between Canberra and Dili.<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Canberra_flood" title="1971 Canberra flood">1971 Canberra flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Canberra_bushfires" title="2003 Canberra bushfires">2003 Canberra bushfires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Canberra" title="List of tallest buildings in Canberra">List of tallest buildings in Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_capitals" title="Lists of capitals">Lists of capitals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and the Special Administrative Regions of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> are listed separately </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> As a percentage of 373,561 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ABSGCCSA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABSGCCSA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSGCCSA_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23">"Regional population, 2022-23"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+population%2C+2022-23&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fregional-population%2F2022-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_070014_All.shtml">"GFS / BOM data for CANBERRA AIRPORT"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709190756/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_070014_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GFS+%2F+BOM+data+for+CANBERRA+AIRPORT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_070014_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-area-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-area_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-area_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802163103/http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/tools_resources/planning_data">"Planning Data Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Planning_and_Land_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Capital Territory Planning and Land Authority">ACT Planning & Land Authority</a>. 21 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/tools_resources/planning_data">the original</a> on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planning+Data+Statistics&rft.pub=ACT+Planning+%26+Land+Authority&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actpla.act.gov.au%2Ftools_resources%2Fplanning_data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999">"Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and SYDNEY"</a>. Geoscience Australia. 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Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+CANBERRA+and+MELBOURNE&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D248650%26placename%3Dmelbourne%26placetype%3D0%26state%3D0%26place1%3DCANBERRA%26place1long%3D149.133331%26place1lat%3D-35.299999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=ADELAIDE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999">"Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and ADELAIDE"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044620/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=ADELAIDE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+CANBERRA+and+ADELAIDE&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D163285%26placename%3DADELAIDE%26placetype%3D0%26state%3D0%26place1%3DCANBERRA%26place1long%3D149.133331%26place1lat%3D-35.299999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=BRISBANE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999">"Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and BRISBANE"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044623/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=BRISBANE&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+CANBERRA+and+BRISBANE&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D126867%26placename%3DBRISBANE%26placetype%3D0%26state%3D0%26place1%3DCANBERRA%26place1long%3D149.133331%26place1lat%3D-35.299999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999">"Great Circle Distance between CANBERRA and PERTH"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044628/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=0&place1=CANBERRA&place1long=149.133331&place1lat=-35.299999">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+CANBERRA+and+PERTH&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D304529%26placename%3Dperth%26placetype%3D0%26state%3D0%26place1%3DCANBERRA%26place1long%3D149.133331%26place1lat%3D-35.299999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugmented_Electoral_Commission_for_the_Australian_Capital_Territory2018" class="citation web cs1">Augmented Electoral Commission for the Australian Capital Territory (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aec.gov.au/Electorates/Redistributions/2017/act/final-report/files/act-2018-final-report.pdf">"Redistribution of the Australian Capital Territory into electoral divisions"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916130414/https://www.aec.gov.au/Electorates/Redistributions/2017/act/final-report/files/act-2018-final-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018. <q>The electoral divisions described in this report came into effect from Friday 13 July 2018 ... However, members of the House of Representatives will not represent or contest these electoral divisions until ... a general election.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redistribution+of+the+Australian+Capital+Territory+into+electoral+divisions&rft.date=2018-07&rft.au=Augmented+Electoral+Commission+for+the+Australian+Capital+Territory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2FElectorates%2FRedistributions%2F2017%2Fact%2Ffinal-report%2Ffiles%2Fact-2018-final-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/s:1500x700,q:85/35/167035-004-C1277D35/Map-Canberra-Australian-Capital-Territory-Australia.jpg">"Canberra map"</a>. 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BBC News. 8 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041620/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29531850">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. 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The Canberra Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213180830/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6077678/canberra-named-the-best-place-in-the-worldagain/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021. 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Switzer Daily. 4 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214065011/https://switzer.com.au/the-experts/john-mcgrath/why-canberra-is-australias-most-liveable-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. 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ABC News. 24 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024628/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-25/canberra-named-third-best-travel-city-by-lonely-planet/9081954">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%27Criminally+overlooked%27%3A+Canberra+named+third-best+travel+city+in+the+world&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-10-25%2Fcanberra-named-third-best-travel-city-by-lonely-planet%2F9081954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/25/lonely-planet-lists-canberra-as-one-of-the-worlds-three-hottest-destinations">"Lonely Planet lists Canberra as one of the world's three hottest destinations"</a>. The Guardian. 24 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309052149/http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/25/lonely-planet-lists-canberra-as-one-of-the-worlds-three-hottest-destinations">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lonely+Planet+lists+Canberra+as+one+of+the+world%27s+three+hottest+destinations&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2017%2Foct%2F25%2Flonely-planet-lists-canberra-as-one-of-the-worlds-three-hottest-destinations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDA_ACT_Economic_Indicators-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EDA_ACT_Economic_Indicators_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDA_ACT_Economic_Indicators_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDA_ACT_Economic_Indicators_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.remplan.com.au/eda-australiancapitalterritory/economy/industries/employment?state=pBPJF7!zqpdU432PIpMAxgHbd5omIpFefArbs1rWD4UyEABnslfkI00mvCxMa">"EDA ACT Economic Indicators"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Summer+saviour&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.aulast=The+Yowie+Man&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F6036171%2Ftim-the-yowie-man-summer-saviour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/BOM_ACT/status/1342318440921620480?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1342318440921620480%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpublish.twitter.com%2F%3Fquery%3Dhttps3A2F2Ftwitter.com2FBOM_ACT2Fstatus2F1342318440921620480widget%3DTweet">"Bureau of Meteorology Australian Capital Territory"</a>. Twitter. 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Real Estate Institute of Australia. 9 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reiaustralia.com.au/media/releases.asp">the original</a> on 19 July 2008. 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Retrieved 13 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing+Australia+in+Profile+A+Regional+Analysis&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Fca79f63026ec2e9cca256886001514d7%2F18a06e9e1296fb71ca2568a900143a6b%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClisby2014" class="citation news cs1">Clisby, Meredith (16 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308020955/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/act-still-expensive-place-to-live-despite-fall-in-rent-prices-20140115-30vk8.html">"ACT still expensive place to live despite fall in rent prices"</a>. The Canberra Times. Fairfax Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/act-still-expensive-place-to-live-despite-fall-in-rent-prices-20140115-30vk8.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=ACT+still+expensive+place+to+live+despite+fall+in+rent+prices&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.aulast=Clisby&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fact-news%2Fact-still-expensive-place-to-live-despite-fall-in-rent-prices-20140115-30vk8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> All of the land in the ACT land is held by the government. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> s68 allows for an annual increase linked to a Rental Housing CPI index, which is usually significantly higher than CPI. 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Retrieved 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+wind+farm+set+to+power+more+than+just+Canberra+homes&rft.pub=ACT+Government&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmd.act.gov.au%2Fopen_government%2Finform%2Fact_government_media_releases%2Fcorbell%2F2016%2Fnew-wind-farm-set-to-power-more-than-just-canberra-homes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2014/turning-waste-into-energy">"Turning waste into energy"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/ACT_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT Government">ACT Government</a>. 7 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311092251/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/corbell/2014/turning-waste-into-energy">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turning+waste+into+energy&rft.pub=ACT+Government&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmd.act.gov.au%2Fopen_government%2Finform%2Fact_government_media_releases%2Fcorbell%2F2014%2Fturning-waste-into-energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/8146.02014-15?OpenDocument">"8146.0 - Household Use of Information Technology, Australia, 2014-15"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 18 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000957/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/8146.02014-15?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8146.0+-+Household+Use+of+Information+Technology%2C+Australia%2C+2014-15&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FDetailsPage%2F8146.02014-15%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710210815/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-07/canberra-adopts-wellington-as-sister-city/7576458">"Canberra adopts New Zealand capital as sister city"</a>. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-07/canberra-adopts-wellington-as-sister-city/7576458">the original</a> on 10 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Canberra+adopts+New+Zealand+capital+as+sister+city&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-07-07%2Fcanberra-adopts-wellington-as-sister-city%2F7576458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309070609/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/communication/cir/hangzhou_china">Hangzhou, China</a>, ACT Government Chief Minister and Treasury Directorate, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/communication/cir/hangzhou_china">the original</a> on 9 March 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hangzhou%2C+China&rft.pub=ACT+Government+Chief+Minister+and+Treasury+Directorate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmd.act.gov.au%2Fcommunication%2Fcir%2Fhangzhou_china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/communication/cir/dili">Dili, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste</a>, ACT Government Chief Minister and Treasury Directorate, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309070546/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/communication/cir/dili">archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dili%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+Timor-Leste&rft.pub=ACT+Government+Chief+Minister+and+Treasury+Directorate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmd.act.gov.au%2Fcommunication%2Fcir%2Fdili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (25 January 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604042204/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/featurearticlesbyCatalogue/D41F48B6CB4D1240CA2569DE00281139?OpenDocument">"The Australian Capital Territory, Canberra the National Capital: Fifty Years of Development"</a>. Year Book Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/featurearticlesbyCatalogue/D41F48B6CB4D1240CA2569DE00281139?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 4 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Year+Book+Australia&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Capital+Territory%2C+Canberra+the+National+Capital%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Development&rft.date=1963-01-25&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FfeaturearticlesbyCatalogue%2FD41F48B6CB4D1240CA2569DE00281139%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Capital_Development_Commission1988" class="citation book cs1">Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. Canberra: National Capital Development Commission. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-13957-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-13957-1"><bdi>0-642-13957-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lake+Burley+Griffin%2C+Canberra%3A+Policy+Plan&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Capital+Development+Commission&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-642-13957-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenguin_Books_Australia2000" class="citation book cs1">The Penguin Australia Road Atlas. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books Australia. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-88980-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-88980-6"><bdi>0-670-88980-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Australia+Road+Atlas&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Australia&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-670-88980-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversal_Publishers2007" class="citation book cs1">UBD Canberra. North Ryde, New South Wales: Universal Publishers. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7319-1882-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7319-1882-9"><bdi>978-0-7319-1882-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UBD+Canberra&rft.place=North+Ryde%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Universal+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7319-1882-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fitzgerald_(satirist)" title="Alan Fitzgerald (satirist)">Fitzgerald, Alan</a> (1987). Canberra in Two Centuries: A Pictorial History. Torrens, Australian Capital Territory: Clareville Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909278-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-909278-02-4"><bdi>0-909278-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canberra+in+Two+Centuries%3A+A+Pictorial+History&rft.place=Torrens%2C+Australian+Capital+Territory&rft.pub=Clareville+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-909278-02-4&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbney1988" class="citation book cs1">Gibbney, Jim (1988). Canberra 1913–1953. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-644-08060-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-644-08060-4"><bdi>0-644-08060-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canberra+1913%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publishing+Service&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-644-08060-4&rft.aulast=Gibbney&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1991" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Lyall (1991). Canberra 1820–1913. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-644-08060-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-644-08060-4"><bdi>0-644-08060-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canberra+1820%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publishing+Service&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-644-08060-4&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Lyall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrowden2008" class="citation book cs1">Growden, Greg (2008). Jack Fingleton: The Man Who Stood Up To Bradman. Crows Nest, New South Wales: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-548-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-548-0"><bdi>978-1-74175-548-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Fingleton%3A+The+Man+Who+Stood+Up+To+Bradman&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-548-0&rft.aulast=Growden&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparke1988" class="citation book cs1">Sparke, Eric (1988). Canberra 1954–1980. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-644-08060-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-644-08060-4"><bdi>0-644-08060-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canberra+1954%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publishing+Service&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-644-08060-4&rft.aulast=Sparke&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaisutis2009" class="citation book cs1">Vaisutis, Justine (2009). Australia. Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-160-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-160-0"><bdi>978-1-74179-160-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia&rft.place=Footscray%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-160-0&rft.aulast=Vaisutis&rft.aufirst=Justine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigmore1971" class="citation book cs1">Wigmore, Lionel (1971). Canberra: History of Australia's National Capital. Canberra: Dalton Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909906-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-909906-06-8"><bdi>0-909906-06-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canberra%3A+History+of+Australia%27s+National+Capital&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Dalton+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-909906-06-8&rft.aulast=Wigmore&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Dudley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSv2HvrNSo0C">The Biology of Temporary Waters</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-852811-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-852811-6"><bdi>0-19-852811-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502095245/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSv2HvrNSo0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Temporary+Waters&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-852811-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSv2HvrNSo0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanberra" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/ACT_Policing" title="ACT Policing">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Canberra">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Sport in the Australian Capital Territory">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Symbols of the Australian Capital Territory">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australian Capital Territory"><img alt="Australian Capital Territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Hall, Australian Capital Territory">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaks_Estate,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Oaks Estate, Australian Capital Territory">Oaks Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharwa,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory">Tharwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriarra,_Australian_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Uriarra, Australian Capital Territory">Uriarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsdale,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Williamsdale, Australian Capital Territory">Williamsdale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotter_River" title="Cotter River">Cotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudgenby_River" title="Gudgenby River">Gudgenby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molonglo_River" title="Molonglo River">Molonglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrumbidgee_River" title="Murrumbidgee River">Murrumbidgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naas_River" title="Naas River">Naas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orroral_River" title="Orroral River">Orroral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddys_River_(Australian_Capital_Territory)" title="Paddys River (Australian Capital Territory)">Paddys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan_River" title="Queanbeyan River">Queanbeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidbinbilla_River" title="Tidbinbilla River">Tidbinbilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canberra_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canberra_landmarks" title="Template:Canberra landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canberra_landmarks" title="Template talk:Canberra landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canberra_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canberra landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canberra_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canberra</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_Heritage_Library" title="ACT Heritage Library">ACT Heritage Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_Memorial" title="ACT Memorial">ACT Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Church, Canberra">All Saints Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Memorial,_Canberra" title="Australian Army Memorial, Canberra">Australian Army Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Forum" title="Australia Forum">Australia Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Merchant_Navy_Memorial" title="Australian Merchant Navy Memorial">Australian Merchant Navy Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian%E2%80%93American_Memorial" title="Australian–American Memorial">Australian–American Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basser_Library" title="Basser Library">Basser Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Coins" title="Big Coins">Big Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mountain Tower">Black Mountain Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook_Memorial" title="Captain James Cook Memorial">Captain James Cook Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_House" title="Centenary House">Centenary House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton_Building" title="Edmund Barton Building">Edmund Barton Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus%27s" title="Gus's">Gus's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia_Building,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Australia Building, Canberra">High Court of Australia Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Canberra" title="Hotel Canberra">Hotel Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Kurrajong" title="Hotel Kurrajong">Hotel Kurrajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Memorial,_Canberra" title="Korean War Memorial, Canberra">Korean War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_Building,_Canberra" title="Legislative Assembly Building, Canberra">Legislative Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodge,_Australia" title="The Lodge, Australia">The Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovett_Tower" title="Lovett Tower">Lovett Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercure_Hotel_Canberra" title="Mercure Hotel Canberra">Mercure Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stromlo_Observatory" title="Mount Stromlo Observatory">Mount Stromlo Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Carillon" title="National Carillon">National Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia_Research_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Australia Research Library">National Gallery of Australia Research Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_(sculpture)" title="Owl (sculpture)">Owl sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QT_Canberra" title="QT Canberra">QT Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Mint" title="Royal Australian Mint">Royal Australian Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">St John the Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_Dam" title="Scrivener Dam">Scrivener Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley%27s" title="Tilley's">Tilley's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Canberra" title="Government House, Canberra">Yarralumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarralumla_brickworks" title="Yarralumla brickworks">Yarralumla brickworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton_Building" title="John Gorton Building">John Gorton Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precincts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Centre" title="Canberra Centre">Canberra Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Walk,_Canberra" title="City Walk, Canberra">City Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belconnen_Town_Centre" title="Belconnen Town Centre">Belconnen Town Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garema_Place" title="Garema Place">Garema Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungahlin,_Australian_Capital_Territory#Gungahlin_Town_Centre" title="Gungahlin, Australian Capital Territory">Gungahlin Town Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Triangle">Parliamentary Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_Plaza" title="Petrie Plaza">Petrie Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuggeranong_Town_Centre" title="Tuggeranong Town Centre">Tuggeranong Town Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woden_Town_Centre" title="Woden Town Centre">Woden Town Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and open spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens" title="Australian National Botanic Gardens">Australian National Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_Peninsula" title="Black Mountain Peninsula">Black Mountain Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Nature_Park" title="Canberra Nature Park">Canberra Nature Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Peace_Park" title="Canberra Peace Park">Canberra Peace Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hill,_Canberra" title="City Hill, Canberra">City Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockington_Green_Gardens" title="Cockington Green Gardens">Cockington Green Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Park" title="Commonwealth Park">Commonwealth Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Place,_Canberra" title="Commonwealth Place, Canberra">Commonwealth Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Place,_Canberra" title="Constitution Place, Canberra">Constitution Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corroboree_Park" title="Corroboree Park">Corroboree Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glebe_Park,_Canberra" title="Glebe Park, Canberra">Glebe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haig_Park" title="Haig Park">Haig Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Canberra" title="Kings Park, Canberra">Kings Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Gardens" title="Lennox Gardens">Lennox Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Pryor_National_Arboretum" title="Lindsay Pryor National Arboretum">Lindsay Pryor National Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_Place" title="Magna Carta Place">Magna Carta Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulligans_Flat_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulligans Flat Nature Reserve">Mulligans Flat Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arboretum_Canberra" title="National Arboretum Canberra">National Arboretum Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rose_Garden" title="National Rose Garden">National Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telopea_Park" title="Telopea Park">Telopea Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_Park,_Canberra" title="Weston Park, Canberra">Weston Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarramundi_Reach" title="Yarramundi Reach">Yarramundi Reach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Anatomy" title="Australian Institute of Anatomy">Australian Institute of Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University_Classics_Museum" title="Australian National University Classics Museum">Australian National University Classics Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blundells_Cottage" title="Blundells Cottage">Blundells Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Offices,_Belconnen" title="Cameron Offices, Belconnen">Cameron Offices, Belconnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Glassworks" title="Canberra Glassworks">Canberra Glassworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Museum_and_Gallery" title="Canberra Museum and Gallery">Canberra Museum and Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Railway_Museum" title="Canberra Railway Museum">Canberra Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_%26_Sound_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film & Sound Archive">National Film & Sound Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(Australia)" title="National Portrait Gallery (Australia)">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questacon" title="Questacon">Questacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIS_Arena" title="AIS Arena">AIS Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport" title="Australian Institute of Sport">Australian Institute of Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_International_Sports_%26_Aquatic_Centre" title="Canberra International Sports & Aquatic Centre">Canberra International Sports & Aquatic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Stadium" title="Canberra Stadium">Canberra Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Yacht_Club" title="Canberra Yacht Club">Canberra Yacht Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deakin_Stadium" title="Deakin Stadium">Deakin Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungahlin_Enclosed_Oval" title="Gungahlin Enclosed Oval">Gungahlin Enclosed Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuka_Oval" title="Manuka Oval">Manuka Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKellar_Park,_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="McKellar Park, Canberra">McKellar Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrabundah_Ballpark" title="Narrabundah Ballpark">Narrabundah Ballpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_Centre" title="National Hockey Centre">National Hockey Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Ice_Skating_Centre" title="Phillip Ice Skating Centre">Phillip Ice Skating Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Oval" title="Phillip Oval">Phillip Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canberra_Golf_Club" title="Royal Canberra Golf Club">Royal Canberra Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Stadium" title="Southern Cross Stadium">Southern Cross Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Park" title="Viking Park">Viking Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woden_Park" title="Woden Park">Woden Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Airport" title="Canberra Airport">Canberra Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Parade,_Canberra" title="Anzac Parade, Canberra">Anzac Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_railway_station" title="Canberra railway station">Canberra railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolimont_Centre" title="Jolimont Centre">Jolimont Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hall,_Canberra" title="Albert Hall, Canberra">Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Splash_Waterpark_Canberra" title="Big Splash Waterpark Canberra">Big Splash Waterpark Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Theatre">Canberra Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Canberra" title="Casino Canberra">Casino Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugga_Lane_Zoo" title="Mugga Lane Zoo">Mugga Lane Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention_Centre_Canberra" title="National Convention Centre Canberra">National Convention Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Zoo_%26_Aquarium" title="National Zoo & Aquarium">National Zoo & Aquarium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches and islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Island" title="Queen Elizabeth II Island">Queen Elizabeth II Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Island_(Lake_Burley_Griffin)" title="Spinnaker Island (Lake Burley Griffin)">Spinnaker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springbank_Island" title="Springbank Island">Springbank Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_cities_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canberra</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">NT</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">QLD</a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">SA</a> <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">TAS</a> <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">VIC</a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">WA</a> <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">List of cities in Australia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_districts_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_districts_and_territories" title="Template:Capital districts and territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_districts_and_territories" title="Template talk:Capital districts and territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_districts_and_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital districts and territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_districts_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_districts_and_territories" title="Capital districts and territories">Capital districts and territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital districts and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Nigeria)" title="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)">Federal Capital Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_District_(Venezuela)" title="Capital District (Venezuela)">Capital District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Territory_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Territory of India">National Capital Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armidale" title="Armidale">Armidale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessnock,_New_South_Wales" title="Cessnock, New South Wales">Cessnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffs_Harbour" title="Coffs Harbour">Coffs Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbo" title="Dubbo">Dubbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosford" title="Gosford">Gosford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn" title="Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton,_New_South_Wales" title="Grafton, New South Wales">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales" title="Griffith, New South Wales">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore,_New_South_Wales" title="Lismore, New South Wales">Lismore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithgow,_New_South_Wales" title="Lithgow, New South Wales">Lithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maitland, New South Wales">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales" title="Orange, New South Wales">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Macquarie" title="Port Macquarie">Port Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston,_Northern_Territory" title="Palmerston, Northern Territory">Palmerston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloundra" title="Caloundra">Caloundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gympie" title="Gympie">Gympie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryborough,_Queensland" title="Maryborough, Queensland">Maryborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa" title="Mount Isa">Mount Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gambier" title="Mount Gambier">Mount Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Murray Bridge, South Australia">Murray Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Pirie" title="Port Pirie">Port Pirie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Harbor,_South_Australia" title="Victor Harbor, South Australia">Victor Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnie" title="Burnie">Burnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairnsdale" title="Bairnsdale">Bairnsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benalla" title="Benalla">Benalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria" title="Castlemaine, Victoria">Castlemaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colac,_Victoria" title="Colac, Victoria">Colac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Victoria" title="Hamilton, Victoria">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham,_Victoria" title="Horsham, Victoria">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe,_Victoria" title="Moe, Victoria">Moe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morwell,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Morwell, Victoria">Morwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Victoria" title="Sale, Victoria">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour,_Victoria" title="Seymour, Victoria">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepparton" title="Shepparton">Shepparton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stawell,_Victoria" title="Stawell, Victoria">Stawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Hill,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan Hill, Victoria">Swan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traralgon" title="Traralgon">Traralgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangaratta" title="Wangaratta">Wangaratta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warragul,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Warragul, Victoria">Warragul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodonga" title="Wodonga">Wodonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busselton" title="Busselton">Busselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie-Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Oceanian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Oceanian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Oceanian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Oceanian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Oceanian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Oceanian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honiara" title="Honiara">Honiara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagåtña">Hagåtña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngerulmud" title="Ngerulmud">Ngerulmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palikir" title="Palikir">Palikir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tarawa" title="South Tarawa">South Tarawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaren_District" title="Yaren District">Yaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> (de facto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands">Adamstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alofi" title="Alofi">Alofi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarua" title="Avarua">Avarua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaofo" title="Fakaofo">Fakaofo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Utu" title="Mata Utu">Mata Utu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> (de facto)2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa" title="Nukuʻalofa">Nukuʻalofa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papeete" title="Papeete">Papeete</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1Often included in Polynesia</li> <li>2<a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivities" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas collectivities">Overseas collectivities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France#Sui_generis_collectivity" title="Overseas France">sui generis collectivity</a> of France</li> <li>3Often included in Australasia</li> <li>4<a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a> of the United States</li> <li>5In <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with the United States</li> <li>6<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li>7In <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand</li> <li>8<a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand dependent territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3114#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3114#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140704500">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204562/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP6BTMTWWrWJdDDTDDv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085133-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021725">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11994778j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11994778j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00650639">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge432426&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX460643">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554958605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044342">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=9265">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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