CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="mJdFVprCB7MWDXn47JEci8mzyguy1t6nUSivilPOtnDGzaDwk1IBxELmlDBXc2BQxYJPON-BCYv9SyhaWewfiA" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Colonisation and Late Period Faunal Assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2016/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Pacific Archaeology " /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ariana Lambrides" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jeffrey T Clark" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/52660997/Colonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Colonisation and Late Period Faunal Assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The identification and analysis of 1583 bones from colonisation (~2700 cal BP) to late period (post-800 cal BP) cultural layers from archaeological site AS-13-41 on Ofu Island, American Samoa are reported. The assemblage is dominated by fish (~91 per" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/826129/1042278/1301909/s200_jeffrey.clark.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/52660997/Colonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Colonisation and Late Period Faunal Assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The identification and analysis of 1583 bones from colonisation (~2700 cal BP) to late period (post-800 cal BP) cultural layers from archaeological site AS-13-41 on Ofu Island, American Samoa are reported. The assemblage is dominated by fish (~91 per" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://ndsu.academia.edu/JeffreyClark" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://jamescook.academia.edu/ArianaLambrides" /> <meta name="description" content="The identification and analysis of 1583 bones from colonisation (~2700 cal BP) to late period (post-800 cal BP) cultural layers from archaeological site AS-13-41 on Ofu Island, American Samoa are reported. The assemblage is dominated by fish (~91 per" /> <title>(PDF) Colonisation and Late Period Faunal Assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/52660997/Colonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739867678000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739867678000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The identification and analysis of 1583 bones from colonisation (~2700 cal BP) to late period (post-800 cal BP) cultural layers from archaeological site AS-13-41 on Ofu Island, American Samoa are reported. The assemblage is dominated by fish (~91 per cent; NISP = 1435, MNI = 162) with bones of human, Green Sea Turtle, sea birds (shearwaters and petrels) and a terrestrial bird (Buff-Banded Rail), as well as the commensals Pacific Rat, chicken (Red Junglefowl) and pig. We report here the first prehistoric records of Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus) and the endemic Tooth-Billed Pigeon (Manumea, Didunculus strigirostris) from colonisation layers and two pelagic fish species only recorded from late prehistoric deposits: Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and flying fish (Exocoetidae). These and numerous genus-level fish identifications of surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), squirrelfish and soldierfish (Holocentridae), snapper (Lutjanidae) and parrotfish (Scaridae) are additional new fish records for Samoan prehistory reflecting the breadth of the fish reference collection as well as the practice of using all fish bones for identification; ~37 per cent of bones were assigned to family. Colonisation period deposits are characterised by greater quantities of fish, turtle and bird bones, declining towards later prehistory signalling the likely effects of human predation and an increasing emphasis towards agricultural production.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jeffrey T Clark","url":"https://ndsu.academia.edu/JeffreyClark"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ariana Lambrides","url":"https://jamescook.academia.edu/ArianaLambrides"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ariana Lambrides","url":"https://jamescook.academia.edu/ArianaLambrides"}],"dateCreated":"2021-09-17","datePublished":"2016-01-01","headline":"Colonisation and Late Period Faunal Assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69818992/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Pacific Archaeology","Samoa","Diet and Subsistence","Prehistoric fishing"],"publication":"Journal of Pacific Archaeology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"ndsu"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"jamescook"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69818992/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52660997/Colonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-f29774c14b4e629cbb4375c919ad1c2b2891ac825d0a410ea6339ae17e481a55.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-d1941ab08e91e29ee143084c4749da4aaffa350a2ac6eec2306b1d7a352d911a.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "28079ce31ce36e73ddb1a9923b46d011d1ea8b4d0356d468f00b26d44fe8ec74", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="VZPY19BxEDC55mnDGcyuWLPEcgb8-KdBO2-UsspzTvgLyT1x2eEWR-0NhAuiLtKDv_X3NZGvcG2XDBNiwFHnAA" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/52660997/Colonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="_VmLy6CfZHgVP7q0XheG3AsTqZgJa4MH5A3ksveUbMKjA25tqQ9iD0HUV3zl9foHByIsq2Q8VCtIbmNi_bbFOg" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Log In</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</button><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-e5ca05062a7092a8f6f5af11f70589210af26f6a0030f102b0b21b22451b9d41.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 826129; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F52660997%2FColonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F52660997%2FColonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":69818992,"identifier":"Attachment_69818992","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":52660997,"created_at":"2021-09-17T12:15:38.209-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-29T12:36:26.984-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The identification and analysis of 1583 bones from colonisation (~2700 cal BP) to late period (post-800 cal BP) cultural layers from archaeological site AS-13-41 on Ofu Island, American Samoa are reported. The assemblage is dominated by fish (~91 per cent; NISP = 1435, MNI = 162) with bones of human, Green Sea Turtle, sea birds (shearwaters and petrels) and a terrestrial bird (Buff-Banded Rail), as well as the commensals Pacific Rat, chicken (Red Junglefowl) and pig. We report here the first prehistoric records of Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus) and the endemic Tooth-Billed Pigeon (Manumea, Didunculus strigirostris) from colonisation layers and two pelagic fish species only recorded from late prehistoric deposits: Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and flying fish (Exocoetidae). These and numerous genus-level fish identifications of surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), squirrelfish and soldierfish (Holocentridae), snapper (Lutjanidae) and parrotfish (Scaridae) are additional new fish records for Samoan prehistory reflecting the breadth of the fish reference collection as well as the practice of using all fish bones for identification; ~37 per cent of bones were assigned to family. Colonisation period deposits are characterised by greater quantities of fish, turtle and bird bones, declining towards later prehistory signalling the likely effects of human predation and an increasing emphasis towards agricultural production.","ai_title_tag":"Faunal Assemblages of Ofu Island: Colonisation to Late Period","publication_date":"2016,,","publication_name":"Journal of Pacific Archaeology "},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Colonisation and Late Period Faunal Assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [9310803,826129]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":69818992,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Colonisation and Late Period Faunal Assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/69818992/mini_magick20210917-15341-rkk9b2.png?1631906187" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Colonisation and Late Period Faunal Assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9310803" href="https://jamescook.academia.edu/ArianaLambrides"><img alt="Profile image of Ariana Lambrides" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/9310803/2981785/33072094/s65_ariana.lambrides.jpg" />Ariana Lambrides</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="826129" href="https://ndsu.academia.edu/JeffreyClark"><img alt="Profile image of Jeffrey T Clark" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/826129/1042278/1301909/s65_jeffrey.clark.jpg" />Jeffrey T Clark</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2016, Journal of Pacific Archaeology </p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">19 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 52660997; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=52660997"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The identification and analysis of 1583 bones from colonisation (~2700 cal BP) to late period (post-800 cal BP) cultural layers from archaeological site AS-13-41 on Ofu Island, American Samoa are reported. The assemblage is dominated by fish (~91 per cent; NISP = 1435, MNI = 162) with bones of human, Green Sea Turtle, sea birds (shearwaters and petrels) and a terrestrial bird (Buff-Banded Rail), as well as the commensals Pacific Rat, chicken (Red Junglefowl) and pig. We report here the first prehistoric records of Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus) and the endemic Tooth-Billed Pigeon (Manumea, Didunculus strigirostris) from colonisation layers and two pelagic fish species only recorded from late prehistoric deposits: Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and flying fish (Exocoetidae). These and numerous genus-level fish identifications of surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), squirrelfish and soldierfish (Holocentridae), snapper (Lutjanidae) and parrotfish (Scaridae) are additional new fish records for Samoan prehistory reflecting the breadth of the fish reference collection as well as the practice of using all fish bones for identification; ~37 per cent of bones were assigned to family. Colonisation period deposits are characterised by greater quantities of fish, turtle and bird bones, declining towards later prehistory signalling the likely effects of human predation and an increasing emphasis towards agricultural production.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":69818992,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/52660997/Colonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":69818992,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/52660997/Colonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. If the signup banner trigger (a 242px-high* invisible div underneath the 'See Full PDF' / 'Download PDF' buttons) // is already fully scrolled above the viewport, show the banner by default // 2. If the signup banner trigger is fully visible, show the banner // 3. If the signup banner trigger has even a few pixels scrolled below the viewport, hide the banner // // * 242px is the empirically determined height of the signup banner. It's better to be a bit taller than // necessary than too short, so it's fine that the mobile (small breakpoint) banner is shorter. // First check session storage for the signup banner's visibility state const signupBannerHidden = sessionStorage.getItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden'); if (signupBannerHidden === 'true') { return; } const signupBanner = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner'); const signupBannerTrigger = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner-trigger'); if (!signupBannerTrigger) { window.Sentry.captureMessage("Signup banner trigger not found"); return; } let footerShown = false; window.addEventListener('load', () => { const rect = signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect(); // If page loaded up already scrolled below the trigger (via scroll restoration), show the banner by default if (rect.bottom < 0) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } }); // Wait for trigger to fully enter viewport before showing banner (ensures PDF CTAs are never covered by banner) const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if (entry.isIntersecting && !footerShown) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } else if (!entry.isIntersecting && footerShown) { if (signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect().bottom > 0) { footerShown = false; signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } } }); }); observer.observe(signupBannerTrigger); // Set up signup banner close button event handler: const signupBannerCloseButton = document.querySelector('#ds-signup-banner-close-button'); signupBannerCloseButton.addEventListener('click', () => { signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); observer.unobserve(signupBannerTrigger); // Store the signup banner's visibility state in session storage sessionStorage.setItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden', 'true'); }); })();</script></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="69818992" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/52660997/Colonisation_and_Late_Period_Faunal_Assemblages_from_Ofu_Island_American_Samoa" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="44216808" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44216808/An_early_pre_1500_BP_fishhook_assemblage_from_Ofu_and_Olosega_islands_Manua_Group_American_Samoa_implications_for_technological_evolution_and_cultural_interaction">An early (pre-1500 BP) fishhook assemblage from Ofu and Olosega islands, Manu'a Group, American Samoa: implications for technological evolution and cultural interaction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="826129" href="https://ndsu.academia.edu/JeffreyClark">Jeffrey T Clark</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeology in Oceania, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Marine resources are integral to the subsistence of coastal populations in Oceania and have been since the islands were first settled. While items of fishing gear, most notably fishhooks, are found throughout the Pacific, they are not as common as one might think. Fishhooks are in fact noticeably uncommon in the Central Pacific, for example. Consequently, the various types of analyses of fishhook morphology, particularly the types of line attachment devices, that have been carried out on East Polynesian assemblages have not been possible for West Polynesian sites. Using a large collection of fishhooks from three sites on Ofu and Olosega islands in the Manu‘a Group of American Samoa, we present a detailed analysis of a large combined assemblage and compare the data collected to those from other islands and island groups in the region. We show that the hooks reflect exploitation emphasising inshore environments, and that angling as a fish capture method is likely to vary in intensity based on local environmental variability. Moreover, we illustrate how these fishhooks constitute a means of assessing both early cultural contacts and cultural variability in the Central Pacific.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An early (pre-1500 BP) fishhook assemblage from Ofu and Olosega islands, Manu'a Group, American Samoa: implications for technological evolution and cultural interaction","attachmentId":64583268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44216808/An_early_pre_1500_BP_fishhook_assemblage_from_Ofu_and_Olosega_islands_Manua_Group_American_Samoa_implications_for_technological_evolution_and_cultural_interaction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44216808/An_early_pre_1500_BP_fishhook_assemblage_from_Ofu_and_Olosega_islands_Manua_Group_American_Samoa_implications_for_technological_evolution_and_cultural_interaction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="69533047" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69533047/Leach_B_F_and_Davidson_J_M_2006_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_an_archaeological_sites_complex_at_Mangilao_Guam_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_38_45_pp">Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2006. Analysis of faunal material from an archaeological sites complex at Mangilao, Guam. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 38. 45 pp.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A collection of approximately 8,000 fish bones from an archaeological site complex at Mangilao on the island of Guam was analysed. Identifiable bones were found in 127 different assemblages. In total, these bones produced a Minimum Number of Individuals of 267 fishes (NISP=394). There were also a few bones of rats, birds and flying fox in the collections, but details of these are reported elsewhere. The collections were examined for possible changes through time and from one area to another, without showing signs of significant variation. Although 20 different families of fish are represented in these collections, all assemblages are dominated by fish belonging to the Scaridae family (parrotfish). This is similar to most other archaeological collections throughout the Pacific. Second in importance are fish belonging to the Coryphaenidae family (dolphinfish), and fifth in abundance are significant quantities of fish in the Istiophoridae/Xiphiidae families (swordfish and marlins). It is exceptional to find these species in archaeological sites in the Pacific; the bones from Mangilao are matched only in other sites in the Marianas chain of islands. A few bones were found from at least 5 species which are not present in the comparative collection at the Archaeozoology Laboratory at the Museum of New Zealand.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2006. Analysis of faunal material from an archaeological sites complex at Mangilao, Guam. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 38. 45 pp.","attachmentId":79592484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69533047/Leach_B_F_and_Davidson_J_M_2006_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_an_archaeological_sites_complex_at_Mangilao_Guam_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_38_45_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69533047/Leach_B_F_and_Davidson_J_M_2006_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_an_archaeological_sites_complex_at_Mangilao_Guam_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_38_45_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="62290439" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62290439/Leach_B_F_1989_Analysis_of_archaeological_fishbone_from_Anaio_Mauke_Southern_Cook_Islands_Rechnical_Report_14_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa">Leach, B.F. 1989. Analysis of archaeological fishbone from Anai'o, Ma'uke, Southern Cook Islands. Rechnical Report 14, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A modest assemblage of fishbones from Anai'o in the Cook Islands was identified (266 bones), producing a MNI of 178 fish belonging to 16 families. The most common family is the Epinephelidae (32% of the catch), which were probably taken with a baited hook. Other fishes in the catch which were probably taken in the same way are Coridae/Labridae (15%), elasmobranchs (> 12%), Lethrinidae (4%), Carangidae (4%), Lutjanidae and Mullidae (1%). Small specimens of tuna (Thunnidae/Katsuwonidae 9%) were probably taken with lures. Fishes which are most likely to have been taken in nets are generally very common in Pacific island sites, however at Anai'o this is not so-Scaridae (4%) and Balistidae (3%). Cluster analysis and principle components analysis were used to compare the Anai'o assemblage with 19 others which have been studied in the Pacific. This showed a loose grouping of Anai'o with Kapingamarangi, Taputa'a-Pito Vitaria on Rurutu, and possibly Kaloko on Hawaii. The main reason for this cluster is probably the relatively high proportion of fishes taken by baited hook fishing at these sites.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F. 1989. Analysis of archaeological fishbone from Anai'o, Ma'uke, Southern Cook Islands. Rechnical Report 14, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.","attachmentId":75105757,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62290439/Leach_B_F_1989_Analysis_of_archaeological_fishbone_from_Anaio_Mauke_Southern_Cook_Islands_Rechnical_Report_14_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62290439/Leach_B_F_1989_Analysis_of_archaeological_fishbone_from_Anaio_Mauke_Southern_Cook_Islands_Rechnical_Report_14_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="48389377" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48389377/The_Toaga_Site_Three_Millennia_of_Polynesian_Occupation_in_the_Manua_Islands_American_Samoa">The To'aga Site: Three Millennia of Polynesian Occupation in the Manu'a Islands, American Samoa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="100332059" href="https://arizona.academia.edu/TerryHunt">Terry Hunt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Antiquity, 1995</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ornaments 162 Miscellaneous Artifacts 164 Worked Shell 164 Unretouched Lithics 165 References Cited 166 Chapter 12. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PROVENANCE OF MANUA ADZ MATERIAL USING A NON-DESTRUCTIVE X-RAY FLOURESCENCE TECHNIQUE. Marshall Weisler 167 Intduction 167 The Collections 168 Methods 170 Results 175 Summary and Conclusions 185 Acknowledgements 185 References Cited 185 Chapter 13. FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE TOAGA SITE. Lisa Nagaoka 189 Methods 189 Results 190 Analysis of Bulk Samples 197 Temporal Trends in the To'aga Assemblage Regional Comparisons Conclusions Acknowledgements References Cited Chapter 14. BIRD BONES FROM THE TO'AGA SITE: PREHISTORIC</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The To'aga Site: Three Millennia of Polynesian Occupation in the Manu'a Islands, American Samoa","attachmentId":67027359,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48389377/The_Toaga_Site_Three_Millennia_of_Polynesian_Occupation_in_the_Manua_Islands_American_Samoa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48389377/The_Toaga_Site_Three_Millennia_of_Polynesian_Occupation_in_the_Manua_Islands_American_Samoa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="43783202" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43783202/Leach_B_F_J_M_Davidson_and_M_Horwood_1994_Analysis_of_Fish_Bone_from_Five_Archaeological_Sites_on_Fais_Caroline_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_4">Leach, B. F., J. M. Davidson, and M. Horwood. 1994. Analysis of Fish Bone from Five Archaeological Sites on Fais, Caroline Islands. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 4.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This Report is not intended for wide distribution, but as a permanent record relating to collections in the Archaeozoology Laboratory. It includes archival and curatorial information which is useful when second tier research is carried out on these collections. Scholars with an interest in this subject matter may obtain a copy of individual sections of the faunal database relating to particular archaeological sites, and a copy of the relevant technical report, by writing to the Archaeozoology Laboratory. A nominal charge is incurred for making such copies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B. F., J. M. Davidson, and M. Horwood. 1994. Analysis of Fish Bone from Five Archaeological Sites on Fais, Caroline Islands. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 4.","attachmentId":64098010,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43783202/Leach_B_F_J_M_Davidson_and_M_Horwood_1994_Analysis_of_Fish_Bone_from_Five_Archaeological_Sites_on_Fais_Caroline_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_4","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43783202/Leach_B_F_J_M_Davidson_and_M_Horwood_1994_Analysis_of_Fish_Bone_from_Five_Archaeological_Sites_on_Fais_Caroline_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_4"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="69533607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69533607/Leach_B_F_and_Davidson_J_M_2006_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_an_archaeological_site_at_Ylig_Guam_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_39_29_pp">Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2006. Analysis of faunal material from an archaeological site at Ylig, Guam. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 39. 29 pp.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A collection of approximately 2,000 fish bones from an archaeological site at Ylig on the island of Guam was analysed. Identifiable bones were found in 59 different assemblages. In total, these bones produced a Minimum Number of Individuals of 95 fishes (NISP=170). Although 15 different families of fish are represented in this collection, all assemblages are dominated by fish belonging to the Coryphaenidae family (dolphinfish). This is highly unusual compared to all other archaeological fish collections so far examined from the Pacific region. These collections are usually dominated by Scaridae. At Ylig, fishes of the Scaridae family are second in abundance. Also notable at Ylig is the presence of fish in the Istiophoridae/Xiphiidae families (swordfish and marlins). It is exceptional to find these species in archaeological sites in the Pacific; the bones from Ylig are matched only in other sites in the Marianas chain of islands. The recovery method was not systematic for all parts of the excavation, so there could be some bias in the relative abundance of different species. The collection was examined for possible changes through time, but did not show signs of significant variation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2006. Analysis of faunal material from an archaeological site at Ylig, Guam. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 39. 29 pp.","attachmentId":79592853,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69533607/Leach_B_F_and_Davidson_J_M_2006_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_an_archaeological_site_at_Ylig_Guam_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_39_29_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69533607/Leach_B_F_and_Davidson_J_M_2006_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_an_archaeological_site_at_Ylig_Guam_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_39_29_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="62290380" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62290380/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_and_Smith_I_W_G_1988_Analysis_of_archaeological_fauna_from_Kaloko_Hawaii_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_8_47_pp">Leach, B.F., Horwood, L.M. and Smith, I.W.G. 1988. Analysis of archaeological fauna from Kaloko, Hawaii. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 8. 47 pp.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F., Horwood, L.M. and Smith, I.W.G. 1988. Analysis of archaeological fauna from Kaloko, Hawaii. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 8. 47 pp.","attachmentId":75105684,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62290380/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_and_Smith_I_W_G_1988_Analysis_of_archaeological_fauna_from_Kaloko_Hawaii_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_8_47_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62290380/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_and_Smith_I_W_G_1988_Analysis_of_archaeological_fauna_from_Kaloko_Hawaii_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_8_47_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="49467506" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49467506/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_Smith_I_W_G_and_McGovern_Wilson_R_1987_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_Songsong_Village_Rota_Marianna_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_7_54_p">Leach, B.F., Horwood, L.M., Smith, I.W.G. and McGovern-Wilson, R. 1987. Analysis of faunal material from Songsong Village, Rota, Marianna Islands. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 7. 54 p.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The faunal assemblage from this site contains fish from 20 families, two species of rat (Rattus exulans, and cf. Rattus rattus mansorius), two species of bird (Halcyon chloris orii, and a small gull or tern), turtle, pig, dog and human. The two rat species are present throughout the chronology of the site, showing their ability to co-exist. The presence of the larger species in Micronesia is a significant problem needing detailed study. Both the pig and dog were present at Songsong at considerable depth (36-70cm), ruling out modern intrusion. The small size of the collection and its fragmentary nature does not permit identification of the sub-species of pig involved, the biological affinities of the dog, whether these animals were feral or domesticates, or any useful details of the relationships these animals had with people in this area. These are important issues for attention in the future when a larger assemblage can be found in this region for study. There is no clear difference in faunal composition through time at this site, but several lines of evidence point to spatial differentiation. Understanding the structure of the original community would require intensive stratigraphic excavation over larger areas than the exploratory test pits of the present study. Inshore reef fish dominate the assemblage (showing similarities with Palau), with pelagic fish second in abundance, and demersal fish taken with baited line third. The number of eels and elasmobranchs are low enough to suspect species avoidance behaviour. There are no tuna in the site. The relative numbers of pelagic predatory fish such as trevallies, dolphinfish, longtoms, and marlin/swordfish show that these people were skilled in harvesting this zone including over the deeper offshore waters. Present evidence suggests that big game fishing in the Pacific is confined to the Marianas area, and this collection augments our knowledge for the island of Rota in particular. However, this information is only fragmentary, again drawing attention to the need for area excavation, so that at least one prehistoric community in the Marianas can be understood in detail.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F., Horwood, L.M., Smith, I.W.G. and McGovern-Wilson, R. 1987. Analysis of faunal material from Songsong Village, Rota, Marianna Islands. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 7. 54 p.","attachmentId":67811775,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49467506/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_Smith_I_W_G_and_McGovern_Wilson_R_1987_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_Songsong_Village_Rota_Marianna_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_7_54_p","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49467506/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_Smith_I_W_G_and_McGovern_Wilson_R_1987_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_Songsong_Village_Rota_Marianna_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_7_54_p"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="43447470" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43447470/Joel_Klenck_Final_Report_for_the_West_Manu_a_Archaeological_Survey_Island_of_Ofu_American_Samoa">Joel Klenck, Final Report for the West Manu’a Archaeological Survey, Island of Ofu, American Samoa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14773530" href="https://nus-ws.academia.edu/JoelKlenck">Joel Klenck</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Samoa Historic Preservation Office, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Archaeologist Joel Klenck conducted an archaeological survey for prehistoric and historic properties covering approximately 60.12 acres (24.32 hectares) above the current village of Ofu, on the western coast of Ofu Island, Manu’a Archipelago, for the American Samoa Historic Preservation Office, in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (“NHPA”), as amended. The project resulted in the identification and recordation of seven (7) historic sites, AS-13-050 to AS-13-056, comprising two hundred and seven (207) historic features, 661 lithic tools or pieces of debitage, 9 coral tools, 32 bones of a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), 4 molluscs representing three species, and 1 metal casing from a bullet. These features, particularly the slope terraces, were occupied during pre-contact periods and afterwards. The survey featured both pedestrian research and ground penetrating radar allowing a surficial and stratigraphic analyses of each locale.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Joel Klenck, Final Report for the West Manu’a Archaeological Survey, Island of Ofu, American Samoa","attachmentId":63753909,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43447470/Joel_Klenck_Final_Report_for_the_West_Manu_a_Archaeological_Survey_Island_of_Ofu_American_Samoa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43447470/Joel_Klenck_Final_Report_for_the_West_Manu_a_Archaeological_Survey_Island_of_Ofu_American_Samoa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="28326491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28326491/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_Smith_I_W_G_and_McGovern_Wilson_R_1987_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_Songsong_Village_Rota_Mariana_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_7_54_pp">Leach, B.F., Horwood, L.M., Smith, I.W.G. and McGovern‑Wilson, R. 1987. Analysis of faunal material from Songsong Village, Rota, Mariana Islands. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 7. 54 pp.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The faunal assemblage from this site contains fish from 20 families, two species of rat (Rattus exulans, and cf. Rattus rattus mansorius), two species of bird (Halcyon chloris orii, and a small gull or tern), turtle, pig, dog and human.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F., Horwood, L.M., Smith, I.W.G. and McGovern‑Wilson, R. 1987. Analysis of faunal material from Songsong Village, Rota, Mariana Islands. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 7. 54 pp.","attachmentId":48659036,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28326491/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_Smith_I_W_G_and_McGovern_Wilson_R_1987_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_Songsong_Village_Rota_Mariana_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_7_54_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28326491/Leach_B_F_Horwood_L_M_Smith_I_W_G_and_McGovern_Wilson_R_1987_Analysis_of_faunal_material_from_Songsong_Village_Rota_Mariana_Islands_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_7_54_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":69818992,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":69818992,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_69818992" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="49467066" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49467066/Leach_B_F_Davidson_J_M_and_Horwood_L_M_1994_Identification_of_archaeological_fish_bones_from_Matakana_Island_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_2_23_pp">Leach, B.F., Davidson, J.M. and Horwood, L.M. 1994. Identification of archaeological fish bones from Matakana Island. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 2. 23 pp.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F., Davidson, J.M. and Horwood, L.M. 1994. Identification of archaeological fish bones from Matakana Island. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 2. 23 pp.","attachmentId":67811534,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49467066/Leach_B_F_Davidson_J_M_and_Horwood_L_M_1994_Identification_of_archaeological_fish_bones_from_Matakana_Island_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_2_23_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49467066/Leach_B_F_Davidson_J_M_and_Horwood_L_M_1994_Identification_of_archaeological_fish_bones_from_Matakana_Island_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_2_23_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="692669" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/692669/Examining_causes_and_trends_in_marine_trophic_level_change_1500_years_of_fish_exploitation_at_Fatu_ma_futi_Tutuila_Island_American_Samoa">Examining causes and trends in marine trophic level change: 1500 years of fish exploitation at Fatu-ma-futi, Tutuila Island, American Samoa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="435229" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/AlexMorrison">Alex Morrison</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Examining causes and trends in marine trophic level change: 1500 years of fish exploitation at Fatu-ma-futi, Tutuila Island, American Samoa","attachmentId":3874142,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/692669/Examining_causes_and_trends_in_marine_trophic_level_change_1500_years_of_fish_exploitation_at_Fatu_ma_futi_Tutuila_Island_American_Samoa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/692669/Examining_causes_and_trends_in_marine_trophic_level_change_1500_years_of_fish_exploitation_at_Fatu_ma_futi_Tutuila_Island_American_Samoa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="62513182" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62513182/Leach_B_F_Davidson_J_M_and_Horwood_L_M_1994_Identification_of_archaeological_fish_bones_from_Panau_Banks_Peninsular_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_3_8_p">Leach, B.F., Davidson, J.M. and Horwood, L.M. 1994. Identification of archaeological fish bones from Panau, Banks Peninsular. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 3. 8 p.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F., Davidson, J.M. and Horwood, L.M. 1994. Identification of archaeological fish bones from Panau, Banks Peninsular. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 3. 8 p.","attachmentId":75248850,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62513182/Leach_B_F_Davidson_J_M_and_Horwood_L_M_1994_Identification_of_archaeological_fish_bones_from_Panau_Banks_Peninsular_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_3_8_p","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62513182/Leach_B_F_Davidson_J_M_and_Horwood_L_M_1994_Identification_of_archaeological_fish_bones_from_Panau_Banks_Peninsular_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_3_8_p"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="36415045" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36415045/Davidson_J_M_Leach_B_F_Fraser_K_and_Burnside_G_1998_Prehistoric_Fishing_at_Faahia_Huahine_Society_Islands_French_Polynesia_Journal_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Oc%C3%A9anistes_107_145_157">Davidson, J.M., Leach, B.F., Fraser, K. and Burnside, G. 1998. Prehistoric Fishing at Fa`ahia, Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 107: 145–157.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21167587" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Janetdavidson">Janet davidson</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Davidson, J.M., Leach, B.F., Fraser, K. and Burnside, G. 1998. Prehistoric Fishing at Fa`ahia, Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 107: 145–157.","attachmentId":56327487,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36415045/Davidson_J_M_Leach_B_F_Fraser_K_and_Burnside_G_1998_Prehistoric_Fishing_at_Faahia_Huahine_Society_Islands_French_Polynesia_Journal_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Oc%C3%A9anistes_107_145_157","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36415045/Davidson_J_M_Leach_B_F_Fraser_K_and_Burnside_G_1998_Prehistoric_Fishing_at_Faahia_Huahine_Society_Islands_French_Polynesia_Journal_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Oc%C3%A9anistes_107_145_157"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="1566475" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1566475/Prehistoric_Butchery_and_Consumption_of_Birds_in_the_Kingdom_of_Tonga_South_Pacific">Prehistoric Butchery and Consumption of Birds in the Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1763095" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/AimeePlourde">Aimee Plourde</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prehistoric Butchery and Consumption of Birds in the Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific","attachmentId":50927689,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1566475/Prehistoric_Butchery_and_Consumption_of_Birds_in_the_Kingdom_of_Tonga_South_Pacific","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1566475/Prehistoric_Butchery_and_Consumption_of_Birds_in_the_Kingdom_of_Tonga_South_Pacific"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="79552831" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79552831/Assessing_Protocols_for_Identifying_Pacific_Island_Archaeological_Fish_Remains_The_Contribution_of_Vertebrae">Assessing Protocols for Identifying Pacific Island Archaeological Fish Remains: The Contribution of Vertebrae</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="702542" href="https://uq.academia.edu/MarshallWeisler">Marshall Weisler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing Protocols for Identifying Pacific Island Archaeological Fish Remains: The Contribution of Vertebrae","attachmentId":86228892,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79552831/Assessing_Protocols_for_Identifying_Pacific_Island_Archaeological_Fish_Remains_The_Contribution_of_Vertebrae","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79552831/Assessing_Protocols_for_Identifying_Pacific_Island_Archaeological_Fish_Remains_The_Contribution_of_Vertebrae"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="49466296" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49466296/Davidson_J_M_Fraser_K_Leach_B_F_and_Sinoto_Y_H_2000_Prehistoric_Fishing_at_Hane_Ua_Huka_Marquesas_Islands_French_Polynesia_New_Zealand_Journal_of_Archaeology_21_1999_5_28">Davidson, J.M., Fraser, K., Leach, B.F. and Sinoto, Y.H. 2000. Prehistoric Fishing at Hane, Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 21 (1999): 5-28.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Davidson, J.M., Fraser, K., Leach, B.F. and Sinoto, Y.H. 2000. Prehistoric Fishing at Hane, Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 21 (1999): 5-28.","attachmentId":67810962,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49466296/Davidson_J_M_Fraser_K_Leach_B_F_and_Sinoto_Y_H_2000_Prehistoric_Fishing_at_Hane_Ua_Huka_Marquesas_Islands_French_Polynesia_New_Zealand_Journal_of_Archaeology_21_1999_5_28","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49466296/Davidson_J_M_Fraser_K_Leach_B_F_and_Sinoto_Y_H_2000_Prehistoric_Fishing_at_Hane_Ua_Huka_Marquesas_Islands_French_Polynesia_New_Zealand_Journal_of_Archaeology_21_1999_5_28"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="22483281" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22483281/Refining_the_chronology_for_west_polynesian_colonization_New_data_from_the_Samoan_archipelago">Refining the chronology for west polynesian colonization: New data from the Samoan archipelago</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3142483" href="https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/SethQuintus">Seth Quintus</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="702542" href="https://uq.academia.edu/MarshallWeisler">Marshall Weisler</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="826129" href="https://ndsu.academia.edu/JeffreyClark">Jeffrey T Clark</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Refining the chronology for west polynesian colonization: New data from the Samoan archipelago","attachmentId":43104418,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22483281/Refining_the_chronology_for_west_polynesian_colonization_New_data_from_the_Samoan_archipelago","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22483281/Refining_the_chronology_for_west_polynesian_colonization_New_data_from_the_Samoan_archipelago"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="36055171" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36055171/New_Taxonomic_Records_and_Regional_Trends_for_the_Marquesan_Prehistoric_Marine_Fishery_Eiao_Island_Polynesia">New Taxonomic Records and Regional Trends for the Marquesan Prehistoric Marine Fishery, Eiao Island, Polynesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1066527" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/MichelCHARLEUX">Michel CHARLEUX</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9310803" href="https://jamescook.academia.edu/ArianaLambrides">Ariana Lambrides</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="702542" href="https://uq.academia.edu/MarshallWeisler">Marshall Weisler</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New Taxonomic Records and Regional Trends for the Marquesan Prehistoric Marine Fishery, Eiao Island, Polynesia","attachmentId":55940785,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36055171/New_Taxonomic_Records_and_Regional_Trends_for_the_Marquesan_Prehistoric_Marine_Fishery_Eiao_Island_Polynesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36055171/New_Taxonomic_Records_and_Regional_Trends_for_the_Marquesan_Prehistoric_Marine_Fishery_Eiao_Island_Polynesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="43783173" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43783173/Davidson_J_M_and_B_F_Leach_1988_Fish_bone_pp_335_356_In_Butler_B_M_ed_Archaeological_Investigations_on_the_North_Coast_of_Rota_Mariana_Islands_Micronesian_Archaeological_Survey_Report_No_23_Southern_Illinois_University_at_Cardondale_Occasional_Paper_No_8">Davidson, J. M. and B. F. Leach. 1988. Fish bone. pp 335-356 In: Butler, B.M. (ed) Archaeological Investigations on the North Coast of Rota, Mariana Islands. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report No.23. Southern Illinois University at Cardondale, Occasional Paper No. 8.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Davidson, J. M. and B. F. Leach. 1988. Fish bone. pp 335-356 In: Butler, B.M. (ed) Archaeological Investigations on the North Coast of Rota, Mariana Islands. Micronesian Archaeological Survey Report No.23. Southern Illinois University at Cardondale, Occasional Paper No. 8.","attachmentId":64097973,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43783173/Davidson_J_M_and_B_F_Leach_1988_Fish_bone_pp_335_356_In_Butler_B_M_ed_Archaeological_Investigations_on_the_North_Coast_of_Rota_Mariana_Islands_Micronesian_Archaeological_Survey_Report_No_23_Southern_Illinois_University_at_Cardondale_Occasional_Paper_No_8","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43783173/Davidson_J_M_and_B_F_Leach_1988_Fish_bone_pp_335_356_In_Butler_B_M_ed_Archaeological_Investigations_on_the_North_Coast_of_Rota_Mariana_Islands_Micronesian_Archaeological_Survey_Report_No_23_Southern_Illinois_University_at_Cardondale_Occasional_Paper_No_8"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="1385887" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1385887/Dynamics_of_Polynesian_Subsistence_Insights_from_Archaeofauna_and">Dynamics of Polynesian Subsistence: Insights from Archaeofauna and</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1205399" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/MelindaAllen">Melinda S Allen</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamics of Polynesian Subsistence: Insights from Archaeofauna and","attachmentId":8658832,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1385887/Dynamics_of_Polynesian_Subsistence_Insights_from_Archaeofauna_and","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1385887/Dynamics_of_Polynesian_Subsistence_Insights_from_Archaeofauna_and"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="70333818" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70333818/The_importance_of_shell_Redating_of_the_To_aga_site_Ofu_Island_Manua_and_a_revised_chronology_for_the_Lapita_to_Polynesian_Plainware_transition_in_Tonga_and_S%C4%81moa">The importance of shell: Redating of the To’aga site (Ofu Island, Manu'a) and a revised chronology for the Lapita to Polynesian Plainware transition in Tonga and Sāmoa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3083058" href="https://waikato.academia.edu/FionaPetchey">Fiona Petchey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The importance of shell: Redating of the To’aga site (Ofu Island, Manu'a) and a revised chronology for the Lapita to Polynesian Plainware transition in Tonga and Sāmoa","attachmentId":80131255,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70333818/The_importance_of_shell_Redating_of_the_To_aga_site_Ofu_Island_Manua_and_a_revised_chronology_for_the_Lapita_to_Polynesian_Plainware_transition_in_Tonga_and_S%C4%81moa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70333818/The_importance_of_shell_Redating_of_the_To_aga_site_Ofu_Island_Manua_and_a_revised_chronology_for_the_Lapita_to_Polynesian_Plainware_transition_in_Tonga_and_S%C4%81moa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="77602298" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77602298/More_Bird_Bones_from_Polynesian_Archeological_Sites_on_Henderson_Island">More Bird Bones from Polynesian Archeological Sites on Henderson Island</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1205399" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/MelindaAllen">Melinda S Allen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"More Bird Bones from Polynesian Archeological Sites on Henderson Island","attachmentId":84877087,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77602298/More_Bird_Bones_from_Polynesian_Archeological_Sites_on_Henderson_Island","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77602298/More_Bird_Bones_from_Polynesian_Archeological_Sites_on_Henderson_Island"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="3944497" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3944497/Prehistoric_Fishing_in_Palau_Micronesia_Evidence_from_the_Northern_Rock_Islands">Prehistoric Fishing in Palau, Micronesia: Evidence from the Northern Rock Islands</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="172698" href="https://uoregon.academia.edu/ScottFitzpatrick">Scott Fitzpatrick</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prehistoric Fishing in Palau, Micronesia: Evidence from the Northern Rock Islands","attachmentId":31561189,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3944497/Prehistoric_Fishing_in_Palau_Micronesia_Evidence_from_the_Northern_Rock_Islands","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3944497/Prehistoric_Fishing_in_Palau_Micronesia_Evidence_from_the_Northern_Rock_Islands"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="89132901" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89132901/New_prehistoric_avifaunas_from_the_Gambier_Group_French_Polynesia">New prehistoric avifaunas from the Gambier Group, French Polynesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="173215" href="https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/PatrickKirch">Patrick Kirch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Palaeontologia Electronica, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New prehistoric avifaunas from the Gambier Group, French Polynesia","attachmentId":92986003,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89132901/New_prehistoric_avifaunas_from_the_Gambier_Group_French_Polynesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89132901/New_prehistoric_avifaunas_from_the_Gambier_Group_French_Polynesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="8189142" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8189142/The_Austronesians_in_the_New_World_a_chronostratigraphy">The Austronesians in the New World: a chronostratigraphy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2626655" href="https://rogerblench.academia.edu/RogerBlench">Roger Blench</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Austronesians in the New World: a chronostratigraphy","attachmentId":34621017,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8189142/The_Austronesians_in_the_New_World_a_chronostratigraphy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8189142/The_Austronesians_in_the_New_World_a_chronostratigraphy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="52654844" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52654844/SAMOAN_PREHISTORY_IN_REVIEW">SAMOAN PREHISTORY IN REVIEW</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="826129" href="https://ndsu.academia.edu/JeffreyClark">Jeffrey T Clark</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oceanic Culture History: Essays in Honour of Roger Green, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SAMOAN PREHISTORY IN REVIEW","attachmentId":69816011,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52654844/SAMOAN_PREHISTORY_IN_REVIEW","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52654844/SAMOAN_PREHISTORY_IN_REVIEW"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="7573894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7573894/Avifaunal_extinctions_vegetation_change_and_Polynesian_impacts_in_prehistoric_Hawaii">Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawai'i</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13632121" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/DavidIZe">David IZe</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawai'i","attachmentId":48416634,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7573894/Avifaunal_extinctions_vegetation_change_and_Polynesian_impacts_in_prehistoric_Hawaii","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7573894/Avifaunal_extinctions_vegetation_change_and_Polynesian_impacts_in_prehistoric_Hawaii"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="37114100" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37114100/Leach_B_F_and_Intoh_M_1984_An_Archaeological_fishbone_assemblage_from_the_Vitaria_site_Rurutu_Austral_Islands_Journal_de_la_Societe_des_Oceanistes_78_75_77">Leach, B.F. and Intoh, M. 1984. An Archaeological fishbone assemblage from the Vitaria site, Rurutu, Austral Islands. Journal de la Societe des Oceanistes 78: 75-77.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F. and Intoh, M. 1984. An Archaeological fishbone assemblage from the Vitaria site, Rurutu, Austral Islands. Journal de la Societe des Oceanistes 78: 75-77.","attachmentId":57065628,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37114100/Leach_B_F_and_Intoh_M_1984_An_Archaeological_fishbone_assemblage_from_the_Vitaria_site_Rurutu_Austral_Islands_Journal_de_la_Societe_des_Oceanistes_78_75_77","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37114100/Leach_B_F_and_Intoh_M_1984_An_Archaeological_fishbone_assemblage_from_the_Vitaria_site_Rurutu_Austral_Islands_Journal_de_la_Societe_des_Oceanistes_78_75_77"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="62305521" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62305521/Leach_B_F_1989_Archaeological_time_trends_in_South_Island_Maori_fishing_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_11_38_pp">Leach, B.F. 1989. Archaeological time trends in South Island Maori fishing. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 11. 38 pp.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F. 1989. Archaeological time trends in South Island Maori fishing. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Technical Report 11. 38 pp.","attachmentId":75116431,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62305521/Leach_B_F_1989_Archaeological_time_trends_in_South_Island_Maori_fishing_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_11_38_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62305521/Leach_B_F_1989_Archaeological_time_trends_in_South_Island_Maori_fishing_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa_Technical_Report_11_38_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="1455708" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1455708/Stratigraphy_Chronology_and_Cultural_Context_of_an_Early_Faunal_Assemblage_from_Easter_Island_by_David_Steadman_Patricia_Vargas_Casanova_Claudio_Cristino">Stratigraphy, Chronology, and Cultural Context of an Early Faunal Assemblage from Easter Island by David Steadman, Patricia Vargas Casanova, Claudio Cristino</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="699999" href="https://uchile.academia.edu/PatriciaVargasCasanova">Patricia Vargas Casanova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stratigraphy, Chronology, and Cultural Context of an Early Faunal Assemblage from Easter Island by David Steadman, Patricia Vargas Casanova, Claudio Cristino","attachmentId":38782089,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1455708/Stratigraphy_Chronology_and_Cultural_Context_of_an_Early_Faunal_Assemblage_from_Easter_Island_by_David_Steadman_Patricia_Vargas_Casanova_Claudio_Cristino","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1455708/Stratigraphy_Chronology_and_Cultural_Context_of_an_Early_Faunal_Assemblage_from_Easter_Island_by_David_Steadman_Patricia_Vargas_Casanova_Claudio_Cristino"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="101827752" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101827752/One_hundred_New_dates_from_Tutuila_and_Manua_Additional_data_addressing_chronological_issues_in_Samoan_prehistory">One hundred New dates from Tutuila and Manua: Additional data addressing chronological issues in Samoan prehistory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36825075" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidJAddison18">David J Addison</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Samoan Studies, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"One hundred New dates from Tutuila and Manua: Additional data addressing chronological issues in Samoan prehistory","attachmentId":102261454,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101827752/One_hundred_New_dates_from_Tutuila_and_Manua_Additional_data_addressing_chronological_issues_in_Samoan_prehistory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101827752/One_hundred_New_dates_from_Tutuila_and_Manua_Additional_data_addressing_chronological_issues_in_Samoan_prehistory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="121753573" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121753573/Redating_of_the_To_aga_site_Ofu_Island_Manu_a_and_a_revised_chronology_for_the_Lapita_to_Polynesian_Plainware_transition_in_Tonga_and_Samoa">Redating of the To’aga site (Ofu Island, Manu’a) and a revised chronology for the Lapita to Polynesian Plainware transition in Tonga and Samoa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3083058" href="https://waikato.academia.edu/FionaPetchey">Fiona Petchey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Redating of the To’aga site (Ofu Island, Manu’a) and a revised chronology for the Lapita to Polynesian Plainware transition in Tonga and Samoa","attachmentId":116560268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121753573/Redating_of_the_To_aga_site_Ofu_Island_Manu_a_and_a_revised_chronology_for_the_Lapita_to_Polynesian_Plainware_transition_in_Tonga_and_Samoa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121753573/Redating_of_the_To_aga_site_Ofu_Island_Manu_a_and_a_revised_chronology_for_the_Lapita_to_Polynesian_Plainware_transition_in_Tonga_and_Samoa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="9207876" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9207876/Leach_B_F_and_Boocock_A_1993_Prehistoric_Fish_Catches_in_New_Zealand_British_Archaeological_Reports_International_Series_584_303_pp">Leach, B.F. and Boocock, A. 1993. Prehistoric Fish Catches in New Zealand. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 584. 303 pp.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leach, B.F. and Boocock, A. 1993. Prehistoric Fish Catches in New Zealand. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 584. 303 pp.","attachmentId":35486736,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9207876/Leach_B_F_and_Boocock_A_1993_Prehistoric_Fish_Catches_in_New_Zealand_British_Archaeological_Reports_International_Series_584_303_pp","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9207876/Leach_B_F_and_Boocock_A_1993_Prehistoric_Fish_Catches_in_New_Zealand_British_Archaeological_Reports_International_Series_584_303_pp"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="642032" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/642032/Fishing_Turtle_Hunting_and_Mammal_Exploitation_at_Faahia_Huahine_French_Polynesia">Fishing, Turtle Hunting, and Mammal Exploitation at Fa'ahia, Huahine, French Polynesia.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="164485" href="https://otago.academia.edu/IanSmith">Ian Smith</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1846082" href="https://tepapa.academia.edu/FossLeach">Foss Leach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 1984</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fishing, Turtle Hunting, and Mammal Exploitation at Fa'ahia, Huahine, French Polynesia.","attachmentId":4064517,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/642032/Fishing_Turtle_Hunting_and_Mammal_Exploitation_at_Faahia_Huahine_French_Polynesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/642032/Fishing_Turtle_Hunting_and_Mammal_Exploitation_at_Faahia_Huahine_French_Polynesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="30543" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pacific_Archaeology">Pacific Archaeology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="154344" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Samoa">Samoa</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="393307" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet_and_Subsistence">Diet and Subsistence</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1790953" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_fishing">Prehistoric fishing</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div> </body> </html>