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id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-興廢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#興廢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">一</span> <span>興廢</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-興廢-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換興廢子章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-興廢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-太祖開國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#太祖開國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">一.一</span> <span>太祖開國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-太祖開國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-靖難之役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#靖難之役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">一.二</span> <span>靖難之役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-靖難之役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-永樂王朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#永樂王朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">一.三</span> <span>永樂王朝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-永樂王朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中衰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中衰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">一.四</span> <span>中衰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中衰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亡滅" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亡滅"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">一.五</span> <span>亡滅</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亡滅-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-禮儀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#禮儀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">二</span> <span>禮儀</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-禮儀-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換禮儀子章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-禮儀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大禮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大禮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">二.一</span> <span>大禮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大禮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-朝貢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朝貢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">二.二</span> <span>朝貢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朝貢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食貨" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食貨"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">三</span> <span>食貨</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食貨-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-兵備" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#兵備"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">四</span> <span>兵備</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-兵備-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-律法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#律法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">五</span> <span>律法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-律法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外交" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">六</span> <span>外交</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外交-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換外交子章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外交-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-朝鮮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朝鮮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">六.一</span> <span>朝鮮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朝鮮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">六.二</span> <span>日本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-泰西" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#泰西"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">六.三</span> <span>泰西</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-泰西-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">六.三.一</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食貨_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食貨_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">六.三.二</span> <span>食貨</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食貨_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-畛域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#畛域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">七</span> <span>畛域</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-畛域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">八</span> <span>帝系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-帝系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">九</span> <span>注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="切換目次" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">切換目次</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">明</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往別種語言的條目。有一二五種語言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">一二五種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinastie" title="Ming-dinastie – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ming-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग वंश – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मिंग वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="عيلة مينج – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيلة مينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Min sülaləsi – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Min sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مین سولاله‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مین سولاله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Мин империяһы – 巴什喀爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мин империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什喀爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingu_dinast%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mingu dinastėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mingu dinastėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Імперыя Мін – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дынастыя Мін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мин – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="মিং রাজবংশ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিং রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Ming" title="Tierniezh Ming – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Ming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Мин улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мин улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 加泰蘭文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACng-di%C3%A8u" title="Mìng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mìng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Импери Мин – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Импери Мин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ – 中庫德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中庫德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Ming" title="Říše Ming – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Ming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Мин империйӗ – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мин империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Ming" title="Brenhinllin Ming – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Ming" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dinastia" title="Ming dinastia – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ming dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان مینگ – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان مینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastia" title="Ming-dynastia – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ming-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Ming" title="Dynastie Ming – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Ming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-D%C3%BCnastii" title="Ming-Dünastii – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ming-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Ming" title="Ríshliocht Ming – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Ming" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ACgh-shliochd_nam_Ming" title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – 加利西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_%C3%B1emo%C3%B1anga" title="Ming ñemoñanga – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ming ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACn-chh%C3%A8u" title="Mìn-chhèu – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mìn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת מינג – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת מינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – 印地文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinasztia" title="Ming-dinasztia – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ming-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մին դինաստիա – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մին դինաստիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_a_Dinastia" title="Ming a Dinastia – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ming a Dinastia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingveldi%C3%B0" title="Mingveldið – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mingveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Ming" title="Wangsa Ming – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Ming" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინის დინასტია – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%8B_Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9Bza%C9%A3" title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мин династиясы – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мин династиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សមិង – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សមិង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternieth_Ming" title="Ternieth Ming – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ternieth Ming" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Mim" title="Familia Mim – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Mim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87" title="ລາຊະວົງມິງ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງມິງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Mingų dinastija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mingų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minu_dinastija" title="Minu dinastija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Минг (династија) – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минг (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="മിങ് രാജവംശം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Мин улс – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мин улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="مینگ سلسله – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مینگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ वंश – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ्ग राजवंश – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastie" title="Ming-dynastie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ming-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="正典"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Ming" title="Dynastia Ming – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="منگ سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="منګ واکمنه کورنۍ – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منګ واکمنه کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Империя Мин – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Мин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Дінастія Мінґ – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дінастія Мінґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Миин династията – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миин династията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="මිං රාජවංශය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Велико Царство Минг – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велико Царство Минг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingdynastin" title="Mingdynastin – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mingdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_(nasaba)" title="Ming (nasaba) – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ming (nasaba)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மிங் அரசமரபு – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์หมิง – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์หมิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Min imperiýasy – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Min imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Ming" title="Dinastiyang Ming – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Ming" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Ming Hanedanı – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ming Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Династія Мін – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Мін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(sulola)" title="Min (sulola) – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Min (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Minh" title="Nhà Minh – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Ming" title="Dinastiya Ming – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Ming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="明朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინიშ დინასტია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მინიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מינג דינאסטיע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingzciuz" title="Mingzciuz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mingzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="明朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Bêng-tiâu – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bêng-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E" title="大明 – 粵語" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粵語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9903#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="修跨語鏈" class="wbc-editpage">纂鏈</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名集"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="閱文稿[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new 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<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="多寶" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">多寶</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&stable=1"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-current" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&stable=0&redirect=no"><span>底本</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit" title="編輯此頁面的原始碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>纂</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=history"><span>覽史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 一般 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E5%8F%96%E4%BD%90/%E6%98%8E" title="何美餚，佐此料[j]" accesskey="j"><span>取佐</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E6%8F%B4%E5%BC%95/%E6%98%8E" rel="nofollow" title="足義友，借鏡照[k]" accesskey="k"><span>援引</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=lzh" title="貢彩件、獻樂謠[u]" accesskey="u"><span>進獻</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E7%89%B9%E6%9F%A5" title="展盡奇頁[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特查</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&oldid=330070" title="鏈緊焊，橋吊牢"><span>恆通</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=info" title="更多關於此頁面的資訊"><span>文訊</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87&page=%E6%98%8E&id=330070&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="關於如何引用此頁的資訊"><span>引文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">此頁面為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E:%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" title="說明:校對">穩定版本</a>，<a class="external text" href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E8%AA%8C&type=review&page=%E6%98%8E">已檢查</a>於 <i>二〇一九年四月二四日（週三）</i>。有 <a class="external text" href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&oldid=330070&diff=cur">六筆待審核的變更</a>等侯審查。<p><table id="mw-fr-revisionratings-box" class="flaggedrevs-color-1" style="margin: auto;" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="fr-text" style="vertical-align: middle;">質素</td><td class="fr-value40" style="vertical-align: middle;">尚可</td></tr></table></p></div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lzh" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox geography" style="width:25em; margin-top:0.75em;"><tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="line-height:1.2em; padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size:1.25em;">大明</th> </tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table align="center" style="width:100%; background:none;"><tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88:Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor%27s_imperial_robe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="大明之徽"><img alt="大明之徽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor%27s_imperial_robe.svg/100px-Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor%27s_imperial_robe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor%27s_imperial_robe.svg/150px-Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor%27s_imperial_robe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor%27s_imperial_robe.svg/200px-Left-facing_dragon_pattern_on_Wanli_Emperor%27s_imperial_robe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding:0.6em 0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88:%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" class="mw-file-description" title="大明之所在"><img alt="大明之所在" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/250px-%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/375px-%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/500px-%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B4%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>大明之所在</figcaption></figure> </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>國體：</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="君主制（查無此頁）">君主制</a></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>元首</b>：</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%A9%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8#明" title="元明清天子列表">大明皇帝</a></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>總揆</b>：</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="內閣">內閣</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大學士（查無此頁）">大學士</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%A4%AA%E7%9B%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="司禮太監（查無此頁）">司禮太監</a></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>國都</b>：</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="應天府">南京應天府</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="順天府（查無此頁）">北京順天府</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B3%B3%E9%99%BD%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鳳陽府（查無此頁）">中都鳳陽府</a></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>國語</b>：</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>用語</b>：</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>通貨</b>：</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%B6%E9%88%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大明寶鈔（查無此頁）">大明寶鈔</a>、銀兩</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>立國</b>：</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%89%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E5%B9%B4" title="一三六八年">洪武元年</a>正月<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" title="明太祖">太祖</a>即皇帝位</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>亡國</b>：</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4" title="一六六一年">永曆十五年</a>十二月<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97" title="明昭宗">昭宗</a>陷虜</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">前後歷二百九十三年</td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83" title="元">元</a>末大亂，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" title="明太祖">太祖朱元璋</a>起於草莽，削平群雄，北逐<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83" title="元">元人</a>，即皇帝位，建號<b>大明</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，都<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>，史稱洪武之治。後<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">燕王棣</a>興<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E9%9B%A3%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="靖難之役">靖難之役</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%83%A0%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="明惠帝">建文帝</a>不知所終。王遷都<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>。修<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%A8%82%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" title="永樂大典">大典</a>，鑄洪鐘；五征沙漠，七下西洋，外邦賓服，史稱<b>永樂盛世</b>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%81%E5%AE%97" title="明仁宗">仁</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%A3%E5%AE%97" title="明宣宗">宣</a>二帝，寧邦守土，一時之盛世，是為<b>仁宣之治</b>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%8B%B1%E5%AE%97" title="明英宗">英宗</a>以降，閹宦專權，國勢日衰；<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97" title="明孝宗">孝宗</a>踐祚，親賢臣，遠小人，一時中興。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="明世宗">世宗</a>之後，帝主怠政，士子結黨，閹宦專權，朝政不綱。終亡於順。順復亡於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清">清</a>。清人南下，江南至嶺南宗室相繼而起，皆不久有。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97" title="明昭宗">昭宗</a>嗣於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東">廣東</a>，力支十有五年，崩。明遂亡。自<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" title="明太祖">太祖</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97" title="明昭宗">昭宗</a>，紀統二百九十三年，王天下二百七十六年，傳世十有九帝。疆土盛時，「東起<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮國">朝鮮</a>，西據<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="西藏">吐蕃</a>，南包<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="安南">安南</a>，北距大磧。東西萬一千七百五十里，南北萬零九百四里<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>二<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>」。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="興廢"><span id=".E8.88.88.E5.BB.A2"></span>興廢</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=1" title="所纂章名：興廢"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="太祖開國"><span id=".E5.A4.AA.E7.A5.96.E9.96.8B.E5.9C.8B"></span>太祖開國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=2" title="所纂章名：太祖開國"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83" title="元">元</a>季，蒙人暴虐，分國人四等，魚肉漢人。帝主奢靡，不擅國計，國用日匱，遂濫發寶鈔。致民不聊生，海內生怨。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="至正十一年（查無此頁）">至正十一年</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3" title="黃河">黃河</a>大水，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紅巾（查無此頁）">紅巾</a>起，海內呼應，天下大亂。次年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%AD%90%E8%88%88" title="郭子興">郭子興</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%A0%E5%B7%9E" title="濠州">濠州</a>舉事，淮右布衣朱元璋附之，戰輒勝，子興遂妻以所撫馬公女，即<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明孝慈高皇后（查無此頁）">高皇后</a>也。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="至正十五年（查無此頁）">十五年</a>三月郭子興卒，元璋盡攬其部。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="至正十六年（查無此頁）">十六年</a>二月，元璋陷<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="集慶">集慶</a>，改<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="應天府">應天府</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%A3%E5%BB%BF%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="至正廿三年">廿三年</a>滅<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%8F%8B%E8%AB%92" title="陳友諒">陳友諒</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%A3%E5%BB%BF%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="至正廿四年（查無此頁）">廿四年</a>自立爲吳王，史稱西吳，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%A3%E5%BB%BF%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="至正廿七年（查無此頁）">廿七年</a>滅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B5%E5%A3%AB%E8%AA%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="張士誠（查無此頁）">張士誠</a>，降<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%9C%8B%E7%8F%8D" title="方國珍">方國珍</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E6%AD%A3%E5%BB%BF%E5%85%AB%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="至正廿八年">廿八年</a>正月，太祖應天稱帝，國號大明，改元<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6" title="洪武">洪武</a>。七月，移師北伐，克大都，元帝北亡。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪武四年（查無此頁）">洪武四年</a>滅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明夏（查無此頁）">夏</a>，收四川；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪武十四年（查無此頁）">十四年</a>破<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E6%A2%81%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元梁王（查無此頁）">元梁王</a>，克雲南；數征沙漠，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E5%BB%BF%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪武廿年（查無此頁）">廿年</a>降元太尉<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%8D%E5%93%88%E5%87%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="納哈出（查無此頁）">納哈出</a>，平遼東。至此天下始定。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="靖難之役"><span id=".E9.9D.96.E9.9B.A3.E4.B9.8B.E5.BD.B9"></span>靖難之役</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=3" title="所纂章名：靖難之役"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="boilerplate seealso"> <dl><dd><small>主文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E9%9B%A3%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="靖難之役">靖難之役</a></small></dd></dl></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" title="明太祖">太祖</a>崩，立太孫允炆為儲，史稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="建文帝">建文帝</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="建文帝">建文帝</a>用<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%AD%9D%E5%AD%BA" title="方孝孺">方孝孺</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BD%8A%E6%B3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="齊泰（查無此頁）">齊泰</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%83%E5%AD%90%E6%BE%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黃子澄（查無此頁）">黃子澄</a>，倡削藩。燕王<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">朱棣</a>以「皇明祖訓」靖難。洪武三十五年，敗<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="建文帝">建文帝</a>，入主京師，更年號「永樂」。史稱「靖難之役」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="永樂王朝"><span id=".E6.B0.B8.E6.A8.82.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D"></span>永樂王朝</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=4" title="所纂章名：永樂王朝"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="朱棣">燕王</a>入京，殺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AF%E6%B8%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="景清（查無此頁）">景清</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B5%E9%89%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鐵鉉（查無此頁）">鐵鉉</a>，誅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%AD%9D%E5%AD%BA" title="方孝孺">方孝孺</a>十族。更年號「永樂」。任內立<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="內閣">內閣</a>，用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E5%BB%A3%E5%AD%9D" title="姚廣孝">姚廣孝</a>，削藩。命草「永樂大典」。令<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C" title="鄭和">鄭和</a>七下西洋，尋<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="建文帝">建文</a>蹤跡，實欲揚國威。五征漠北，欲當天可汗。南征<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="安南">安南</a>。命<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A6%E5%A4%B1%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亦失哈（查無此頁）">亦失哈</a>赴<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E8%8A%B1%E6%B1%9F" title="松花江">松花江</a>，設努兒干都司。平思南、思州土司亂，設貴州布政使司。欲強控<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="西藏">烏思藏</a>，遣官吏迎僧入京，封號，曰帝師。史稱<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E6%A8%82%E7%9B%9B%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永樂盛世（查無此頁）">永樂盛世</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中衰"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.A1.B0"></span>中衰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=5" title="所纂章名：中衰"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明自成祖以降，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="內閣">內閣</a>用事，及世宗，則帝不用事，內閣攬權，黨爭始。萬曆初，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%B1%85%E6%AD%A3" title="張居正">張居正</a>使考成之法，貪官皆懼之。令明朝繁盛一時。及居正逝，新法盡被帝廢。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%86%B9%E5%AE%97" title="明熹宗">熹宗</a>朝不問國事，權或拖於閹寺，無治人以行治法，亦外釁而內訌；天災連年，西北民變遂起。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%A0%E8%B3%A2" title="魏忠賢">魏忠賢</a>領<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B8%E7%A6%AE%E7%9B%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="司禮監（查無此頁）">司禮監</a>而議國是，內閣之勢始衰。 </p><p>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明思宗">毅宗</a>踐祚，殺魏氏而借其勢重振皇權。然此時久廢不興，兼之天災瘟疫，縱有回天之意，難救中原之危。兼之思宗剛愎自用，時數敗壞，日甚一日。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亡滅"><span id=".E4.BA.A1.E6.BB.85"></span>亡滅</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=6" title="所纂章名：亡滅"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E" title="崇禎">崇禎</a>初年，三餉繼立，民變迭起，無餉則軍畔，加稅而民反，反勢斯成。時，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E8%BF%8E%E7%A5%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高迎祥（查無此頁）">高迎祥</a>自號闖王，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="李自成">李自成</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%8D%BB%E5%BF%A0" title="張獻忠">張獻忠</a>先後附之，各據一方，互為呼應。及後，高迎祥薨，李自成繼起，克潼關，入<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89" title="長安">長安</a>，自立為帝，國號<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="順（查無此頁）">大順</a>。獻忠克蜀，入成都，建國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大西（查無此頁）">大西</a>。 </p><p>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="崇禎十七年">崇禎十七年</a>四月，李自成陷<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明思宗">思宗</a>自縊於煤山。明將<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="吳三桂">吳三桂</a>降<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清">清</a>，開<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" title="山海關">山海關</a>引<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" title="清">清</a>兵入中原，大開殺戒。遂有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%BF%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滿清大屠殺（查無此頁）">滿清大屠殺</a>，中原江南，血染人間。 </p><p>中國淪喪，則有衣冠南渡。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%97" title="明安宗">安宗</a>嗣於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="南京">南京</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%B4%B9%E5%AE%97" title="明紹宗">紹宗</a>嗣於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="福建">福建</a>，據長江而守天險，求偏安而存明祀，然諸鎮不和，黨爭相鬥，以致無力禦敵，竟至<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E8%89%AF%E7%8E%89" title="左良玉">左良玉</a>揮軍東畔，天險虛設，二年則浙閩皆陷，諸帝共死。後清廷剃髮令起，漢民憤之，南明殘勢復起，閩粵川渝，皆有反擊。 </p><p>曾有明將<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭成功">鄭成功</a>圍金陵以復中華，然以敗終。西南川滇李定國以守，屢有勝績，留明十餘載漢家江山。雖定國忠勇，遺民思邦，於永歷六年至八年復桂取粵。然天下大勢已去，諸將不合，終以野亡。永歷十三年，因<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E5%8F%AF%E6%9C%9B" title="孫可望">孫可望</a>之叛，清軍陷昆明，定國西走。西南竟陷矣。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E6%9B%86%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永曆十五年（查無此頁）">永曆十五年</a>十二月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97" title="明昭宗">昭宗</a>南狩<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>。緬王<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%BD%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莽白（查無此頁）">莽白</a>獲帝，獻於虜。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E6%9B%86%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永曆十六年（查無此頁）">十六年</a>四月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="吳三桂">吳三桂</a>弒<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97" title="明昭宗">昭宗</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97" class="mw-disambig" title="雲南">雲南</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="昆明">昆明</a>，明遂亡。 </p><p>延平武王<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭成功">鄭成功</a>奉明<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A7%E9%9D%96%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寧靖王（查無此頁）">寧靖王</a>術桂監國，據<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>抗清，仍用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%9B%86" class="mw-disambig" title="永曆">永曆</a>年號。歷三世，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4" title="一六八三年">三十七年</a>亡。漢家天下至此盡於滿洲也。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="禮儀"><span id=".E7.A6.AE.E5.84.80"></span>禮儀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=7" title="所纂章名：禮儀"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大禮"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E7.A6.AE"></span>大禮</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=8" title="所纂章名：大禮"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明之禮有多目。莫重於天。是為大祀，次中祀，次小祀。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AD%90" title="天子">天子</a>親大祀。每歲行大祀十三、中祀廿五、小祀凡八。皆遣官祭之。復有非常祀，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%8D%E7%94%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="籍田（查無此頁）">籍田</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E5%A5%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="釋奠（查無此頁）">釋奠</a>之禮屬之。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>三<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>宗廟社稷，大祀也。先師，中祀也。雖帝王不親中祀，惟釋奠之禮，實有大祀之實，帝王親之。廟堂配享，兩廡從祀，古已有之。配享者大賢，從祀者次之。嘉靖中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="明世宗">世宗皇帝</a>以孔子禮同天，非之。從<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%92%81" title="張璁">張璁</a>言，廢孔子王爵，止稱至聖先師。復隳孔廟之像，代以木主，著為制。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>四<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明初因<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83" title="元">元</a>制，像聖賢而祀之。自是乃改。嘉靖中從祀者九十一人，累增之，凡九十七人。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>四<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明制，凡神必有祀。無祀之神，祀於厲壇。厲壇者，厲鬼之壇也。此制前朝多無，洪武中置之。京師有泰厲。各藩有國厲，縣有郡厲。是故明之祀，周及上下，無疏漏不祀者。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朝貢"><span id=".E6.9C.9D.E8.B2.A2"></span>朝貢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=9" title="所纂章名：朝貢"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>藩王朝明皇帝，遣<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="應天府">應天</a>知府勞之，藩使來朝，遣同知勞之。賜宴，遂朝皇帝於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%89%E5%A4%A9%E6%AE%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奉天殿（查無此頁）">奉天殿</a>，朝皇太子於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E5%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東宮（查無此頁）">東宮</a>。見畢，上下復賜宴多席。送還出境。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>五<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>有明之世，他國之欲通中華者，必由朝貢，是故明世無邦交之義，而有朝貢之禮焉。太祖皇帝曰:以小事大，古今一理。他邦之來朝者，雖大小有別，強弱殊異，一以同禮待之。明制，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E5%9C%8B" title="琉球國">琉球國</a>二歲一貢，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮國">朝鮮</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E9%BB%8E%E6%9C%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後黎朝（查無此頁）">安南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="占城">占城</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" title="泰國">暹羅</a>三歲一貢。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="日本國">日本國</a>十年一貢。洪武十六年，行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%98%E5%90%88%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勘合貿易（查無此頁）">勘合制</a>。賜諸國勘合若干道，貢使持勘合，乃許貿易。沿海置<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%82%E8%88%B6%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="市舶司（查無此頁）">市舶司</a>，以甄勘合之虛實。朝貢之制既完，因之獲利者亦眾。或一歲多貢，朝廷頒賜之厚，倍於所貢。明制，禁民與貢舶通，久之法馳，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%B0%E7%A7%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="走私（查無此頁）">走私</a>日熾，有司患之。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>六<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="食貨"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E8.B2.A8"></span>食貨</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=10" title="所纂章名：食貨"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明初，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" title="明太祖">太祖皇帝</a>釐正戶籍。置<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%AD%89%E6%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三等戶（查無此頁）">三等戶</a>。民、軍、匠也。復遷民之無田者於諸空地以實之。明世口數，雖諸說不一。然皆不下一億。<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>七<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中尤以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="浙江">浙江</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南直隸（查無此頁）">南直隸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="江西">江西</a>為庶。天下戶口，半在此焉。<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>七<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>華北諸省，歷朝屢被瘡痍，明立，亦見甦生。譬若陝西，萬曆中，戶口較洪武時倍之。蓋太祖行遷徙、減賦、軍屯諸策，田畝既耕，民生遂得小康焉。<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>七<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明之賦稅，國初用唐<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A9%E7%A8%85%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兩稅法（查無此頁）">兩稅法</a>。歲入七分用之，三分存之。嗣後國用益繁，至世宗朝而不敷。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97" title="明穆宗">穆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97" title="明神宗">神</a>二廟臨朝，天下賦稅積欠，至有十餘年而未征者。萬曆九年，乃從首輔<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%B1%85%E6%AD%A3" title="張居正">張居正</a>議，行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E6%A2%9D%E9%9E%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一條鞭法（查無此頁）">一條鞭法</a>。其後每有大役輒加增派，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%AC%E6%9B%86%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萬曆三大征（查無此頁）">萬曆三大征</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E" title="崇禎">崇禎</a>中民亂，咸加增賦。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>八<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明初賦稅多實貢其物，正德以降，代以金銀者愈眾。久之，官俸、兵餉、宗藩之祿，亦皆支以銀兩。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>九<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明之賦稅，尤亂於其季。神宗朝礦稅甚苛，監稅復濫，民苦之。至於加派繁復，明季所課非常之稅凡兩千萬兩。民不堪其重焉。<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一〇<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明制，國家專鬻鹽、茶。置綱冊，載於其冊者許代賣之。茶則有官茶、商茶、貢茶之別。官、貢皆直輸朝廷，商無預之。商茶蓋商以實物易官製憑據，號曰引目，茶商以引目取茶，始得鬻茶於市。明制禁酒。終明之世鮮產之。酒稅較他稅為輕，皆上之州府，不達禁中。<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一〇<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明因古來之習，以農為國本。三百年間，農具、施肥、種植、水利皆有所更新。明季浙西、太湖所植水稻，其密度之高，甚於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國">共和國</a>初。<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>七<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>或云，明之糧產，半倍於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%AE%8B" title="趙宋">宋</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>七<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>是故明世天下糧產之豐，前所未達，後亦有所不及焉。惟耕地多集於三吳，地凡貧瘠，雖有田而不耕。 </p><p>明之匠人，别立一戶。是為匠戶。復分民匠、軍匠。軍匠者，居諸衛所，隸兵部。民匠隸工部，朝廷每興土木，民匠為之，勞而無給。明匠世襲，禁轉為民。民匠之中，尚有住坐匠、輪班匠。住坐諸匠宿京師，輪班諸匠無常居處，隨徵而應，班時或一歲、或二、三歲。<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一一<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明世，凡儒戶并農商漁茶之戶皆屬民戶。民之所業有貴賤，民戶之中，嚎喪、乞丐、器樂、女妓之屬，時人賤之。<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一一<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="兵備"><span id=".E5.85.B5.E5.82.99"></span>兵備</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=11" title="所纂章名：兵備"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明制，軍戶世業兵。是故明之兵皆世襲，非征自民丁。此制漸馳，朝廷乃募兵於民。明廷廣置<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%AF%E7%94%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="屯田（查無此頁）">屯田</a>，軍以所屯之田自給。有明之世，火器大盛，銃、炮之用益頻。清人遠不及之。<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一二<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明之用武也鮮，永樂以降，皆作守勢。明重文，委將兵於進士。復行兵將分離之制，是故將不領常兵，兵不屬一將。<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一二<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明廢元軍制，更置<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都指揮使司（查無此頁）">都指揮使司</a>凡二十三。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一三<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>下置諸<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%9B%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衛所（查無此頁）">衛所</a>，有事則以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%BB%8D%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五軍都督府（查無此頁）">五軍都督府</a>節制之，無事則歸。是故帝王總天下兵馬，眾帥不預之。明制，軍戶遷移，閤門從徙。每會調防之期，從遷者甚眾。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一四<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>曰若兵器，明初有寶源局、軍器局、兵仗局。製碗口銃以備軍用。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%A8%82" title="永樂">永樂</a>以降，著為常制。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">成祖皇帝</a>伐蒙古，用火銃齊射之術。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E8%AC%99" title="于謙">于謙</a>守京師，亦賴火器得全。<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9B%86" title="萬曆">萬曆</a>中，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%82%E6%B8%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="樂清（查無此頁）">樂清</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%99%E5%A3%AB%E6%A5%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="趙士楨（查無此頁）">趙士楨</a>自製諸火器、戰車，作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%99%A8%E8%AD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神器譜（查無此頁）">神器譜</a>》。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="努爾哈赤">努爾哈赤</a>興於遼東，明廷乃引<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%B7%E7%82%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紅夷炮（查無此頁）">紅夷炮</a>制之。時朝廷自西洋購炮，已而仿製之，中華之有巨炮，實肇跡於明也。是故火器之用，以明為盛。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一五<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="律法"><span id=".E5.BE.8B.E6.B3.95"></span>律法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=12" title="所纂章名：律法"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三法司（查無此頁）">三法司</a>，曰<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刑部（查無此頁）">刑部</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大理寺（查無此頁）">大理寺</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E5%AF%9F%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都察院（查無此頁）">都察院</a>。刑部審事，大理寺驗之，都察院司風紀。刑部之下，復置十三<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E5%90%8F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清吏司（查無此頁）">清吏司</a>，聽訟斷獄。刑死以下者，一決於刑部。諸大案、死、流之刑，與寺、院共治。是為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%83%E5%AF%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="會審（查無此頁）">會審</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一六<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>諸布政使司，置<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E5%88%91%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提刑按察使（查無此頁）">提刑按察使</a>。州府并屬縣，則以州官為之。明世，大小鄉村，置申明亭，亭有老人，理鄉中爭訟。<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一六<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>三法司不司軍戶。軍中律法，悉聽衛所<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8E%AE%E6%92%AB%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鎮撫司（查無此頁）">鎮撫司</a>，理軍戶之訟，正軍法焉。都司之下亦置有斷事司，參預軍法。<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一六<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明之廠衛，名昭於世。廠者，多謂<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%B7%9D%E4%BA%8B%E5%BB%A0" title="東緝事廠">東緝事廠</a>也。復有西廠、內行廠。衛者，<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A6%E8%A1%A3%E8%A1%9B" title="錦衣衛">錦衣衛</a>也。錦衣本禁中衛所，其制與諸衛所同，有鎮撫司。<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一七<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>故付錦衣衛者，實下其鎮撫司也。<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一七<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有明廠衛勢極熾，三法司雖有其名，其實也見奪於廠衛。英宗、憲宗皇帝朝，錦衣衛得預會審。至<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%86%B9%E5%AE%97" title="明熹宗">熹廟</a>御朝，廠衛之虐益肆，士人以下刑部為幸。 </p><p>論明之律法，必以《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大明律（查無此頁）">大明律</a>》。明律自洪武六年起議，洪武三十年，製大明律成。凡名例律、吏律、戶律、禮律、兵律、刑律、工律四百六十六條。太祖皇帝復製大誥四篇，以戒不法。是為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B%E8%AA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欽定律誥（查無此頁）">欽定律誥</a>。明之律例，可更者唯例而已，律之為祖宗成法，禁修之。萬曆十三年，重修諸例，以新明律，成《大明律附例》。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一八<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>太祖鑒前元之敗，立法尤嚴。必欲除亂暴而後已。惟明律用刑，流於殘酷，肉刑之用甚繁。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>一九<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明世職官之制，皆由《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%83%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大明會典（查無此頁）">大明會典</a>》百八十卷。孝宗弘治中<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%9D%B1%E9%99%BD" title="李東陽">李東陽</a>輩製《會典》成，著為永式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外交"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4"></span>外交</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=13" title="所纂章名：外交"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朝鮮"><span id=".E6.9C.9D.E9.AE.AE"></span>朝鮮</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=14" title="所纂章名：朝鮮"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="boilerplate seealso"> <dl><dd><small>主文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮國">朝鮮國</a></small></dd></dl></div> <p>洪武二年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97%E5%9C%8B" title="高麗國">高麗</a>王顓表<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" title="明太祖">太祖</a>即位，賜以金印、誥命，封高麗國王。二十五年，其門下侍郎<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%88%90%E6%A1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="李成桂">李成桂</a>主國事，更名旦，遷都<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="首爾">漢城</a>。遣使大明請改國號，太祖詔定朝鮮，取意朝日鮮明也。萬曆二十年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>寇朝，史稱壬辰倭亂。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97" title="明神宗">神宗</a>遣兵援朝。天啟七年，清攻朝鮮，朝鮮屢戰皆敗，明援難繼，無計可施，其王畔明而臣清也。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=15" title="所纂章名：日本"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="boilerplate seealso"> <dl><dd><small>主文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="日本國">日本國</a></small></dd></dl></div> <p>初，設為永不兵伐之國。後<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" title="室町幕府">室町幕府</a>權勢不再，戰國紛亂，屢有武士落海為寇，襲擾大明。是為倭寇。故複海禁令限貿易，遣<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9A%E7%B9%BC%E5%85%89" title="戚繼光">戚繼光</a>定粵閩。 </p><p>豐臣太閣間，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E8%87%A3%E7%A7%80%E5%90%89" title="豐臣秀吉">秀吉</a>興軍伐朝鮮，眾近十五萬，明以兵八萬討之。日本軍退。至秀吉薨，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%9D%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%B7" title="德川家康">德川家康</a>別立幕府，與明和好，自此在無戰端。 </p><p>至隆慶，海禁鬆弛，雖不得直接舟連相交，亦可貿易相通也。日本白銀遂大入中國。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="泰西"><span id=".E6.B3.B0.E8.A5.BF"></span>泰西</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=16" title="所纂章名：泰西"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=17" title="所纂章名：政治"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明之中葉，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐</a>國以有大航海，殖民世界。故<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" title="東南亞">東南亞</a>之地，皆為彼據。至<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>租<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a>，與明交甚。 </p><p>時隆慶開關，海禁漸鬆，西人如<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%91%AA%E7%AB%87" title="利瑪竇">利瑪竇</a>等競入中原。譯<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%8E%9F%E6%9C%AC" title="幾何原本">幾何原本</a>，傳宗播教，文化以新。 </p><p>然至末世，諸國皆有殖民中原之心，屢有戰端。崇禎六年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" title="荷蘭">荷</a>艦犯境，明將鄭芝龍敗之。十年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英</a>犯<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-disambig" title="廣州">廣州</a>，明水師卻之。永曆十五年，明將<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭成功">鄭成功</a>取臺灣，敗荷軍，臺灣為中國有。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="食貨_2"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E8.B2.A8_2"></span>食貨</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=18" title="所纂章名：食貨"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐</a>連接經年，物流相通，中國<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶">茶</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絲綢（查無此頁）">錦</a>為西貴之玩，歐國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術（查無此頁）">技巧</a>為華夏之用。 </p><p>古<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="砲（查無此頁）">砲</a>以機發石，元而用火。至明以降，火器益重，其技多西法也。嘉靖之<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="佛朗機">佛朗機</a>，西國名也。萬曆<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%85%E8%A1%A3%E5%A4%A7%E7%82%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紅衣大炮（查無此頁）">紅衣大炮</a>始進，紅衣者，亦紅夷也。及至崇禎，大學士<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%93" class="mw-redirect" title="徐光啓">徐光啓</a>請西人製造火炮，以衛諸鎮。斯大宗也。至清則復習騎射，火器見棄，交流斷絕。 </p><p>火炮之外，歐人於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="美洲">美洲</a>所掠金銀，亦以貨殖而大入中國，晚明以銀為幣，亦有此因。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="畛域"><span id=".E7.95.9B.E5.9F.9F"></span>畛域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=19" title="所纂章名：畛域"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="boilerplate seealso"> <dl><dd><small>主文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%BF%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="承宣布政使司（查無此頁）">承宣布政使司</a></small></dd></dl></div> <p>明無<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行省（查無此頁）">行省</a>之制，而置<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%BF%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="承宣布政使司（查無此頁）">承宣布政使司</a>當之。南北二京以下，置布政使司凡十三。其下轄府、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直隸州（查無此頁）">直隸州</a>、軍民府。復有二直隸，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南直隸（查無此頁）">南直隸</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北直隸（查無此頁）">北直隸</a>也。 </p><p>明之<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%BB%8D%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五軍都督府（查無此頁）">五軍都督府</a>，下置諸衛所。邊衛多有軍屯，名為軍，實與州府無異。復有在外<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E5%85%92%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奴兒干都指揮使司（查無此頁）">奴兒干都司</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E6%80%9D%E8%97%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏思藏都指揮使司（查無此頁）">烏思藏都司</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B5%E7%94%98%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朵甘都指揮使司（查無此頁）">朵甘都司</a>并所轄諸衛、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%83%E6%88%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="千戶所（查無此頁）">千戶所</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9B%E8%A8%8E%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="招討司（查無此頁）">招討司</a>，猶封疆之藩，其土人自治之，歲或入貢焉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="帝系"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E7.B3.BB"></span>帝系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=20" title="所纂章名：帝系"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明帝系，自成祖<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%96%E9%9B%A3%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="靖難之役">靖難</a>以還，皆以<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">成祖</a>子孫為大宗。惟<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%83%A0%E5%AE%97" title="明惠宗">惠宗皇帝</a>系出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%87%BF%E6%96%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="懿文太子（查無此頁）">懿文太子</a>標。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="紹武帝">紹武帝</a>系出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唐定王（查無此頁）">唐定王</a>桱。寧靖王術桂系出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BC%E7%B0%A1%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遼簡王（查無此頁）">遼簡王</a>植。 </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%9F%E8%99%9F" title="廟號">廟號</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A1" title="諡">諡</a> </th> <th>諱 </th> <th>在位 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E8%99%9F" title="年號">年號</a> </th> <th>后 </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B5%E5%AF%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陵寢（查無此頁）">陵寢</a> </th> <th>備考 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" title="明太祖">太祖</a> </td> <td>開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功<b>高皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱元璋 </td> <td>三十一年 </td> <td>洪武 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E6%85%88%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝慈高皇后（查無此頁）">孝慈高皇后</a>馬氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明孝陵（查無此頁）">孝陵</a> </td> <td>洪武帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%83%A0%E5%AE%97" title="明惠宗">惠宗</a> </td> <td>嗣天章道誠懿淵功觀文揚武克仁篤孝<b>讓皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱允炆 </td> <td>四年 </td> <td>建文 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E6%84%8D%E8%AE%93%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝愍讓皇后（查無此頁）">孝愍讓皇后</a>馬氏 </td> <td>無 </td> <td>建文帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">成祖</a> </td> <td>啟天弘道高明肇運聖武神功純仁至孝<b>文皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱棣 </td> <td>二十二年 </td> <td>永樂 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%81%E5%AD%9D%E6%96%87%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仁孝文皇后（查無此頁）">仁孝文皇后</a>徐氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E9%95%B7%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明長陵（查無此頁）">長陵</a> </td> <td>永樂帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%81%E5%AE%97" title="明仁宗">仁宗</a> </td> <td>敬天體道純誠至德弘文欽武章聖達孝<b>昭皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱高熾 </td> <td>九月 </td> <td>洪熙 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%A0%E5%AD%9D%E6%98%AD%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="誠孝昭皇后（查無此頁）">誠孝昭皇后</a>張氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E7%8D%BB%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明獻陵（查無此頁）">獻陵</a> </td> <td>洪熙帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%A3%E5%AE%97" title="明宣宗">宣宗</a> </td> <td>憲天崇道英明神聖欽天昭武寬仁純孝<b>章皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱瞻基 </td> <td>十年 </td> <td>宣德 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%AD%E8%AE%93%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恭讓皇后（查無此頁）">恭讓皇后</a>胡氏 <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%81%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="孝恭章皇后">孝恭章皇后</a>孫氏 </p> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%99%AF%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明景陵（查無此頁）">景陵</a> </td> <td>宣德帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%8B%B1%E5%AE%97" title="明英宗">英宗</a> </td> <td>法天立道仁明誠敬昭文憲武至德廣孝<b>睿皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱祁鎮 </td> <td>十四年 </td> <td>正統 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E8%8E%8A%E7%9D%BF%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝莊睿皇后（查無此頁）">孝莊睿皇后</a>錢氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E8%A3%95%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明裕陵（查無此頁）">裕陵</a> </td> <td>正統帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%97" title="明代宗">代宗</a> </td> <td>符天建道恭仁康定隆文布武顯德崇孝<b>景皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱祁鈺 </td> <td>七年 </td> <td>景泰 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E6%B7%B5%E6%99%AF%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝淵景皇后（查無此頁）">孝淵景皇后</a>汪氏 <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%85%E5%AD%9D%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肅孝皇后（查無此頁）">肅孝皇后</a>杭氏 </p> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%99%AF%E6%B3%B0%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明景泰陵（查無此頁）">景泰陵</a> </td> <td>景泰帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%8B%B1%E5%AE%97" title="明英宗">英宗</a> </td> <td>法天立道仁明誠敬昭文憲武至德廣孝<b>睿皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱祁鎮 </td> <td>八年 </td> <td>天順 </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E8%A3%95%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明裕陵（查無此頁）">裕陵</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%86%B2%E5%AE%97" title="明憲宗">憲宗</a> </td> <td>繼天凝道誠明仁敬崇文肅武宏德聖孝<b>純皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱見深 </td> <td>二十三年 </td> <td>成化 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%86%B2%E5%AE%97%E5%BB%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="憲宗廢皇后（查無此頁）">廢皇后</a>吳氏 <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E8%B2%9E%E7%B4%94%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝貞純皇后（查無此頁）">孝貞純皇后</a>王氏 </p> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E8%8C%82%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明茂陵（查無此頁）">茂陵</a> </td> <td>成化帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97" title="明孝宗">孝宗</a> </td> <td>建天明道純識中正聖文神武至仁大德<b>敬皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱佑樘 </td> <td>十八年 </td> <td>弘治 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E6%88%90%E6%95%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝成敬皇后（查無此頁）">孝成敬皇后</a>張氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%B3%B0%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明泰陵（查無此頁）">泰陵</a> </td> <td>弘治帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97" title="明武宗">武宗</a> </td> <td>承天達道英肅睿哲昭德顯功弘文思孝<b>毅皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱厚照 </td> <td>十六年 </td> <td>正德 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E9%9D%9C%E6%AF%85%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝靜毅皇后（查無此頁）">孝靜毅皇后</a>夏氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%BA%B7%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明康陵（查無此頁）">康陵</a> </td> <td>正德帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="明世宗">世宗</a> </td> <td>欽天履道英毅神聖宣文廣武洪仁大孝<b>肅皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱厚熜 </td> <td>四十五年 </td> <td>嘉靖 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9D%E6%BD%94%E8%82%85%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="孝潔肅皇后">孝潔肅皇后</a>陳氏 <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97%E5%BB%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世宗廢皇后（查無此頁）">廢皇后</a>張氏 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E7%83%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝烈皇后（查無此頁）">孝烈皇后</a>方氏 </p> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%B0%B8%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明永陵（查無此頁）">永陵</a> </td> <td>嘉靖帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97" title="明穆宗">穆宗</a> </td> <td>契天隆道淵懿寬仁顯文光武純德弘孝<b>莊皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱載垕 </td> <td>六年 </td> <td>隆慶 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%89%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝安皇后（查無此頁）">孝安皇后</a>陳氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%98%AD%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明昭陵（查無此頁）">昭陵</a> </td> <td>隆慶帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97" title="明神宗">神宗</a> </td> <td>範天合道哲肅敦簡光文章武安仁止孝<b>顯皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱翊均 </td> <td>四十八年 </td> <td>萬曆 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E7%AB%AF%E9%A1%AF%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝端顯皇后（查無此頁）">孝端顯皇后</a>王氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%9A%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明定陵（查無此頁）">定陵</a> </td> <td>萬曆帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%85%89%E5%AE%97" title="明光宗">光宗</a> </td> <td>崇天契道英睿恭純憲文景武淵仁懿孝<b>貞皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱常洛 </td> <td>四月 </td> <td>泰昌 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E5%85%83%E8%B2%9E%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝元貞皇后（查無此頁）">孝元貞皇后</a>郭氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%85%B6%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明慶陵（查無此頁）">慶陵</a> </td> <td>泰昌帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%86%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%82%8A%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="明熹宗悊皇帝">熹宗</a> </td> <td>達天闡道敦孝篤友章文襄武靖穆莊勤<b>悊皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱由校 </td> <td>七年 </td> <td>天啟 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E5%93%80%E6%82%8A%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝哀悊皇后（查無此頁）">孝哀悊皇后</a>張氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明德陵（查無此頁）">德陵</a> </td> <td>天啟帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AF%85%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="明毅宗">威宗</a> </td> <td>紹天繹道剛明恪儉揆文奮武敦仁懋孝<b>烈皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱由檢 </td> <td>十七年 </td> <td>崇禎 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E7%AF%80%E7%83%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝節烈皇后（查無此頁）">孝節烈皇后</a>周氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E9%99%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明思陵（查無此頁）">思陵</a> </td> <td>崇禎帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%97" title="明安宗">安宗</a> </td> <td>奉天遵道寬和靜穆修文布武溫恭仁孝<b>簡皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱由崧 </td> <td>五月 </td> <td>弘光 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E5%93%B2%E7%B0%A1%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝哲簡皇后（查無此頁）">孝哲簡皇后</a>黃氏 </td> <td>河南孟津 </td> <td>弘光帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%B4%B9%E5%AE%97" title="明紹宗">紹宗</a> </td> <td>配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝<b>襄皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱聿鍵 </td> <td>二年 </td> <td>隆武 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E6%AF%85%E8%A5%84%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝毅襄皇后（查無此頁）">孝毅襄皇后</a>曾氏 </td> <td>羅漢嶺 </td> <td>隆武帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td>無 </td> <td>無 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="紹武帝">朱聿𨮁</a> </td> <td>月餘 </td> <td>紹武 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B9%E6%AD%A6%E5%90%9B%E8%87%A3%E5%86%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紹武君臣冢（查無此頁）">紹武君臣冢</a> </td> <td>紹武帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97" title="明昭宗">昭宗</a> </td> <td>應天推道敏毅恭儉經文緯武禮仁克孝<b>匡皇帝</b> </td> <td>朱由榔 </td> <td>十六年 </td> <td>永曆 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9D%E5%89%9B%E5%8C%A1%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孝剛匡皇后（查無此頁）">孝剛匡皇后</a>王氏 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E6%9B%86%E5%B8%9D%E6%AE%89%E5%9C%8B%E8%99%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永曆帝殉國處（查無此頁）">永曆帝殉國處</a> </td> <td>永曆帝 </td></tr> <tr> <td>無 </td> <td>無 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A7%E9%9D%96%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寧靖王（查無此頁）">朱術桂</a> </td> <td>未即皇帝位 </td> <td>永曆 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A7%E9%9D%96%E7%8E%8B%E5%A2%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寧靖王墓（查無此頁）">寧靖王墓</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E9%84%AD" title="明鄭">明鄭</a>監國 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注"><span id=".E6.B3.A8"></span>注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E&action=edit&section=21" title="所纂章名：注"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%8E" title="朱國禎">朱國禎</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%A7%E5%B9%A2%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湧幢小品（查無此頁）">湧幢小品</a>》卷二「國號」條云：「國號上加『大』字，始於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="大元">胡元</a>，我朝因之。……其言大<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2" title="漢">漢</a>、大<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90" title="唐">唐</a>、大<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%AE%8B" title="趙宋">宋</a>者，乃臣子及外夷尊稱之詞。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明史（查無此頁）">明史</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a 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