CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: acid hydrolysis</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: acid hydrolysis"> <meta name="keywords" content="acid hydrolysis"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="acid hydrolysis" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="acid hydrolysis"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3210</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: acid hydrolysis</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3210</span> Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Oil Palm Fiber</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ridzuan%20Ramli">Ridzuan Ramli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zianor%20Azrina%20Zianon%20Abdin"> Zianor Azrina Zianon Abdin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Dalour%20Beg"> Mohammad Dalour Beg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosli%20M.%20Yunus"> Rosli M. Yunus </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were produced by using the ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) pulp with different hydrolysis time then were analyzed by using FESEM and TGA as in comparison with EFB fiber and EFB pulp. Based on the FESEM analysis, it was found that NCC has a rod like shaped under the acid hydrolysis with an assistant of ultrasound. According to thermal stability, the NCC obtained show remarkable sign of high thermal stability compared to EFB fiber and EFB pulp. However, as the hydrolysis time increase, the thermal stability of NCC was deceased. As in conclusion, the NCC can be prepared by using ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis. The NCC obtained have good thermal stability and have a great potential as the reinforcement in composite materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nanocrystalline%20cellulose" title="Nanocrystalline cellulose">Nanocrystalline cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound%20assisted%20acid%20hydrolysis" title=" ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis"> ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stability" title=" thermal stability"> thermal stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empty%20fruit%20bunch%20%28EFB%29" title=" empty fruit bunch (EFB)"> empty fruit bunch (EFB)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16060/nanocrystalline-cellulose-from-oil-palm-fiber" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">479</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3209</span> Determination of Effect Factor for Effective Parameter on Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Material by Concentrated Acid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sina%20Aghili">Sina Aghili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Arasteh%20Nodeh"> Ali Arasteh Nodeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tamarisk usage as a new group of lignocelluloses material to produce fermentable sugars in bio-ethanol process was studied. The overall aim of this work was to establish the optimum condition for acid hydrolysis of this new material and a mathematical model predicting glucose release as a function of operation variable. Sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 20 to 60%(w/w), process temperature between 60 to 95oC, hydrolysis time from 120 to 240 min and solid content 5,10,15%(w/w) were used as hydrolysis conditions. HPLC was used to analysis of the product. This analysis indicated that glucose was the main fermentable sugar and was increased with time, temperature and solid content and acid concentration was a parabola influence in glucose production.The process was modeled by a quadratic equation. Curve study and model were found that 42% acid concentration, 15 % solid content and 90oC were in optimum condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentable%20sugar" title="fermentable sugar">fermentable sugar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saccharification" title=" saccharification"> saccharification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood" title=" wood"> wood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis "> hydrolysis </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38296/determination-of-effect-factor-for-effective-parameter-on-saccharification-of-lignocellulosic-material-by-concentrated-acid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3208</span> Optimization of Diluted Organic Acid Pretreatment on Rice Straw Using Response Surface Methodology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rotchanaphan%20Hengaroonprasan">Rotchanaphan Hengaroonprasan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malinee%20Sriariyanun"> Malinee Sriariyanun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prapakorn%20Tantayotai"> Prapakorn Tantayotai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Supacharee%20Roddecha"> Supacharee Roddecha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kraipat%20Cheenkachorn"> Kraipat Cheenkachorn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lignocellolusic material is a substance that is resistant to be degraded by microorganisms or hydrolysis enzymes. To be used as materials for biofuel production, it needs pretreatment process to improve efficiency of hydrolysis. In this work, chemical pretreatments on rice straw using three diluted organic acids, including acetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, were optimized. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the effect of three pretreatment parameters, acid concentration, treatment time, and reaction temperature, on pretreatment efficiency were statistically evaluated. The results indicated that dilute oxalic acid pretreatment led to the highest enhancement of enzymatic saccharification by commercial cellulase and yielded sugar up to 10.67 mg/ml when using 5.04% oxalic acid at 137.11 oC for 30.01 min. Compared to other acid pretreatment by acetic acid, citric acid, and hydrochloric acid, the maximum sugar yields are 7.07, 6.30, and 8.53 mg/ml, respectively. Here, it was demonstrated that organic acids can be used for pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials to enhance of hydrolysis process, which could be integrated to other applications for various biorefinery processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignocellolusic%20biomass" title="lignocellolusic biomass">lignocellolusic biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pretreatment" title=" pretreatment"> pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20acid%20response%20surface%20methodology" title=" organic acid response surface methodology"> organic acid response surface methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biorefinery" title=" biorefinery"> biorefinery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21515/optimization-of-diluted-organic-acid-pretreatment-on-rice-straw-using-response-surface-methodology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">654</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3207</span> Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for D-Lactic Acid Production from Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Aqilah%20Mohd%20Zaini">Nurul Aqilah Mohd Zaini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afroditi%20Chatzifragkou"> Afroditi Chatzifragkou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitris%20Charalampopoulos"> Dimitris Charalampopoulos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> D-Lactic acid production is gaining increasing attention due to the thermostable properties of its polymer, Polylactic Acid (PLA). In this study, D-lactic acid was produced in microbial cultures using Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens as D-lactic acid producer and hydrolysates of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) as fermentation substrate. Prior to fermentation, DDGS was first alkaline pretreated with 5% (w/v) NaOH, for 15 minutes (121oC/ ~16 psi). This led to the generation of DDGS solid residues, rich in carbohydrates and especially cellulose (~52%). The carbohydrate-rich solids were then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with Accellerase® 1500. For Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF), enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out at 50oC for 24 hours, followed by fermentation of D-lactic acid at 37oC in controlled pH 6. The obtained hydrolysate contained 24 g/l glucose, 5.4 g/l xylose and 0.6 g/l arabinose. In the case of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), hydrolysis and fermentation were conducted in a single step process at 37oC in pH 5. The enzymatic hydrolysis of DGGS pretreated solids took place mostly during lag phase of L. coryniformis fermentation, with only a small amount of glucose consumed during the first 6 h. When exponential phase was started, glucose generation reduced as the microorganism started to consume glucose for D-lactic acid production. Higher concentrations of D-lactic acid were produced when SSF approach was applied, with 28 g/l D-lactic acid after 24 h of fermentation (84.5% yield). In contrast, 21.2 g/l D-lactic acid were produced when SHF was used. The optical pu rity of D-lactic acid produced from both experiments was 99.9%. Besides, approximately 2 g/l acetic acid was also generated due to lactic acid degradation after glucose depletion in SHF. SSF was proved an efficient towards DDGS ulilisation and D-lactic acid production, by reducing the overall processing time, yielding sufficient D-lactic acid concentrations without the generation of fermentation by-products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DDGS" title="DDGS">DDGS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkaline%20pretreatment" title=" alkaline pretreatment"> alkaline pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSF" title=" SSF"> SSF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D-lactic%20acid" title=" D-lactic acid"> D-lactic acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67133/simultaneous-saccharification-and-fermentation-for-d-lactic-acid-production-from-dried-distillers-grains-with-solubles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3206</span> Pretreatment of Aquatic Weed Typha latifolia with Sodium Bisulphate for Enhanced Acid and Enzyme Hydrolysis for Production of Xylitol and Bioethanol</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyosthna%20Khanna%20Goli">Jyosthna Khanna Goli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaik%20Naseeruddin"> Shaik Naseeruddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hameeda%20Bee"> Hameeda Bee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Employing lignocellulosic biomass in fermentative production of xylitol and bioethanol is gaining interest as it is renewable, cheap, and abundantly available. Xylitol is a polyol, gaining its importance in the food and pharmacological industry due to its low calorific value and anti-cariogenic nature. Bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is widely accepted as an alternative fuel for transportation with reduced CO₂ emissions, thus reducing the greenhouse effect. Typha latifolia, an aquatic weed, was found to be promising lignocellulosic substrate as it posses a high amount of sugars and does not compete with arable lands and interfere with food and feed competition. In the present study, xylose from hemicellulosic fraction of typha is converted to xylitol by isolate Jfh5 (Candida. tropicalis) and cellulose part to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiaeVS3. Initially, alkali pretreatment of typha using sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium bisulphate and sodium dithionate for overnight (18h) at room temperature (28 ± 2°C), resulted in maximum delignification of 75% with 2% (v/v) sodium bisulphate. Later, pretreated biomass was subjected to acid hydrolysis with 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3% H₂SO₄ at 110 °C and 121°C for 30 and 60 min, respectively. 2% H₂SO₄ at 121°C for 60 min was found to release 13.5 g /l sugars, which on detoxification and fermentation produced 8.1g/l xylitol with yield and productivity of 0.65g/g and 0.112g/l/h respectively. Further enzymatic hydrolysis of the residual substrate obtained after acid hydrolysis released 11g/l sugar, which on fermentation with VS3 produced 4.9g/l ethanol with yield and productivity of 0.22g/g and 0.136g/l/h respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delignification" title="delignification">delignification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=xylitol" title=" xylitol"> xylitol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioethanol" title=" bioethanol"> bioethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis" title=" acid hydrolysis"> acid hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzyme%20hydrolysis" title=" enzyme hydrolysis"> enzyme hydrolysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121313/pretreatment-of-aquatic-weed-typha-latifolia-with-sodium-bisulphate-for-enhanced-acid-and-enzyme-hydrolysis-for-production-of-xylitol-and-bioethanol" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121313.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3205</span> Synthesis of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch by Using Phosphotungstic Acid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogi%20Wibisono%20Budhi">Yogi Wibisono Budhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferry%20Iskandar"> Ferry Iskandar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veinardi%20Suendo"> Veinardi Suendo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Fakhrudin"> Muhammad Fakhrudin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neng%20Tresna%20Umi%20Culsum"> Neng Tresna Umi Culsum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), an abundant agro-waste in Indonesia, is being studied as raw material of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) synthesis. Instead of conventional acid mineral, phosphotungstic acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, HPW) was used to hydrolyze cellulose due to recycling ability and easy handling. Before hydrolysis process, dried EFB was treated by 4% NaOH solution at 90oC for 2 hours and then bleached using 2% NaClO₂ solution at 80oC for 3 hours to remove hemicellulose and lignin. Hydrolysis reaction parameters such as temperature, acid concentration, and reaction time were optimized with fixed solid-liquid ratio of 1:40. Response surface method was used for experimental design to determine the optimum condition of each parameter. HPW was extracted from the mixed solution and recycled with diethyl ether. CNC was separated from the solution by centrifuging and washing with distilled water and ethanol to remove degraded sugars and unreacted celluloses. In this study, pulp from dried EFB produced 44.8% yield of CNC. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis showed that most of CNC equivalent diameter was 140 nm. Crystallinity index was observed at 73.3% using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Thus, a green established process for the preparation of CNC was achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis" title="acid hydrolysis">acid hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose%20nanocrystals" title=" cellulose nanocrystals"> cellulose nanocrystals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20palm%20empty%20fruit%20bunch" title=" oil palm empty fruit bunch"> oil palm empty fruit bunch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphotungstic%20acid" title=" phosphotungstic acid"> phosphotungstic acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74549/synthesis-of-cellulose-nanocrystals-from-oil-palm-empty-fruit-bunch-by-using-phosphotungstic-acid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">217</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3204</span> Comparison of Acid and Base Pretreatment of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for Bioethanol Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20%C3%9Cmi%CC%87t%20%C3%9Cnal">Mustafa Ümi̇t Ünal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nafi%CC%87z%20%C3%87eli%CC%87kta%C5%9F"> Nafi̇z Çeli̇ktaş</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysun%20%C5%9Eener"> Aysun Şener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Bet%C3%BCl%20Dolgun"> Sara Betül Dolgun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duygu%20Keser"> Duygu Keser</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to compare acid and base pretreatment of switchgrass for bioethanol production. Switchgrass was pretreated with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (v/v) at 120, 140, 180 °C for 10, 60 and 90. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated switchgrass samples were carried out using three different enzyme mixtures (22.5 mg cellulase and 75 mg cellobiase /g biomass; 45 mg cellulase and 150 mg cellobiase /g biomass; 90 mg cellulase and 300 mg cellobiase /g biomass). Samples were removed at 24-h interval for fermentable sugar analyses with HPLC. The results showed that use of 90 mg cellulase and 300 mg cellobiase/g biomass resulted in the highest fermentable sugar formation. Furthermore, the highest fermentable sugar yield was obtained by pretreatment at 120 °C for 10 min using 1.0 % sodium hydroxide. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switchgrass" title="switchgrass">switchgrass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20pretreatment" title=" acid pretreatment"> acid pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%0D%0Ahydrolysis" title=" enzymatic hydrolysis"> enzymatic hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=base%20pretreatment" title=" base pretreatment"> base pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanol%20production" title=" ethanol production"> ethanol production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46361/comparison-of-acid-and-base-pretreatment-of-switchgrass-panicum-virgatum-l-for-bioethanol-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">530</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3203</span> Inhibition of the Corrosion of Copper in 0.5 NaCl Solutions by Aqueous Extract and Hydrolysis Acid of Olive Leaf Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chahla%20Rahal">Chahla Rahal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Refait"> Philippe Refait</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oleuropein-rich extract from olive leaf and acid hydrolysates, rich in hydroxytyrosol and elenolic acid was prepared under different experimental conditions. These phenolic compounds may be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The inhibitive action of these extracts and its major constituents on the corrosion of copper in 0.5 M NaCl solution has been evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and weight loss measurements. The product of extraction was analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), whose analysis shows that olive leaf extract are greatly rich in phenolic compounds, mainly Oleuropeine (OLE), Hydroxytyrosol (HT) and elenolic acid (EA). After the acid hydrolysis and high temperature of extraction, an increase in hydroxytyrosol concentration was detected, coupled with relatively low oleuropeine content and high concentration of elenolic acid. The potentiodynamic measurements have shown that this extract acts as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor, and good inhibition efficiency is observed with the increase in HT and EA concentration. These results suggest that the inhibitive effect of olive leaf extract might be due to the adsorption of the various phenolic compounds onto the copper surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20leaf%20extract" title="olive leaf extract">olive leaf extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oleuropein" title=" oleuropein"> oleuropein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltammetry" title=" voltammetry"> voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title=" corrosion"> corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPLC" title=" HPLC"> HPLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EIS" title=" EIS"> EIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61014/inhibition-of-the-corrosion-of-copper-in-05-nacl-solutions-by-aqueous-extract-and-hydrolysis-acid-of-olive-leaf-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3202</span> Process Development for the Conversion of Organic Waste into Valuable Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ife%20O.%20Bolaji">Ife O. Bolaji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental concerns arising from the use of fossil fuels has increased the interest in the development of renewable and sustainable sources of energy. This would minimize the dependence on fossil fuels and serve as future alternatives. Organic wastes contain carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, which can be utilised as carbon sources for the production of bio-based products. Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer, being the main structural component of lignocellulosic materials. The aim of this project is to develop a biological process for the hydrolysis and fermentation of organic wastes into ethanol and organic acids. The hydrolysis and fermentation processes are integrated in a single vessel using undefined mixed culture microorganisms. The anaerobic fermentation of microcrystalline cellulose was investigated in continuous and batch reactors at 25°C with an appropriate growth medium for cellulase formation, hydrolysis, and fermentation. The reactors were inoculated with soil (B1, C1, C3) or sludge from an anaerobic digester (B2, C2) and the breakdown of cellulose was monitored by measuring the production of ethanol, organic acids and the residual cellulose. The batch reactors B1 and B2 showed negligible microbial activity due to inhibition while the continuous reactors, C1, C2 and C3, exhibited little cellulose hydrolysis which was concealed by the cellulose accumulation in the reactor. At the end of the continuous operation, the reactors C1, C2 and C3 were operated under batch conditions. 48%, 34% and 42% cellulose had been fermented by day 88, 55 and 55 respectively of the batch fermentation. Acetic acid, ethanol, propionic acid and butyric acids were the main fermentation products in the reactors. A stable concentration of 0.6 g/l ethanol and 5 g/L acetic acid was maintained in C3 for several weeks due to reduced activity of methanogens caused by the decrease in pH. Thus far, the results have demonstrated that mixed microbial culture is capable of hydrolysing and fermenting cellulose under lenient conditions. The fermentation of cellulose has been found effective in a combination of continuous and batch processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose" title="cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis"> hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20culture" title=" mixed culture"> mixed culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20waste" title=" organic waste"> organic waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40539/process-development-for-the-conversion-of-organic-waste-into-valuable-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40539.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3201</span> New Kinetic Approach to the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Proteins: A Case of Thermolysin-Catalyzed Albumin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Trusek-Holownia">Anna Trusek-Holownia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrzej%20Noworyta"> Andrzej Noworyta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using an enzyme of known specificity the hydrolysis of protein was carried out in a controlled manner. The aim was to obtain oligopeptides being the so-called active peptides or their direct precursors. An original way of expression of the protein hydrolysis kinetics was introduced. Peptide bonds contained in the protein were recognized as a diverse-quality substrate for hydrolysis by the applied protease. This assumption was positively verified taking as an example the hydrolysis of albumin by thermolysin. Peptide linkages for this system should be divided into at least four groups. One of them is a group of bonds non-hydrolyzable by this enzyme. These that are broken are hydrolyzed at a rate that differs even by tens of thousands of times. Designated kinetic constants were k'F = 10991.4 L/g.h, k'M = 14.83L/g.h, k'S about 10-1 L/g.h for fast, medium and slow bonds, respectively. Moreover, a procedure for unfolding of the protein, conducive to the improved susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis (approximately three-fold increase in the rate) was proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peptide%20bond%20hydrolysis" title="peptide bond hydrolysis">peptide bond hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzyme%20specificity" title=" enzyme specificity"> enzyme specificity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biologically%20active%20peptides" title=" biologically active peptides "> biologically active peptides </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5523/new-kinetic-approach-to-the-enzymatic-hydrolysis-of-proteins-a-case-of-thermolysin-catalyzed-albumin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5523.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3200</span> Preparation and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Acacia mangium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samira%20Gharehkhani">Samira Gharehkhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Farid%20Seyed%20Shirazi"> Seyed Farid Seyed Shirazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdolreza%20Gharehkhani"> Abdolreza Gharehkhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hooman%20Yarmand"> Hooman Yarmand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Badarudin"> Ahmad Badarudin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rushdan%20Ibrahim"> Rushdan Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salim%20Newaz%20Kazi"> Salim Newaz Kazi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were prepared by acid hydrolysis and ultrasound treatment of bleached Acacia mangium fibers. The obtained rod-shaped nanocrystals showed a uniform size. The results showed that NCC with high crystallinity can be obtained using 64 wt% sulfuric acid. The effect of synthesis condition was investigated. Different reaction times were examined to produce the NCC and the results revealed that an optimum reaction time has to be used for preparing the NCC. Morphological investigation was performed using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystallinity increased with successive treatments. The NCC suspension was homogeneous and stable and no sedimentation was observed for a long time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis" title="acid hydrolysis">acid hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocrystalline%20cellulose" title=" nanocrystalline cellulose"> nanocrystalline cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20material" title=" nano material"> nano material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reaction%20time" title=" reaction time"> reaction time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41502/preparation-and-characterization-of-nanocrystalline-cellulose-from-acacia-mangium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41502.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3199</span> Degree of Hydrolysis of Proteinaceous Components of Porang Flour Using Papain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fadilah%20Fadilah">Fadilah Fadilah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rochmadi%20Rochmadi"> Rochmadi Rochmadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Syamsiah"> Siti Syamsiah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djagal%20W.%20Marseno"> Djagal W. Marseno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glucomannan can be found in the tuber of porang together with starch and proteinaceous components which were regarded as impurities. An enzymatic process for obtaining higher glucomannan content from Porang flour have been conducted. Papain was used for hydrolysing proteinaceous components in Porang flour which was conducted after a simultaneous extraction of glucomannan and enzymatic starch hydrolysis. Three variables affecting the rate were studied, i.e. temperature, the amount of enzyme and the stirring speed. The ninhydrin method was used to determine degree of protein hydrolysis. Results showed that the rising of degree of hydrolysis were fast in the first ten minutes of the reaction and then proceeded slowly afterward. The optimum temperature for hydrolysis was 60 <sup>o</sup>C. Increasing the amount of enzyme showed a remarkable effect to degree of hydrolysis, but the stirring speed had no significant effect. This indicated that the reaction controlled the rate of hydrolysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degree%20of%20hydrolysis" title="degree of hydrolysis">degree of hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ninhydrin" title=" ninhydrin"> ninhydrin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=papain" title=" papain"> papain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porang%20flour" title=" porang flour"> porang flour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proteinaceous%20components" title=" proteinaceous components"> proteinaceous components</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47785/degree-of-hydrolysis-of-proteinaceous-components-of-porang-flour-using-papain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47785.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3198</span> Acoustic Behavior of Polymer Foam Composite of Shorea leprosula after UV-Irradiation Exposure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anika%20Zafiah%20M.%20Rus">Anika Zafiah M. Rus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Shafizah"> S. Shafizah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was developed to compare the behavior and the ability of polymer foam composites towards sound absorption test of Shorea leprosula wood (SL) of acid hydrolysis treatment with particle size < 355µm. Three different weight ratio of polyol to wood particle has been selected which are 10wt%, 15wt%, and 20wt%. The acid hydrolysis treatment is to optimize the surface interaction of a wood particle with polymer foam matrix. In addition, the acoustic characteristic of sound absorption coefficient (Į) was determined. Further treatment is to expose the polymer composite in UV irradiation by using UV-Weatherometer. Polymer foam composite of untreated shorea leprosula particle (SL-B) with respective percentage loading shows uniform pore structure as compared with treated wood particle (SL-A). As the filler percentage loading in polymer foam increases, the Į value approaching 1 for both samples. Furthermore, SL-A shows better Į value at 3500-4500 frequency absorption level(Hz), meanwhile Į value for SL-B is maximum at 4000-5000 Hz. The frequencies absorption level for both SL-B and SL-A after UV exposure was increased with the increasing of exposure time from 0-1000 hours. It is, therefore, concluded that the Į for each sound absorbing material, with or without acid hydrolysis treatment of wood particles and it’s percentages loading in polymer matrix effect the sound absorption behavior. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20foam%20composite" title="polymer foam composite">polymer foam composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sound%20absorption%20coefficient" title=" sound absorption coefficient"> sound absorption coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV-irradiation" title=" UV-irradiation"> UV-irradiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood" title=" wood"> wood</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16619/acoustic-behavior-of-polymer-foam-composite-of-shorea-leprosula-after-uv-irradiation-exposure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16619.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3197</span> Fermentable Sugars from Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biomass for Bioethanol Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20A.%20Asli">U. A. Asli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Hamid"> H. Hamid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20A.%20Zakaria"> Z. A. Zakaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20N.%20Sadikin"> A. N. Sadikin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Rasit"> R. Rasit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated the effect of a dilute acid, lime and ammonia aqueous pretreatment on the fermentable sugars conversion from empty fruit bunch (EFB) biomass. The dilute acid treatment was carried out in an autoclave, at 121ºC with 4 % of sulphuric acid. In the lime pretreatment, 3 wt % of calcium hydroxide was used, whereas the third method was done by soaking EFB with 28 % ammonia solution. Then the EFB biomass was subjected to a two-stage-acid hydrolysis process. Subsequently, the hydrolysate was fermented by using instant baker’s yeast to produce bioethanol. The highest glucose yield was 890 mg/g of biomass, obtained from the sample which underwent lime pretreatment. The highest bioethanol yield of 6.1mg/g of glucose was achieved from acid pretreatment. This showed that the acid pretreatment gave the most fermentable sugars compared to the other two pretreatments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioethanol" title="bioethanol">bioethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empty%20fruit%20bunch%20%28EFB%29" title=" empty fruit bunch (EFB)"> empty fruit bunch (EFB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentable%20sugars" title=" fermentable sugars"> fermentable sugars</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3408/fermentable-sugars-from-palm-empty-fruit-bunch-biomass-for-bioethanol-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3408.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">616</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3196</span> Assisted Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Tocotrienols from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Najwa%20Othman">Najwa Othman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhidayah%20Suleiman"> Norhidayah Suleiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gun%20Hean%20Chong"> Gun Hean Chong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of palm oil refineries which contains valuable compounds such as phytosterols, squalene, polycosanol, co-enzyme Q10 and vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols). Approximately 0.7-1.0% of vitamin E accumulates in PFAD, and it functions as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of manipulated variables in supercritical carbon dioxide towards the recovery of tocotrienols in PFAD. The vitamin E concentrate isolated varies depending on the pre-treatment of sample and extraction techniques. In this research, tocotrienols in PFAD was concentrated by removing the extraneous matters, especially free fatty acid (FFA) and acylglycerols. Pre-treatment method such as enzymatic hydrolysis by using lipase from Candida rugosa as an enzyme was used to remove FFA and improve recovery of vitamin E. After that, treated PFAD was extracted by using supercritical fluid extraction in co-current glass beads packed column (22 cm x 75 cm i.d) at different temperatures (40-60°C) and pressures (100-300 bar) for 5 hours. After the extraction, the sample was analyzed by using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to quantify the tocotrienols. The results indicated that a combined pressure (200 bar) and temperature (60°C) was predicted to provide highest tocotrienols yield and the extraction yield obtained was 106.45%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20hydrolysis" title="enzymatic hydrolysis">enzymatic hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate" title=" palm fatty acid distillate"> palm fatty acid distillate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercritical%20fluid%20extraction" title=" supercritical fluid extraction"> supercritical fluid extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tocotrienols" title=" tocotrienols "> tocotrienols </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104869/assisted-supercritical-carbon-dioxide-extraction-of-tocotrienols-from-palm-fatty-acid-distillate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3195</span> Regulating Hydrogen Energy Evaluation During Aluminium Hydrolysis in Alkaline Solutions Containing Different Surfactants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20A.%20Deyab">Mohamed A. Deyab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omnia%20A.%20A.%20El-Shamy"> Omnia A. A. El-Shamy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to reveal on the systematic evaluation of hydrogen production by aluminum hydrolysis in alkaline solutions containing different surfactants using hydrogen evolution measurements and supplemented by scan electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). It has been demonstrated that when alkaline concentration and solution temperature rise, the rate of H2 generation and, consequently, aluminum hydrolysis also rises. The addition of nonionic and cationic surfactants solution retards the rate of H2 production. The work is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production from renewable resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title="energy">energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title=" hydrogen"> hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis"> hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surfactants" title=" surfactants"> surfactants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161815/regulating-hydrogen-energy-evaluation-during-aluminium-hydrolysis-in-alkaline-solutions-containing-different-surfactants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3194</span> Conversion of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse to Sugars for Succinic Acid Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enlin%20Lo">Enlin Lo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ioannis%20Dogaris"> Ioannis Dogaris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Philippidis"> George Philippidis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Succinic acid is a compound used for manufacturing lacquers, resins, and other coating chemicals. It is also used in the food and beverage industry as a flavor additive. It is predominantly manufactured from petrochemicals, but it can also be produced by fermentation of sugars from renewable feedstocks, such as plant biomass. Bio-based succinic acid has great potential in becoming a platform chemical (building block) for commodity and high-value chemicals. In this study, the production of bio-based succinic acid from sweet sorghum was investigated. Sweet sorghum has high fermentable sugar content and can be cultivated in a variety of climates. In order to avoid competition with food feedstocks, its non-edible ‘bagasse’ (the fiber part after extracting the juice) was targeted. Initially, various conditions of pretreating sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) were studied in an effort to remove most of the non-fermentable components and expose the cellulosic fiber containing the fermentable sugars (glucose). Concentrated (83%) phosphoric acid was utilized at temperatures 50-80 oC for 30-60 min at various SSB loadings (10-15%), coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial cellulase (Ctec2, Novozymes) enzyme, to identify the conditions that lead to the highest glucose yields for subsequent fermentation to succinic acid. As the pretreatment temperature and duration increased, the bagasse color changed from light brown to dark brown-black, indicating decomposition, which ranged from 15% to 72%, while the theoretical glucose yield is 91%. With Minitab software statistical analysis, a model was built to identify the optimal pretreatment condition for maximum glucose released. The projected theoretical bio-based succinic acid production is 23g per 100g of SSB, which will be confirmed with fermentation experiments using the bacterium Actinobacillus succinogenes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title="biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose" title=" cellulose"> cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20hydrolysis" title=" enzymatic hydrolysis"> enzymatic hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pretreatment" title=" pretreatment"> pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=succinic%20acid" title=" succinic acid"> succinic acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72626/conversion-of-sweet-sorghum-bagasse-to-sugars-for-succinic-acid-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3193</span> Impact of Corn Gluten Hydrolysate on Seedling Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyotika%20Chopra">Jyotika Chopra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20Goyal"> Dinesh Goyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A study was initiated to examine the effects of corn gluten hydrolysate on seedlings growth and its development. Corn gluten is the byproduct of starch industry rich in proteins was hydrolysed by acid and alkali, and the impact of hydrolysate was studied on seed germination of Vigna radiata, Phaseolus vulagris (Fabaceae) and Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa (Gramineae). For this, the optimum hydrolysis was obtained by 4NHCl and 4M NaOH where insoluble protein in gluten was broken down to glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid which was initially confirmed by biuret test, xanthoproteic, solubility and chromatographic tests. The seeds of above families were separately treated with different dilutions of corn gluten hydrolysate ranging from 1-100% to see effects produced by these dilutions on seed germination, plumule, and radical growth. The seedlings were put in the Petri plates and placed in the optimized conditions of temperature (37˚C) and photoperiod of 16:8 hours. The results indicate the plumule of all seeds shows the increase in growth pattern up to 25.75%. Whereas radical shows the increase in growth up to 25.88% till 10% of dilution of corn and wheat gluten hydrolysate with respect to water as blank. Further, there is decrease in growth from 30- 100% of dilutions of both, the hydrolysate indicates the inhibitory effects which unveil about the careful usage of gluten hydrolysate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corn%20gluten" title="corn gluten">corn gluten</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis"> hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seedling%20growth" title=" seedling growth"> seedling growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106308/impact-of-corn-gluten-hydrolysate-on-seedling-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106308.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3192</span> Kinetics Analysis of Lignocellulose Hydrolysis and Glucose Consumption Using Aspergillus niger in Solid State</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akida%20Mulyaningtyas">Akida Mulyaningtyas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wahyudi%20Budi%20Sediawan"> Wahyudi Budi Sediawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One decisive stage in bioethanol production from plant biomass is the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials into simple sugars such as glucose. The produced glucose is then fermented into ethanol. This stage is popularly done in biological method by using cellulase that is produced by certain fungi. As it is known, glucose is the main source of nutrition for most microorganisms. Therefore, cutting cellulose into glucose is actually an attempt of microorganism to provide nutrition for itself. So far, this phenomenon has received less attention while it is necessary to identify the quantity of sugar consumed by the microorganism. In this study, we examined the phenomenon of sugar consumption by microorganism on lignocellulosic hydrolysis. We used oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as the source of lignocellulose and Aspergillus niger as cellulase-producing fungus. In Indonesia, OPEFB is plantation waste that is difficult to decompose in nature and causes environmental problems. First, OPEFB was pretreated with 1% of NaOH at 170 oC to destroy lignin that hindered A.niger from accessing cellulose. The hydrolysis was performed by growing A.niger on pretreated OPEFB in solid state to minimize the possibility of contamination. The produced glucose was measured every 24 hours for 9 days. We analyzed the kinetics of both reactions, i.e., hydrolysis and glucose consumption, simultaneously. The constants for both reactions were assumed to follow the Monod equation. The results showed that the reaction constant of glucose consumption (μC) was higher than of cellulose hydrolysis (μH), i.e., 11.8 g/L and 0.62 g/L for glucose consumption and hydrolysis respectively. However, in general, the reaction rate of hydrolysis is greater than of glucose consumption since the cellulose concentration as substrate in hydrolysis is much higher than glucose as substrate in the consumption reaction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aspergillus%20niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioethanol" title=" bioethanol"> bioethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis"> hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93377/kinetics-analysis-of-lignocellulose-hydrolysis-and-glucose-consumption-using-aspergillus-niger-in-solid-state" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3191</span> Production and Purification of Monosaccharides by Hydrolysis of Sugar Cane Bagasse in an Ionic Liquid Medium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20R.%20Bandara">T. R. Bandara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Jaelani"> H. Jaelani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20J.%20Griffin"> G. J. Griffin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The conversion of lignocellulosic waste materials, such as sugar cane bagasse, to biofuels such as ethanol has attracted significant interest as a potential element for transforming transport fuel supplies to totally renewable sources. However, the refractory nature of the cellulosic structure of lignocellulosic materials has impeded progress on developing an economic process, whereby the cellulose component may be effectively broken down to glucose monosaccharides and then purified to allow downstream fermentation. Ionic liquid (IL) treatment of lignocellulosic biomass has been shown to disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose thus potentially enabling the cellulose to be more readily hydrolysed to monosaccharides. Furthermore, conventional hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials yields byproducts that are inhibitors for efficient fermentation of the monosaccharides. However, selective extraction of monosaccharides from an aqueous/IL phase into an organic phase utilizing a combination of boronic acids and quaternary amines has shown promise as a purification process. Hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse immersed in an aqueous solution with IL (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate) was conducted at different pH and temperature below 100 ºC. It was found that the use of a high concentration of hydrochloric acid to acidify the solution inhibited the hydrolysis of bagasse. At high pH (i.e. basic conditions), using sodium hydroxide, catalyst yields were reduced for total reducing sugars (TRS) due to the rapid degradation of the sugars formed. For purification trials, a supported liquid membrane (SLM) apparatus was constructed, whereby a synthetic solution containing xylose and glucose in an aqueous IL phase was transported across a membrane impregnated with phenyl boronic acid/Aliquat 336 to an aqueous phase. The transport rate of xylose was generally higher than that of glucose indicating that a SLM scheme may not only be useful for purifying sugars from undesirable toxic compounds, but also for fractionating sugars to improve fermentation efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title="biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bagasse" title=" bagasse"> bagasse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis"> hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monosaccharide" title=" monosaccharide"> monosaccharide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supported%20liquid%20membrane" title=" supported liquid membrane"> supported liquid membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purification" title=" purification"> purification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53430/production-and-purification-of-monosaccharides-by-hydrolysis-of-sugar-cane-bagasse-in-an-ionic-liquid-medium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53430.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3190</span> Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Beta-Glucosidase of Streptomyces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Abate">Adam Abate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elham%20Rasti"> Elham Rasti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philip%20Romero"> Philip Romero </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Beta-glucosidase is the key enzyme component present in cellulase and completes the final step during cellulose hydrolysis by converting the cellobiose to glucose. The regulatory properties of beta-glucosidases are most commonly found for the retaining and inverting enzymes. Hydrolysis of a glycoside typically occurs with general acid and general base assistance from two amino acid side chains, normally glutamic or aspartic acids. In order to obtain more detailed information on the dynamic events origination from the interaction with enzyme active site, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations of beta-glycosidase in protonated state (Glu-H178) and deprotonated state (Glu178). The theoretical models generated from our molecular dynamics simulations complement and advance the structural information currently available, leading to a more detailed understanding of Beta-glycosidase structure and function. This article presents the important role of Asn307 in enzyme activity of beta-glucosidase <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beta-glucosidase" title="Beta-glucosidase">Beta-glucosidase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GROMACS" title=" GROMACS"> GROMACS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20dynamics%20simulation" title=" molecular dynamics simulation"> molecular dynamics simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20parameters" title=" structural parameters "> structural parameters </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31578/molecular-dynamics-simulation-of-beta-glucosidase-of-streptomyces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31578.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3189</span> Candida antartica Lipase Assisted Enrichment of n-3 PUFA in Indian Sardine Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prasanna%20Belur">Prasanna Belur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20R.%20Ashwini"> P. R. Ashwini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sampath%20Charanyaa"> Sampath Charanyaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Regupathi"> I. Regupathi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) are one of the richest and cheapest sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) such as Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The health benefits conferred by n-3 PUFA upon consumption, in the prevention and treatment of coronary, neuromuscular, immunological disorders and allergic conditions are well documented. Natural refined Indian Sardine oil generally contain about 25% (w/w) n-3 PUFA along with various unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the form of mono, di, and triglycerides. Having high concentration of n-3 PUFA content in the glyceride form is most desirable for human consumption to avail maximum health benefits. Thus, enhancing the n-3 PUFA content while retaining it in the glyceride form with green technology is the need of the hour. In this study, refined Indian Sardine oil was subjected to selective hydrolysis by Candida antartica lipase to enhance n-3 PUFA content. The degree of hydrolysis and enhancement of n-3 PUFA content was estimated by determining acid value, Iodine value, EPA and DHA content (by Gas Chromatographic methods after derivitization) before and after hydrolysis. Various reaction parameters such as pH, temperature, enzyme load, lipid to aqueous phase volume ratio and incubation time were optimized by conducting trials with one parameter at a time approach. Incubating enzyme solution with refined sardine oil with a volume ratio of 1:1, at pH 7.0, for 60 minutes at 50 °C, with an enzyme load of 60 mg/ml was found to be optimum. After enzymatic treatment, the oil was subjected to refining to remove free fatty acids and moisture content using previously optimized refining technology. Enzymatic treatment at the optimal conditions resulted in 12.11 % enhancement in Degree of hydrolysis. Iodine number had increased by 9.7 % and n-3 PUFA content was enhanced by 112 % (w/w). Selective enhancement of n-3 PUFA glycerides, eliminating saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from the oil using enzyme is an interesting preposition as this technique is environment-friendly, cost effective and provide natural source of n-3 PUFA rich oil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Candida%20antartica" title="Candida antartica">Candida antartica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipase" title=" lipase"> lipase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n-3%20polyunsaturated%20fatty%20acids" title=" n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids"> n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sardine%20oil" title=" sardine oil"> sardine oil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67470/candida-antartica-lipase-assisted-enrichment-of-n-3-pufa-in-indian-sardine-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67470.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3188</span> Acid Mine Drainage Remediation Using Silane and Phosphate Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Chiliza">M. Chiliza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20P.%20Mbukwane"> H. P. Mbukwane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P%20Masita"> P Masita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Rutto"> H. Rutto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acid mine drainage (AMD) one of the main pollutants of water in many countries that have mining activities. AMD results from the oxidation of pyrite and other metal sulfides. When these metals gets exposed to moisture and oxygen, leaching takes place releasing sulphate and Iron. Acid drainage is often noted by 'yellow boy,' an orange-yellow substance that occurs when the pH of acidic mine-influenced water raises above pH 3, so that the previously dissolved iron precipitates out. The possibility of using environmentally friendly silane and phosphate based coatings on pyrite to remediate acid mine drainage and prevention at source was investigated. The results showed that both coatings reduced chemical oxidation of pyrite based on Fe and sulphate release. Furthermore, it was found that silane based coating performs better when coating synthesis take place in a basic hydrolysis than in an acidic state. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20mine%20drainage" title="acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrite" title=" pyrite"> pyrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silane" title=" silane"> silane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphate" title=" phosphate"> phosphate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59866/acid-mine-drainage-remediation-using-silane-and-phosphate-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3187</span> Treatment with Triton-X 100: An Enhancement Approach for Cardboard Bioprocessing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahlam%20Said%20Al%20Azkawi">Ahlam Said Al Azkawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nallusamy%20Sivakumar"> Nallusamy Sivakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saif%20Nasser%20Al%20Bahri"> Saif Nasser Al Bahri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diverse approaches and pathways are under development with the determination to develop cellulosic biofuels and other bio-products eventually at commercial scale in “bio-refineries”; however, the key challenge is mainly the high level of complexity in processing the feedstock which is complicated and energy consuming. To overcome the complications in utilizing the naturally occurring lignocellulose biomass, using waste paper as a feedstock for bio-production may solve the problem. Besides being abundant and cheap, bioprocessing of waste paper has evolved in response to the public concern from rising landfill cost from shrinking landfill capacity. Cardboard (CB) is one of the major components of municipal solid waste and one of the most important items to recycle. Although 50-70% of cardboard constitute is known to be cellulose and hemicellulose, the presence of lignin around them cause hydrophobic cross-link which physically obstructs the hydrolysis by rendering it resistant to enzymatic cleavage. Therefore, pretreatment is required to disrupt this resistance and to enhance the exposure of the targeted carbohydrates to the hydrolytic enzymes. Several pretreatment approaches have been explored, and the best ones would be those can influence cellulose conversion rates and hydrolytic enzyme performance with minimal or less cost and downstream processes. One of the promising strategies in this field is the application of surfactants, especially non-ionic surfactants. In this study, triton-X 100 was used as surfactants to treat cardboard prior enzymatic hydrolysis and compare it with acid treatment using 0.1% H2SO4. The effect of the surfactant enhancement was evaluated through its effect on hydrolysis rate in respect to time in addition to evaluating the structural changes and modification by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and through compositional analysis. Further work was performed to produce ethanol from CB treated with triton-X 100 via separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The hydrolysis studies have demonstrated enhancement in saccharification by 35%. After 72 h of hydrolysis, a saccharification rate of 98% was achieved from CB enhanced with triton-X 100, while only 89 of saccharification achieved from acid pre-treated CB. At 120 h, the saccharification % exceeded 100 as reducing sugars continued to increase with time. This enhancement was not supported by any significant changes in the cardboard content as the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content remained same after treatment, but obvious structural changes were observed through SEM images. The cellulose fibers were clearly exposed with very less debris and deposits compared to cardboard without triton-X 100. The XRD pattern has also revealed the ability of the surfactant in removing calcium carbonate, a filler found in waste paper known to have negative effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. The cellulose crystallinity without surfactant was 73.18% and reduced to 66.68% rendering it more amorphous and susceptible to enzymatic attack. Triton-X 100 has proved to effectively enhance CB hydrolysis and eventually had positive effect on the ethanol yield via SSF. Treating cardboard with only triton-X 100 was a sufficient treatment to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardboard" title="cardboard">cardboard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhancement" title=" enhancement"> enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanol" title=" ethanol"> ethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrolysis" title=" hydrolysis"> hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Triton-X%20100" title=" Triton-X 100"> Triton-X 100</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123553/treatment-with-triton-x-100-an-enhancement-approach-for-cardboard-bioprocessing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123553.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3186</span> Biofuel Potential and Invasive Species Control: Exploring Prosopis Juliflora Pod Mash for Sustainable Energy Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mebrahtu%20Haile">Mebrahtu Haile</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuels obtained from renewable resources have garnered significant enthusiasm in recent decades due to concerns about fossil fuel depletion and climate change. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Prosopis juliflora pods mash for bio-ethanol production and its hydrolysis solid waste for solid fuel. Various parameters, such as acid concentration, hydrolysis times, fermentation times, fermentation temperature, and pH, were evaluated for their impact on bio-ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The results showed that increasing acid concentration (up to 1 molar H₂SO₄) led to an increase in sugar content, reaching a maximum of 96.13%v/v. Optimal conditions for bio-ethanol production were found at 1 molar H₂SO₄ concentration (4.2%v/v), 48 hours fermentation time (5.1%v/v), 20 minutes hydrolysis time (5.57%v/v), 30°C fermentation temperature (5.57%v/v), and pH 5 (6.01%v/v), resulting in a maximum bio-ethanol yield of 6.01%v/v. The solid waste remaining after bio-ethanol production exhibited potential for use as a solid fuel, with a calorific value of 18.22 MJ/kg. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of Prosopis juliflora pods mash for bio-ethanol production and suggest a viable solution for addressing disposal challenges associated with solid waste, contributing to the exploration of renewable fuel sources in the face of fossil fuel depletion and climate change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prosopis%20juliflora" title="prosopis juliflora">prosopis juliflora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pods%20mash" title=" pods mash"> pods mash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invasive%20species" title=" invasive species"> invasive species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-ethanol" title=" bio-ethanol"> bio-ethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saccharomyces%20cerevisiae" title=" Saccharomyces cerevisiae"> Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20fuel" title=" solid fuel"> solid fuel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188197/biofuel-potential-and-invasive-species-control-exploring-prosopis-juliflora-pod-mash-for-sustainable-energy-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188197.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">33</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3185</span> Optimization and Kinetic Analysis of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch To Xylose Using Crude Xylanase from Trichoderma Viride ITB CC L.67</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Efri%20%20Mardawati">Efri Mardawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ronny%20Purwadi"> Ronny Purwadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Made%20Tri%20Ari%20%20Penia%20Kresnowati"> Made Tri Ari Penia Kresnowati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tjandra%20Setiadi"> Tjandra Setiadi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> EFB are mainly composed of cellulose (≈ 43%), hemicellulose (≈ 23%) and lignin (≈20%). The palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) is the lignosellulosic waste from crude palm oil industries mainly compose of (≈ 43%), hemicellulose (≈ 23%) and lignin (≈20%). Xylan, a polymer made of pentose sugar xylose and the most abundant component of hemicellulose in plant cell wall. Further xylose can be used as a raw material for production of a wide variety of chemicals such as xylitol, which is extensively used in food, pharmaceutical and thin coating applications. Currently, xylose is mostly produced from xylan via chemical hydrolysis processes. However, these processes are normally conducted at a high temperature and pressure, which is costly, and the required downstream processes are relatively complex. As an alternative method, enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan to xylose offers an environmentally friendly biotechnological process, which is performed at ambient temperature and pressure with high specificity and at low cost. This process is catalysed by xylanolytic enzymes that can be produced by some fungal species such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium crysogenum, Tricoderma reseei, etc. Fungal that will be used to produce crude xylanase enzyme in this study is T. Viride ITB CC L.67. It is the purposes of this research to study the influence of pretreatment of EFB for the enzymatic hydrolysis process, optimation of temperature and pH of the hydrolysis process, the influence of substrate and enzyme concentration to the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the dynamics of hydrolysis process and followingly to study the kinetics of this process. Xylose as the product of enzymatic hydrolysis process analyzed by HPLC. The results show that the thermal pretreatment of EFB enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis process. The enzymatic hydrolysis can be well approached by the Michaelis Menten kinetic model, and kinetic parameters are obtained from experimental data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20palm%20empty%20fruit%20bunches%20%28EFB%29" title="oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB)">oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=xylose" title=" xylose"> xylose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20hydrolysis" title=" enzymatic hydrolysis"> enzymatic hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetic%20modelling" title=" kinetic modelling"> kinetic modelling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3158/optimization-and-kinetic-analysis-of-the-enzymatic-hydrolysis-of-oil-palm-empty-fruit-bunch-to-xylose-using-crude-xylanase-from-trichoderma-viride-itb-cc-l67" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3184</span> Assessment of Cassava Varieties in Ecuador for the Production of Lactic Acid From Starch by-Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20Maldonado-Alvarado">Pedro Maldonado-Alvarado</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An important cassava quality production was detected in Ecuador. However, in this country, few products with low adding-value are produced from the tuber and none from cassava by-products. To our best knowledge, lactic acid was produced from Ecuadorian cassava bagasse starch in a biotechnological way. The objective of this contribution was to study the influence of the fermentation variables (pH and agitation) on the lactic acid production of Ecuadorian cassava varieties from bagasse starch. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava bagasse starch for INIAP 650 and INIAP 651 varieties spread in Ecuador was performed using α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. Then, glucose was fermented by Lactobacillus leichmannii strains in different conditions of agitation (0 and 150 rpm) and pH (4.5, 5.0, and 5.5). Significant differences in ash, fibre, protein, lipids, and amylose were found in cassava bagasse starch of INIAP 650 and INIAP 651 with 1.4 and 1.3%, 4.3 and 6%, 1.2 and 2.1%, 1.9 and 1.5%, and 24.3 and 26.5%, respectively. The determination of lactic acid was performed by potentiometric and FTIR analysis. Conversions of cassava bagasse to reduced sugars were 71.7 and 85.1% for INIAP 650 and INIAP 651, respectively. The best lactic acid concentrations were 27.6 and 33.5 g/L, obtained at agitation 150 rpm and pH 5.5 for INIAP 650 and INIAP 651. Qualitative analysis conducted by FTIR spectrophotometry confirmed the presence of lactic acid in the reacted products. This investigation could contribute to the valorisation of residues from promising cassava varieties in Ecuador and hence to increase the development of this country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bagasse%20starch" title="bagasse starch">bagasse starch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cassava" title=" cassava"> cassava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ecuador" title=" Ecuador"> Ecuador</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactic%20acid" title=" lactic acid"> lactic acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136271/assessment-of-cassava-varieties-in-ecuador-for-the-production-of-lactic-acid-from-starch-by-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136271.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3183</span> Effect of Ultrasound on the Hydrolysis of Soy Oil Catalyzed by 1,3-Specific Lipase Abstract </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamal%20Abd%20Awadallak">Jamal Abd Awadallak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thiago%20Olinek%20Reinehr"> Thiago Olinek Reinehr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduardo%20Raizer"> Eduardo Raizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deise%20Molinari"> Deise Molinari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edson%20Antonio"> Edson Antonio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camila%20da%20Silva%20da%20Silva"> Camila da Silva da Silva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The hydrolysis of soy oil catalyzed by 1,3-specific enzyme (Lecitase Ultra) in a well-stirred bioreactor was studied. Two forms of applications of the ultrasound were evaluated aiming to increase reaction rates, wherein the use of probe ultrasound associated with the use of surfactant to pre-emulsify the substrate showed the best results. Two different reaction periods were found: the first where the ultrasound has great influence on reaction rates, and the second where ultrasound influence is minimal. Studies on the time of pre-emulsification, surfactant concentration and enzyme concentration showed that the initial rate of hydrolysis depends on the interfacial area between the oil phase and the aqueous phase containing the enzyme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20enzyme" title="specific enzyme">specific enzyme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20fatty%20acids" title=" free fatty acids"> free fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hydrolysis" title=" Hydrolysis"> Hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lecitase%20ultra" title=" lecitase ultra"> lecitase ultra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound" title=" ultrasound"> ultrasound</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20337/effect-of-ultrasound-on-the-hydrolysis-of-soy-oil-catalyzed-by-13-specific-lipase-abstract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">578</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3182</span> Study on Microbial Pretreatment for Enhancing Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corncob</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kessara%20Seneesrisakul">Kessara Seneesrisakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdogan%20Gulari"> Erdogan Gulari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumaeth%20Chavadej"> Sumaeth Chavadej</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The complex structure of lignocellulose leads to great difficulties in converting it to fermentable sugars for the ethanol production. The major hydrolysis impediments are the crystallinity of cellulose and the lignin content. To improve the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial pretreatment of corncob was investigated using two bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis A 002 and Cellulomonas sp. TISTR 784 (expected to break open the crystalline part of cellulose) and lignin-degrading fungus, Phanerochaete sordida SK7 (expected to remove lignin from lignocellulose). The microbial pretreatment was carried out with each strain under its optimum conditions. The pretreated corncob samples were further hydrolyzed to produce reducing glucose with low amounts of commercial cellulase (25 U•g-1 corncob) from Aspergillus niger. The corncob samples were determined for composition change by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results, the microbial pretreatment with fungus, P. sordida SK7 was the most effective for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis, approximately, 40% improvement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corncob" title="corncob">corncob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20hydrolysis" title=" enzymatic hydrolysis"> enzymatic hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glucose" title=" glucose"> glucose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20pretreatment" title=" microbial pretreatment"> microbial pretreatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12998/study-on-microbial-pretreatment-for-enhancing-enzymatic-hydrolysis-of-corncob" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12998.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">585</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3181</span> Achievement of High L-Cysteine Yield from Enzymatic Conversion Using Eutectic Mixtures of the Substrate ATC</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deokyeong%20Choe">Deokyeong Choe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Hun%20Youn"> Sung Hun Youn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Younggon%20Kim"> Younggon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chul%20Soo%20Shin"> Chul Soo Shin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> L-Cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, has been often used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and feed additive industries. This amino acid has been usually produced by acid-hydrolysis of human hair and poultry feathers. There are many problems, such as avoidance for use of animal hair, low yields, and formation of harmful waste material. As an alternative, the enzymatic conversion of D, L-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATC) to L-cysteine has been developed as an environmental-friendly method. However, the substrate solubility was too low to be used in industry. In this study, high concentrations of eutectic substrate solutions were prepared to solve the problem. Eutectic melting occurred at 39°C after mixing ATC and malonic acid at a molar ratio of 1:1. The characteristics of eutectic mixtures were analyzed by FE-SEM, EDS mapping, and XPS. However, since sorbitol, MnSO4, and NaOH should be added as supplements to the substrate mixture for the activation and stabilization of the enzyme, strategies for sequential addition of total five compounds, ATC, malonic acid, sorbitol, MnSO4, and NaOH were established. As a result, eutectic substrate mixtures of 670 mM ATC were successfully formulated. After 6 h of enzymatic reaction, 550 mM L-cysteine was made. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D" title="D">D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L-2-amino-%CE%942-thiazoline-4-carboxylicacid" title=" L-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylicacid"> L-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylicacid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20conversion" title=" enzymatic conversion"> enzymatic conversion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eutectic%20solution" title=" eutectic solution"> eutectic solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=l-cysteine" title=" l-cysteine"> l-cysteine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4129/achievement-of-high-l-cysteine-yield-from-enzymatic-conversion-using-eutectic-mixtures-of-the-substrate-atc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=106">106</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=107">107</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>