CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91353e8b6c7d81aa',cH: 'Q3TPCgX1r01jzpl03U01F_QWPgkuedufL1iNlMCAqFs-1739789718-1.2.1.1-7r4vjlKmSC11jNC5Ff2kl2K1VTKLAfYP_9oFW6aM0u7Je5qcm8Hz5rgudww7RV3B',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Z.%20A.%20Zakaria&__cf_chl_tk=tGFoveB9lqGXq1DlszoJyuslI9gkpg_v5rSg8gDjNvI-1739789718-1.0.1.1-jWS4aJs2hKx4jmUPPdFMOK_H7qs1RWcsu3PEOvmNU.M",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739789718',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Z.%20A.%20Zakaria&__cf_chl_f_tk=tGFoveB9lqGXq1DlszoJyuslI9gkpg_v5rSg8gDjNvI-1739789718-1.0.1.1-jWS4aJs2hKx4jmUPPdFMOK_H7qs1RWcsu3PEOvmNU.M",md: "tA.OSkvYIiBLCeMSzZx_LETBvf3giHrIxyVVJYGR7UU-1739789718-1.2.1.1-oChvGnv4fvzn2PCczS42_TGTP9EG1nL4mKOs5JQPwz5efft4_es3BK3HxkC_uXaAYOq2SCEUTFCWPs6vi_fXMYDgpZxIOIb2SYQlTtjivEN9VBfFKDFWbSipOQKI_8VWEgytwEeAjXVA.At_ASNmlHFGWlnyY.trvBLZZVECZZfMET.wagXOOluLkCRn7V2bymaXMl3jtn68phN1AAqhr.KuOrpZehs8ddNuhJgLv2ATmQA861eIgUKGpUQ4Q6PkApxgT0j3MsBMNm1gUcKDHMewEKqvLw_vy5HiU2.RKW6n_hUyc6kSnCbnlrjQEMYa.flFa8KTw9JX.k23CoVTh4AyZ9LbDoc24.DSMRQe3qfbWFjAaVG5tp6BYbbs0zDOz_1n4k70CcBZ.d6bCOtBn_vU6LyBGUws5iKByxfPENN_EhPFnbbkEMbY8ekCf2cg1h.C28FSCfTIPHMN9BvSORJPtBsXB_vlkBHAkiyxDSWAqYnLq4iyJCSIlXub_6N9vbwRuAOMfZ1HYVt3o4URTHVruYy2JGtGcE3GooJVfPTSmVcv.MzGAnP9203w75Fy4vDzKIYECj09m4qtbvhMW9vpzK5Vr1cFPgC51yvqaKrRgghAAf3Ewti4BQusHOzug_NruvfZ2pJGVFr9gLEsr5XCZlG5dxwwT0ghmxaG.FEWva0gIiFYyZESfeYAra2E_rpcZdEI8w8NxOjmCHokmAGnOudlOLfMOm.i4mkydK2G6UbeM1zPgLxx9W3v_xUHg_5rXPWBiXtVVKViScHqUUez25oz7e.uDkLtNOKML_pnARnvE5DJjjC87njchde.bNOh23HhV8SEqg5T_I2rVEG_IsaD._2mmMV8yJVXYze3x_H.I6SeOaXud8OwJZEGU0iNLEgJkw90ksqrX4Pq9RXhgseWFCzdecN9KRwwpmaNDgK1iqhQOaNFu9Q23qoMa_BnzCoiZXqj2N2h7COv5klt2airDiMIFYvSRwRMZXIi.r0f0mN4H0gkHcgqFoIOvaaklR6aSc2k5rFDoCVeDRApbTpS9c9Z2Zt9P2ixz3Q9M9Kj25np.j1pM8_f8QSngftoM97wGHiFNTvof5iHPPM9jUQCAZ85euj4P.2DwAHgDCnx56Ez_3CaW7HDo1TMJkUAN0QU6rrjy_YOVFVGeL1OGXS6uoqehjOEJGf4LG7AJFJbmUrYf6X7xh374p.MXGp1kR8mQixqXhiGyHkXzgBwr4nATy4QLdpE13IDr0J80UhyJ8PPgFWGdTMHtX6Xv7GgANxeejQm7VLDCY4ukqxqy6D0k8oXPZUyE77YV5qWoWH78qkT4MIBl0Ez5zIbUWpO44Su5tTybcAIlbDqVMbI50VIfaba4Lv7ITaEo52ncejX1fX01.qdIS_vLmyfevHCDWDahGLVsoeB7Ztwa_RxZON9LJdICNshrv1111nouMtgnT6idOGz4lfbmywQE1E6rIjoog5_7fNkc0EUmLOdtpY.t_9YEbCAtuNsPHaQ5abKr_urDG7Y5tPZLjeZYNYm8H5HZmbqhF.d492NSWYiC1CUKNHftm0CKkDUuY1XROgeVXdgboM8pPSjgniljUFwBVI1lvPd24TEfNPb_ACIKvwXu.dD2hgO1tIdR9rACQJ22cVCj5WTh080aXN1WdF9cPE1HA1IDq8S95aqXyUSrQhR2xfcVdcVVJWfKY21mKHIADT2nNl6UeAdhoP7cNcMcRsW_BfveJlVdj2ORT9pGc4WOSmQNHPekAEbC6HC8taCGxrpTPy1PCsT1lytFj7RJEiWEXE943Bi9gEFkImbnZweu3zMVz3r_iPvlw.TTsQNjONMLw8sqZ8OvVg5bhl51YPr5r4KD8GoBb4jnXLl5m_u93c_Sm0E5azjtiSqIIuopXAnJtO1veN0SIuKss5DyRg1HZsXYmgeZfLo9RdUFhsjB.1urqYr6NvZj_k",mdrd: "WkZgYh5NfMehmTyVSynh72mmIs0l87KTblksXtJ1KtI-1739789718-1.2.1.1-3ccExFrdW2tnavw_e5B6btS_tJOVaa47nzEtaM74KRK68ceujbsXjtRdP3RSp2CCgZGD2TaVf_MAyswh1Yx1smwkm_Qbh68uvQK9fHM4iZ0JXXTKzRthNDNH40I7Jl_c0o9fZolXsKZPPIPMwijyyZ8cQDchSp_n5k.JxmUwQ8WmxeDw1qN3TMKZEJmKPEpb30hpU_mbhXAtNEhw2em_eWFzEAbaUQW5gP5S34ZWkRzWlKW4CC4yc8.4Ed2CyWNNDdSG94GaX9DGF_ciJub1FLi7GYV3AeTvfHpDaBW5AImR2Uf3tOToe8wYDW4GsBVxzR8ua4nHW7tdxVSI9Z23d70_TL2zB2XKAdBK9qreL1MOFIfd2bpilmG9qhqU3ZNNvGTikZM2kcuifnYijdHQOHpvnQmRZHRHrfqcvQ5MtpFwmA1Cxm8prPa86M8POqUNXg1ZRv9rrM_sAV4AeO0YH_8A6MenIXdX3E0kPhMRgkpvqv3qD2cPy13m6wTiQxTppFzZlqy5CNqR0UoTzJ9tsg5axvjZPvORLUZ3EyP4arkcrp2DwsZjCnau_SYwINzcdyfqw0un5Ss8YFVIejdQU1cuSueYOvJaMVYwfCRF2ajIU2RkVa4VZsgthdI2fRbk10L0KrWPU0JlntYZ.ianqer3KCa8dIsP_fl7Io9PYXr.5.o1_dB8rwe7uS6UmzWD5Qr9cJ26uvPqLXRPaGeLzO_F8VvNFCeHMJ4D4zhR14GFLt.UykQ3OfI8Od_91gIMvBYYzLCpYOLSOJ9J9DGIzJcxvenncrNvDZg.ubO.iyeOCw00419UK67OgevwrZyFOT5dl2EEDZ7N0OF1sYy.GOulPdv4hKfbaJxskC3U9Svc6hdocghLEHcMb2KVZKnSwQVSTn3OgsRd5YGQPkC7FJYswr3RH6HwqmF_QOMfzffqMZHcLc_nf7vWLv8CEVsz6TSfZJuayl9YGB4pDvxUP5qHIZjrB.8k1Zov.rCJ.ZNNKvtRuQwONMjMHCCOMGanfgA.Im2czX4RMsE20AuhwpAs0YtcT9pitp_ZTQ64YsTTdLrUa8kWHTDxtKBfQwBnH5HVCLNQGnUloShm5bQMI2.X.rA3hdJ4R_3Y4XdzuOzml9tIo4xcfYu8dUdD3lw1dMKfiAhypRM0rMentIIUrHN7GCqZAIfk0U15U89xMz5bzMYYHkLNevgpHdPt7VdJhsDKuq4P6NVGkvFvaUN5nnvxsC9JW4iL3OKf8nofsDVPVCdo3l9MAa.XL5V0qpMFlU8.wvPf8yj7vnpwkIswrR7TYjagkH3BCRKvLKTPbe1CxRHkgNfEzm76tsOzRTbQsf.RPcvYkOhuWU89KcSYOmxwRQ8PJyIdl0eTVUARbE8v9rNoGpG5Yj1MAEM2VyImLCPH0kmx_4ujaa4Z7svy9pJr_oxkE4tsCm.vQy0Mv6mOeOVOkGvW55vP2Lg4HI1PhwqUOSN51l_o7FankgKiJ5_.ITiadJoTdNM5m_le6M5TtvflH8FB6kgClmnlyseQxlOrFFw_yxObmrILFLneY0RQfIjvYPTHVGK2HzPplJZ0eTfLmsr7Txmu46n9d75NX8YPV1mmPeCcTEhwI1YqhtjCNV4h13LaGfAksA7cSPFD3frwCvj_HkIHw73mju9km68fg2S7MeVf7jjy5go0kItDGVSLjdr0l3xxAJNqQtfO.qFZGzDr5cKz2.CPo8gEg2dkjdvnMoLLn8LWDYddEHHcEcBFLI96DRhnWkWOsIwzWIkcy0AsEQljs.S5sXZFiIOd2N6UYyXLqLDDfBg7itT1RZMrJ3yhJb9N8BucApPkIJcgeBqeSPMyAasy7szLG7s8pszCNKLbfJCJSPV9NhxfWUmoFhJV.I.SYvTriWQkKUciQSkrllWsRNu.9wlCReUtHhcU7XWKOW__NHKbkbB1VmDZBp3D4O5gzInRtDI"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91353e8b6c7d81aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Z.%20A.%20Zakaria&__cf_chl_rt_tk=tGFoveB9lqGXq1DlszoJyuslI9gkpg_v5rSg8gDjNvI-1739789718-1.0.1.1-jWS4aJs2hKx4jmUPPdFMOK_H7qs1RWcsu3PEOvmNU.M" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>