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Du vide à l’ultravide – le CERN fait le plein de technologies | CERN
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href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/cern-council-selects-mark-thomson-next-director-general-starting-2026" hreflang="fr" title="Le Conseil du CERN choisit Mark Thomson comme prochain directeur général du CERN à compter de 2026"> <span> Le Conseil du CERN choisit Mark Thomson comme... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-11-06T11:00:02Z">6 novembre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191152" id="preview-card--2" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern system_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U') no-repeat center center / cover" 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<div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Physics </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-11T09:08:31Z">11 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191077" id="preview-card--4" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern system_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern system_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks"></a> <div 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<div data-history-node-id="5054" id="preview-card--5" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern system_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201809-249-16/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-201809-249-16/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern system_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/resources/annual-report/cern/annual-reports"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="component-preview-cards__category-icon-vocabulary" data-icon="^"></div> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/resources/annual-report/cern/annual-reports" hreflang="fr" title="Rapport annuel"> <span> Rapport annuel </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div 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BIRTH OF WEB, LHC...</span> <div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search"> <form action="/fr/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Rechercher</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Indiquer les termes à rechercher" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Rechercher" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Rechercher" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only"><span class="sr-only">Rechercher</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown cern-menu-lang-switcher"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="separator">|</span> fr <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/454" class="en"><a href="/science/engineering/vacuum-empty-interstellar-space" class="language-link" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/454">en</a></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/454" class="fr is-active"><a href="/fr/science/engineering/vacuum-empty-interstellar-space" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/454">fr</a></li></ul> </section> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- /.navbar-collapse --> </div> <!-- /.container-fluid --> </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container-fluid cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-story_page"> <div class="has-no-column wrapper-center col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="layout layout__region story-page-node-layout-content"> <div class="field--items"> </div> <div class="story-page-node--image story-page-legacy-title" style="background: radial-gradient(at center center, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 100%), url(/sites/default/files/2018-06/beam-screen_0_1.jpg) no-repeat center center / cover"> <h1 class="story-page-node--title text-center mb-4"> Du vide à l’ultravide – le CERN fait le plein de technologies </h1> <hr style="width: 150px;border-top-width: 2px;" /> <p class="story-page-node--strap text-center mb-4"><b>A la première circulation de faisceaux en 2008, le LHC est devenu le plus grand système à vide du monde en opération</b></p> </div> <div class="container story-page-legacy-body"> <div class="story-page-node--body mt-2 clearfix"> <p>A la première circulation de faisceaux en 2008, le LHC est devenu le plus grand système à vide du monde en opération. Il opère à travers une large gamme de pressions et utilise une impressionnante variété de technologies du vide.</p> <h2>Le système à vide, trois en un</h2> <p>Le LHC a la particularité d’avoir trois systèmes à vide, consacrés aux conduits des faisceaux et à l’isolation des cryoaimants et de la ligne de distribution d’hélium.</p> <p>Afin d’éviter les collisions avec des molécules de gaz présentes dans l’accélérateur, les faisceaux de particules du LHC doivent voyager dans une cavité aussi vide que l’espace interplanétaire. C’est l’ultravide.</p> <p>Le vide a une seconde fonction dans les cryoaimants et la ligne de distribution d’hélium. Il est utilisé pour ses capacités d’isolation thermique : il permet de diminuer les pertes de chaleur entre les parties cryogéniques (à 1,9 K soit -271.3°C) et leur environnement à température ambiante.</p> <h2>Le plus grand système à vide du monde !</h2> <p>Avec un total de 104 km de lignes sous vide, le LHC représente l’un des systèmes à vide les plus grands du monde.</p> <p>Le vide d’isolation de l’ordre de 10<sup>-6</sup> mbar impressionne par ses dimensions, ce n’est pas moins de 50 km de lignes pour un volume de 15 000 m<sup>3</sup> – des dimensions bien plus importantes que celles de la nef d’une cathédrale. Plus de 250 000 soudures et 18 000 joints ont été nécessaires à la réalisation de ce circuit sous vide.</p> <p>Les 54 km de lignes restantes sont consacrées à la circulation des deux faisceaux. La pression dans ces tubes de faisceau s’élève entre 10<sup>-10</sup> et 10<sup>-11</sup> mbar, ce qui est extrêmement plus faible que la pression sur Lune.</p> <p>Les systèmes à vide du LHC ne contiennent pas moins de 170 jauges à ionisations de type Bayard-Alpert et 1084 jauges de type Pirani et Penning, pour assurer la lecture des pressions.</p> <h2>Quelques semaines pour un espace plus vide que le reste du système solaire…</h2> <p>Le système ultravide – nécessaire à la circulation des faisceaux - se compose de 48 km d’arcs à 1,9 K et de 6 km de sections droites à température ambiante, contennant l’insertion des zones expérimentales et des zones de contrôle du faisceau.</p> <p>Dans les arcs, l’ultravide résulte d’un immense pompage cryogénique, de 9000 m<sup>3</sup> de gaz : les tubes de faisceau sont refroidis à très basse température entrainant la condensation et la fixation des gaz sur les parois (phénomène d’adsorption). Un peu moins de deux semaines de pompage sont nécessaires pour atteindre des pressions inférieures à 10<sup>-13</sup> atm.</p> <h2>Ultravide et technologie du CERN</h2> <p>Dans les sections à tempréature ambiante l’ultravide est obtenu grâce à une conception optimisée permettant d’étuver tous les composants à 300°C, ainsi qu’à l’utilisation généralisée d’un revêtement absorbant non évaporable, le « non-evaporable getter » (NEG) développé et industrialisé au CERN.</p> <p>L'étuvage consiste à chauffer les tubes à vide de l'extérieur afin d'améliorer la qualité du vide. Cette opération est répétée régulièrement pour obtenir et conserver une faible pression.</p> <p>Quant au revêtement NEG, il absorbe les molécules résiduelles lorsqu’il est chauffé. Cet alliage Titane, Zircomium et Vanadium est déposé en couche mince à l’intérieur des tubes de faisceau et permet un pompage distribué de tous les gaz à l’exception des gaz nobles et du méthane. Ce système de pompage est donc complèté par l’utilisation de 780 pompes ioniques capable de retirer ces gaz résiduels.</p> <p><em>Ces technologies développées pour la recherche fondamentale peuvent trouver</em> des applications dans la vie de tous les jours. 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