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title="Le Conseil du CERN choisit Mark Thomson comme prochain directeur général du CERN à compter de 2026"> <span> Le Conseil du CERN choisit Mark Thomson comme... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-11-06T11:00:02Z">6 novembre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191152" id="preview-card--2" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/news/cern/estonian-flag-raised-cern"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/news/cern/estonian-flag-raised-cern" hreflang="fr" title="Le drapeau de l’Estonie hissé au CERN"> <span> Le drapeau de l’Estonie hissé au CERN </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-17T12:33:54Z">17 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191124" id="preview-card--3" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/Picture%201.jpg?itok=YeI6iEmy') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/Picture%201.jpg?itok=YeI6iEmy" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/press-release/physics/particle-physicists-chart-course-future"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/press-release/physics/particle-physicists-chart-course-future" hreflang="fr" title="La physique des particules dessine son avenir"> <span> La physique des particules dessine son avenir... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Physics </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-11T09:08:31Z">11 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191077" id="preview-card--4" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks" hreflang="fr" title="Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de célébrer sept décennies de découvertes et de se projeter vers un futur brillant pour la science et l’innovation"> <span> Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-01T10:00:00Z">1 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <p class="cern-btn"><a class="cern-btn" href="/fr/news?audience=23">Dernières actualités</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-0 col-sm-0 col-md-6 col-lg-6 col-item-megamenu"> <div 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</div> <!-- /.navbar-collapse --> </div> <!-- /.container-fluid --> </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container-fluid cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-story_page"> <div class="has-no-column wrapper-center col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="layout layout__region story-page-node-layout-content"> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__fluid section-navigation component-row__has-header effect_none is_half_height"> <div class="background__veil"></div> <div class="background-component background__cds_media" style="height: 100%;"> <figure class="cds-image" data-record-id="2315350" data-filename="CCApr18_LEPTON-frontis" id="OPEN-PHO-EXP-2018-004-1"> <a href="//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-EXP-2018-004-1" title="View on CDS"> <img alt="The decay of a B0 meson into a K*0 and an electron–positron pair in the LHCb detector, which is used for a sensitive test of lepton universality in the Standard Model" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-EXP-2018-004-1/file?size=large"/> </a> <figcaption> The decay of a B0 meson into a K*0 and an electron–positron pair in the LHCb detector, which is used for a sensitive test of lepton universality in the Standard Model <span> (Image: CERN)</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="cern-component-header-blocks component-header"> <div id="header-blocks--2" class="owl-carousel owl-theme component-header__carousel header-carousel"> <div class="header-block"> <div class="header-block__title"> <h3 class="header-block__name" > <span>Le Modèle standard</span> <span class="header-block__name__underline"></span> </h3> <span class="header-block__subhead" ><hr> <p class="text-align-center">Le Modèle standard explique comment agissent les particules de matière, ainsi que leurs forces et particules porteuses.</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="endof-cern-header-blocks"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p class="column-left image-align">Les théories et découvertes de milliers de physiciens au cours du siècle dernier ont permis une compréhension remarquable de la structure fondamentale de la matière. L’Univers est fait de douze constituants de base appelés particules fondamentales et gouverné par quatre forces fondamentales C’est le Modèle standard de la physique des particules qui nous aide le mieux à comprendre la façon dont ces douze particules et dont trois des quatre forces de la nature sont reliées entre elles. Élaboré au début des années 1970, il a permis d’expliquer les résultats d’un grand nombre d’expériences et à prédire avec exactitude une grande variété de phénomènes. Avec le temps, et bien des expériences plus tard, le Modèle standard s’est imposé comme une théorie ayant de solides fondements expérimentaux.</p> <figure class="cds-video align-right" id="CERN-VIDEO-2014-044-001"><div><iframe allowfullscreen="true" frameborder="0" height="350" src="//cds.cern.ch/video/CERN-VIDEO-2014-044-001" width="100%"></iframe></div> <figcaption><span>(Video: CERN)</span></figcaption></figure> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__fluidcenter section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="background__veil"></div> <div class="background-component background__cds_media" style="height: 100%;"> <figure class="cds-image" data-record-id="2002395" data-filename="STDM higgs and field D" id="OPEN-PHO-CHART-2015-001-1"> <a href="//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-CHART-2015-001-1" title="View on CDS"> <img alt="Standard Model" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-CHART-2015-001-1/file?size=large"/> </a> <figcaption> <span> (Image: CERN)</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-medium" ></div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <figure class="cds-image" id="OPEN-PHO-CHART-2015-001-1"><img alt="Standard Model,Higgs boson,Diagrams and Charts" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-CHART-2015-001-1/file?size=large"></figure> <p><span style="color:#ffffff; font-size: 12px;">Particules du Modèle standard (Image: Daniel Dominguez/CERN)</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <h2 class="text-component-title"> Les particules de matière </h2> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>Tout ce qui nous entoure est constitué de particules de matière divisées en deux familles : les quarks et les leptons.</p> <p>Chaque groupe compte six particules qui se regroupent en paires ou « générations ». Les particules les plus légères et plus stables appartiennent à la première génération, tandis que les plus lourdes et plus instables constituent la deuxième et la troisième génération. Toute la matière stable de l’Univers est composée de particules faisant partie de la première génération, car les autres particules se désintègrent rapidement pour se transformer en une particule plus stable.</p> </div> </div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <h2 class="text-component-title"> Forces et particules porteuses </h2> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>L’Univers est gouverné par quatre forces fondamentales : la force forte, la force faible, la force électromagnétique et la force gravitationnelle. Leurs portées ainsi que leurs intensités sont différentes. La gravité est la plus faible de ces forces mais a une portée infinie. Également à portée infinie, la force électromagnétique est bien plus puissante que la gravitation. Les forces faible et forte quant à elles ont une portée très limitée et n’agissent qu’au niveau des particules subatomiques. La force faible est moins puissante que la force forte et la force électromagnétique, mais elle est encore beaucoup plus puissante que la gravité. Enfin, comme son nom l’indique, la force forte est la plus puissante des quatre interactions fondamentales.</p> <p>Nous savons que trois des forces fondamentales résultent de l’échange de particules porteuses de force qui appartiennent à une famille plus vaste appelée les « bosons ». Les particules de matière transfèrent des quantités discrètes d’énergie en s’échangeant des bosons. Chaque force fondamentale a son boson correspondant : la force forte est véhiculée par le gluon, la force électromagnétique par le photon, tandis que les bosons <a href="/fr/science/physics/w-boson-sunshine-and-stardust">W</a> et <a href="/fr/science/physics/z-boson">Z</a> sont responsables de la force faible. Bien qu’il n’ait pas encore été observé, le « graviton » devrait être la particule porteuse de la gravité.</p> <p>Le Modèle standard comprend les forces électromagnétique, forte et faible ainsi que leur particule porteuse correspondante et explique de façon très satisfaisante comment ces forces agissent sur toutes les particules de matière. Cependant, bien que la gravité soit la force qui nous est la plus familière, elle ne fait pas partie du modèle standard. D’ailleurs, lui trouver une place dans ce modèle s’est révélé ardu. La théorie quantique, utilisée pour décrire le monde microscopique, et la théorie de la relativité générale, employée pour décrire le monde macroscopique, n'arrivent pas à s'entendre. Jusqu’à présent, personne n’a réussi à rendre les deux théories mathématiquement compatibles dans le cadre du modèle standard. Mais, heureusement pour la physique des particules, lorsque l’on se situe à l’échelle minuscule des particules, l’effet de la gravité est négligeable. C'est seulement en présence d'amas de matière importants - comme en nous-mêmes ou dans les planètes – que l’effet de la gravité prédomine. C’est pourquoi le modèle standard fonctionne encore bien, malgré le fait qu'il exclue l'une des forces fondamentales.</p> </div> </div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <h2 class="text-component-title"> C'est très bien, mais... </h2> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>... la description n'est pas encore complète. S’il constitue à ce jour la meilleure description que nous avons du monde subatomique, le Modèle standard n'explique pas tout. La théorie n'intègre en effet que trois des quatre forces fondamentales de la nature, en omettant la gravitation. Il y a de plus des questions importantes qu'il laisse sans réponse : <a href="/fr/science/physics/dark-matter">qu'est-ce que la matière noire ?</a> <a href="/fr/science/antimatter/matter-antimatter-asymmetry-problem">Qu'est-il arrivé à l'antimatière après le Big Bang ?</a> Pourquoi y a-t-il trois générations de quarks et de leptons, avec une échelle de masses aussi étendue ? Enfin, il existe une particule appelée <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson">boson de Higgs</a>, qui est un élément essentiel du Modèle standard.</p> <p>Le 4 juillet 2012, les expériences <a href="/fr/science/experiments/atlas">ATLAS</a> et <a href="/fr/science/cms">CMS</a>, menées au <a href="/fr/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">Grand collisionneur de hadrons (LHC)</a>, ont annoncé qu’elles avaient toutes deux observé une nouvelle particule dont la masse se situait dans la région des 126 GeV. Cette particule présente des caractéristiques compatibles avec celles du boson de Higgs mais il a fallu des analyses complémentaires pour déterminer s'il s'agissait bien du boson de Higgs prédit par le Modèle standard. Le boson de Higgs, tel que le décrit ce modèle, est la manifestation la plus simple du mécanisme de Brout-Englert-Higgs. D’autres types de bosons de Higgs sont prédits par d’autres théories qui vont au-delà du Modèle standard.</p> <p>Le 8 octobre 2013, le prix Nobel de physique a été attribué conjointement à François Englert et à Peter Higgs « pour la découverte théorique du mécanisme contribuant à notre compréhension de l’origine de la masse des particules subatomiques, récemment confirmée par la découverte, par les expériences ATLAS et CMS auprès du LHC du CERN, de la particule fondamentale prédite par cette théorie ».</p> <p>Ainsi, même si le Modèle standard décrit de façon exacte une partie des phénomènes, il reste incomplet. Peut-être n'est-il qu'un pan d'une théorie plus large qui comporterait de la nouvelle physique cachée dans le <a href="/fr/science/physics/subatomic-particles">monde subatomique</a> ou dans les tréfonds de l'Univers. 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